酒店管理系统 外文翻译
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)英文：1、China food industry development prospects analysisThe catering industry in China as the tertiary industry is a traditional service industries, experienced reforming and opening starts, quantitative expansion, scale chain development and brand promotion strategy of 4phase, made make a spurt of progress in the development of.At present, the country has4 millions catering outlets. 2005/2006annual Chinese top 100 catering enterprises with total assets of about thirty-two billion yuan, total profit of about six billion yuan, employees about eight hundred thousand people, respectively, over the same period last year increased40.38%,28.84% and33.33% higher than that of the whole society, the catering industry average growth level.China's reform and opening up has gone through ups and downs in the30year, in the30 years of reforming and opening of China's catering industry along with the tide of reform has undergone three leap type development. In the past 30 years, China has experienced from fast food restaurants grabs beach China market to SARS impact, then to food safety ( tonyred event, apple events ), Chinese food and beverage industry in the impact, achieve sales growth.China population cardinal number is large, demand is exuberant, catering market development can not meet the needs of the market under the background of the implementation, and today, the food market is very prosperous, the basic balance of supply and demand, in the global economic crisis under the background of the catering industry to achieve new growth?About2008July to August, China Chain Management Association DDT Hua accounting firm common to Chinese chain catering industry development trend research, interviewed including Quanjude, Xibe, Qiao Jiangnan, Zhuang, Little Swan, small fat sheep, KFC, Yoshinoya, immortal trace forest industries such as the representative of the chairman or general manager. Inductive appear stage domestic chain catering industry development:first, chain catering industry development still maintain high speed. Survey of catering enterprises the development of chain operation mode to the outlets and stores the majority, accounted for 75%; the enterprise under investigation, a total of more than500chain stores, sales of more than 1more than 10 billion yuan only KFC stores, in 2007to reach 2400, sales of twenty-five billion one hundred million yuan, much more than the other catering enterprises. From the investigation analysis of chain stores, in100the following (66%), sales of one billion yuan (80%) for the majority of the business scale.From sales growth ratio analysis,95% enterprises have two digit growth, which grew10%,20% interval accounted for 42%, growth of 20% -30% interval31%, two interval growth ratio is the enterprise under investigation shows that the majority of mainstream, enterprise development in line with benign operation rule, can still maintain a relatively high growth rate.second, raw material rises quickly, gross margin is firm in have litre. 32% of the surveyed companies of raw materials in 2007growth rate below 10%,52% enterprises of raw materials increase rate is amounted to10%,20%,16% of raw material of enterprise growth rate reached 20% -30%. The cost of raw materials rising under the premise of the enterprise under investigation, only 26% gross margin declined 5%in47% enterprises, gross margin is basically not changed, and 16% and 11% growth respectively the enterprises within 5% and5% above. Thus it can be seen, the majority of enterprises still keep firm in have litre gross margin, that surveyed enterprises chain operating profit pattern comparison of health, ability to resist risks, in the open source efficiency and mining space.Third, human resources, management cost, standardization is difficult to constitute the three major challenges. According to the survey, the current chain catering industry facing the development of the main problems include human resources, operating cost, standardization difficulty is great, malign competition, industry shortage of funds and policy support and other issues. Among them, human resources accounted for the highest proportion of choice, up to 80%, followed by the operating costs,60%, standardization difficulty big,45%, form chain catering industry development faces three challenges.In four, the company strategy adjustment based on Sustainable development. Aiming at the problems in the development of catering enterprises, the survey alsorelates to chain catering enterprises will have on the future development strategy to make the adjustment? Induction includes six aspects, adjust the straight camp shop and store ratio; upgrade the existing brand or create new brand; product innovation, realize the difference operation; the establishment of raw material production base, integration supply chain; establish the central kitchen; enhance internal operation efficiency and single-store profit level.Optimistic five, judge current economic developing situation of chain catering industry development influence. Although the CPI index in the short term it is difficult to fall, to enterprises operating pressure will continue to increase, but the vast majority of the enterprise under investigation thinks, from the country macroscopical economic development situation, the food and beverage industry will still maintain a relatively high growth rate, the enterprise operating pressure will be gradually ease, more than 90% of respondents expressed a positive optimistic attitude. Investigation shows, Quanjude, KFC, Dicos and other small fat sheep, most chain enterprises still maintain established open plan.The survey, in China's sustained and rapid economic development, food and beverage market continues to be active in the background, chain catering enterprises are continuously according to the external environment and oneself condition adjustment of development strategy, to realize the optimal development pattern.2、China food industry development trend analysisCatering industry in our country is developing very quickly, the national food industry turnover for 18 consecutive years to achieve two digit growth, in recent years the catering industry growth rate higher than other industries out of more than ten percentage points, industry development prospects for many enterprises and good investment institutions, can say our country is welcoming a catering industry development the gold period, but the market is complex and changeable, will change with the social environment. The catering enterprises should according to their own conditions and environmental requirements, see the catering industry's development trend, select the appropriate marketing method, can be in the fierce competition in the market success. Therefore, the dining industry development trend of the future, opportunities and challenges to undertake brief analysis.China's economy in recent years of rapid development, GDP increased rapidly, is continuously driven home to consume demand growth factor. Historical data analysis indicates that, the catering industry retail sales growth in GDP and there is a strong positive correlation between, from the 5years development, catering industry growth amplitude is higher than the country's GDP growth rate, far higher than the social consumable total volume of retail sales growth rate, with the catering industry dimensions expands ceaselessly, to national economy presents increasingly significant role in driving.On 2004, the implementation of the catering industry retail sales of seven hundred and forty-eight billion six hundred million yuan, than going up year increaseone hundred and thirty-three billion yuan, grow 21.6% compared to the same period, for 14 consecutive years to achieve the fast growth of two digit, than the same period of social consumable total volume of retail sales growth rate is 8.3 percentage points higher, accounting for13.9% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods, the total retail sales of social consumer goods growth contribution rate of 21%, pulling the social consumable total volume of retail sales growth of 2.79percentage points.On 2005, Chinese catering industry retail sales of eight hundred and eighty-eight billion six hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 17.7%, than going up year add one hundred and thirty-three billion six hundred million yuan, higher than the total retail sales of consumer goods increased 4.8 percentage points, accounted for the total retail sales of social consumer goods proportion to achieve 13.2%, the total retail sales of social consumer goods growth contribution rate and pulling rate is respectively 17.4% and2.3%. Achieve annual business tax forty-eight billion eight hundred million yuan, grow 17.8% compared to the same period.On 2006, Chinese food and beverage consumption annual retail sales exceeded trillion yuan to close greatly, achieve one trillion and thirty-four billion five hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 16.4%, than going up year add one hundred and forty-five billion eight hundred million yuan.In 2007 the national catering business retail sales totaled one trillion and two hundred and thirty-five billion two hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 19.4%, accounting for13.9% of the total retail sales of consumer goods, total retail sales of consumer goods led to an increase of 2.6 percentage points, social consumable total volume of retail sales growth contribution rate of 15.7%.2008 National Food Company retail amounts to one trillion and five hundred and five billion four hundred million yuan, grow 24.7% than 2007, for 18 consecutive years to maintain the speed of two digit. With China's per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of more than $2000, residents' consumption ability, consumption level, the Chinese high-end consumption proportion will increase continuously. In overseas, Chinese continue to attack cities and capture territories, in the first08 years of Chinese Olympic recipes, further moves towards the internationalization, the catering industry has been become pull move consumption, growth, expanding employment is one of the important factors.3、Consumer analysisWith China's per capita GDP rises quickly, per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of more than $2000, residents' consumption ability, consumption level and improve the level of Chinese dinner, high-end consumption proportion will increase continuously. But the food demand is complicated and changeable, the consumer tastes and consumption psychology, will change with the social environment. The catering enterprises should according to their own conditions and environmental requirements, see the catering market trend of development, choose appropriate marketing method, can be in the fierce competition in the market success.Chinese taste has apparent district sex, Chinese cuisine cooking in many schools.One of the most influential and representative for the society recognized: Lu, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Su, Zhe, Xiang, Hui cuisine, namely" eight big cuisines". The cuisine of the formation and its long history and unique cooking characteristics inseparable. But also by the region's natural geography, climate conditions, resource specialty, diet habit has different effect, it is precisely because of these differences, the major cuisine products with a strong regional, occupy the major share of the local. Regional differences, and cause consumers strongly different psychology, willing to try a different flavor. Therefore, cross-boundary operation is the next hot, it can make the unique flavor diet between each other, learn from each other. At present, eight big cuisines appear cross-boundary operation, integration trend.Catering enterprises in different expansion, but with the standard of income or other standard, differentiate the whole nation for several economic zones, in each economy area at the center of the city set up flagship store; to stand firm, again with the flagship store for the base, to the surrounding medium and small city expansion strategy.First, market positioning, namely the regional consumer groups will be your target customers; followed by the taste, whether they agree with your dish flavors; third is the value of the brand, whether they will be your loyal supporter.They had two common characteristics: first, products single; secondly, regional characteristics, after leaving Beijing is very difficult to find the right people taste identification.Since 2008, China has 46city GDP of average per capita is in above of 3000 dollar, the city 's per capita consumption level is relatively high, become meals industry regional development growth points.Chinese have a herd mentality and skeptical Mentality -- conformity, more and more local people have more sense of security; doubt, is to believe your own surface judgment, listen to others explanation.In order to fired the first shot, food and beverage brands in different places to open flagship store, large area, the seats, investment is high, the daily operation of the pressure is also big store. But all the catering enterprises have an import period. In the introduction period, both to business confidence, but also to give customers confidence. Once the introduction period to do good, attendance does not follow to go up, Chinese herd mentality came up: fewer people he does not go; more to people without a little less; he even doubt: This is it right? Straight camp shop? Taste and old whether same? Is it right? What's the problem? Cantonese cuisine since in the early 80 century in the popular date,20 years for all eternity, the main reason is the Pearl River Delta regional economic rapid development, pull the catering industry prosperity and revitalization; at the same time Cantonese broad odd miscellaneous materials. To adapt to the different needs of customers innovation, continuous innovation;, promote the sustainable development of Cantonese cuisine. With the development of economy of our country, the Cantonese cuisine in the beginning of 80's in last century to the end of 90's in the form of climate, gradually embarked on a major cuisine overlord position, become the metropolitan dishes faucet, leading the consumer trend, share growth. Food consumption behavior analysis.In recent years, the income level of Chinese dweller increases, the rhythm of life speeds up, renew the concept of consumption, promoting the rapid development of Chinese catering industry catering consumers has three major development trends.First is business consumption increase. Promoting the economic development of increased business activities, business entertainment activities promote the high-grade food development. Second is the replacement of consumption increase. With the development of economy, increase of resident income, more and more people choose to go to the hotel consumption instead of their own cooking, which is manifested in recent year 's hot. The third are forced to consumption increase. More and morewhite-collar workers and migrant workers migrant workers, time is close, and not their cooked, they are helpless, unable to be forced to at a restaurant, it promotes the fast food industry development.Dining choice not only pay attention to taste, the restaurant environment, atmosphere, sentiment has become a customer's selection of dining venue necessary conditions, consumers pay attention to enjoy, focus on food and beverage products and cultural integration, the Chinese food culture and cuisine culture broad and profound, long history, different regions show catering cultural differences also make food products with distinctive cultural characteristics. Consumers seeking" color, flavor and taste, shape, texture, temperature, sound, nutrition, health," at the same time, advocate culture and food, diet, eating habits of fusion. In recent years emerging needs of theme restaurants is developing rapidly, this concept into full play, whether it is the design of the restaurant decoration, functional layout, decor, and even its operating characteristics of cuisine, reflect a certain cultural theme and intension, catering to the product culture has the greatest degree of show. Seize the culture that a selling point, will enable the food products with infinite vitality.From the industry statistics, Chinese food industry market size is very large, and expanded very quickly, but China's catering company current situation, one is enterprise dimensions small, amount is much, modern level is low; industry standard system is not perfect; according to statistics, China's existing catering outlets 4000000, employees nearly 20000000 people,7000000 cook people, average every 185 people have1chef. The food market is relatively the most dispersed in a market, home does not have a large food group can occupy 1% of the market share. Can be said to the catering industry is perfectly competitive industry, industry concentration is very low, the future trend of development is the industry is spent centrally rise considerably, to be at a scale of enterprise integration. From the dining enterprise's competition and development pattern, the future of China's catering business competition will be more intense, and accompanied by more enterprises listed. However, in the restaurant industry high speed development at the same time, food raw material costs, labor costs increase, lack of management talent, the cost is difficult to control and other aspects of a problem to be highlighted increasingly, industry competition intensified, the catering industry entered the" era of meager profit", the traditional management mode, operation encounters serious challenges. Chinese catering industry has entered the industry reshuffle period, must exchange of new ideas, explore new pattern, quickly from the traditional" extensive type, fuzzy, experience management" to "intensive, process, chain scale management" in transition.The foreign-funded enterprises enjoy is the super national treatment, state-owned enterprises enjoy national treatment, private enterprises enjoy national treatment. Inthe restaurant industry, although not obvious, but also many examples. Domestic food business activities in addition to the normal tax, the cost of so many species, the lack of normative, area difference is bigger, the government management system is not perfect, bring about an enterprise to manage the various uncertain factors. With the further perfection of Chinese legal system construction, Chinese catering market will also further standardization. Catering industry competition pattern analysis show that, the future of domestic food industry competition situation of four great changes will take place in China, foreign fast food restaurants dominate the competition, brand has become the core competitiveness of food.At present, China's catering industry lack program guiding, the laws and regulations construction lag problem. In the rapid development of blind, disordered and low level of development of the phenomenon. Not applicable to the establishment of the catering industry of national laws and regulations system, the lack of strict market access rules and mandatory standards, catering enterprises standards uneven, incomprehensive contents, technical knowledge content is low, lack of national unity. The catering industry in our country is lack of unity within the profession of law enforcement, the market order is not standard, the dining environment is not health, food safety problems occur from time to time, market management and industry management can not keep up with the development needs of the situation, the market order to be standardized. However, countries to accelerate the service industry development strategy for the development of catering industry to bring the new opportunity. At present our country service industry gross is relatively small, the output value of the service industry the proportion of2007to40%, and the global service industry output value of the average specific gravity of 60% ( developed countries more than 70% ) far apart. In the seventeen Party Congress" to speed up the development of modern service industry, improve the proportion and level of service industry". The State Council" on accelerating the development of service industry opinions of the general office of the State Council" and" on accelerating the development of service industry in the implementation of policies and measures for advice", accelerating the development of the service sector has laid a good foundation for the development of catering industry policy, bring rare opportunity.4、From the" fast food" localization of Chinese catering industry development in future" Fast food" the localization process accelerated, the Chinese catering industry competition is intense with each passing day, and as a result of food production characteristics, just drop a " visual feast", its growth rate far less foreign fast food have. A food and beverage industry veterans have such fact: we Chinese dining culture history is long, can still sell but those " hamburger".Foreign fast food brand in China develops quickly because of its simple, reproducible, and its product localization and the theme restaurant strategy launched in China in the future, more be a trend which cannot be halted development trend.KFC launched the " tender cow five", but is Yum product localization strategy, and early in 2005April," Chinese fast food" as a slogan of" East Dawning" settled in Shanghai, has been demonstrated the yum brand localization strategy of whole body.In the face of such a break in in full fury "foreign fast-food invasion", Chinese food and beverage brands in this round of the contest has shown its advantage. For future development, China's catering industry will be faced with huge challenge.So to break the siege expand results will be aware of their own situation, at this stage of China's catering industry market situation ( for example of Beijing ), is basically in a complicated pattern.Then, how can the new round of competition advantage and expand results, we narrow the gap with foreign brand, we think, the brand building remains the primary task, the spoken Chinese catering industry has its own cultural characteristics, Chinese is inseparable from the" rushing water", so, Cola will not replace a cup of thick soup, Hamburg will replace traditional dumplings, and how to make such products with Chinese characteristics can yield, chain, is the next step to build brand of one of the important tasks.Catering to build the brand is the brand structure of fullness, also is in the main dining brand downstream to create a complete chain, from the business form echo, we see gladly Meizhou Dongpo work in this area has been done quite in place.Innovation changing, from becomes the system is the brand integration of the working key. Now food consumption has also entered the third stage, namely, the invisible, touched the overall consumer awareness stage, consumers in the left consumption places in mind to form the overall perception responds to what is, it reflects the restaurant brand culture, so the merchant's unique system is not only dishes, taste, service, environment, music, but the overall embodiment of comprehensive factors.Brand building is the Chinese food and beverage industry will break out of an encirclement is one of the important means, and real-time strategy and tactics are catering system it is important method, in order to" different region can create wonderful".Nowadays the world economic turmoil on China's catering industry development 's influence can not be ignored, China is still a developing country, in stimulating domestic demand under the premise, we still recommend Chinese catering industry occupied" Pyramid middle market", at the same time in the market to establish its own system, to make its own characteristics.翻译：1、中国餐饮业的发展前景分析餐饮业作为我国第三产业中一个传统服务性行业，经历了改革开放起步、数量型扩张、规模连锁发展和品牌提升战略4个阶段，取得突飞猛进的发展。
餐饮管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
餐饮管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:A Comparative Study of Web Application Design ModelsUsing the Java TechnologiesAbstract.The Servlet technology has been the most widely used technology for building scalable Web applications. In the events, there are four design models for developing Web applications using the Java technologies: Model 1, Model2, Struts, and JavaServer Faces (JSF). Model 1 employs a series of JSP pages; Model 2 adopts the Model-View-Controller pattern; Struts is a framework employing the Model 2 design model; and JSF is a new technology that supports ready-to-use components for rapid Web application development. Model 1 is not recommended for medium-sized and large applications as it introduces maintenance nightmare. This paper compares and evaluates the ease of application development and the performance of the three design models (Model 2, Struts, and JSF) by buildingthree versions of an online store application using each of the three design models, respectively.1 IntroductionToday, Web applications are the most common applications for presenting dynamic contents. There are a number of technologies for building Web applications, the most popular of which is the Servlet technology . This technology gains its popularity from its superiority over other technologies such as CGI and PHP .Servlets are cumbersome to develop, however, because sending HTML tags requires the programmer to compose them into a String object and send this object to the browser. Also, a minor change to the output requires the servlet to be recompiled. To address this issue, Sun Microsystems invented JavaServer Pages (JSP) . JSP allows HTML tags to be intertwined with Java code and each page is translated into a servlet. A JSP page is a servlet. However, compilation occurs automatically when the page is first requested. As a result, changing the output does not need recompilation. In addition, JSP enables the separation of presentation from the business logic through the use of JavaBeans and custom tag libraries. The norm now in developing Javabased Web applications is to use servlets along with JavaServer Pages.In the later development, there are a number of design models for building servlet/JSP applications: Model 1, Model 2, Struts , and JSF . Model 1 and Model 2 were first mentioned in the early specifications of JSP. Model 1 strictly uses JSP pages, with no servlets, and Model 2 uses the combination of both servlets and JSP pages. The terms of Model 1 and Model 2 have been used ever since. Model 1 is suitable for prototypes and very small applications, and Model 2 is the recommended design model for medium sized and large applications.As Model 2 gained more acceptances in the industry, an open source initiative to build the Struts Framework was initiated. Struts perfects Model 2 by providing the controller part of the Model-View-Controller of Model 2. In addition, Struts provides better page navigation management and several custom tag libraries for more rapid development. Despite its steep learning curve and the fact that it was never defined in any specification, Struts has been gaining popularity as thealternative to Model 2.JavaServer Faces is built under the Java Community Process under JSR-127.Sun Microsystems proposed this technology in the hope that JSF will be the ultimate model for building Java Web applications. The most important feature of JSF is the availability of ready-to-use components such as extensible UI components, easy page navigation, input validators, data converters and JavaBeans management.The problem facing servlet/JSP programmers are to choose the most appropriate design model. Clearly, JSF provides a better solution in regard to development time. However, some people are not sanguine to adopt this technology for fear of performance penalty due to the overhead of the JSF implementation.We build three versions of an online store application named BuyDirect using Model 2, Struts and JSF. The parameters compared are the number of lines of code, the number of classes, and the performance measurement results. We investigate which of the design models allows the most rapid development process. We evaluate the performances of the applications built upon these models. We provide some suggestions to perfect the existing design models to make development more rapid.The rest of the paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses the issues in Web development. Section 3 explains how the three design models address these development issues. Section 4 provides the details of the hardware and software used in these experiments. Section 5 presents the experiment results and analysis. Section 6 reviews the related work. Section 7 concludes by offering some suggestions to improve the existing design models.2 Java Web Development IssuesAll Java Web development uses the Servlet technology as the underlying technology. As such, all Java Web applications have certain issues that need to be addressed:User Interface. The user interface is what the client browser renders as HTML tags. Any server-side component used in the application must be encoded intothe corresponding HTML elements. Besides for displaying the content and data, the user interface is also responsible in receiving input from the user.●Input Validation. User input needs to be validated. There are two types of inputvalidation, server-side and client-side. As the name implies, the server-side input validation is performed on the server after the input reaches the server.Client-side input validation is done on the browser, usually by using JavaScript or other scripting languages. The advantages of using client-side input validation are prompt response and reducing the server workload. The server-side input validation should always be performed regardless the presence of client-side validation because there is no guarantee the user browser's scripting feature is being on and malicious users can easily work around client-side validation.●Model Objects. Model objects in Java-based Web applications are in the formsof JavaBeans. Model objects make up the Model part of the MVC based design model. A model object can be used to bind a component value to be used at a later stage. In addition, it can encapsulate business logic required for processing.●Page Navigation. Almost all Web applications have multiple pages that the usercan navigate from one to another. All MVC-based design models use a servlet as the Controller part. This servlet also acts as the sole entry point to the application. Which page to be displayed after the current request is determined by the value of a specified request parameter. Managing page navigation is critically important.3 Web Application Design ModelsThe Model 2 design model is based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. As explained by Burbeck , there are three main modules in MVC, the Controller, the View, and the Model. The Controller acts as the central entry point to the application. All user interactions go through this controller. The View contains the presentation part of the application, and the Model stores data or encapsulates business logic of the application. In the later development, the Struts Framework provides a common framework to easily build Model 2 applications.Then, the last initiative is the JavaServer Faces, which also employs the MVC design pattern.In the following sections, we discuss these three design models and explain how each design model addresses the development issues specified in the previous section.3.1 Model 2A Java Web application that is based on the Model 2 design model has one servlet(called the Controller servlet) that serves as the Controller part. All requests are first handled by this servlet, which immediately dispatches the requests to the appropriate views using RequestDispatcher objects. Views in the Model 2 design model are represented by JSP pages. To store data, a Model 2 application uses JavaBeans, which are the Model part of the application. In addition to storing data, the JavaBeans also encapsulate business logic. Each HTTP request carries an action parameter that indicates which view to dispatch this request to. The programmer must code the HTML tags for user interface in all JSP pages in the application and write input validation code. In addition, the model objects are managed by individual JSP pages.3.2 StrutsThe Struts Framework is an improvement of the Model 2 design model. It provides a default Controller servlet so that the user does not have to write and compile one. Struts alleviates the task of page navigation by allowing navigation rules to be present in its application configuration file (an XML document). Changes to the navigation rules do not require recompilation of a Java servlet class. In addition to easier page navigation, Struts provides custom tag libraries that define tags representing HTML elements. One of these tags is used for error handling and Struts is therefore capable of displaying localized error messages in support for internationalization. Struts applications use JavaBeans as their models, just like the Model 2 design model. In addition, Struts programmers have to write their own input validation code.3.3 JSFJSF also employs a controller servlet that is called FacesServlet. This servlet is the only entry point to a JSF application. JSF also uses JSP pages as its views and JavaBeans as its model objects. Unlike Model 2 and Struts, however, JSF provides ready-to-use user interface components that can be written on JSP pages. Upon an invocation of a page of a JSF application, the FacesServlet constructs a component tree that represents the JSP page being requested. Some of the components can also trigger events, making JSF event-driven. For page navigation, JSF uses an approach similar to Struts, i.e., by allowing navigation rules to be defined in an application configuration file (again, an XML document).What distinguishes a JSF application from non-JSF servlet/JSP application is that JSF applications are event-driven. The user interface of a JSF application is one or many JSP pages that host Web components such as forms and input boxes. These components are represented by JSF custom tags and can hold data. A component can be nested inside another, and it is possible to draw a tree of components. Just as in normal servlet/JSP applications, you use JavaBeans to store the data the user entered.4 Function EnvironmentThe software and hardware details for our experiments are described below.4.1 The Servlet ContainerA Java Web application runs in a servlet container, which is the engine that processes the incoming HTTP requests for the resources in the application. For this research project, we use Tomcat, an open source servlet container from the Apache Software Foundation. The version we use is 6.0.Basically, a servlet container processes a servlet by performing the following tasks:- Creating the HttpRequest Object- Creating the HttpResponse Object- Calling the service method of the Servlet interface, passing the HttpRequest and HttpResponse objects.4.2 Testing ClientsFor performance testing, we emulate multiple users using JMeter 1.9 , also from the Apache Software Foundation. JMeter allows the user to choose the number of threads to perform testing. Each thread emulates a different user. JMeter also lets us choose how many times a test will be done. To test a Web application using JMeter, you direct requests to certain IP address, context path, and port number. You can also specify request parameters to be included in each HTTP request. As the output, JMeter notifies the response time of the server in milliseconds for a test. From the response time, we derive the number of hits/seconds the server is capable of serving.4.3 HardwareWe use different computers for running the applications and for testing, so as to obtain maximum performance measurement accuracy. The computer running the application is a XP machine having the following hardware specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM. The computer running the testing clients is a Windows 2000 machine running JMeter. The computer has the following specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM.5 ResultsWe obtain experimental results in two categories: the ease of development and performance. The ease of development category compares the number of classes and the number of lines of code. These numbers indicate how easy it is to develop an application by following a certain design model. An application with the fewer number of classes or the number of lines of code indicates that the application is relatively easier to build. The application with the more number of classes indicates that the application takes more time to develop.The performance measurement results are obtained by comparing two operations. The Search operation is the most common operation in such an application,and the Browse operation.5.1 Ease of Application DevelopmentAs Table 1 shows, it takes the most effort to implement the Model 2 design model. Using Struts alleviates the problem a bit, and the best saving in the development comes if one uses JSF.Table 1. The number of classes and the number of lines for the applications under studyThe Model 2 design model is characterised by the presence of a Controller servlet and a number of JavaBeans classes (as the Model) and JSP pages (as the Views). The Controller servlet is responsible for page navigation rules that employ a series of if statements. Model 2 application programmers must also code for the input validation that in this research is implemented inside a number of custom tag libraries. The other classes in the Model 2 design model are custom tag library and the tag library descriptors responsible for input validation and data display. In fact, input validation takes 590 lines of code, or almost 30% of the total amount of code.In the Struts application, the Controller servlet is provided by the framework, therefore a Struts programmer saves time for not having to write one. However, he/she still needs to write page navigation rules in the Application Configuration file, which is easier than writing a servlet because the Application Configuration file can be edited using a text editor and no compilation is necessary. Input validation must still be done manually, even though the Struts Framework provides an error handling mechanism. The number of classes and the number of lines of code for input validation are almost similar to the Model 2 application. In Struts, the other classes are Action classes to which the default Controller servlet dispatches requests.In JSF input validation comes free through the availability of validatorcomponent. As a result, a JSF application developer can skip this task. In addition, page navigation takes the same course as Struts, i.e. by utilising an Application Configuration file. The other classes in JSF are a ContextListener, an ActionListener, and a Database utility class.5.2 Performance MeasurementFor each operation, we measure the server response time (in milliseconds) for 1 to 10 concurrent users. The number of users is specified by setting the number of threads in Jmeter. Each test is conducted 10 times and the average is taken. Each operation is discussed further is the following sub-sections.5.2.1 Search OperationThe Search operation whose name or description matches the keyword. There is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 2 compares the three versions of applications for the Search operation.Fig. 2. The performance comparison for the Search operation For the Model 2 application, the average server response time for one user is 173 ms and for 10 users is 919 ms. For the Struts application, these numbers are 189 ms and 900 ms, respectively. For the application built using JSF, the average server response time is 210 ms for one user and 932 ms for 10 users. The increase of the response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means that the server is still able to cope with the load.The Model 2 application has the least overhead, therefore the averageperformance should be better than the Struts and JSF applications. However, the Struts application performs as well as the Model 2 application. This is because the server has enough memory to load all Struts libraries required to run Struts. Also, note that page navigation rules in Struts are loaded and stored in an object called ActionMapping. Therefore, given an action request parameter, the next page of navigation is obtained through a look-up. On the other hand, the Model 2 application uses a series of if statements to find the next page of navigation, given the action request parameter.The JSF application performs slightly worse than the other applications in almost all numbers of concurrent users. This could be due to the time taken by the JSF implementation to construct a component tree for each page requested. However, the difference in server response time between JSF and other applications is not that significant.5.2.2 Browse OperationThe Browse operation,like the Search operation, there is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 3 gives the test results for this operation.Fig. 3. The performance comparison for the Browse operation On average, the Model 2 application performs the best because it has the least overhead. The average server response time is 111 ms for one user and 899 ms for 10 users. The Struts application has comparable performance, with one user average server response time of 180 ms and 10 user response time of 920 ms. The JSF lacks a bit behind the two applications with these numbers being 190 and 1009ms respectively. The increase of the server response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means the server is able to serve those users well. The average performance measurement results of the Browse operation are very similar to the ones for the Search operation because the database operations of both operations are also similar.6 Related WorkCompare the performance of database-based Web applications using Java servlets, PHP version 3, and Common Gateway Interface (CGI). After a series of benchmark tests that performs data retrieval from a MySQL database, find that the solution of Java servlets with persistent database connection has the best performance. PHP3 using persistent database connections performs fairly well when compared to the CGI solution,also mention the advantages of using Java servlets. According to these authors. Java servlets are an excellent choice to meet the requirement of e-commerce (such as online shopping) applications and are able to handle client requests in a highly interactive mode.Comparing PHP 4, Java servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans. Measure the performance of these three architectures using two applications. Study reveals that PHP4 is more efficient than Java servlets, and the EJBs perform even worse than servlets. However, note that servlets, being part of the Java solution, provides the flexibility of being able to be ported to another system with a different operating system.7 ConclusionWe find that it is most rapid to build Web applications using JSF. Model 2 applications are the least rapid but give the best performance. Struts applications sit in the middle of the other two design models in both comparisons.We make some suggestions that could improve the Servlets technology in general and enhance the performance of applications based on both design models. Struts. Struts is not based on any specification and there is no documentation that discusses its internal working. Therefore, it is hard to know what have been implemented and what could be improved.●The Servlets Technology. The Servlet 2.3 Specification does not define anycaching mechanism. There is no mention of caching in the upcoming Servlet2.4 Specification either. Despite the dynamic nature of the content of a Webapplication, some contents do not change very often. For example, the categories of products that a user can browse in an online store application probably only change once in a month. If those semi-static contents must be generated from the database every time they are requested, a lot of programming resources will be wasted. Servlet programmers get around the absence of caching by writing an object that caches certain content. However, since there is no standard for caching, many programmers write the same piece of code again and again.●Model 2.The main drawback is that the page navigation rules are hard-coded inthe Controller servlet. This means any minor change to the program flow will require the Controller servlet to be re-compiled. The solution to this problem is to provide a mapper that reads the page navigation rules when the application starts. The code could be conveniently written in the init method of the Controller servlet. This method is only executed once, i.e. the first time the servlet is loaded into memory. If the properties file needs to be re-read every time it changes, the programmer can check the timestamp of the properties file for each request, and compares it with the previous read of this file. If the timestamp is more current than the previous read, the mapper can be re-constructed. This feature can be enabled and disabled by using an initial parameter in the Context object. At the development phase, this feature should be enabled. At deployment, this feature should be off. The use of the properties file to store the page navigation rules also makes it possible to avoid a series of if statements in the Controller Servlet, which can be time-consuming for every request. Instead, a HashMap can be used, with action request parameters as keys and the next JSP pages as values. The other disadvantage of this design model is the absence of standard components for input validation and user interface. However, this has been solved in JSF.●JSF. JSF provides solutions to common problems in Web development, such aspage navigation management, UI components and input validators. However, because this technology is still very young, there are not too many UIcomponents available, forcing programmers to combine JSF with non-JSF servlets/JSP pages. JSF is event-driven. JSF programmers determine the behavior of a JSF application by writing event listeners, just like those listeners in a Swing application. In JSF version 1.0, there are currently two types of events that can be triggered: ActionEvent and ValueChangedEvent. However, this is good enough to provide sufficient level of interactivity between the application and its users. Adding more types of events will definitely make JSF more appealing.References［1］．Cecchet, E., Chanda A., Elnikety S., Marguerite J., Zwaenepoel W.: Performance Comparison of Middleware Architectures for Generating Dynamic Web Content. Proceeding of the 4th International Middelware Conference, 2003.［2］．Cecchet, E., Marguerite, J., and Zwaenepoel, W.: Performance and Scalability of EJB Applications. Proceedings of OOPSLA’02, 2002.基于Java技术的Web应用设计模型的比较研究摘要Servlet技术在建立可扩展性Web应用中是被应用最广泛的技术。
[opera酒店管理系统]酒店人必学的Opera系统
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[opera酒店管理系统]酒店人必学的Opera系统酒店英语学习神器| 点击上方关注OPERA，美国MICROS公司产品，国内代理商为北京石基公司。
其实不是一个软件，而是针对一系列接待业服务形态的软件集合，其中Opera PMS是其核心部分，由于酒店前台是酒店业最早实现信息化的部分，所以Opera PMS也特指酒店的前台操作系统。
Opera PMS是目前国际上最通用的酒店前台操作系统，它能满足不同规模酒店以及酒店集团的需求，为酒店管理层和员工提供全方位系统工具，以便其快捷高效地处理客户资料、顾客预定、入住退房、客房分配、房内设施管理以及账户账单管理等日常工作。
同时，其强大的外接接口系统可以与POS（Point Of Sales）机、PSB公安系统、BMP支付卡系统、Vincard门锁系统等相连接。
OPERA系统主要包括：1. 酒店前台管理系统（OPERA Property Management Solutions ，简称OPERA PMS），这是绝大多数酒店都会选择的模块，迈点论坛中大多数朋友谈到的OPERA，其实就是OPERA PMS。
OPERA PMS分为完整版本（Full Services）和精简版（Express），主要区别在于内部功能开放度不同，比如接口数量等，但Express可适用于绝大多数酒店。
2. 销售与宴会管理（OPERA Sales & Catering） 3. 预订系统（OPERA RESERVATION SYSTEM，ORS）和客户资料管理系统（Opera Customer Information System，OCIS），都是在酒店集团化背景下酒店业整体运作的需求，对应酒店呼叫中心和客户资料中心。
4. 渠道管理（Opera Channel Management ，OCM），是在渠道越来越多样化，第三方渠道、垂直搜索引擎越来越取代传统销售渠道的背景下，酒店渠道管理工具。
酒店管理系统 外文文献 外文翻译 中英翻译
Hotel Management System Integration Services1.IntroductionIt is generally accepted that the role of the web services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology. Today the e-commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page, but are fundamentally changed by web services. The World Wide Web Consortium's Xtensible Markup Language (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services. Since XML is looked as the canonical message format, it could tie together thousands of systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages. Any program can be mapped into web service, while any web service can also be mapped into program. In this paper, we present a next generation commercial system in hotel industry that fully integrates the hotel Front Office system, Property Management System, Customer Relationship Management System, Quality Management system, Back Office system and Central Reservations System distributed in different locations. And we found that this system greatly improves both the hotel customer and hot el officer’s experiences in the hotel business work flow. Because current technologies are quite mature, it seems no difficulty to integrate the existing system and the new coming systems (for example, web-based applications or mobile applications). However, currently in hotel industry there are few truly integrated systems used because there are so many heterogeneous systems already exist and scalability, maintenance, price, security issues then become huge to be overcome. From our study on Group Hotel Integration Reservation System (GHIRS), there are still challenges to integrate Enterprise Information System (EIS), Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM) together because of standardization, security and scalability problems, although GHIRS is one of few integration solutions to add or expand hotel softwaresystem in any size of hotel chains environment.We developed this system to integrate the business flow of hotel management by using web services and software integration technologies. In this paper, firstly we describe a scenario of hotel reservation and discuss the interaction between GHIRS and human. Secondly we analyze details of design and implementation of this system. The result and implications of the studies on the development of GHIRS are shown in the later part. Finally we discuss some problems still need to be improved and possible future directions of development.2. Hotel Reservation: A Business Case StudyOur initial thinking to develop GHIRS is to minimize the human interaction with the system. Since GHIRS is flexible and automated, it offers clear benefits for both hotel customers and hotel staff, especially for group hotel customers and group hotel companies. Group hotel companies usually have lots of hotels, restaurants, resorts, theme parks or casinos in different locations. For example, Shangri-La group has hundreds of hotels in different countries all over the world. These groups have certain customers who prefer to consume in hotels belong to the same group because they are membership of the group and can have individual services.The first step of a scenario of hotel reservation is that the consumer plans and looks for a hotel according the location, price or whatever his criteria and then decides the hotel. Then he makes a reservation by telephone, fax, internet, or mail, or just through his travel agent. When hotel staff receives the request, they first look if they can provide available services. If there is enough resource in the hotel, they prepare the room, catering and transportation for the request and send back acknowledgement. At last the guest arrives and checks in. The business flow is quite simple; however, to accomplish all these tasks is burdensome for both the consumer side and the hotel side without an efficient and integrated hotel management system.Telephone may be a good way to make a reservation because it is beyond the limit of time and space. Guests can call hotels at any time and any place. However, itcosts much when the hotel is far away from the city where guest lives; especially the hotel locates in a different country. Moreover, if there is a group of four or five people to make reservation together, it would take a long time for hotel staff to record all the information they need. Making reservation by travel agent saves consumers’ time and cost, but there is still millions of work for agent to do. They gather the requirements from consumers, then distribute to proper destination hotels. Because these hotels don’t use a same system (these thousands of hotels may use hun dreds of management systems), someone, agent or hotel staff, must face the problem how to handle information from different sources with different hotel management systems to different destinations.Web service becomes the tool to solve these problems. Our web services integrate the web server and hotel management system together, and everyone gets benefit. Booking a room easily anywhere and anytime becomes possible by using GHIRS. Consumer browses websites and finds hotel using his PC, PDA or mobile phone (WAP supported), after his identity is accepted, he can book a reservation. Two minutes later he can get the acknowledgement from the hotel by mobile phone text message or multimedia message, or email sent to his email account or just acknowledgement on the dynamic web page, if he hasn’t leave the website. The response time may take a little longer because when the hotel receives the quest, in some circumstance, hotel staff should check if there is clean and vacant room left. The web service is a standard interface that all travel agents can handle, gather and distribute the reservation information easily through internet. When the reservation request is acknowledged, hotel staff prepares the room, catering, and transportation for guests. Since the information already stored in the database, every part in the hotel chains can share it and work together properly. For example, staff in front office and housekeeping department can prepare room for guests according to the data, staff in back office can stock material for catering purpose and hotel manager can check business report in Enterprise Information Portal integrated with GHIRS by his browser. Then room rent-ratio reports, room status reports, daily income reports and other real time business reports are generated. Managers of the group can access anyreport of any hotel by the system. In the later part of this paper, we will show how consumers, agents, and hotel staff can efficiently work together by GHIRS.GHIRS is scalable for small-to-large hotel chains and management companies, especially good for hotel group. It truly soars with seamless connectivity to global distribution systems thereby offering worldwide reservation access. It also delivers real-time, on line reservations via the Internet.3. Integration of Hotel Management System3.1 Existed SystemGHIRS is developed on the base of an existed hotel management system called FoxhisTM. FoxhisTM shares the largest part of software market in hotel industry in China. FoxhisTM version 5 has distributed Client/Server architecture that the server runs SCO-UNIX and client runs Microsoft Windows and it use Sybase database on UNIX. The system includes Front Office system, Property Management system, Quality Management system, Human Resource Management system, Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM).This system is largely based on intranet environment. Most of the work is done in a single hotel by the hotel staff. It’s no customer self-service. If a consumer wants to book a room, hotel staff in local hotel must help the guest to record his request, although FoxhisTM system already done lots of automatic job.When the systems are deployed in different hotels that are parts of a group, sharing data becomes a problem. Just as an example, if the group has ten hotels, there would be at least ten local databases to store the consumers’ data. Because hotels need real time respond of the system, so these ten hotels can’t deploy a central database that does not locate in the same local network. Thus one guest may have different records in different hotels and the information cannot be shared. By web services as an interface, these data can be exchanged easily.3.2 DesignRecall that our initial thinking to deploy GHIRS is to save hotel staff, travel agents and consumers’ labor work the system is to link all the taches of hotel business chains. Figure1 shows how consumers, agents, hotel staff cooperate together efficiently with the system.Consumers could be divided into two categories. One is member of hotel group, who holds different classes of memberships and gains benefits like discount or special offers. These consumers usually contribute a large part of the hotel’s profit then are looked as VIP. The hotel keeps their profiles, preferences and membership account status. The other category is common guest. All these two kinds of guests and travel agents who may trade with many other hotels face the web-based interface that let them to make a reservation. For common guest, the system just requires him to input reservation information such as guest name, contact information, arrival and departure the system. The central processing server then distributes the information to appropriate hotel. Since web services technology is so good for submitting documents to long running business process flows, hotel staff could easily handle this data in and out of database management system and application server. As the membership of hotel, a user just inputs his member id and password, room information, arrival and departure date, then finish the request. Because hotels keep members’ profile, and systems exchange profile across all hotels of the group by web services, hotel staff in different hotels could know the guest’s individual re quirement and provide better services.The agents work for consumers get benefits from GHIRS as well. They may also keep the consumers’ profile and the web services interface is open to them, it is easy to bridge their system to hotel management system. Before GHIRS is deployed, the agents should separate and process the reservation data and distribute them to different hotels, which is an onerous job. But now the agents could just press one button and all the hotel reservation is sent to destination.Hotel staff receives all request from different sources. Some policies are appliedto response the request. For example, some very important guest’s request is passed automatically without confirmation, the guest could get acknowledgement in very short time. The request triggers all chains of the hotel business flow and all the preparation work is done before his arrival. But for the common customer, hotel staff would check on the anticipate date if there is vacant and clean rooms available. Because all the FoxhisTM components are integrated together, staff users needn’t change computer interface to check he room status. If it is a valid request with enough guests’ information and there is enough room left, a confirmation is sent back. If there is not enough vacant room, hotel staff will ask if guest would like to wait a time or transfer to other hotels in the hotel group or alliance hotels. In order to transfer guest’s request, data flows from local database to the central server through local web server, then it is passed to another hotels database by web services interface.3.3 ImplementationToday there are lots of platforms that could provide capabilities to integrate different system and offer other features such as security and work load balancing. The two main commercial products are Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) and . They offer pretty much the same laundry of list of features, albeit in different ways. We choose .NET platform as our programming environment, however, here we don’t advo cate which platform is better or not. Our target is to integrate these decentralized and distributed systems together. In fact, both of these platforms support XML and SOAP to accomplish our task.We use Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) as web server and Sybase database server. The firewalls separate the local networks from the public networks. This is very important from the security point of view. Each hotel of the group has a database server, an application server and a web server to deploy this multi-tier system that includes the user interface presentation tier, business presentation tier, business logical tier, and the data access tier. C# is adopted as the programming language for the core executable part. XML is the data exchange standard format.酒店管理系统集成服务1.简介人们普遍认为，网络服务角色在企业中无疑是重要的。
酒店管理系统外文翻译
外文翻译1：Chapte r1Introduction1。
1 BackgroundAs computer technology develops，computer management system has gonedeep inomany differentareas。
At the same time，hotels arealso seeking anewwayofcomputermanagement，whic hcan suit their business well。
Sothat the ycanmake themanagement more centralized，responsefaster，economicefficiencyimproved and decrease the cost of running and management。
However，current hotelmanagement softwareisusually developed for large hotels,w hichcosts too much andiscomplicate d for medium orsmall hotels a ndmulti—functiona l hot els。
So it seems quiteimportantto develop a management system that canwidely suit medium and small hotels。
D eveloping a hotel management system with thecomplexofcomputeran d network technology notonlycanimprove the management efficiency，butalsoincrease the e conomicefficiency, decreasethecostofrunning and management ，andrealize thesharingof resources 。
酒店管理系统(英文版)
Summary Continue to work hard xu4 As my door software people useless end some just of continuous progress aw employees familiarize myself with and use system Due to the hotel staff frequent change, a complex hotel front-office system can make training become more complicated. I door design philosophy is: logical, intuitive, simple to use, to avoid confusion.
Upgrade As I have said before using modularization so, because use is modular so let upgrades are more easily and quickly so that it can save time and money.
由于人类活动或者自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中达到足够的浓度滞留足够的时间并因此导致大气环境质量下降影响人类生活的现象
PRESENTATION
Hotel Management System
Module
１：Guest room standard module (increase, delete, check) ２：Guest room basic information module (increase, delete, check) 3：User management module (increase, delete, check)
国际优秀的酒店管理系统介绍
国际优秀的酒店管理系统介绍酒店管理系统是指通过计算机技术和管理方法，对酒店的各种运营活动进行全面自动化、集中管理的一种软件系统。
随着信息技术的发展，酒店管理系统在全球范围内得到广泛应用，并逐渐成为现代酒店管理的重要工具。
以下是国际上优秀的几种酒店管理系统的介绍：1. OPERA PMS (Property Management System)OPERA是世界上最广泛使用的酒店管理系统之一，由美国Micros Systems公司开发。
OPERA可以帮助酒店在各个部门之间实现高效的信息流转和数据共享，包括前台、客房、餐饮、销售、财务等。
其强大的功能包括预订管理、客户关系管理、房态管理、收银系统等，能够满足不同规模和类型酒店的需求。
2. Amadeus Hotel PlatformAmadeus是一家专注于旅游和酒店业的国际性技术解决方案提供商，其酒店管理系统被全球多家知名酒店集团使用。
Amadeus Hotel Platform提供了全面的酒店管理功能，包括预订管理、房态管理、客户关系管理、积分管理等。
此外，它还可以与其他系统如财务系统、营销系统等进行无缝集成，实现更高效的运营。
3. Protel Air PMSProtel是一家位于德国的酒店软件开发商，其酒店管理系统Protel Air PMS以其灵活性和易用性而闻名。
Protel Air PMS可以满足不同规模和类型酒店的需求，具有强大的功能，包括预订管理、房态管理、客户关系管理、营销工具等。
此外，Protel Air PMS还支持移动端应用，方便酒店员工在任何时间和地点管理酒店业务。
4. Infor HMS (Hospitality Management System)Infor是一家全球领先的企业应用软件公司，其酒店管理系统Infor HMS被广泛应用于酒店业。
Infor HMS是一套集成度高、功能丰富的系统，包括预订管理、房态管理、客户关系管理、营销工具等。
酒店管理外文翻译
原文In today's world competition is the talent competition, high-quality human capital is the hotel industry continued to be healthy and stable development of the fundamental guarantee. With the hotel employees in the quality of ideas and sense ofself-development and growing the concept of democracy, the hotel that thepeople-oriented service sector in terms of human resource management staff revealed low awareness of service with low staff turnover rate increased the title and so on. This paper analyzes the status quo, therefore, material incentives, moral incentives, as well as the incentive system and a combination of four-star hotel human resources management of the actual situation of the modern hotel management incentive mechanism has done a preliminary study. In addition, some hotels in human capital development to improve the human capital level of the hotel's strategy and measures.Chapter 1 Analysis of the hotel industryHotel industry, in the final analysis is the talent competition. Management of the core issue is the question. In hotel management in the use of human resources management to obtain a competitive advantage more and more cases.Case: newspapers and magazines continue to publish articles reporting the adverse conditions of the service sector, front-line staff error continuously, the attitude of the poor is ignored customers home. Lack of skilled staff, in the face of the high rate of loss of the services sector is suffering to those who come into contact with customers to inject new vitality enterprises. Analysis showed that: when a person was a high degree of motivation, he will take the initiative to work hard to provide the customers with the best possible service; and have not been inspired, he will save energy as much as possible. The primary task of modern managers is to kindle the enthusiasm of staff working inside the fire, to drive the staff work to show the outstanding organizations in order to achieve the best performance expectations. In the enterprise has been an excellent leader in recognition of this point, only the "people-oriented" corporate governance can be in today's fierce competition for survival, development, and prosperity. Management is an art, staff motivation is the art of art, the soul of the enterprise employees. Staff to design effective incentive mechanism to increase the enthusiasm of the staff. So that it can be in various different corporate culture and organizational structure of the enterprise environment to play their maximum potential in order to achieve the expectations of the target organizations. Let us first of all, let me incentive divided into three categories: material incentives, moral incentives and the design of incentive mechanisms, through these three types of analysis and understanding, so that we understand the role of incentive mechanism and significance of the enterprise so as to establish an effective incentive system. We are encouraged by the following methods to fall into two categories: material and spiritual encouragement and incentives; incentives of thesemethods of understanding and knowledge in order to let us realize that the role of incentives.Chapter 2 material incentivesMaterial incentives is the way to the adoption of incentives to encourage trade union work.Its main manifestations of positive incentives, such as wages, bonuses, allowances, benefits, etc.; negative incentives such as fines. Material needs is the first of human needs, is engaged in social activities of all the basic motive, therefore, the material incentives to encourage the main mode is the internal use of Chinese enterprises are very common mode of an incentive.Excitation method is 2.1Hotel reward is the good organization of the behavior of employees or work performance and in recognition of the positive. Incentives as a means of staff motivation, incentives designed to induce employees by their exemplary acts to maintain and carry forward and set an example for all staff, for staff morale Fen play a positive role in promoting. Make good use of this means we must pay attention to the following: (a) awards to be timely, and an incentive to innovation. (B) the attention of other employees of the psychological. Constantly set new goals, to play down the past focus on the future, to establish a correct view of the fair. (C). Emphasis on incentive groups, activities in a modern hotel in the achievement of organizational goals, personal dignity and achievements, both need to go through the joint efforts of groups can be achieved, the emphasis on incentive groups, is conducive to the formation of a unified staff the ideological understanding, and enhance the cohesion of staff to enhance their competitiveness.2.2 negative excitation methodPunishment is a negative incentive is a modern hotel staff in order to correct the bad behavior, and to obtain a compulsory measure. Applied correctly, can be made to the wrong acts of a very good deterrent. However, employees must not be punished mainly as a supplementary means only, otherwise it will backfire. In the use of the means to pay attention to the following points: (a) those that can not teach and to punish. Give education top priority should be on the incorrigible or those who have serious consequences for the implementation of punishment, and punishment can not be hosted attention. (B) select a reasonable and effective punishment, and the scope can not be too large, but not a total negation of the attention to small or large, the psychological harm to employees. (C) will be a matter of principle to the combination of flexibility and principles, adhered to more stringent enforcement. In strictaccordance with the provisions of the system under the premise of a certain degree of flexibility is absolutely necessary, so in a reasonable incentive to be strict, strict fair, a large number so as to achieve the purpose of education, although, material incentives is not a panacea, but we have to reasonable use of material incentives that adouble-edged sword. For example: in the Jeju Island Group has a management program such that when the staff came to the company the first day of work, the company will staff the case of some families, such as economic conditions in a multifaceted understanding of the understanding on the establishment of a staff personal data, in the day-to-day work of the staff analysis of data, work in the future, managers will be on the previous analysis of the implementation of effective employee incentive program. Comprehensive understanding of the needs of employees and the quality of work is good or bad, according to the situation of constant incentive to develop accurate, thereby mobilizing the hotel staff to achieve each and every performance should be.Inspire the spirit of Chapter 3Management experts point out that Pitt had "side-effects will be rewarded, because of the high prize money would blockade the news to each other and affect the normal development, the social atmosphere will be errors." Enterprise alone, therefore the material may not be able to play the role of incentives, so they have another incentive - the spirit of encouragement. On this incentive, I roughly divided into the following categories: goals motivation and participation in competitive incentives and other incentives.译文：当今世界竞争是人才的竞争，高素质的人力资本是酒店业得以健康持续稳定发展的根本保证。
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)英文：1、China food industry development prospects analysisThe catering industry in China as the tertiary industry is a traditional service industries, experienced reforming and opening starts, quantitative expansion, scale chain development and brand promotion strategy of 4phase, made make a spurt of progress in the development of.At present, the country has4 millions catering outlets. 2005/2006annual Chinese top 100 catering enterprises with total assets of about thirty-two billion yuan, total profit of about six billion yuan, employees about eight hundred thousand people, respectively, over the same period last year increased40.38%,28.84% and33.33% higher than that of the whole society, the catering industry average growth level.China's reform and opening up has gone through ups and downs in the30year, in the30 years of reforming and opening of China's catering industry along with the tide of reform has undergone three leap type development. In the past 30 years, China has experienced from fast food restaurants grabs beach China market to SARS impact, then to food safety ( tonyred event, apple events ), Chinese food and beverage industry in the impact, achieve sales growth.China population cardinal number is large, demand is exuberant, catering market development can not meet the needs of the market under the background of the implementation, and today, the food market is very prosperous, the basic balance of supply and demand, in the global economic crisis under the background of the catering industry to achieve new growth?About2008July to August, China Chain Management Association DDT Hua accounting firm common to Chinese chain catering industry development trend research, interviewed including Quanjude, Xibe, Qiao Jiangnan, Zhuang, Little Swan, small fat sheep, KFC, Yoshinoya, immortal trace forest industries such as the representative of the chairman or general manager. Inductive appear stage domestic chain catering industry development:first, chain catering industry development still maintain high speed. Survey of catering enterprises the development of chain operation mode to the outlets and stores the majority, accounted for 75%; the enterprise under investigation, a total of more than500chain stores, sales of more than 1more than 10 billion yuan only KFC stores, in 2007to reach 2400, sales of twenty-five billion one hundred million yuan, much more than the other catering enterprises. From the investigation analysis of chain stores, in100the following (66%), sales of one billion yuan (80%) for the majority of the business scale.From sales growth ratio analysis,95% enterprises have two digit growth, which grew10%,20% interval accounted for 42%, growth of 20% -30% interval31%, two interval growth ratio is the enterprise under investigation shows that the majority of mainstream, enterprise development in line with benign operation rule, can still maintain a relatively high growth rate.second, raw material rises quickly, gross margin is firm in have litre. 32% of the surveyed companies of raw materials in 2007growth rate below 10%,52% enterprises of raw materials increase rate is amounted to10%,20%,16% of raw material of enterprise growth rate reached 20% -30%. The cost of raw materials rising under the premise of the enterprise under investigation, only 26% gross margin declined 5%in47% enterprises, gross margin is basically not changed, and 16% and 11% growth respectively the enterprises within 5% and5% above. Thus it can be seen, the majority of enterprises still keep firm in have litre gross margin, that surveyed enterprises chain operating profit pattern comparison of health, ability to resist risks, in the open source efficiency and mining space.Third, human resources, management cost, standardization is difficult to constitute the three major challenges. According to the survey, the current chain catering industry facing the development of the main problems include human resources, operating cost, standardization difficulty is great, malign competition, industry shortage of funds and policy support and other issues. Among them, human resources accounted for the highest proportion of choice, up to 80%, followed by the operating costs,60%, standardization difficulty big,45%, form chain catering industry development faces three challenges.In four, the company strategy adjustment based on Sustainable development. Aiming at the problems in the development of catering enterprises, the survey alsorelates to chain catering enterprises will have on the future development strategy to make the adjustment? Induction includes six aspects, adjust the straight camp shop and store ratio; upgrade the existing brand or create new brand; product innovation, realize the difference operation; the establishment of raw material production base, integration supply chain; establish the central kitchen; enhance internal operation efficiency and single-store profit level.Optimistic five, judge current economic developing situation of chain catering industry development influence. Although the CPI index in the short term it is difficult to fall, to enterprises operating pressure will continue to increase, but the vast majority of the enterprise under investigation thinks, from the country macroscopical economic development situation, the food and beverage industry will still maintain a relatively high growth rate, the enterprise operating pressure will be gradually ease, more than 90% of respondents expressed a positive optimistic attitude. Investigation shows, Quanjude, KFC, Dicos and other small fat sheep, most chain enterprises still maintain established open plan.The survey, in China's sustained and rapid economic development, food and beverage market continues to be active in the background, chain catering enterprises are continuously according to the external environment and oneself condition adjustment of development strategy, to realize the optimal development pattern.2、China food industry development trend analysisCatering industry in our country is developing very quickly, the national food industry turnover for 18 consecutive years to achieve two digit growth, in recent years the catering industry growth rate higher than other industries out of more than ten percentage points, industry development prospects for many enterprises and good investment institutions, can say our country is welcoming a catering industry development the gold period, but the market is complex and changeable, will change with the social environment. The catering enterprises should according to their own conditions and environmental requirements, see the catering industry's development trend, select the appropriate marketing method, can be in the fierce competition in the market success. Therefore, the dining industry development trend of the future, opportunities and challenges to undertake brief analysis.China's economy in recent years of rapid development, GDP increased rapidly, is continuously driven home to consume demand growth factor. Historical data analysis indicates that, the catering industry retail sales growth in GDP and there is a strong positive correlation between, from the 5years development, catering industry growth amplitude is higher than the country's GDP growth rate, far higher than the social consumable total volume of retail sales growth rate, with the catering industry dimensions expands ceaselessly, to national economy presents increasingly significant role in driving.On 2004, the implementation of the catering industry retail sales of seven hundred and forty-eight billion six hundred million yuan, than going up year increaseone hundred and thirty-three billion yuan, grow 21.6% compared to the same period, for 14 consecutive years to achieve the fast growth of two digit, than the same period of social consumable total volume of retail sales growth rate is 8.3 percentage points higher, accounting for13.9% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods, the total retail sales of social consumer goods growth contribution rate of 21%, pulling the social consumable total volume of retail sales growth of 2.79percentage points.On 2005, Chinese catering industry retail sales of eight hundred and eighty-eight billion six hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 17.7%, than going up year add one hundred and thirty-three billion six hundred million yuan, higher than the total retail sales of consumer goods increased 4.8 percentage points, accounted for the total retail sales of social consumer goods proportion to achieve 13.2%, the total retail sales of social consumer goods growth contribution rate and pulling rate is respectively 17.4% and2.3%. Achieve annual business tax forty-eight billion eight hundred million yuan, grow 17.8% compared to the same period.On 2006, Chinese food and beverage consumption annual retail sales exceeded trillion yuan to close greatly, achieve one trillion and thirty-four billion five hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 16.4%, than going up year add one hundred and forty-five billion eight hundred million yuan.In 2007 the national catering business retail sales totaled one trillion and two hundred and thirty-five billion two hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 19.4%, accounting for13.9% of the total retail sales of consumer goods, total retail sales of consumer goods led to an increase of 2.6 percentage points, social consumable total volume of retail sales growth contribution rate of 15.7%.2008 National Food Company retail amounts to one trillion and five hundred and five billion four hundred million yuan, grow 24.7% than 2007, for 18 consecutive years to maintain the speed of two digit. With China's per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of more than $2000, residents' consumption ability, consumption level, the Chinese high-end consumption proportion will increase continuously. In overseas, Chinese continue to attack cities and capture territories, in the first08 years of Chinese Olympic recipes, further moves towards the internationalization, the catering industry has been become pull move consumption, growth, expanding employment is one of the important factors.3、Consumer analysisWith China's per capita GDP rises quickly, per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of more than $2000, residents' consumption ability, consumption level and improve the level of Chinese dinner, high-end consumption proportion will increase continuously. But the food demand is complicated and changeable, the consumer tastes and consumption psychology, will change with the social environment. The catering enterprises should according to their own conditions and environmental requirements, see the catering market trend of development, choose appropriate marketing method, can be in the fierce competition in the market success.Chinese taste has apparent district sex, Chinese cuisine cooking in many schools.One of the most influential and representative for the society recognized: Lu, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Su, Zhe, Xiang, Hui cuisine, namely" eight big cuisines". The cuisine of the formation and its long history and unique cooking characteristics inseparable. But also by the region's natural geography, climate conditions, resource specialty, diet habit has different effect, it is precisely because of these differences, the major cuisine products with a strong regional, occupy the major share of the local. Regional differences, and cause consumers strongly different psychology, willing to try a different flavor. Therefore, cross-boundary operation is the next hot, it can make the unique flavor diet between each other, learn from each other. At present, eight big cuisines appear cross-boundary operation, integration trend.Catering enterprises in different expansion, but with the standard of income or other standard, differentiate the whole nation for several economic zones, in each economy area at the center of the city set up flagship store; to stand firm, again with the flagship store for the base, to the surrounding medium and small city expansion strategy.First, market positioning, namely the regional consumer groups will be your target customers; followed by the taste, whether they agree with your dish flavors; third is the value of the brand, whether they will be your loyal supporter.They had two common characteristics: first, products single; secondly, regional characteristics, after leaving Beijing is very difficult to find the right people taste identification.Since 2008, China has 46city GDP of average per capita is in above of 3000 dollar, the city 's per capita consumption level is relatively high, become meals industry regional development growth points.Chinese have a herd mentality and skeptical Mentality -- conformity, more and more local people have more sense of security; doubt, is to believe your own surface judgment, listen to others explanation.In order to fired the first shot, food and beverage brands in different places to open flagship store, large area, the seats, investment is high, the daily operation of the pressure is also big store. But all the catering enterprises have an import period. In the introduction period, both to business confidence, but also to give customers confidence. Once the introduction period to do good, attendance does not follow to go up, Chinese herd mentality came up: fewer people he does not go; more to people without a little less; he even doubt: This is it right? Straight camp shop? Taste and old whether same? Is it right? What's the problem? Cantonese cuisine since in the early 80 century in the popular date,20 years for all eternity, the main reason is the Pearl River Delta regional economic rapid development, pull the catering industry prosperity and revitalization; at the same time Cantonese broad odd miscellaneous materials. To adapt to the different needs of customers innovation, continuous innovation;, promote the sustainable development of Cantonese cuisine. With the development of economy of our country, the Cantonese cuisine in the beginning of 80's in last century to the end of 90's in the form of climate, gradually embarked on a major cuisine overlord position, become the metropolitan dishes faucet, leading the consumer trend, share growth. Food consumption behavior analysis.In recent years, the income level of Chinese dweller increases, the rhythm of life speeds up, renew the concept of consumption, promoting the rapid development of Chinese catering industry catering consumers has three major development trends.First is business consumption increase. Promoting the economic development of increased business activities, business entertainment activities promote the high-grade food development. Second is the replacement of consumption increase. With the development of economy, increase of resident income, more and more people choose to go to the hotel consumption instead of their own cooking, which is manifested in recent year 's hot. The third are forced to consumption increase. More and morewhite-collar workers and migrant workers migrant workers, time is close, and not their cooked, they are helpless, unable to be forced to at a restaurant, it promotes the fast food industry development.Dining choice not only pay attention to taste, the restaurant environment, atmosphere, sentiment has become a customer's selection of dining venue necessary conditions, consumers pay attention to enjoy, focus on food and beverage products and cultural integration, the Chinese food culture and cuisine culture broad and profound, long history, different regions show catering cultural differences also make food products with distinctive cultural characteristics. Consumers seeking" color, flavor and taste, shape, texture, temperature, sound, nutrition, health," at the same time, advocate culture and food, diet, eating habits of fusion. In recent years emerging needs of theme restaurants is developing rapidly, this concept into full play, whether it is the design of the restaurant decoration, functional layout, decor, and even its operating characteristics of cuisine, reflect a certain cultural theme and intension, catering to the product culture has the greatest degree of show. Seize the culture that a selling point, will enable the food products with infinite vitality.From the industry statistics, Chinese food industry market size is very large, and expanded very quickly, but China's catering company current situation, one is enterprise dimensions small, amount is much, modern level is low; industry standard system is not perfect; according to statistics, China's existing catering outlets 4000000, employees nearly 20000000 people,7000000 cook people, average every 185 people have1chef. The food market is relatively the most dispersed in a market, home does not have a large food group can occupy 1% of the market share. Can be said to the catering industry is perfectly competitive industry, industry concentration is very low, the future trend of development is the industry is spent centrally rise considerably, to be at a scale of enterprise integration. From the dining enterprise's competition and development pattern, the future of China's catering business competition will be more intense, and accompanied by more enterprises listed. However, in the restaurant industry high speed development at the same time, food raw material costs, labor costs increase, lack of management talent, the cost is difficult to control and other aspects of a problem to be highlighted increasingly, industry competition intensified, the catering industry entered the" era of meager profit", the traditional management mode, operation encounters serious challenges. Chinese catering industry has entered the industry reshuffle period, must exchange of new ideas, explore new pattern, quickly from the traditional" extensive type, fuzzy, experience management" to "intensive, process, chain scale management" in transition.The foreign-funded enterprises enjoy is the super national treatment, state-owned enterprises enjoy national treatment, private enterprises enjoy national treatment. Inthe restaurant industry, although not obvious, but also many examples. Domestic food business activities in addition to the normal tax, the cost of so many species, the lack of normative, area difference is bigger, the government management system is not perfect, bring about an enterprise to manage the various uncertain factors. With the further perfection of Chinese legal system construction, Chinese catering market will also further standardization. Catering industry competition pattern analysis show that, the future of domestic food industry competition situation of four great changes will take place in China, foreign fast food restaurants dominate the competition, brand has become the core competitiveness of food.At present, China's catering industry lack program guiding, the laws and regulations construction lag problem. In the rapid development of blind, disordered and low level of development of the phenomenon. Not applicable to the establishment of the catering industry of national laws and regulations system, the lack of strict market access rules and mandatory standards, catering enterprises standards uneven, incomprehensive contents, technical knowledge content is low, lack of national unity. The catering industry in our country is lack of unity within the profession of law enforcement, the market order is not standard, the dining environment is not health, food safety problems occur from time to time, market management and industry management can not keep up with the development needs of the situation, the market order to be standardized. However, countries to accelerate the service industry development strategy for the development of catering industry to bring the new opportunity. At present our country service industry gross is relatively small, the output value of the service industry the proportion of2007to40%, and the global service industry output value of the average specific gravity of 60% ( developed countries more than 70% ) far apart. In the seventeen Party Congress" to speed up the development of modern service industry, improve the proportion and level of service industry". The State Council" on accelerating the development of service industry opinions of the general office of the State Council" and" on accelerating the development of service industry in the implementation of policies and measures for advice", accelerating the development of the service sector has laid a good foundation for the development of catering industry policy, bring rare opportunity.4、From the" fast food" localization of Chinese catering industry development in future" Fast food" the localization process accelerated, the Chinese catering industry competition is intense with each passing day, and as a result of food production characteristics, just drop a " visual feast", its growth rate far less foreign fast food have. A food and beverage industry veterans have such fact: we Chinese dining culture history is long, can still sell but those " hamburger".Foreign fast food brand in China develops quickly because of its simple, reproducible, and its product localization and the theme restaurant strategy launched in China in the future, more be a trend which cannot be halted development trend.KFC launched the " tender cow five", but is Yum product localization strategy, and early in 2005April," Chinese fast food" as a slogan of" East Dawning" settled in Shanghai, has been demonstrated the yum brand localization strategy of whole body.In the face of such a break in in full fury "foreign fast-food invasion", Chinese food and beverage brands in this round of the contest has shown its advantage. For future development, China's catering industry will be faced with huge challenge.So to break the siege expand results will be aware of their own situation, at this stage of China's catering industry market situation ( for example of Beijing ), is basically in a complicated pattern.Then, how can the new round of competition advantage and expand results, we narrow the gap with foreign brand, we think, the brand building remains the primary task, the spoken Chinese catering industry has its own cultural characteristics, Chinese is inseparable from the" rushing water", so, Cola will not replace a cup of thick soup, Hamburg will replace traditional dumplings, and how to make such products with Chinese characteristics can yield, chain, is the next step to build brand of one of the important tasks.Catering to build the brand is the brand structure of fullness, also is in the main dining brand downstream to create a complete chain, from the business form echo, we see gladly Meizhou Dongpo work in this area has been done quite in place.Innovation changing, from becomes the system is the brand integration of the working key. Now food consumption has also entered the third stage, namely, the invisible, touched the overall consumer awareness stage, consumers in the left consumption places in mind to form the overall perception responds to what is, it reflects the restaurant brand culture, so the merchant's unique system is not only dishes, taste, service, environment, music, but the overall embodiment of comprehensive factors.Brand building is the Chinese food and beverage industry will break out of an encirclement is one of the important means, and real-time strategy and tactics are catering system it is important method, in order to" different region can create wonderful".Nowadays the world economic turmoil on China's catering industry development 's influence can not be ignored, China is still a developing country, in stimulating domestic demand under the premise, we still recommend Chinese catering industry occupied" Pyramid middle market", at the same time in the market to establish its own system, to make its own characteristics.翻译：1、中国餐饮业的发展前景分析餐饮业作为我国第三产业中一个传统服务性行业，经历了改革开放起步、数量型扩张、规模连锁发展和品牌提升战略4个阶段，取得突飞猛进的发展。
酒店管理系统常用English
代码译文A D R平均房价A R应收账款Adult成人Agent旅行社Alert警示Alert Message警示消息Arrival到店Arrival Date来期Arrival Persons来店人数Arrival Persons for Tomorrow明日预抵人数Arrival Rooms来店房数Arrival Rooms for Tomorrow明日预抵房数Arrival Time来店时间Article物品Available Rooms可出租房数Available Rooms minus O O O Rooms可出租房数不含关闭房Back Office后台财务接口Balance余额Balance Sheet资产负债表Balance Transfer余额转账Balance Yesterday昨日余额Bank银行Bank Account银行账号Bar Code条形码Billing账单Billing Address账单地址Block团队Block List团队查询Booking Type团队预订类型Business Address办公地址Business Date日期Business Phone办公电话Business Segment市场分类Cancellation Date取消日期Cancellation Reason取消原因Cancellation Report取消预订报表Cancellation Rooms:取消房数: Cancelled Reservations for Today今日取消房数Cashflow Statement现金流量表Cashflow现金流量Cashier收银员Cashier Function收银功能Cashier Note收银备注Cashier Shift Function收银交班Cashiering账项Check In入住Check In Time入住时间Check No单据号Check Out离店Check Out Time离店时间City Ledger Transfer应收账款导出Commission佣金Company公司Company Rooms in House公司住店房数Competition Code竞争Complimentary免费房Complimentary Rooms免费房Configuration设置Confirmation确认信Confirmation Letter确认信Confirmation No预订号Contact联系人Contact Code联系人代码Contact Name联系人Contract No合约号Control Sum控制Country国家Covers人数Credit Card Expire Date有效期Credit Card No信用卡Credit Limit信用限额Customer客户Daily Statistics Transfer日统计输出Day Use日用房Day Use Report日用房报表Day Use Rooms日用房Deduct确认Degree文化程度Department部门Departure Date离期Departure Persons离店人数Departure Persons for Tomorrow明日预离人数Departure Rooms离店房数Departure Rooms for Tomorrow明日预离房数Departure Time离店时间Deposit Payment押金付款Description描述Destination Code目标代码Detailed Availability可卖房Detailed Availability Zoom In可卖房详情Details详细Development开发Discount Note折扣备注Discount Reason折扣原因Discountable是否折扣Discountamount折扣额Discountpercent折扣率Discrepancy差异Display Text显示文本Duty职务Early Departure提前离店End Of Day夜审End Of Day Report夜审报表Engineer工程师Entry Port入境口岸Exchange Rate汇率Expiry Date有效期Explanation摘要Export导出FB note餐饮备注First Name名Floor楼层Floor Plan楼层图Folio账单Followup Date跟进日期Food and Beverage Revenue餐饮收入Forecast Report预测报表Forecast Revenue预计收入Forecast Room Rate预计房价Foreign Currency Code外币Format格式Formula计算公式Freeze冻结Front Desk前台Front Status前台状态Frontdesk Note前台备注Future未来Gender性别Guest宾客档案Guest Balance余额Guest Code宾客代码Guest In House Report在店宾客报表Guest Ledger Balance客账余额Guest profile does not exist.宾客档案不存在. Header页眉Header/ Footer页眉/页脚Height高度Hire Date入职日期History历史Home Address家庭地址Hotel Code酒店代码House Use自用房House Use Rooms自用房Housekeeping客房管理Housekeeping Attendant客房服务员Housekeeping Maintenance客房管理Housekeeping Note客房备注Housekeeping Report客房管理报表Housekeeping Section客房分区I A T Ano IATA编号I D N O身份证号I D Type证件类型Id Expire Date有效期Id Type证件类型Imbalance不平衡In Clude O O O含OOOIn- House Guest在店宾客Inactive禁用Inactive Date禁用日期Inactive Reason禁用原因Include Cancellation含取消预订Include Checked In Today含当天入住Include Clean Up含结清Include Deduct含确认Include Dirty Room含脏房Include Non Deduct含不确认Include Overbooking含超订Include Pseudo Room含假房Include Unpost含未记账凭证Include Write Off显示已两清Inclusive包含Income Sheet Analysis损益表分析Income statement损益表Individual宾客Individual Or Block散客/团队Individual Room Revenue散客房费收入Individual Rooms in House散客房数Industry Code行业代码Influence Code影响代码Invoice发票Invoice No发票号Item物品Item Inventory Setup租借物品Item Name项目名称Item Status状态Item Type项目类别Job Title职位Journal by Cashier and Transaction Code Report入账明细报表Keyword关键字Last Name姓Legal Owner法人代表Level级别Life年限Line行次Linkman联系人Local Currency本位币Location地址Locator方位Log上机日志Log Book记事本M T D本月合计Maintenance工程维修Manager Report经理报表Manager Report Item经理报表项目Manual说明书Manual Posting手工入账Margins页边距Market Code市场代码Market Group市场分组Market Statistics Transfer市场统计Material材料Material Cost材料成本Material Group材料分组Member Card会员卡Member Room Revenue会员房费收入Member Rooms in House住店会员房数Membership Class会员分类Membership Level会员级别Membership Type会员类型Message留言Miscellaneous杂项Mobile手机Module模块Move Reason换房原因Nationality国籍Negative Postings Only仅显示冲账Negotiate协议价Negotiated Rate协议价Nesting嵌套Night天数Night Audit夜审No Post不可入账No show report未到宾客报表No Show Reservations预订未到店数Non Revenue非营业收入Non Revenue Total非营业收入合计Noshow Report未到宾客报表Number Of Beds床位数Number Of Floors楼层数Occupancy占用Occupancy Graph出租率图表Open Balance Report宾客余额报表Open End Of Day Report查看夜审报表Operator操作员/总机话务员Options选项Origin来源Origin Code渠道代码Other Revenue其他收入Out Of Order关闭房Out Of Order Reason关闭原因Out of Order rooms关闭房数Out of Service Rooms维修房Overage超额Overbooking超预订Package包价Paid Out支出Paid out receipt退款单Parameter参数Parameter Group参数分组Payment付款Payment Code付款代码Payment Total付款合计Payment Type付款方式Percentage比率Permission权限Persons人数Physical房数Physical Inventory房数Point积分Pos餐厅Pos Name餐厅描述Position职位Post入账Post Article物品入账Post Rate Code入房费Posting入账Posting Code账项代码Potential Room Nights潜在房晚Potential Room Revenue潜在收入Print Rate打印房价Priority优先级Profession专业Profile宾客档案Profile Production Statistics Report业绩统计报表Profit and loss report损益表Progress进度Property楼区Property Type楼区类型Pseudo Room假房/虚拟房间R T C计价房型Rate Category房价类别Rate Class房价分类Rate Code房价代码Rate Management房价管理Rate Query房价查询Region区域Registration Card登记卡Remote Control远程协助Report报表Report Scheduler报表生成器Report Setup报表设置Reservation预订Reservation Addon预订复制Reservation Alert预订Reservation Cancel预订取消Reservation Code预订号Reservation Fix Charge预订固定消费Reservation Item预订物品Reservation Locator预订方位Reservation Message预订留言Reservation Method预订方式Reservation Note预订备注Reservation Routing预订账项分配Reservation Split预订拆分Reservation Status预订状态Reservation Trace预订内部留言Reservation Track It预订寄存物品Reservation Type预订类型Revenue收入Revenue group收入分组Revenue Total收入合计Role角色Room房号Room Assignment房间分配Room Class房型分组Room Feature房间特性Room History房间历史Room Management客房管理Room Plan房态图Room Potential潜在房晚Room Rate房价Room Revenue房费收入Room Status状态Room Type房间类型Rooms Nights房晚Rooms Occupied住店房数Routing账项分配Run End Of Day Report生成夜审报表Safty Variance安全差异Saftyquantity安全库存Saleable可销售Sales销售员Save保存Save failure.保存失败. Save succeed.保存成功. Scaling缩放Scope区域Scope City区域Screen Painter屏幕编辑Search查找Select选择Sendto Interface发送接口Sequence序号Settlement结算方式Settlement Date结算日期Settlement No结算号Setup设置Sex性别Shipping发运方式Short Cut Key快捷键Short Info简要信息Short Variance短缺Show Quick Key快捷键Site地点Sort Ascending升序Sort Descending降序Source订房中心Source Code客源代码Source Edit编辑订房中心Source Future订房中心未来预订Source Group客源分组Source History订房中心历史预订Source List编辑订房中心Source New新建订房中心Source Rooms in House订房中心住店房数Spec规格Special特殊要求Specification规格Split拆分Square面积Start Date起始日期Start Sell Date起始销售日期Start Time开始时间State省份Statement财务报表Statement Of Cash Flow现金流量表Status状况Stay Reason停留原因Sub Group分组Sub Transaction Code子账项代码Sub Transaction Description子账项描述Summary摘要Supplement备注Supplement Text备注Supplier供应商Telephone Book信息簿Territory区域Ticket No票号Title称谓Toll Free No免费电话Total Revenue总收入Total Rooms房间总数Total Rooms in Hotel酒店总房数Total Rooms in Hotel minus O O O Rooms酒店总房数除不含关闭房Trace内部留言Trace Text内部留言内容Track It寄存物品Transaction账项Transaction Code账项代码Transaction Type账项类别Transfer To Room房间转账Translate翻译Translation译文Transportation交通工具Travel Agent Rooms in House旅行社住店房数Trial Balance试算平衡表Trial Balance Report试算平衡表Upgrade Reason升级原因V I P Level贵宾Vendor供应商Wait List Code等待预订代码Wait List Priority等待预订优先级Walk In自入散客Walk-in Persons上门散客人数。
酒店管理系统需求分析说明书.
目录1 引言 (21.1 编写目的 (21.2 项目背景 (21.3 定义 (21.4 参考资料 (22 任务概述 (22.1 软件标识 (22.2 软件描述 (22.2.1 系统属性 (2 2.2.2 目标 (22.3 运行环境概述 (32.4 限制与约束 (33 功能需求 (33.1 功能划分 (33.2 功能描述 (44 性能需求 (104.1 数据精确度 (10 4.2 时间特性 (104.3 适应性 (105 数据描述 (10 5.1 静态数据 (105.2 数据字典 (126 数据流图 (137 系统属性 (22 7.1 可用性 (22 7.2 可靠性 (22 7.3 效率 (237.4 安全性 (23 7.5 可维护性 (237.6 可移植性 (238 运行需求 (23 8.1 用户界面 (23 8.2 硬件接口 (23 8.3 软件接口 (24 8.4 通信接口 (24 8.5 故障处理 (24 1引言1.1 编写目的本需求说明书对软件进行总体描述,同时作为软件测试的依据,读者对象为该系统的所有开发人员。
1.2 项目背景1.3 定义HMS:酒店管理系统1.4 参考资料《面向对象软件工程与UML》2任务概述2.1 软件标识Hotel Management System(酒店管理系统2.2 软件描述2.2.1系统属性本系统是用于酒店内部管理的系统,是独立完整的系统。
2.2.2目标本系统是提供给酒店使用的完整的管理系统,基于酒店内部管理工作,系统功能能遵循酒店管理工作程序。
使用该系统将会有一些好处:1.电脑收银,打印账单:快速准确,减少宾客等待时间,并可杜绝收银过程中的舞弊现象;2.高效的客房管理:能有效的提高房率,增加营业收入;3.提高决策依据:管理者可以随时了解经营情况,以制定相应的经营方针;4.减轻员工的工作负担:从而使员工把更多的精力放在提高为宾客服务的质量上;5.简单方便地保存和查询历史资料;6.树立良好的酒店形象。
酒店管理系统
客房管理模块
总结词
实时监控客房状态，提供清洁和维护服 务。
VS
详细描述
客房管理模块主要负责实时监控客房状态 ，包括房间是否已预订、是否在住、是否 需要清洁或维修等。该模块还提供清洁和 维护服务的安排和管理，确保客房的卫生 和设施的完好。此外，客房管理模块还支 持客房的快速分配和调整，以满足客人的 需求和酒店的运营需求。
数据安全和隐私保护是酒店管理 系统面临的重要挑战之一。为了 确保客户数据的安全和隐私，酒 店需要采取有效的加密技术和安 全措施，加强员工的安全意识和 培训。
系统集成和互操作性也是酒店管 理系统面临的挑战之一。为了实 现不同系统之间的无缝对接和信 息共享，酒店需要采用标准化的 接口技术和协议，加强系统集成 和互操作性。
通过使用InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) Property Management System，洲际酒店集团能够更好地管理其全球 范围内的酒店运营，提高运营效率，降低成本，并为客户提供 更好的服务体验。
05 酒店管理系统的发展趋势 与挑战
人工智能在酒店管理系统的应用
入住管理模块
总结词
简化入住流程，提高入住效率。
详细描述
入住管理模块主要用于简化入住流程，提高入住效率。客人到达酒店后，通过扫描身份 证或核实预订信息，系统自动分配房间并打印房卡。同时，该模块还提供入住手续的快 速办理，如缴纳押金、选择早餐服务、延住等。入住信息实时更新，为酒店的管理和客
户服务提供准确的数据支持。
通过使用Marriott GRS，万豪酒店集 团能够更好地管理其全球范围内的酒 店预订和客户信息，提高预订效率和 客户满意度。
洲际酒店集团酒店管理系统应用案例
1.外文文献翻译--针对国际市场的电子智能酒店管理系统
针对国际市场的电子智能酒店管理系统硕士Noor-A-Rahim1，硕士Kamal Hosain2，硕士Saiful Islam3，硕士Nashid Anjum4，硕士Masud Rana51，3，4，5电子与通信工程，库尔纳工程技术大学（KUET），库尔纳，孟加拉2工程学院，肯迪大学，基朗，维多利亚3217，澳大利亚电子邮箱：mash_0409@1，mhosain@.au2，sirajonece@3，nashidzone@4，mamaraece28@5摘要：为了与国际市场竞争，酒店行业能够不断为旅游业改善其服务是至关重要的。
为了构建一个电子交易市场（电子市场），建立一个正确的架构并用合适的方法在其中嵌入智能系统是内在要求。
本文介绍了一种智能网络，有助于减少直接参与维持一家酒店的人力。
酒店的接待政策，房间设施和智能个性化促销是本文的主要焦点。
对现有住宿者和可用房间的智能搜索被包含在系统中。
对于每一个设施都会画一个流程图，确定系统中所使用的技术和相关设备。
通过研究多个方案，本文列出了一些技术来实现智能酒店管理系统。
安全以及电和水的浪费需要引起特别的注意。
在这种节电的场景中，采取图像处理的方法可以检测到任何人的存在和特定房间的黑暗。
此外，本文提出的这种自动计算机化方案也将计入成本优势。
考虑到一些国家人力缺乏的问题，本文的目的是要发起关于使本文提到的系统更商业化的讨论和研究。
关键词：电子市场，酒店管理系统，智能搜索，智能系统，图像处理算法，网页应用程序1.介绍为了在酒店服务业激烈的竞争中取得胜利，酒店管理的主要目标和方向，是如何为客户提供高品质、人性化的服务。
为了与国际电子市场竞争，需要极大关注的是，根据用户需要产生推荐的酒店以供选择的优化[1]。
在一般意义上，酒店管理就是维持酒店不同的活动，而完成这些工作需要许多工作人员。
首先，让我们看一下某个普通的酒店。
在这种酒店租用一个房间，客户需要与接待员见面以收集酒店设施的信息[2]。
203.B基于JSP的酒店客房管理系统 外文文献翻译
（本科毕业外文文献翻译学生姓名：X X X学院：信息工程学院系别：计算机系专业：软件工程班级：软件06指导教师：X X X讲师二○一○年六月To connect SQL Server databaseFirst we introduce the basic knowledge of the database, be regarded as the warm-up exercise that study database weave distance front!1.warm-up exerciseNeeding first avowal is relation database that database knowledge that we here introduce all point. The so-called relation database is to mean data as that the form gather, passing to establish simple form an a kind of database for of relation to defining construction.I ignore the watch at how saving way in physics in the document in database is, it can see to make an a line for with row, with electronics form is similar with the row. In relation database, the line were called the record, but the row then is called word segment.This form inside each an all in formations for is a record, it including particular customer, but each record then included the same type with the word segment of the quantity: Customer's number, name etc.Form is logic set that a kind of related information that press a line of arranging with row, similar in single form in work.Each row of the word a database form inside calls a word segment. Watch is from every kind of word a definition of its containment of, each word a data for describing its implying. While creating to set up a database, the beard assign for each word segment a the piece belongs to the sex with the other according to the type, biggest length. The word segment can include every kind of word sign, arithmetic figure even sketch.An information of relevant customer deposits in the line of the form, is called record. By any large, arbitrarily two records for database form to create set up can't be same.Key be a certain word segment( or several words segment) of the form inside, it() for fast inspect but drive index. The key can be unique, and also can then the right and wrong is unique, being decided by it() whether admission repetition. Unique key can specify for main key, using each one that come to unique marking form.The norm turns the database design of mission be method that the data of buildup, but the data of buildup, should can dissolve otiose repetition, and for have the necessary information offering to check to seek the path quickly. For attaining this kind of target but separate information to the process gone to in every kind of independent form, be called the norm turn.It is complicated process to use many appointed rules to proceed the norm with the type of the different Class that norm turn. That process studies and discuss already beyond the reach of textual scope. But, the norm of the simple database in majority turn and can use the simple experience in underneath rule completes: include the form of the information of repetition must be divided into independent a few forms dissolve repetition.If we have chosen to learn 12 curricular 1000 students, the each curricular elucidation will show with the teacher 100 many- to choose that curricular and eachstudent repeat once. To avoid this kind of low efficiency, should to turn the dichotomous and independent form in form to the norm,an is used to mean the student, the another uses mean the course.Now the form was turned by the norm, so, to changes the particular and curricular course describe or" data", as long as change a record all right.Is a basic knowledge concerning database above, this is what study database plait distance must. Although the database technique is used as a course, its depth is not this space and can describe with the wide degree of, be used as the primer with simple database plait the distance should be all right already.Like, underneath we can start practicing. We usually meet the database system is to registers the system, ignoring you are in the unit, or attend what buildup, the register is to cans not help of, and it of the construction is more simple, we take a register system as an example. The analysis is once a data for involving.2. understanding the elementsFor the register, want the on the trail of information include:name 、sex、native place、age、date of birth、unit、address、postal service codes、telephone、FAX. Certainly, can create to set up a form in brief, make above each piece according to item to should a word segment.Need to point the form the main key in parties now, in order to unique marking each a record, increase register number conduct and actions unique key respectively in register form, guarantee a two records like this all different.To the database after making an above analysis, we can start establishing the database.3.set up the firm in campHere we study to establish the database how, needing to make sure the type that to establish the database first. Pass in Visual Basic the data interview control piece or data interview object ( DAO) can visit the following database:1)The database of JET, namely Microsoft Access2)The database of ISAM, such as: DBase, etc. of FoxPro3)The database of ODBC, every follow the standard of ODBC customer/ server database. Such as: Microsoft SQL Server, OracleBy any large, if develop the personal small scaled database system, use Access database comparison accommodation, to develop the big and medium-sized database system uses the database of ODBC fester. But dBase with the database of FoxPro because of already dated, unless special circumstance, do not use otherwise. In our example, chose to use the database of Access certainly. Establish the database of Access contain two kinds of methods: While establishing the database in Microsoft Access. Click" new set up" button can establish the new form. Here we main introduction the second method: The usage can see to turn the data management machine, do not need to weave the distance and then can create to set up the database. Can see to turn the data management machine is the applied procedure of a great use, it is a VB business enterprise version is supplementary with the profession version, in the catalogue\..\ Devastation\ vb\ samples\ the Visdata is next, its interface is as follows the diagram.Click the menu" document" item is next" new set up" son item" Microsoft ACCESS" son item of" edition 7.0 MDB" item. Input the new setting upthe name of the database in flick window way open" register", appear the underneath show the window way:Want the born and new form, the single shot in right key database window way flicks the menu open, then the choice" new form" ordinaries, establishing in" watch construction" dialog box appeared later on a word for wanting segment. The every time faces to join in the form new word segment, single shot" increment word segment" button, will appear of" increment word segment" dialog box."Increment word a type for" options in the dialog box, according to word segment. In our the register database that establish, the type of the each word segment.Want to notice of is, because the word segment registers the number be used unique marking record of, therefore, it can't be inputted by customer. So while defining the word's segment need to be defined for Long data type, the " automatic born word segment" item is valid, and picks out this item. Be the customer like this to input to record with other the different value every input a new record, system would on the word's segment automatically.In ACCESS database, the key word realizes with the index of, conduct and actions plait distance personnel at gather to weave the distance to the record of the form type, needs to adjust to use index. While searching, the technique of Rushmore uses the index information the excellent turning the search automatically. After completing the form definition, click" increment index" button, flick such aspen figure 5 show the window way.In window way the right side contain three optioned, its meaning, such as table,12.Increase the index dialog box options.After completing such as figure 6.Certainly, the academic association database establishes too not a dynasty the business of the one night, the reader no harm much practices once.Visit databases design and the development of the application procedures of MS Visual Basics of the databases of the SQL Server. When design a system, the customer still needs to comprehend to use to come to visit the plait distance of ask the data of SQL Server to connect. The origin was detailed to elaborate that the usage open type database conjunction (the Open Database Connectivity, ODBC) adjusts to connect the objects to connect with the class, still having the data interviews object (the Data Access Objects, the DAO) and the long-range data objects.Design and weave to write large and complicated and applied procedure's database design for the software developer is a challenge, need to choose to weave the distance language and tools, do an accommodation for the SQL Server, choose the calculate way and the data structures, still need to design the sketch customer interface and the application procedures to connect. The decision within the most important software design is applied fixed position of the procedure. In other words, design must specify the system of which parts are data, business rule, and the data entrance procedure and used for circulating the code of other part. The MS Visual Basic supports the plait distance that some databases manage the systems connect, especially SQL Server. Adjust to connect to include the ODBC and DB-Libraries to connect the, object to connect to include the data interview object (DAO), long range data object (the RDO), the OLE DB and the ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) with the class, the SQL that returns the capable SQL Server to manage the mission distributes to manage the object (the SQL Distributed management Objects, SQL-DMO) toconnect. Connect the oculars right choice can improve the whole function of system and the development speed biggest. Design the large data warehouse system needs to choose the applied model properly. Traditional customer/ service's model depends on to join in the center layer but get the improvement to become three layer models. These three layers divide the line system as three parts: each layer is responsible for providing the service:(1) Data service( the Data Service) contain the maintenance data and the operation date such as the increment, modification, deletion and backups. These services maintenance data relation and contact, support backup and instauration operation. Usually the data service is managed the system usage by the database.(2) business service( the Business Service) is handled the logic by the business rule and data to constitute, such as the data legitimacy rule, the business processing support and the record backup logics. The main purpose of these services provides the data maintenance toward the application procedure Logic.(3) expression service( the Presentation Service)( or the customer service) support customer interface, control the customer data to input to express with data.(Output) Notice in customer/ service's technical term, sometimes express the service definition as customer's machine (or head), the data service definition for server (or after carry), but the business service is in the center the layer (the middle layer). But important comprehend any two layers .The data service business service expresses the logic support GUI that the service maintenance database business rule and the processing data need, data importation and manifestation the correspondences can think to carry on between customer's machine and servers. For example, in the center the layer can think is a head.Server The physics realization of the system can carry on through many different paths. The underneath wills discuss three layer logic models three kinds of to carry out the method:1.Fat customer machine realizationMany layer (the multi tier) realizations of fat customer the machine realization three layer models of a kind of carry out the options is in the customer's on board movement business and expression services. This probably writes the most common path in the Visual Basic application procedure for the SQL Server. This kind of carries out the physics up only two layers:The server provides the data service only, this kind of method contain 2:00 shortage. First, was the applied procedure to compute the on board increment at the customer, customer's calculators need to be stronger, this will increase the system expense, because the system usually takes several customer's machines. When the system takes to have the number with thousand million of customer's machine, this kind of method will become too expensive. Another 1:00 shortage is a possible increment maintenance expenses. Move to the change of legitimacy logic and the business rule of the system and will cause upgrade customer's machine procedure each time. If the system contain customer's machine of the equal quantity, this is a problem. The biggest advantage of the machine realization in fat customer is to reduce the network discharge, if the legitimacy and the business rules need not be decide bythe database. Under this kind of circumstance, only pass the data of the legitimacy logic and can spread toward server. Be the example of the importation data legitimacy, suppose the reader to have a small form (for example national form of name) to put in customer's machine. If the data entrance mold piece checks the native watch but is not a more national name in main database, then will reduce the network discharge obviously. Another an important use is in the development process of the system. If the head developer was limited to the interview carry behind, for example, can't pass the data in the database to verify to input the legitimacy, so, this kind of method can make it right processing data.2. Thin customer machine realizationIn thin customer the machine realization, business the service locates the server, the business logic usually expresses for saving process.The Server, the saving process usages T-The SQL plait write. This kind of realization is like fat customer's machine to carry out the similar physics up only two layers.The advantage of this kind of method is to reduce the system expense, because thin customer's machine needs the less system resources, this have very important many systems of customer's machines to take. And, support the expenses to also compare the fat customer the machine system is a little less, because the code carries the concentrated control in the server.If the business rule is depend on in the data of the database, thin customer the machine realization reduces the network discharge. The main shortage of this kind of method is a saving process to lack the vivid. The Visual Basic provide stronger than the T-SQL the plait distance ability that have to have another. Notice three the thin customer of the layer model the machine physics realization sometimes is called the fat server (the fat Server) model to confuse with thin customer's machine/ server calculation model by avoid, the latter points a kind of thin customer the machine hardware equipments and techniques are for example the Citric.3. Many layer realizationMost in brief many layer realizations are three layer realizations, many possible three a kinds of the layer model physics realizations. In this kind of realization, Link the SQL Server usage data service business to serve the " thin" customer of the machine expression service data service business service of fat customer from the Visual Basic the machine expression service data business the service be an alone the progress circulate. That progress can install for serve in the data same set server of the place or at another one server of the dissimilarity. The key characteristics of this kind of realization is the data service, business to serve the different from expression serve to can do for separation of progress movement in calculator. Three layer realizations.连接SQL Server数据库我们先介绍一下数据库的基本知识，算是学习数据库编程前的热身运动吧！1. 热身运动首先需要声明是，我们这里介绍的数据库知识都是指的关系数据库。
酒店管理系统餐饮设计论文(英文)
酒店管理系统餐饮设计论文（英文）A SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY APPROACH TO DESIGN ARESTAURANT MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR A GREAT TOURISM HOTEL Abraham Briones-Juarez, Ricardo Tejeida-Padilla, Oswaldo Morales-Matamoros Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Méxicoabrahambriones2003@.mx, rtejeidap@ipn.mx, omoralesm@ipn.mx ABSTRACTThis paper is about the design of a systemic model used in restaurants' managementinside the hotels of Great Tourism category in Mexico City, applied to the Restaurantthe Gifts of the Hotel Sheraton Centro Historico.With the purpose of establishing a Holistic vision of the work's development, the use ofthe Systems' Paradigm and concepts of Soft Systems Methodology by Peter Checklandwas determinate, since the case of study is a social system that is not only able tochoose means to reach certain goals, but also capable to select and to change them.The designed model was conceptually defined with the restructuring of the informationflows, the reorganization of the restaurant's organizational structure and the view of theelements that affect the system in its intern and external environments. Keywords: Soft System Methodology, management, restaurant, hotel, tourism. INTRODUCTIONTourism is one of the most important and dynamic segments in the current world contributing with around 11% of the world production and generates one of each elevenwork positions. It is considered that in next 20 years 1.6 million tourists will travelaround the world and they will leave a billion dollars economic spill, in Mexico thetourism sector contributes with over 7% of the national PIB and it also contributes withmore than 9% in direct and indirect work positions (Consejo de Promoción Turística,2006).Tourism has become a world level alternative to confront the setbacks of the poorcountries that look forward to develop alternatives that improve their economies bymeans of the creation, diffusion and improvement of its tourist destinations, so much ofbeaches as of cities. Such it is the case of Mexico that occupies the 7º place in tourists'reception at world level with a reception of .31% of the world tourism.In Mexico the tourist activity and therefore the hotel industry are part of one of the maineconomic activities, is enough to mention that the hotel occupation constitutes the baseto define the tourist demand.External ambientThe Federal District is one of the most prominent sites of the national territory since ithas areas that have been declared as Patrimony of the Humanity by the UNESCO,among which is the Historical Downtown and Xochimilco, considered as acosmopolitanCity that offers cultural and commercial leisure activities, the tourist importance of Mexico City resides in the business segment of tourists of that it receives,SSM Approach to Design a Restaurant Management Model2reason why it is a destination that has high occupations in its hotels on week days whiletheweekends it keeps economic rates and low occupations. Therefore the lodgingcompanies need to establish promotions packages and discounts to t he weekendtravelers, settled down in the program Dfiesta which is born like an initiative of the DFSECTUR.The Federal District harbors a series of Great Tourism category hotels that are presentedbelow with the granted category by SECTUR in stars and with the granted category bythe American Automobilist Association (AAA) in diamonds.Chart 1. Hotels of category Great Tourism of Mexico CityHOTEL SECTUR CATEGORY AAA CATEGORYMARQUIS REFORMA GT ◊◊◊◊NH TLALNEPANTLA GT ◊◊◊◊COLON MISIÓN REFORMA GT ◊◊◊◊ROYAL PEDREGAL GT ◊◊◊◊SHERATON CENTRO HISTORICO GT ◊◊◊◊CROWNE PLAZA TLALNEPANTLALANCASTERGT ◊◊◊◊J.W. MARRIOTT GT ◊◊◊◊CAMINO REAL MÉXICO GT ◊◊◊◊FIESTA AMERICANA GRANDCHAPULTEPECGT ◊◊◊◊NIKKO MÉXICO GT ◊◊◊◊W MEXICO CITY GT ◊◊◊◊HABITA GT GT ◊◊◊◊GRAN MELIA MÉXICO REFORMA GT ◊◊◊◊SHERATON MARIA ISABEL & TOWERS GT ◊◊◊◊PRESIDENTE INTERCONTINENTAL GT ◊◊◊◊FOUR SEASONS GT ◊◊◊◊◊The services provided by the hotels are conformed from the rooms, main source ofrevenues, until the complementary services such as the restaurant, bar, laundry, drycleaner's, hairdresser, boutiques, souvenir stores, travel agencies and pharmacy, whosefunction is to make more comfortable and more pleasant the stay of the guests.SSM Approach to Design a Restaurant Management Model3On the other hand the hotels with Great Tourism category should have restaurantservice inside their facilities as NMX-TT-007-1996-IMNC official regulati onestablishes (COTENNOTUR, 1996), and should also adopt strict hygiene procedureslike the "H" distinctive which specifies the hygienic handling of the food, regulated inthe NMX-F-605-NORMEX-2004 norm that along with the operation handling and theuse of digital control systems, cause the operation of the restaurant to depend on thevery operation of the hotelThe above-mentioned generates a situation of uncertainty to be able to direct therestaurants, derived from the inability of the executives to determine the strategies ofgrowth, the long term planning and the appropriate production levels to achieve thefeasibility of the operations in the restaurant.At the present time, it is preponderant to create new strategies directed to establish newways of managing the restaurant establishments inside the hotels th at generatemanagement alternatives that correspond to the necessities of the systems, in order to doit is necessary to carry out a diagnose of the current situation to be able to establishimprovement mechanisms that contemplate the elements that conform the study object,in this case the “Los Dones” Sheraton Centro Histórico Restaurant that is treated bymeans of Soft Systems Methodology because it is a system of human activity where thequalitative elements acquire greater relevance to try to know the phenomenon and topromote its improvement, by means of those involved that have common goals but notnecessarily search for the improvement of the system.Internal environmentThis paperwork approaches the problem and proposes a model of re staurantmanagement for a great tourism hotel of Mexico City that considers the limitationssettled down by the international frame mark policies and the tendencies of the tourism,to contribute to the decisions making and its improvement.The administration involves the decisions making inside the management, which iscomposed by the head master committee whose main functions are constituted by:specify the orientations, to suggest the development of the actions, to favor theexchange of information, to deal with the conflictive issues and to take actions. Below the departmental divisions of the Hotel Sheraton Centro Histórico are presentedwith the intention of locating the department of Food and Beverages that will be studiedalong the analysis.Figure 1. Departmental Divisions of Hotel Sheraton Centro Histórico Mexico City SheratonCentroHistóricoHotelCashierStarServiceSecurityHouseKeep ingHumanResourcesBanquets,GroupsSalesFood andbeveragesParking lotConciergeFront deskSystemsInternal Control SSM Approach to Design a Restaurant Management Model4For the specific case to be studied the Hotel Sheraton Centro Histórico is composed bythe division by departments.Inside the attributions of the Food & Beverages (F&B) department, the informativehierarchical flow that composes it, is presented next.Fuente: Manual de Políticas y Procedimientos de A y B del Hotel Sheraton centro históricoFigure 2. Food and Beverages department Organisational ChartSource: F & B Policies and Procedures Hotel Sheraton Centro Histórico Manual Inside this representation, we can observe not only the hierarchy lin es but therepresentation of the information flow by means of the which the communicationchannels that give life to the restaurant system are established, composed by the Foodand Beverages area that is divided in two specific areas: on one hand the kitchen area orproduction of food and for the other one the management of the services area. This kind of structural hierarchy is designed to allow the free flow of information forthe decisions making, however, the restaurant is divided inside its management by theareas so much productive as for the services areas, maybe for a convenience in thehandling of the Food and Beverages in general. That when being examined from thesystems approach shows us the inconsistencies of the hierarchical structure, becausework cells are not being integrated under a communicative hierarchy capable to carryout functions that regulate the disorder in the system, which genera tes a lack offunctionality in the handling of the management.It is necessary to mention that the hotel restaurant system belongs to an specificallygreater area, a greater system denominated Food and Beverages by means of which, acentralized management is carried out to control the information flow s and themanagement handling, concentrating it on the section chief of the Food and Beveragesarea named: Food and Beverages Head Master .Generally, the hotels have an area manager, this person has the attribution to control theoperation, we refer to the restaurant captains, whom have under their responsibility tocontrol and to coordinate the physical operation of the establishment, is important tomention that inside the management patterns of the hotels, it is co nsidered thatmanagement or management committee is considered as the only one authorized to carry out modifications, proposals or adaptations to the operation systems, althoughthey are not directly controlling the operation of the area. This means that although it iscertain that a high hierarchy is necessary to make certain decisions, it is also certain thatthe operation, organization and planning for the right decisions making to improve theirown management, should be left in the hands of the direct area managers. Operations Head MasterF&B Head MasterExecutive Cheff Bar and Restaurant ManagerExecutive Sub CheffBanquets CheffPartie CheffRestaurant captainHostessWaitersWaiter helper CooksBars ChiefBarmanBar helperSSM Approach to Design a Restaurant Management Model5The same thing happens within the information flows since generally, the head mastersreceive all the information that concerns to the decisions making, and they take theiractions establishing a general level of management in the whole area of food andbeverages. That is to say, they consider non appropriate solutions for particular F and Bconsuming centers because they visualize all of them as homogeneous.The above-mentioned is considered as a non functional element of h ierarchicalcompetence, on the other hand it is convenient to mention that the information receivedby head masters is processed by the Food and Beverages management establishing thenecessary presage that cover its required level of economic and sales benefit, withoutconsidering or carrying out an analysis of the situation that consuming centers live atthe moment where their area managers are far from being decisions makers and onlyassume a technical role, controlling the physical operation and giving solution to theproblems that are generated during the dayOn the other hand, the headmasters generally are not appropriately prepared to establishtools or instruments that allow them to measure the way in which the actions aredeveloped inside the restaurants in a qualitative way. They consider the sales like onlyelement that indicates everything goes like it should, when the necessary thing toimprove their managerial levels is to consider the qualitative and quantitative variablesthat generate an improvement in the sales variable.Inside the current management that the hotel restaurants follow and in general in thewhole hotel, complaints and technical handlings and abilities that the supervisingpersonnel have to control such complaints are given priority. However, they are onlycentered in the possible solutions that can generate a favourable situation in the momentof the quarrel with the client, without taking in consideration the primary causes thatcaused the phenomenon, generally the bad service it is solved with granting incentivesto the clients like discounts, special prices or simply the reinstatement of the physicalproduct that constitutes the service, in this case the dishes of the restaurant thatgenerates higher costs but doesn't solve the frequent problems to which the servicesproviders face.Inside the quality controls with which the Starwood chain counts, we can find theinspection visits of the corporate to measure what they call the quality of the services,which rather refer to the execution of the standards to determine the perseverance intheir use. This revision is performed every 6 months and at the end of the inspection theexecutive committee meets with the Shopper, who informs on the obtained results.This kind of evaluations is very common inside the hotel industry where the handling ofthe standards is related with the client's satisfaction, trying to establish a level ofservice, that is to say that the quality of the service is reduced to the repetitive use ofstandards,minimizing to a very inferior scale the human potentialities that can bedirected toward better structured goals.The above-mentioned, shows one more lack of functionality in the evaluation aspect ofthe services providing.Is important to mention that the lack of functionality presented in this stage of theresearch will be recaptured for the structuring of the restaurant management model inwhich they will be given a systemic treatment to promote their improvement.SSM Approach to Design a Restaurant Management Model6DEVELOPMENTThe systems of human activity are systems models built to perform an activity with theintention of questioning the situation of the real world in a comparison phase. Contraryto the hard systems, the human activity systems or soft systems f ace disorderedproblems and human beings in social roles, reason why the methodology is used tocreate the Holón (the whole) with defined purpose and emergent property that is to saywith capacity to pursue the purpose completely (Checkland & Scholes, 1994). Description of the not structured problemNext, through the use of the soft systems methodology is presented the first image thatmakes allusion to the situation in which the problem is perceived.In this stage, it is necessary that the researcher knows the nature in which theproblematic situation is generated. Based on the theoretical information analyzed 。
酒店客房管理系统 外文文献翻译 精品
（学校代码： XXX 学号：XXX本科毕业外文文献翻译学生姓名：X X X学院：信息工程学院系别：计算机系专业：软件工程班级：软件06指导教师：X X X讲师二○一○年六月To connect SQL Server databaseFirst we introduce the basic knowledge of the database, be regarded as the warm-up exercise that study database weave distance front!1.warm-up exerciseNeeding first avowal is relation database that database knowledge that we here introduce all point. The so-called relation database is to mean data as that the form gather, passing to establish simple form an a kind of database for of relation to defining construction.I ignore the watch at how saving way in physics in the document in database is, it can see to make an a line for with row, with electronics form is similar with the row. In relation database, the line were called the record, but the row then is called word segment.This form inside each an all in formations for is a record, it including particular customer, but each record then included the same type with the word segment of the quantity: Customer's number, name etc.Form is logic set that a kind of related information that press a line of arranging with row, similar in single form in work.Each row of the word a database form inside calls a word segment. Watch is from every kind of word a definition of its containment of, each word a data for describing its implying. While creating to set up a database, the beard assign for each word segment a the piece belongs to the sex with the other according to the type, biggest length. The word segment can include every kind of word sign, arithmetic figure even sketch.An information of relevant customer deposits in the line of the form, is called record. By any large, arbitrarily two records for database form to create set up can't be same.Key be a certain word segment( or several words segment) of the form inside, it() for fast inspect but drive index. The key can be unique, and also can then the right and wrong is unique, being decided by it() whether admission repetition. Unique key can specify for main key, using each one that come to unique marking form.The norm turns the database design of mission be method that the data of buildup, but the data of buildup, should can dissolve otiose repetition, and for have the necessary information offering to check to seek the path quickly. For attaining this kind of target but separate information to the process gone to in every kind of independent form, be called the norm turn.It is complicated process to use many appointed rules to proceed the norm with the type of the different Class that norm turn. That process studies and discuss already beyond the reach of textual scope. But, the norm of the simple database in majority turn and can use the simple experience in underneath rule completes: include the form of the information of repetition must be divided into independent a few forms dissolve repetition.If we have chosen to learn 12 curricular 1000 students, the each curricular elucidation will show with the teacher 100 many- to choose that curricular and eachstudent repeat once. To avoid this kind of low efficiency, should to turn the dichotomous and independent form in form to the norm,an is used to mean the student, the another uses mean the course.Now the form was turned by the norm, so, to changes the particular and curricular course describe or" data", as long as change a record all right.Is a basic knowledge concerning database above, this is what study database plait distance must. Although the database technique is used as a course, its depth is not this space and can describe with the wide degree of, be used as the primer with simple database plait the distance should be all right already.Like, underneath we can start practicing. We usually meet the database system is to registers the system, ignoring you are in the unit, or attend what buildup, the register is to cans not help of, and it of the construction is more simple, we take a register system as an example. The analysis is once a data for involving.2. understanding the elementsFor the register, want the on the trail of information include:name 、sex、native place、age、date of birth、unit、address、postal service codes、telephone、FAX. Certainly, can create to set up a form in brief, make above each piece according to item to should a word segment.Need to point the form the main key in parties now, in order to unique marking each a record, increase register number conduct and actions unique key respectively in register form, guarantee a two records like this all different.To the database after making an above analysis, we can start establishing the database.3.set up the firm in campHere we study to establish the database how, needing to make sure the type that to establish the database first. Pass in Visual Basic the data interview control piece or data interview object ( DAO) can visit the following database:1)The database of JET, namely Microsoft Access2)The database of ISAM, such as: DBase, etc. of FoxPro3)The database of ODBC, every follow the standard of ODBC customer/ server database. Such as: Microsoft SQL Server, OracleBy any large, if develop the personal small scaled database system, use Access database comparison accommodation, to develop the big and medium-sized database system uses the database of ODBC fester. But dBase with the database of FoxPro because of already dated, unless special circumstance, do not use otherwise. In our example, chose to use the database of Access certainly. Establish the database of Access contain two kinds of methods: While establishing the database in Microsoft Access. Click" new set up" button can establish the new form. Here we main introduction the second method: The usage can see to turn the data management machine, do not need to weave the distance and then can create to set up the database. Can see to turn the data management machine is the applied procedure of a great use, it is a VB business enterprise version is supplementary with the profession version, in the catalogue\..\ Devastation\ vb\ samples\ the Visdata is next, its interface is as follows the diagram.Click the menu" document" item is next" new set up" son item" Microsoft ACCESS" son item of" edition 7.0 MDB" item. Input the new setting upthe name of the database in flick window way open" register", appear the underneath show the window way:Want the born and new form, the single shot in right key database window way flicks the menu open, then the choice" new form" ordinaries, establishing in" watch construction" dialog box appeared later on a word for wanting segment. The every time faces to join in the form new word segment, single shot" increment word segment" button, will appear of" increment word segment" dialog box."Increment word a type for" options in the dialog box, according to word segment. In our the register database that establish, the type of the each word segment.Want to notice of is, because the word segment registers the number be used unique marking record of, therefore, it can't be inputted by customer. So while defining the word's segment need to be defined for Long data type, the " automatic born word segment" item is valid, and picks out this item. Be the customer like this to input to record with other the different value every input a new record, system would on the word's segment automatically.In ACCESS database, the key word realizes with the index of, conduct and actions plait distance personnel at gather to weave the distance to the record of the form type, needs to adjust to use index. While searching, the technique of Rushmore uses the index information the excellent turning the search automatically. After completing the form definition, click" increment index" button, flick such aspen figure 5 show the window way.In window way the right side contain three optioned, its meaning, such as table,12.Increase the index dialog box options.After completing such as figure 6.Certainly, the academic association database establishes too not a dynasty the business of the one night, the reader no harm much practices once.Visit databases design and the development of the application procedures of MS Visual Basics of the databases of the SQL Server. When design a system, the customer still needs to comprehend to use to come to visit the plait distance of ask the data of SQL Server to connect. The origin was detailed to elaborate that the usage open type database conjunction (the Open Database Connectivity, ODBC) adjusts to connect the objects to connect with the class, still having the data interviews object (the Data Access Objects, the DAO) and the long-range data objects.Design and weave to write large and complicated and applied procedure's database design for the software developer is a challenge, need to choose to weave the distance language and tools, do an accommodation for the SQL Server, choose the calculate way and the data structures, still need to design the sketch customer interface and the application procedures to connect. The decision within the most important software design is applied fixed position of the procedure. In other words, design must specify the system of which parts are data, business rule, and the data entrance procedure and used for circulating the code of other part. The MS Visual Basic supports the plait distance that some databases manage the systems connect, especially SQL Server. Adjust to connect to include the ODBC and DB-Libraries to connect the, object to connect to include the data interview object (DAO), long range data object (the RDO), the OLE DB and the ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) with the class, the SQL that returns the capable SQL Server to manage the mission distributes to manage the object (the SQL Distributed management Objects, SQL-DMO) toconnect. Connect the oculars right choice can improve the whole function of system and the development speed biggest. Design the large data warehouse system needs to choose the applied model properly. Traditional customer/ service's model depends on to join in the center layer but get the improvement to become three layer models. These three layers divide the line system as three parts: each layer is responsible for providing the service:(1) Data service( the Data Service) contain the maintenance data and the operation date such as the increment, modification, deletion and backups. These services maintenance data relation and contact, support backup and instauration operation. Usually the data service is managed the system usage by the database.(2) business service( the Business Service) is handled the logic by the business rule and data to constitute, such as the data legitimacy rule, the business processing support and the record backup logics. The main purpose of these services provides the data maintenance toward the application procedure Logic.(3) expression service( the Presentation Service)( or the customer service) support customer interface, control the customer data to input to express with data.(Output) Notice in customer/ service's technical term, sometimes express the service definition as customer's machine (or head), the data service definition for server (or after carry), but the business service is in the center the layer (the middle layer). But important comprehend any two layers .The data service business service expresses the logic support GUI that the service maintenance database business rule and the processing data need, data importation and manifestation the correspondences can think to carry on between customer's machine and servers. For example, in the center the layer can think is a head.Server The physics realization of the system can carry on through many different paths. The underneath wills discuss three layer logic models three kinds of to carry out the method:1.Fat customer machine realizationMany layer (the multi tier) realizations of fat customer the machine realization three layer models of a kind of carry out the options is in the customer's on board movement business and expression services. This probably writes the most common path in the Visual Basic application procedure for the SQL Server. This kind of carries out the physics up only two layers:The server provides the data service only, this kind of method contain 2:00 shortage. First, was the applied procedure to compute the on board increment at the customer, customer's calculators need to be stronger, this will increase the system expense, because the system usually takes several customer's machines. When the system takes to have the number with thousand million of customer's machine, this kind of method will become too expensive. Another 1:00 shortage is a possible increment maintenance expenses. Move to the change of legitimacy logic and the business rule of the system and will cause upgrade customer's machine procedure each time. If the system contain customer's machine of the equal quantity, this is a problem. The biggest advantage of the machine realization in fat customer is to reduce the network discharge, if the legitimacy and the business rules need not be decide bythe database. Under this kind of circumstance, only pass the data of the legitimacy logic and can spread toward server. Be the example of the importation data legitimacy, suppose the reader to have a small form (for example national form of name) to put in customer's machine. If the data entrance mold piece checks the native watch but is not a more national name in main database, then will reduce the network discharge obviously. Another an important use is in the development process of the system. If the head developer was limited to the interview carry behind, for example, can't pass the data in the database to verify to input the legitimacy, so, this kind of method can make it right processing data.2. Thin customer machine realizationIn thin customer the machine realization, business the service locates the server, the business logic usually expresses for saving process.The Server, the saving process usages T-The SQL plait write. This kind of realization is like fat customer's machine to carry out the similar physics up only two layers.The advantage of this kind of method is to reduce the system expense, because thin customer's machine needs the less system resources, this have very important many systems of customer's machines to take. And, support the expenses to also compare the fat customer the machine system is a little less, because the code carries the concentrated control in the server.If the business rule is depend on in the data of the database, thin customer the machine realization reduces the network discharge. The main shortage of this kind of method is a saving process to lack the vivid. The Visual Basic provide stronger than the T-SQL the plait distance ability that have to have another. Notice three the thin customer of the layer model the machine physics realization sometimes is called the fat server (the fat Server) model to confuse with thin customer's machine/ server calculation model by avoid, the latter points a kind of thin customer the machine hardware equipments and techniques are for example the Citric.3. Many layer realizationMost in brief many layer realizations are three layer realizations, many possible three a kinds of the layer model physics realizations. In this kind of realization, Link the SQL Server usage data service business to serve the " thin" customer of the machine expression service data service business service of fat customer from the Visual Basic the machine expression service data business the service be an alone the progress circulate. That progress can install for serve in the data same set server of the place or at another one server of the dissimilarity. The key characteristics of this kind of realization is the data service, business to serve the different from expression serve to can do for separation of progress movement in calculator. Three layer realizations.连接SQL Server数据库我们先介绍一下数据库的基本知识，算是学习数据库编程前的热身运动吧！1. 热身运动首先需要声明是，我们这里介绍的数据库知识都是指的关系数据库。
酒店管理外文翻译--酒店业服务质量管理研究(节选)
中文3400汉字,2000单词，1.1万英文字符出处：Borkar S, Koranne S. Study of service quality management in hotel industry[J]. Pacific Business Review International, 2014, 6(9): 21-25.原文Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel IndustryBorkar; KoranneAbstractIt is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well. Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process.IntroductionIt has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques and methods of handling various processes. Awareness among the hoteliers and the guests has fuelled the inventions focused on operations. The increased sagacity of customer satisfaction led to the use of high standards of service in industry. The new serviceparameters made the hoteliers to implement quality management as an effective aid. It has significantly affected hotels’ ability to control and adapt to changing environments. The use of new techniques began with the simple motive of sophistication and precise activities in the given field of operation which may result in high standards of service in global economy and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.Conceptual Framework This study of Service quality management in hospitality industry is an attempt to understand the presence of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations safer, focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations.As the hospitality industry becomes more competitive there is an obvious need to retain clientele as well as increasing profitability and hence management professionals strive to improve guest satisfaction and revenues. The management professionals whom are striving for these results however often have limited understanding of research surrounding the paradigms of guest satisfaction and loyalty and financial performance. This research paper shall enlighten some of the variables and important facts of service quality resulting into guest satisfaction.Review of LiteratureCustomers of hospitality often blame themselves when dissatisfied for their bad choice. Employees must be aware that dissatisfied customers may not complain and therefore the employees should seek out sources of dissatisfaction and resolve them. (Zeithaml V., 1981，p. 186 -190)It is said that service quality is what differentiates hospitality sector, however there is not an agreed definition of what service quality is. There is however a few different suggestions of how to define service quality. Dividing it into technical, functional and image components; (Greenrooms C., 1982) another is that service quality is determined by its fitness for use by internal and external customers. It is accepted that service quality is depends upon guest’s needs and expectations. A definition of service quality state that quality is simply conformance to specifications, which would mean that positive quality is when a product or service specific qualitymeet or exceed preset standards or promises. This however seems like an easy view within the hospitality industry. The alternative definitions read as follows: 1) quality is excellence; 2) quality is value for money; 3) quality is meeting or exceeding expectations. This appears better aligned with ideas which exist within hospitality management than the first mentioned simplistic approach. Service quality and value is rather difficult to calculate, companies must therefore rely on guest’s quality perceptions and expectations to get consistent results which is best achieved by asking guest's questions related to expectations and their perceptions of the service quality, which can effectively be achieved through carefully designed surveys.A major problem with service quality is variability and limited capability and robustness of the service production process. (Gummesson E., 1991) Hotels consumers have well-conceived ideas about service quality and quality attributes are considered important for most types of services, the absence of certain attributes may lead consumers to perceive service quality as poor. The presence of these attributes may not substantially improve the perceived quality of the service. Most customers would be willing to trade some convenience for a price break, and that the behavior, skill level and performance of service employees are key determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992)Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality. The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that gu est’s evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments.Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts - the leverage synergies - between improving service quality andboosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)A key activity is to conduct regularly scheduled review of progress by quality council or working group and management must establish a system to identify areas for future improvement and to track performance with respect to internal and external customers. They must also track the changing preferences of customer.Continuous improvement means not only being satisfied with doing a good job or process. It is accomplished by incorporating process measurement and team problem solving an all work activities. Organization must continuously strive for excellence by reducing complexity, variation and out of control process. Plan-D-Study-Act (PDSA) developed by Shewhart and later on modified by Deming is an effective improvement technique. First Plan carefully, then carry out plan, study the results and check whether the plan worked exactly as intended and act on results by identifying what worked as planned and what didn't work. Continuous process improvement is the objective and these phases of PDSA are the framework to achieve those objectives. (Besterfield D. et al 2003)The ’servicescape’ -is a general term to describe the physical surroundings of a service environment (Reimer 2005, p. 786) such as a hotel or cruise ship. Guests are sometimes unconsciously trying to obtain as much information as possible through experiences to decrease information asymmetries This causes guests to look for quality signals or cues which would provide them with information about the service, which leads us to ’cue utilization theory’. Cue utilization theory states that products or services consist of several arrays of cues that serve as surrogate indicators of product or service quality. There are both intrinsic and extrinsic cues to help guests determine quality. Consequentially, due to the limited tangibility of services, guests are often left to accept the price of the experience and the physical appearance or environment of the hotel or cruise ship itself as quality indicators. Though there are many trade and academic papers discussing guest satisfaction has been published, one can note that limited attention has been paid to the value perception and expectations guests have towards product delivery and influence price guests pay for an experience has on satisfaction and future spending.Furthermore it is also known that the role of pricing in relation to guest determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992)Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality.The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest’s evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments. Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts - the leverage synergies - between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)Telephonic conversation with peers and friends in hospitality industry worked a wonder giving lots of inputs in drafting this paper. Secondary data sources- For this study, data sources such as hospitality journals, Books on service quality management, organization behavior, URL on internet of various hospitality majors. Referring hospitality publications were helpful in knowing the current inventions in industry.Research Tools: Descriptive research design is used to know the attributes of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented in tables. The hypothesis is tested against the collected data.Hypotheses: The hypotheses framed for the subject are Hypothesis 1: Implementing service quality management as a tool for improvement in Customer Satisfaction.Hypothesis 2: Practicing Continuous Improvement program has benefited hotel.Limitation &Scope of the Study: Though there was a specific questionnaire usedfor collecting information, the objective of the paper was well discussed with the every contributor and whatever the information was provided by these sources is arranged for further analysis. The analysis of the available data is done on the relevance to the topic. The effectiveness of the technology in conservation of resources was always a point of consideration. The data is sifted for making it as precise as possible.Analysis and DiscussionsThere is a significant relationship between service quality management and customer satisfaction. In hospitality industry, the customer satisfaction variables such as Availability, Access, Information, Time, delivery of service, availability of personal competence, Comfortable and safer atmosphere and pollution free environment are of prime concern to every hotelier. The industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction.The intangible nature of the service as a product means that it could be very difficult to place quantifiable terms on the features that contribute to the quality and measurement of the quality of the product is a problem for Service quality management. The customer is frequently directly involved in the delivery of the service and as such introduces an unknown and unpredictable influence on the process.The customer variability in the process makes it difficult to determine the exact requirements of the customer and what they regard as an acceptable standard of service.This problem is magnified as it is often judgmental, based on personal preferences or even mood, rather than on technical performance that can be measured. Every hotel has a target market to cater which has very specific requirement in terms of expected and perceived quality of service.The customers come with different perception of quality every time they come to hotel and this makes it quite difficult to define quality and set the level of it. It requires hotel to continuously compare their perception against customer perception in terms of satisfaction measurement with performance measurement. The study has shown that the effective tools which management of various hotels uses for continuous improvement process and how it is dissipated amongst all the stake holders.译文酒店业服务质量管理研究博卡;卡瑞尼摘要本文旨在研究酒店业中质量改进过程的作用以及如何有效地推动企业的可持续发展。
餐饮管理系统_外文翻译(范文)
外文文献资料A Comparative Study of Web Application Design ModelsUsing the Java TechnologiesAbstract.The Servlet technology has been the most widely used technology for building scalable Web applications. In the events, there are four design models for developing Web applications using the Java technologies: Model 1, Model2, Struts, and JavaServer Faces (JSF). Model 1 employs a series of JSP pages; Model 2 adopts the Model-View-Controller pattern; Struts is a framework employing the Model 2 design model; and JSF is a new technology that supports ready-to-use components for rapid Web application development. Model 1 is not recommended for medium-sized and large applications as it introduces maintenance nightmare. This paper compares and evaluates the ease of application development and the performance of the three design models (Model 2, Struts, and JSF) by building three versions of an online store application using each of the three design models, respectively.1 IntroductionToday, Web applications are the most common applications for presenting dynamic contents. There are a number of technologies for building Web applications, the most popular of which is the Servlet technology . This technology gains its popularity from its superiority over other technologies such as CGI and PHP .Servlets are cumbersome to develop, however, because sending HTML tags requires the programmer to compose them into a String object and send this object to the browser. Also, a minor change to the output requires the servlet to be recompiled. To address this issue, Sun Microsystems invented JavaServer Pages (JSP) . JSP allows HTML tags to be intertwined with Java code and each page is translated into a servlet. A JSP page is a servlet. However, compilation occurs automatically when the page is first requested. As a result, changing the outputdoes not need recompilation. In addition, JSP enables the separation of presentation from the business logic through the use of JavaBeans and custom tag libraries. The norm now in developing Javabased Web applications is to use servlets along with JavaServer Pages.In the later development, there are a number of design models for building servlet/JSP applications: Model 1, Model 2, Struts , and JSF . Model 1 and Model 2 were first mentioned in the early specifications of JSP. Model 1 strictly uses JSP pages, with no servlets, and Model 2 uses the combination of both servlets and JSP pages. The terms of Model 1 and Model 2 have been used ever since. Model 1 is suitable for prototypes and very small applications, and Model 2 is the recommended design model for medium sized and large applications.As Model 2 gained more acceptances in the industry, an open source initiative to build the Struts Framework was initiated. Struts perfects Model 2 by providing the controller part of the Model-View-Controller of Model 2. In addition, Struts provides better page navigation management and several custom tag libraries for more rapid development. Despite its steep learning curve and the fact that it was never defined in any specification, Struts has been gaining popularity as the alternative to Model 2.JavaServer Faces is built under the Java Community Process under JSR-127.Sun Microsystems proposed this technology in the hope that JSF will be the ultimate model for building Java Web applications. The most important feature of JSF is the availability of ready-to-use components such as extensible UI components, easy page navigation, input validators, data converters and JavaBeans management.The problem facing servlet/JSP programmers are to choose the most appropriate design model. Clearly, JSF provides a better solution in regard to development time. However, some people are not sanguine to adopt this technology for fear of performance penalty due to the overhead of the JSF implementation.We build three versions of an online store application named BuyDirect using Model 2, Struts and JSF. The parameters compared are the number of lines of code, the number of classes, and the performance measurement results. We investigate which of the design models allows the most rapid development process. Weevaluate the performances of the applications built upon these models. We provide some suggestions to perfect the existing design models to make development more rapid.The rest of the paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses the issues in Web development. Section 3 explains how the three design models address these development issues. Section 4 provides the details of the hardware and software used in these experiments. Section 5 presents the experiment results and analysis. Section 6 reviews the related work. Section 7 concludes by offering some suggestions to improve the existing design models.2 Java Web Development IssuesAll Java Web development uses the Servlet technology as the underlying technology. As such, all Java Web applications have certain issues that need to be addressed:●User Interface. The user interface is what the client browser renders as HTMLtags. Any server-side component used in the application must be encoded into the corresponding HTML elements. Besides for displaying the content and data, the user interface is also responsible in receiving input from the user.●Input Validation. User input needs to be validated. There are two types of inputvalidation, server-side and client-side. As the name implies, the server-side input validation is performed on the server after the input reaches the server.Client-side input validation is done on the browser, usually by using JavaScript or other scripting languages. The advantages of using client-side input validation are prompt response and reducing the server workload. The server-side input validation should always be performed regardless the presence of client-side validation because there is no guarantee the user browser's scripting feature is being on and malicious users can easily work around client-side validation.●Model Objects. Model objects in Java-based Web applications are in the formsof JavaBeans. Model objects make up the Model part of the MVC based design model. A model object can be used to bind a component value to be used at a later stage. In addition, it can encapsulate business logic required forprocessing.Page Navigation. Almost all Web applications have multiple pages that the user can navigate from one to another. All MVC-based design models use a servlet as the Controller part. This servlet also acts as the sole entry point to the application. Which page to be displayed after the current request is determined by the value of a specified request parameter. Managing page navigation is critically important.3 Web Application Design ModelsThe Model 2 design model is based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. As explained by Burbeck , there are three main modules in MVC, the Controller, the View, and the Model. The Controller acts as the central entry point to the application. All user interactions go through this controller. The View contains the presentation part of the application, and the Model stores data or encapsulates business logic of the application. In the later development, the Struts Framework provides a common framework to easily build Model 2 applications. Then, the last initiative is the JavaServer Faces, which also employs the MVC design pattern.In the following sections, we discuss these three design models and explain how each design model addresses the development issues specified in the previous section.3.1 Model 2A Java Web application that is based on the Model 2 design model has one servlet(called the Controller servlet) that serves as the Controller part. All requests are first handled by this servlet, which immediately dispatches the requests to the appropriate views using RequestDispatcher objects. Views in the Model 2 design model are represented by JSP pages. To store data, a Model 2 application uses JavaBeans, which are the Model part of the application. In addition to storing data, the JavaBeans also encapsulate business logic. Each HTTP request carries an action parameter that indicates which view to dispatch this request to. The programmer must code the HTML tags for user interface in all JSP pages in theapplication and write input validation code. In addition, the model objects are managed by individual JSP pages.3.2 StrutsThe Struts Framework is an improvement of the Model 2 design model. It provides a default Controller servlet so that the user does not have to write and compile one. Struts alleviates the task of page navigation by allowing navigation rules to be present in its application configuration file (an XML document). Changes to the navigation rules do not require recompilation of a Java servlet class. In addition to easier page navigation, Struts provides custom tag libraries that define tags representing HTML elements. One of these tags is used for error handling and Struts is therefore capable of displaying localized error messages in support for internationalization. Struts applications use JavaBeans as their models, just like the Model 2 design model. In addition, Struts programmers have to write their own input validation code.3.3 JSFJSF also employs a controller servlet that is called FacesServlet. This servlet is the only entry point to a JSF application. JSF also uses JSP pages as its views and JavaBeans as its model objects. Unlike Model 2 and Struts, however, JSF provides ready-to-use user interface components that can be written on JSP pages. Upon an invocation of a page of a JSF application, the FacesServlet constructs a component tree that represents the JSP page being requested. Some of the components can also trigger events, making JSF event-driven. For page navigation, JSF uses an approach similar to Struts, i.e., by allowing navigation rules to be defined in an application configuration file (again, an XML document).What distinguishes a JSF application from non-JSF servlet/JSP application is that JSF applications are event-driven. The user interface of a JSF application is one or many JSP pages that host Web components such as forms and input boxes. These components are represented by JSF custom tags and can hold data. A component can be nested inside another, and it is possible to draw a tree of components. Just as in normal servlet/JSP applications, you use JavaBeans to storethe data the user entered.4 Function EnvironmentThe software and hardware details for our experiments are described below.4.1 The Servlet ContainerA Java Web application runs in a servlet container, which is the engine that processes the incoming HTTP requests for the resources in the application. For this research project, we use Tomcat, an open source servlet container from the Apache Software Foundation. The version we use is 6.0.Basically, a servlet container processes a servlet by performing the following tasks:- Creating the HttpRequest Object- Creating the HttpResponse Object- Calling the service method of the Servlet interface, passing the HttpRequest and HttpResponse objects.4.2 Testing ClientsFor performance testing, we emulate multiple users using JMeter 1.9 , also from the Apache Software Foundation. JMeter allows the user to choose the number of threads to perform testing. Each thread emulates a different user. JMeter also lets us choose how many times a test will be done. To test a Web application using JMeter, you direct requests to certain IP address, context path, and port number. You can also specify request parameters to be included in each HTTP request. As the output, JMeter notifies the response time of the server in milliseconds for a test. From the response time, we derive the number of hits/seconds the server is capable of serving.4.3 HardwareWe use different computers for running the applications and for testing, so as to obtain maximum performance measurement accuracy. The computer running the application is a XP machine having the following hardware specifications: IntelCore 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM. The computer running the testing clients is a Windows 2000 machine running JMeter. The computer has the following specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM.5 ResultsWe obtain experimental results in two categories: the ease of development and performance. The ease of development category compares the number of classes and the number of lines of code. These numbers indicate how easy it is to develop an application by following a certain design model. An application with the fewer number of classes or the number of lines of code indicates that the application is relatively easier to build. The application with the more number of classes indicates that the application takes more time to develop.The performance measurement results are obtained by comparing two operations. The Search operation is the most common operation in such an application,and the Browse operation.5.1 Ease of Application DevelopmentAs Table 1 shows, it takes the most effort to implement the Model 2 design model. Using Struts alleviates the problem a bit, and the best saving in the development comes if one uses JSF.Table 1. The number of classes and the number of lines for the applications under studyThe Model 2 design model is characterised by the presence of a Controller servlet and a number of JavaBeans classes (as the Model) and JSP pages (as the Views). The Controller servlet is responsible for page navigation rules that employa series of if statements. Model 2 application programmers must also code for the input validation that in this research is implemented inside a number of custom tag libraries. The other classes in the Model 2 design model are custom tag library and the tag library descriptors responsible for input validation and data display. In fact, input validation takes 590 lines of code, or almost 30% of the total amount of code.In the Struts application, the Controller servlet is provided by the framework, therefore a Struts programmer saves time for not having to write one. However, he/she still needs to write page navigation rules in the Application Configuration file, which is easier than writing a servlet because the Application Configuration file can be edited using a text editor and no compilation is necessary. Input validation must still be done manually, even though the Struts Framework provides an error handling mechanism. The number of classes and the number of lines of code for input validation are almost similar to the Model 2 application. In Struts, the other classes are Action classes to which the default Controller servlet dispatches requests.In JSF input validation comes free through the availability of validator component. As a result, a JSF application developer can skip this task. In addition, page navigation takes the same course as Struts, i.e. by utilising an Application Configuration file. The other classes in JSF are a ContextListener, an ActionListener, and a Database utility class.5.2 Performance MeasurementFor each operation, we measure the server response time (in milliseconds) for 1 to 10 concurrent users. The number of users is specified by setting the number of threads in Jmeter. Each test is conducted 10 times and the average is taken. Each operation is discussed further is the following sub-sections.5.2.1 Search OperationThe Search operation whose name or description matches the keyword. There is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 2 compares the three versions of applications for the Search operation.Fig. 2. The performance comparison for the Search operation For the Model 2 application, the average server response time for one user is 173 ms and for 10 users is 919 ms. For the Struts application, these numbers are 189 ms and 900 ms, respectively. For the application built using JSF, the average server response time is 210 ms for one user and 932 ms for 10 users. The increase of the response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means that the server is still able to cope with the load.The Model 2 application has the least overhead, therefore the average performance should be better than the Struts and JSF applications. However, the Struts application performs as well as the Model 2 application. This is because the server has enough memory to load all Struts libraries required to run Struts. Also, note that page navigation rules in Struts are loaded and stored in an object called ActionMapping. Therefore, given an action request parameter, the next page of navigation is obtained through a look-up. On the other hand, the Model 2 application uses a series of if statements to find the next page of navigation, given the action request parameter.The JSF application performs slightly worse than the other applications in almost all numbers of concurrent users. This could be due to the time taken by the JSF implementation to construct a component tree for each page requested. However, the difference in server response time between JSF and other applications is not that significant.5.2.2 Browse OperationThe Browse operation,like the Search operation, there is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 3 gives the test results for this operation.Fig. 3. The performance comparison for the Browse operation On average, the Model 2 application performs the best because it has the least overhead. The average server response time is 111 ms for one user and 899 ms for 10 users. The Struts application has comparable performance, with one user average server response time of 180 ms and 10 user response time of 920 ms. The JSF lacks a bit behind the two applications with these numbers being 190 and 1009 ms respectively. The increase of the server response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means the server is able to serve those users well. The average performance measurement results of the Browse operation are very similar to the ones for the Search operation because the database operations of both operations are also similar.6 Related WorkCompare the performance of database-based Web applications using Java servlets, PHP version 3, and Common Gateway Interface (CGI). After a series of benchmark tests that performs data retrieval from a MySQL database, find that the solution of Java servlets with persistent database connection has the best performance. PHP3 using persistent database connections performs fairly well when compared to the CGI solution,also mention the advantages of using Java servlets. According to these authors. Java servlets are an excellent choice to meet the requirement of e-commerce (such as online shopping) applications and are ableto handle client requests in a highly interactive mode.Comparing PHP 4, Java servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans. Measure the performance of these three architectures using two applications. Study reveals that PHP4 is more efficient than Java servlets, and the EJBs perform even worse than servlets. However, note that servlets, being part of the Java solution, provides the flexibility of being able to be ported to another system with a different operating system.7 ConclusionWe find that it is most rapid to build Web applications using JSF. Model 2 applications are the least rapid but give the best performance. Struts applications sit in the middle of the other two design models in both comparisons.We make some suggestions that could improve the Servlets technology in general and enhance the performance of applications based on both design models.●Struts. Struts is not based on any specification and there is no documentationthat discusses its internal working. Therefore, it is hard to know what have been implemented and what could be improved.●The Servlets Technology. The Servlet 2.3 Specification does not define anycaching mechanism. There is no mention of caching in the upcoming Servlet2.4 Specification either. Despite the dynamic nature of the content of a Webapplication, some contents do not change very often. For example, the categories of products that a user can browse in an online store application probably only change once in a month. If those semi-static contents must be generated from the database every time they are requested, a lot of programming resources will be wasted. Servlet programmers get around the absence of caching by writing an object that caches certain content. However, since there is no standard for caching, many programmers write the same piece of code again and again.●Model 2.The main drawback is that the page navigation rules are hard-coded inthe Controller servlet. This means any minor change to the program flow will require the Controller servlet to be re-compiled. The solution to this problem is to provide a mapper that reads the page navigation rules when the applicationstarts. The code could be conveniently written in the init method of the Controller servlet. This method is only executed once, i.e. the first time the servlet is loaded into memory. If the properties file needs to be re-read every time it changes, the programmer can check the timestamp of the properties file for each request, and compares it with the previous read of this file. If the timestamp is more current than the previous read, the mapper can be re-constructed. This feature can be enabled and disabled by using an initial parameter in the Context object. At the development phase, this feature should be enabled. At deployment, this feature should be off. The use of the properties file to store the page navigation rules also makes it possible to avoid a series of if statements in the Controller Servlet, which can be time-consuming for every request. Instead, a HashMap can be used, with action request parameters as keys and the next JSP pages as values. The other disadvantage of this design model is the absence of standard components for input validation and user interface. However, this has been solved in JSF.JSF. JSF provides solutions to common problems in Web development, such as page navigation management, UI components and input validators. However, because this technology is still very young, there are not too many UI components available, forcing programmers to combine JSF with non-JSF servlets/JSP pages. JSF is event-driven. JSF programmers determine the behavior of a JSF application by writing event listeners, just like those listeners in a Swing application. In JSF version 1.0, there are currently two types of events that can be triggered: ActionEvent and ValueChangedEvent. However, this is good enough to provide sufficient level of interactivity between the application and its users. Adding more types of events will definitely make JSF more appealing.References［1］．Burbeck, S., Applications Programming in Smalltalk-80: How to use Model-View-Controller(MVC),/users/smarch/st-docs/mv c.html, 1987.［2］．Cecchet, E., Chanda A., Elnikety S., Marguerite J., Zwaenepoel W.:Performance Comparison of Middleware Architectures for Generating Dynamic Web Content. Proceeding of the 4th International Middelware Conference, 2003.［3］．Cecchet, E., Marguerite, J., and Zwaenepoel, W.: Performance and Scalability of EJB Applications. Proceedings of OOPSLA’02, 2002.［4］．Java Servlet 2.3 and JavaServer Pages 1.2 Specification (JSR-053), /aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr053/.［5］．Java Servlet 2.4 Specification (Proposed Final Draft 3),/aboutJava/communityprocess/first/jsr154/index3.html.［6］．JavaServer Faces Technology, /j2ee/javaserverfaces/.［7］．JBoss EJB server, .［8］．JMeter, /jmeter/.［9］．JOnAS: Java Open Application Server, /jonas.［10］．Sun Microsystems, Comparing Methods for Server-Side Dynamic Content,/products/jsp/jspservlet.html, 2000.［11］．The Apache Software Foundation, .［12］．The Struts Framework, /struts/.［13］．Wu, A., Wang, H., and Wilkins, D.: Performance Comparison of Alternative Solutions for Web-To-Database Applications. Proceedings of the Southern Conference on Computing, the University of Southern Mississippi, 2000.基于Java技术的Web应用设计模型的比较研究摘要Servlet技术在建立可扩展性Web应用中是被应用最广泛的技术。
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Chapter 1 Introduction1.1BackgroundAs computer technology develops, computer management system has gone deep into many different areas. At the same time, hotels are also seeking a new way of computer management, which can suit their business well. So that they can make the management more centralized, response faster, economic efficiency improved and decrease the cost of running and management. However, current hotel management software is usually developed for large hotels, which costs too much and is complicated for medium or small hotels and multi-functional hotels. So it seems quite important to develop a management system that can widely suit medium and small hotels. Developing a hotel management system with the complex of computer and network technology not only can improve the management efficiency, but also increase the economic efficiency, decrease the cost of running and management ,and realize the sharing of resources. “Hotel Management System” is developed precisely for those needs. This system is a all-round hotel management system which can be highly integrated by modules. It has comprehensive functions, stable function performance and elegant interface. It is easy to use, which solves the problem that employees in hotels are usually unfamiliar with computers and also improve the management efficiency of hotels.1.2Purpose and meaningThe purpose of developing is to develop a hotel management system for medium and small hotels which is based on B/S pattern, includes all kinds of business of hotels, each modules can be separated well, practical and interface friendly.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels fits the situation of computer application development. According to current computer application development, computer management system is changing from early C/S pattern to B/S pattern, and partly enters the trend direction of small client and big server. Therefore, developing of management system for medium and small hotels suits such situation. And this development wil l make a basis for the future’s development of multi-clients and multi-data-swap.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels is realistic needs of those hotels. Early developed C/S system is widely used by medium and small hotels. Clients have realistic desire to decrease maintenance expense, upgrade current operating system and broaden the sharing of information.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels will put the advanced management ideas into the system, helping to make the management style of hotels accordance with modern hotel management pattern and enhance client’s competitive strength.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels will improve the efficiency of those hotels and reduce human resource cost.1.3Idea of system designA conveniently-used hotel management system should have those characters, like fast enquiry, interface-friendly, stable functions, etc. Hotel management system’s goal is to enhance the hotel’s service quality and service ef ficiency by managing customers’ information, rooms’ information and other resources systematically with the computer, So that it can reduce cost and increaseprofit.1. Practicability: the system’s goal is to satisfy hotels’ needs and its principle is to m ake clients feel more convenient. Users can always see the status of customers’ reservation, check-in and expense and rooms’ status. The system tries to make it more convenient for users from the angle of hotel service, so that it can provide more convenient and excellent services to customers.2. Advancement: The hotel management system is developed with advanced B/S pattern. Its development tool is Visual Studio 2005, technology is 2.0 and database is Microsoft SQL Server 2005.3. Reliability: Bas ed on medium and small hotels’ realistic situation, the system guarantee database’s reliability with timing SQL task, optimize IIS’ cache to ensure web service to be reliable and guarantee users’ operation to be reliable by multiple exception handling.4. Safety: In design, the system’s safety management method is using 2.0’s newly-added modules. It ensures great safety and secrecy, also avoids missing and leak of key data.5. Maintenance: System’s design requires it to be maintained conveniently, including interface’s maintenance, background’s maintenance and software’s maintenance.6. Convenience: The system provides multiple services, such as reservation, checkout, changing room, print bill, etc. Besides, it can also help customers enquire their own all kinds of information. What’s more, it can even make economical plans of trip for customers.7. simplicity: The system has friendly and beautiful interface, operation is simple, enquiry is flexible and convenient, data storage is safe and full, easy to read, easy to understand, and it’s suitable for all users with or without computer experience.第1 章绪论1.1 课题背景随着计算机技术的发展，计算机管理系统已经深入到各个行业，其中宾馆酒店也正在寻求与之业务相适应的计算机管理的途径，进而实现管理的集中性、反应的快速性，使其经济效率得以提高、运行和管理成本降低。