曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用 MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital）边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed costTVC：总可变成本Total variable costTC：总成本Total costAFC：平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost）AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost）MC：边际成本Marginal costLTC：长期总成本Long run total costLAC：长期平均成本Long run average costSAC：短期平均成本Short run average costLMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR：总收益Total revenueAR：平均收益Average revenueMR：边际收益Marginal revenueMP：边际产品（Marginal product）VMP：边际产品价值Value of the marginal product MRP：边际收益产品Marginal revenue product MFC：边际要素成本Marginal cost of factor PEP：价格扩展线Price line extension。
曼昆经济学原理第四版名词解释
Chap1Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffsscarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources.economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources.efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get Itopportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Principle #4: People Respond to IncentivesPrinciple #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activitymarket economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomesmarket failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.externality: the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Principle #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Servicesproductivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Moneyinflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and UnemploymentChap3absolute advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.comparative advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically.exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroadChap4market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good andthequantity supplied.supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.5elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computedas theprice of the good times the quantity sold.income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.6price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.7welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.consumer surplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays.cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.equity: the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.8deadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.9world price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good. tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.10externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of abystander.internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.transaction costs: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.Pigouvian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.11excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.rivalry: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use.private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival.public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival.common resources: goods that are rival but not excludable.free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.tragedy of the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.13total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit: total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Definition of marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.14competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers tradingidentical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.15monopoly: a firm that is the sole sellerof a product without close substitutes.natural monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.16oligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.collusion: an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.cartel: a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations.prisonersdilemma: a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.17monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.human capital: the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job training.discrimination: the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics.in-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash.life cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person's life.welfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy.。
曼昆微观经济学术语表
曼昆微观经济学术语表在学习微观经济学的过程中，我们会遇到许多专业术语。
这些术语对于我们理解经济学的基本原理和分析方法非常重要。
本文档将为您提供一份曼昆微观经济学术语表，帮助您更好地掌握和理解这些关键概念。
1.需求（Demand）需求是指消费者愿意购买某种商品或服务的数量。
它受到价格、收入、个人偏好等因素的影响。
需求曲线表示不同价格下消费者愿意购买的数量。
需求量是某一价格下消费者愿意购买的实际数量。
2.供给（Supply）供给是指卖家愿意出售某种商品或服务的数量。
它受到价格、生产成本、技术进步等因素的影响。
供给曲线表示不同价格下卖家愿意出售的数量。
供给量是某一价格下卖家愿意出售的实际数量。
3.需求与供给的均衡（Equilibrium of Demand and Supply）需求与供给的均衡发生在需求量等于供给量的价格上。
在均衡状态下，市场上没有供不应求或需求过剩的情况。
价格的调节作用使得需求量和供给量达到一致。
4.机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指进行某种选择时所放弃的最高价值的替代选择。
它反映了资源的稀缺性和选择的不可避免性。
通过比较不同选择的机会成本，我们可以做出更明智的决策。
5.边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指增加一单位商品或服务所带来的额外满足程度。
边际效用逐渐减少的原因是人们的需求有限，对于同一种商品或服务，我们在满足基本需求之后，对额外的单位满足程度要求越来越高。
6.边际成本（Marginal Cost）边际成本是指生产或消费增加一单位商品或服务所需要的额外成本。
边际成本可以帮助企业确定是否要增加产量，以及消费者是否要增加消费。
在决策过程中，边际成本与边际效用的比较非常重要。
7.弹性（Elasticity）弹性是指需求或供给对价格变化的敏感程度。
需求弹性可以分为价格弹性、收入弹性和交叉价格弹性。
供给弹性可以分为价格弹性和交叉价格弹性。
弹性的概念帮助我们理解市场的稳定性和消费者、生产者对价格变化的反应。
曼昆的《微观经济学基础》课业笔记 英文版
曼昆的《微观经济学基础》课业笔记英文版IntroductionThis document presents my notes on "Microeconomics: Principles and Applications" by N. Gregory Mankiw. These notes summarize key concepts and ideas covered in the book, aiming to provide a helpful overview of microeconomics.Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics- People face trade-offs: individuals and societies must make choices due to scarcity.- The cost of something is what you give up to get it: when making decisions, considering both the direct and opportunity costs is crucial.- Rational people think at the margin: making decisions by evaluating incremental benefits and costs.- People respond to incentives: incentives can influence individuals' behavior and decision-making.- Trade can make everyone better off: voluntary exchange benefits all parties involved.- Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity: markets coordinate exchanges efficiently.- A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services: productivity is key.- Prices rise when the government prints too much money: inflation can be caused by excessive money supply growth.- Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment: the Phillips curve illustrates this trade-off.Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist- Economists use models to simplify reality and understand economic behavior.- Assumptions in economic models help focus on essential elements.- Opportunity cost is the true cost of something and is measured by what we give up to obtain it.Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade- Specialization and international trade result in greater production efficiency and consumption possibilities.- Both parties benefit from trade even if one has an absolute advantage in both goods.- Prices reflect the opportunity cost and guide resources to their most valued uses.Chapter 4: The Market Forces of Supply and Demand- Markets consist of buyers and sellers, and their interactions determine prices and quantities.- Demand curve shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded, while supply curve reflects the relationship between price and quantity supplied.- Market equilibrium occurs when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.- Changes in demand or supply shift their respective curves, leading to changes in equilibrium price and quantity.ConclusionThese notes provide a brief summary of the key concepts covered in "Microeconomics: Principles and Applications." Studying this bookallows for a deeper understanding of microeconomic principles and their applications in the real world.。
曼昆微观经济学术语表
曼昆微观经济学术语表经济学原理（微观经济学）Principles of Economics (Microeconomics) 支付能力原则 (ability-to-pay principle) 认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。
绝对优势 (absolute advantage) 用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。
会计利润 (accounting profit) 总收益减总显性成本。
逆向选择(adverse selection) 从无信息买者的角度看，无法观察到的特征混合变为不合意的倾向。
代理人(agent) 一个为另一个人（称为委托人）完成某种行为的人。
阿罗不可能性定理 (Arrow’s impossibility theorem)一个数学结论，它表明在某些假设条件之下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。
平均固定成本(average fixed cost) 固定成本除以产量。
平均收益 (average revenue) 总收益除以销售量。
平均税率 (average tax rate) 支付的总税收除以总收入。
平均总成本 (average total cost) 总成本除以产量。
平均可变成本 (average variable cost) 可变成本除以产量。
受益原则 (benefits principle) 认为人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。
预算约束线 (budget constraint) 对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。
预算赤字( budget deficit) 政府支出大于政府收入。
预算盈余 (budget surplus) 政府收入大于政府支出。
经济周期 (business cycle) 就业和生产等经济活动的波动。
资本 (capital) 用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。
卡特尔 (cartel) 联合起来行事的企业集团。
微观经济学原理曼昆英文四PPT课件
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Demand Curve Shifters: Prices of Related Goods
A. The price of iPods falls
B. The price of music downloads falls
C. The price of CDs falls
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Markets and Competition
▪ A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
▪ A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
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Demand Curve Shifters: Income
▪ Demand for a normal good is positively related
to income.
▪ Increase in income causes
increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifts D curve to the right.
an increase in the price of one causes a fall in demand for the other.
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)
微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。
Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释13(中英)
CHAPTER 13The Costs of Productiontotal revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output总收益：企业出售其产品所得到的货币量total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production总成本：企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值profit: total revenue minus total cost利润：总收益减去总成本explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm显性成本：需要企业支出货币的投入成本implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm隐性成本：不需要企业支出货币的投入成本economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs经济利润：总收益减总成本，包括显性成本与隐性成本accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost会计利润：总收益减总显性成本production function: the relationship between the quantity ofinputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good生产函数：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input边际产量：增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加diminishing marginal: product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases边际产量递减：一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced固定成本：不随着产量变动而变动的成本variable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced可变成本：随着产量变动而变动的成本average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output 平均总成本：总成本除以产量average fixed cost: fixed cost divided by the quantity of output 平均固定成本：固定成本除以产量average variable cost: variable cost divided by the quantity of output平均可变成本：可变成本除以产量marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production边际成本：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost有效规模：使平均总成本最小的产量economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases规模经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases规模不经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes规模收益不变：长期平均总成本在产量变动时保持不变的特性。
(完整word版)曼昆宏观经济学名词解释 (中英文)
宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment，and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长.GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services， with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房,家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。
Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories， and structures, including household purchases of new housing。
投资:用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出.Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出.Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports） minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents （imports)净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口）。
微观经济学概念中英对照
1. 经济人economic man 理性人Rational man从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。
两个假设条件是微观经济学中的基本假设条件：第一，合乎理性的人的假设条件（经济人）。
以利己为动机，力图以最小的经济代价去追逐和获取自身的最大的经济利益。
第二，完全信息。
市场上每一个从事经济活动的个体（即买者和卖者）都对有关的经济情况具有完全的信息。
西方经济学者承认，上述两个假设条件未必完全合乎事实，它们是为了理论分析的方便而设立的。
2. 需求demand消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3. 需求函数demand function表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系的函数。
4. 供给supply生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
5. 供给函数supply function供给函数表示一种商品的供给量和该商品的价格之间存在着一一对应的关系。
6. 均衡价格Equilibrium price一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
7. 需求量的变动和需求的变动Changes in Quantity Demanded (movements along the demand curve) and Changes (Shifts) in Demand需求量的变动是指在其它条件不变时由某种商品的价格变动所应起的该商品需求数量的变动。
需求的变动是指在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其它因素变动所引起的该商品需求数量的变动。
8. 供给量的变动和供给的变动Changes in Quantity supplied (movements along the supply curve) and Changes (Shifts) in supply供给量的变动是指在其它条件不变时由某种商品的价格变动所应起的该商品供给数量的变动。
国外微观经济学教材中英文专有名词及解释_Microeconomics-Key_Terms
Microeconomics - Key TermsGlossaryChapter 1business cycle fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economics the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members ofsocietyexternality the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystanderincentive something that induces a person to actinflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economymarginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have asubstantial influence on market pricesopportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemproductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources rational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resourcesChapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsmacroeconomics the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormativestatementsclaims that attempt to prescribe how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparativeadvantagethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyopportunitycostwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market pricecomplements two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemandcurvea graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedequilibrium a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriumpricethe price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriumquantitythe quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase indemandquantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortagea situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demandfor the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied surplusa situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-price elasticity of demanda measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticitya measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsincome elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demandeddivided by the percentage change in incomeprice elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demandeddivided by the percentage change in priceprice elasticity of supply a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplieddivided by the percentage change in pricetotal revenuethe amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold price floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtax incidence the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Chapter 7consumer surplus the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyequity the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society producersurplusthe amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it welfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being willingnessto paythe maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8deadweightlossthe fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxChapter 9tariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coase theorem the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their owncorrective tax a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social cos ts that arise from a negative externalityexternality the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externality altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransaction costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter 11commonresourcesgoods that are rival in consumption but not excludablecost–benefitanalysisa study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good excludability the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itprivategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumptionpublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsumptionthe property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s useTragedy of the Commons a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-pay principle the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenaverage taxratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficitan excess of government spending over government receiptsbudgetsurplusan excess of government receipts over government spendinghorizontalequitythe idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount lump-sumtaxa tax that is the same amount for every personmarginal taxratethe extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeprogressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportionaltaxa tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeregressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequitythe idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsChapter 13accountingprofittotal revenue minus total explicit costaverage fixedcostfixed costs divided by the quantity of outputaverage totalcosttotal cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariable costvariable costs divided by the quantity of outputconstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesdiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesdiseconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomicprofittotal revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomies ofscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases efficient scale the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixed costs costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicit costs input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginalproductthe increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproduction function the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productiontotal revenue the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output variable costs costs that do vary with the quantity of output producedChapter 14average revenue total revenue divided by the quantity soldcompetitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunk costa cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15monopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesnatural monopoly a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmspricediscriminationthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16cartel a group of firms acting in unisoncollusionan agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargedominant strategya strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgame theory the study of how people behave in strategic situationsmonopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical Nashequilibrium a situation in which economic participants interacting with one another eachchoose their best strategy given the strategies that all the others have chosen oligopoly a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products prisoners’ dilemmaa particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter 17monopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalChapter 18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactors of production the inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor production function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue of the marginal productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter 19compensating differentiala difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race,ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wagesabove-equilibrium wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-jobtrainingstrike the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a unionuniona worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditionsChapter 20in-kind transfers transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash liberalismthe political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”libertarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomelife cycle the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s lifemaximin criterion the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societynegative income tax a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdspermanentincomea person’s normal incomepoverty line an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertypoverty rate the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linesocialinsurancegovernment policy aimed at protecting people against the risk of adverse events utilitarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyutility a measure of happiness or satisfactionwelfare government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyChapter 21budgetconstraintthe limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can affordGiffen good a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demandedincome effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveindifference curve a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactioninferior good a good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demanded marginal rateofsubstitutionthe rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another normal good a good for which an increase in income raises the quantity demanded perfectcomplementstwo goods with right-angle indifference curvesperfect two goods with straight-line indifference curvessubstitutes substitution effectthe change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitutionChapter 22adverse selection the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyagent a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal Arrow’s impossibility theorem a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesCondorcet paradox the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societymedian voter theorem a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median votermoral hazard the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorprincipal a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act screeningan action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationsignalingan action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party。
曼昆微观经济学名词解释大全(关键概念)
经济学十大原理：人们如何做出决策：1.人们面临权衡取舍2.某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西3.理性人考虑边际量4.人们会对激励做出反应人们如何相互影响：5.贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好办法7.政府有时可以改善市场结果整体经济如何运行：8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力9.当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期取舍关键概念第一章：经济学十大原理稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源效率（efficiency）：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西理性人（rational people）:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人边际变动（marginal change）：对行动计划的微小增量调整边际收益（marginal benefit）边际成本（marginal cost）激励（incentive）：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力市场失灵（market failure）：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况外部性（erternality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响市场势力（market power）：单个经济活动者（或某个经济活动小群体）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
生产率（productivity）：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品与服务的数量通货膨胀（inflation）：经济中物价总水平的上升经济周期（business cycle）：就业和生产等经济活动的波动第二章：像经济学家一样思考循环流量图（circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长的学科实证表述（positive statements）：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点规范表述（normative statements）：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释2-4(中英)
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释CHAPER2-4（中英版）CHAPTER 2Thinking Like an EconomistCircular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。
Microeconomics: the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets微观经济学：研究家庭与企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长的学科。
Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is实证表述：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)XXX's resources。
This means that there are only a finite amount of resources available。
and therefore choices must be made about how to XXX is the study of how society manages its scarce resources。
It seeks to understand how individuals。
firms。
XXX.Efficiency is a property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。
This means that society is using its resources in the most effective way possible。
and that there is no way to make any one person better off without making XXX。
on the other hand。
refers to the property of distributing XXX has an equal share of the resources。
regardless of their individual ns.XXX to the cost of any activity measured in terms of the best XXX。
In other words。
it is the cost of the next best alternative that must be given up in order to pursue a certain n。
微观经济学概念中英对照
微观经济学概念中英对照1. 经济人economic man 理性人Rational man从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。
两个假设条件是微观经济学中的基本假设条件：第一，合乎理性的人的假设条件（经济人）。
以利己为动机，力图以最小的经济代价去追逐和获取自身的最大的经济利益。
第二，完全信息。
市场上每一个从事经济活动的个体（即买者和卖者）都对有关的经济情况具有完全的信息。
西方经济学者承认，上述两个假设条件未必完全合乎事实，它们是为了理论分析的方便而设立的。
2. 需求demand消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3. 需求函数demand function表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系的函数。
4. 供给supply生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
5. 供给函数supply function供给函数表示一种商品的供给量和该商品的价格之间存在着一一对应的关系。
6. 均衡价格Equilibrium price一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
7. 需求量的变动和需求的变动Changes in Quantity Demanded (movements along the demand curve) and Changes (Shifts) in Demand需求量的变动是指在其它条件不变时由某种商品的价格变动所应起的该商品需求数量的变动。
需求的变动是指在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其它因素变动所引起的该商品需求数量的变动。
8. 供给量的变动和供给的变动Changes in Quantity supplied (movements along the supply curve) and Changes (Shifts) in supply供给量的变动是指在其它条件不变时由某种商品的价格变动所应起的该商品供给数量的变动。
曼昆微观经济学Chapter4 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
微观经济学Chapter4The Market Forces of SupplyAnd Demand完全竞争市场被定义有两个基本特点：1）提供的物品全部相同2）买者与卖者众多，因此没有单一买家或卖家可以影响市场价格。
由于买卖双方都必须接受这一价格，我们称他们为价格接受者。
有些市场我们是可以考虑为完全竞争的。
谷物市场，比如说，有成千的销售者和上万的买家，没有人可以撼动市场价格，我们说它是完全竞争的。
不是每个市场都是完全竞争的，有一种情况称为垄断，在垄断的情况下，价格由唯一的卖价设定。
一些市场介于完全竞争与垄断之间，称为寡头垄断：由一定数量的卖家，但并不激烈地竞争。
航空公司是一个范例，如果一条航线只由两到三个载运承担，则这些承运者可以躲避竞争，从而使机票价格保持在高位。
另一种竞争是垄断竞争。
市场中有很多买家，但他们的商品不尽相同，因此他们有权为自己定价。
举例：杂志。
杂志竞争中，市场里随时都能闯入新人，并开创新的杂志。
尽管今天市场种产品多样，我们仍要从完全竞争学起。
完全竞争市场在这当中最容易分析。
需求Figure 3(需求增长,曲线右移,需求下降,曲线左移)指出，有很多变数可以影响需求曲线，以下是一些主要的：收入（Income ）低收入意味着你的支出将减少，低而降低了，我们就说这种商品为normal good .不是所有商品都为一般商品，如果收入下降而需求升高，则我们称该商品为替代商品（Inferior good ）。
就像，收入降低时，我们不会去买车或打出租车，而改坐公交。
1234567相关产品价格(Price of Related Goods)假如,冻酸奶的价格下降,则需求定理告诉我们，我们可能去购买冻得更好的酸奶。
同时，你会减少冰淇淋的购买量。
因为冰淇淋和冻酸奶都是冷的、甜的、奶油制甜品，他们满足人本呈负相关。
技术（Technology）技术有利于降低商品成本，解放人力，降低成本后，先进的技术增加了供给量。
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思
P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡或期望Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地 Land 成本Capital边际效用 Marginal utility 利润Profit 长期Long runTFC：总不变成本Total fixed costTVC：总可变成本Total variable costTC：总成本Total costAFC：平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC：平均可变成本Average variable costAC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本Average costMC：边际成本Marginal costLTC：长期总成本Long run total costLAC：长期平均成本Long run average costSAC：短期平均成本Short run average costLMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR：总收益Total revenueAR：平均收益Average revenueMR：边际收益Marginal revenueMP：边际产品Marginal productVMP：边际产品价值Value of the marginal product MRP：边际收益产品Marginal revenue product MFC：边际要素成本Marginal cost of factor PEP：价格扩展线Price line extension。
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微观经济学关键概念中英文对照
CHAPTER 1
scarcity稀缺性
economics经济学
efficiency效率
equity平等
opportunity cost机会成本
rational people理性人
marginal changes边际变动
incentive激励
market economy市场经济
property rights产权
market failure市场失灵
externality外部性
market power市场势力
productivity生产率
inflation通货膨胀
business cycle经济周期
CHAPTER 2
circular-flow diagram循环流向图production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界
microeconomics微观经济学
macroeconomics宏观经济学
positive statements实证表述
normative statements规范表述
CHAPTER 3
absolute advantage绝对优势
opportunity cost机会成本
comparative advantage比较优势
imports进口
exports出口
CHAPTER 4
market市场
competitive market竞争市场
quantity demanded需求量
law of demand需求定理
demand schedule需求表
demand curve需求曲线
normal good正常物品
inferior good低档物品
substitutes替代品
complements互补品
quantity supplied供给量
law of supply供给定理
supply schedule供给表
supply curve供给曲线
equilibrium均衡
equilibrium price均衡价格
equilibrium quantity均衡数量
surplus过剩
shortage短缺
law of supply and demand供求定理
CHAPTER 5
elasticity弹性
price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性
total revenue总收益
income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性
CHAPTER 6
price ceiling价格上限
price floor价格下限
tax incidence税收归宿
CHAPTER 7
welfare economics福利经济学
willingness to pay支付意愿
consumer surplus消费者剩余
cost成本
producer surplus生产者剩余
efficiency效率
equity平等
CHAPTER 8
deadweight loss无谓损失
CHAPTER 9
world price世界价格
tariff关税
CHAPTER 10
externality外部性
internalizing the externality外部性的内在化
Coase theorem科斯定理
transaction costs交易成本
corrective tax矫正税
CHAPTER 11
Excludability排他性
rivalry in consumption消费中的竞争性
private goods私人物品
public goods公有物品
common resources公有资源
free rider搭便车者
cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析
Tragedy of the Commons公有地悲剧CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
total revenue总收益
total cost总成本
profit利润
explicit costs显性成本
implicit costs隐性成本
economic profit经济利润
accounting profit会计利润
production function生产函数
marginal product边际产量
diminishing marginal product边际产量递减
fixed costs固定成本
variable costs可变成本
average total cost平均总成本
average fixed cost平均固定成本
average variable cost平均可变成本
marginal cost边际成本
efficient scale有效规模
economies of scale规模经济
diseconomies of scale规模不经济
constant returns to scale规模收益不变
CHAPTER 14
competitive market竞争市场
average revenue平均收益
marginal revenue边际收益
sunk cost沉没成本
CHAPTER 15
Monopoly垄断企业
natural monopoly自然垄断
price discrimination价格歧视
CHAPTER 16
Oligopoly寡头
monopolistic competition垄断竞争
collusion勾结
cartel卡特尔
Nash equilibrium纳什均衡
game theory博弈论
prisoners＇dilemma囚徒困境
dominant strategy占优策略
CHAPTER 17
monopolistic competition垄断竞争
CHAPTER 18
factors of production生产要素
production function生产函数
marginal product of labor劳动的边际产量
diminishing marginal product边际产量递减
value of the marginal product边际产量值
capital资本
CHAPTER 19
compensating differential补偿性工资差别
human capital人力资本
union工会
strike罢工
efficiency wages效率工资
discrimination歧视
CHAPTER 20
poverty rate贫困率
poverty line贫困线
in-kind transfers实物转移支付
life cycle生命周期
permanent income持久收入
utilitarianism功利主义
utility效用
liberalism自由主义maximin criterion最大化标准social insurance社会保障libertarianism自由意志主义
welfare福利negative income负所得税。