明代吏员与明代行政运作

中南民族大学

硕士学位论文

明代吏员与明代行政运作

姓名：李然

申请学位级别：硕士

专业：专门史

指导教师：王延武;余和祥

20050524

摘要

吏员为明代政府各级官衙内承办日常具体事务的公务人员他们名目繁多

数量庞大与官员胥吏共同组成了明代行政管理体系

明代初期朱元璋吸取了元代教训重新将官吏分途对吏员制定了严格的

选用迁转任职等相关制度在明初几代皇帝励精图治重典治吏的情况下

吏员对明代政权的稳固社会经济的繁荣发展起到了积极的作用到明朝中后期

随着政府机构的日益臃肿科举制度的完善社会风尚的转变吏员在明代社会

中的消极作用暴露无遗

本文主要讨论吏员在明代行政运作的作用及影响文章共分四章第一章前

言对明代以前吏员制度沿革做了一番粗线条的勾勒并简单分析了明代行政体系

中官吏胥的职任及区别对明代吏员的研究现状做了一个简短的综述

第二章从吏员基本概况入手整理归纳了其名目选用制度迁转制度通

过这些制度的实际执行情况分析了明代吏员的社会流动从明初到明末吏员社

会流动的空间越来越小长期处于低贱的官僚体系底层几乎是一个完全封闭的

系统整个吏员阶层完全处于一种凝滞的状态吏员阶层的价值取向就会和官僚

系统主流价值取向相背离吏员阶层和官员阶层的整合也会出现问题这样整个

官僚系统内官员利益集团和吏员利益集团的关系必然不够融洽和均衡从而最终

导致明代官僚系统出现机能失调或功能障碍

第三章从吏员的教育程度收入水平职业声誉三方面深入分析了吏员的社

会地位然后从吏员的权利与义务行为模式两方面探讨了吏员在在官僚政治体

制中的社会角色并进而初步剖析其群体心态明代吏员社会地位的复杂性造成

了其社会角色的失调主要表现为吏员自身角色不清以及角色冲突角色冲突包

括吏员角色自身内部的冲突和吏员与官员角色承担者之间的冲突社会角色的失调妨碍和破坏了正常的行政运作程序吏员的群体心态总体表现为重利轻义在机构内而言以奴性为主在职责上言以循例为主在社会上言以阴狠为主

最后以此为基础从吏员与吏治吏员与行政效率吏员与官民关系三个方面分析明代吏员在行政运作中的作用以及影响通过以上分析归纳充分肯定了吏员在行政运作中的积极作用保证了国家政策的连续性和稳定性和一定的行政效率并对官员起到一定的制衡和监督作用有利于地方政局的稳定同时也揭露了吏员对行政运作的巨大危害但吏员弊端是明代极端专制集权主义政治体制的衍生物明代政府自身是无法解决的

关键词明代吏员社会地位社会角色心态行政运作

Abstract

The official person was the government functionary of official government at all levels in the Ming Dynasty who undertook the daily concrete affairs. They were a multitude of names, and the quantity was huge. Official person and Officer and Official Xu made up the administration system of Ming Dynasty together .

In initial stage of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuan Zhang drew the lesson of Yuan Dynasty, divided the way of the government official again, make strict exertion , move transfer to official person to, relevant systems of holding a post etc.. In the beginning of Ming Dynasty , several emperors made determined efforts to make the country prosperous, made severe punishment to manage the official's situation. The official person played a positive role to the stability of regime , economic prosperity and development of Ming Dynasty. By the middle and later periods of Ming Dynasty, with the perfection of the overstaffed day by day , imperial examination system of the government organs, transition of the social morals, official person's negative consequence in the society of the Ming Dynasty is completely exposed The article mainly discusses official person’s function and influence of administrative operation in the Ming Dynasty. The article divides into four chapters altogether. Chapter one done the sketching the contours of some thick lines to official person's system evolution of before Ming Dynasty in preface , and has analysed briefly the duties of officer , official , Xu were let and distinguished in administrative system in the Ming Dynasty, have done a brief survey in current situation of study on official person in the Ming Dynasty.

Chapter two proceed with official person's basic overview , put in order and sum up its item , select the system for use , moving the system of rotating. Through the real implementation of these systems ,the article analyses society flowing of Ming Dynasty’s official person. From the beginning to end of Ming Dynasty, official person ‘s space of society flowing was more and more little. Official person was in humble bureaucrat system ground floor for a long time ,and was nearly a totally close system. The whole official person's stratum was totally in a kind of sluggish state. The value orientation of official person's stratum will deviate from bureaucrat's system major value orientation , the merger of official person's stratum and officer's stratum will go wrong . The relations of the interest groups of officer's interest group and official person must not be harmonious and balanced enough in the so whole bureaucrat's system, thus cause bureaucrat's system to present the dysfunction or function obstacle in the Ming Dynasty finally.