2018北京高考真题卷与答案
2018 北京高考英语真题(含答案)
2018年高考英语真题卷（北京卷）一、单项填空1.（2018•北京）—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2.（2018•北京）_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A.AlthoughB.WhileC.IfD.Until3.（2018•北京）_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4.（2018•北京）Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5.（2018•北京）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. whoC. asD. that6.（2018•北京）During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7.（2018•北京）China's high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8.（2018•北京）In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A.pressB.to pressC.pressingD.pressed9.（2018•北京）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10.（2018•北京）Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11.（2018•北京）Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12.（2018•北京）In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems fora company.A.needB.shouldC.canD.must13.（2018•北京）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14.（2018•北京）—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15.（2018•北京）This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what二、完形填空16.（2018•北京）完形填空The Homeless HeroFor many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the 1 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 2 more remarkable.After spotting a 3 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 4 to return.After hours in the cold and wet, he 5 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to 6 it contained £400 in notes, with another £50 in spare change beside it.He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 7 a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth £35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were 8 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 9 .The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 10 .Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight 11 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 12 he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others 13 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 14 guys out there.＂Mr. Smith's act 15 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 16 about the act of kindness on Facebook.Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 17 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 18 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 19 and all sorts,＂Mr. Anderson commented.For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 20 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.1. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort2. A. still B. even C. ever D. once3. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel4. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman5. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached6. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe7. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing8. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked9. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen10. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement11. A. when B. if C. where D. because12. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just13. A. too B. though C. again D. instead14. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous15. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew16. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard17. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn18. A. of B. at C. for D. in19. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications20. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge三、阅读理解17.（2018•北京）阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.（1）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A. was well trainedB. felt scaredC. made up his mind to runD. lost hope（2）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.C. To show he was not talented in sports.D. To share a precious memory.（3）How was the author's first marathon?A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.C. He got the first prize.D. He walked to the end.（4）What does the story mainly tell us?A. A man owes his success to his family support.B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.C. Failure is the mother of success.D. One is never too old to learn.18.（2018•北京）阅读理解BFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) CenterIf you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at .（1）Why do people come to SAC?A. To experience adventures.B. To look for jobs in aviation.C. To get a degree in engineering.D. To learn more about medicine.（2）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A. fly to spaceB. get an Aviation badge firstC. study the principles of flightD. build and fire model rockets（3）What is the most important for trainees?A. Leadership.B. Team spirit.C. Task planning.D. Survival skills.19.（2018•北京）阅读理解CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth canbreak down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂（1）What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.（2）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed（3）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future（4）What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.20.（2018•北京）阅读理解DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortablewith the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.（1）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs（2）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?A. Safety.B. Side effects.C. Affordability.D. Management. （3）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Employed.B. Replaced.C. Shared.D. Reduced.（4）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读21.（2018•北京）任务型阅读Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ________ Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more.________ The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ________ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.________Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.________However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger toappear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.五、书面表达22.（2018•北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。
2018北京市高考英语试题及答案解析
2018年高考英语试题(北京卷)一、单项填空一、单项填空21.——Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around? 21.—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just _________ on Monday. B. have started C. started D. had started A. start 22. _________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. A. Although B. While C. If D. Until 23. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled 24. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. D. had worked B. was working C. has worked A. is working 25. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. A. which D. that B. who C as 26. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. C. having shared D. shared A. share B. to share 27. China's high-speed railways __ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years. D. had grown A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow 28. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need. A. press B. to press C. pressing D. pressed 29. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days. A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped 30. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. C. using D. use A. used B. to use 31. Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now. A. how B. when C. where D. why 32. In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company. A. need B. should C. can D. must 33. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. B. would drive C. were to drive D. had drivenA. drove 34.——Good morning, Mr. Lee's office. 34.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon . A. for B. on C. in D. at 35. This is _________ my father has taught me —to always face difficulties and hope for the best. A. how B. which C. that D. what 二、完形填空二、完形填空The Homeless Hero For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source （来源）of temptation （诱惑）. But the 36 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 37 more remarkable. After spotting a 38 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 39 to return. After hours in the cold and wet, he 40 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact （联系）the driver, only to 41 it contained £400 in notes, with 400 in notes, with another £50 in spare change beside it. He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 42 a note behind to let the owner know know it it it was was was safe. safe. safe. When When When the the the car's car's car's owner owner owner John John John Anderson Anderson Anderson and and and his his his colleague colleague colleague Carol Carol Carol Lawrence Lawrence returned to the car car——which was itself worth £35, 000000——in Glasgow city centre, they were 43 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 44 . The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 45 . Mr. Mr. Anderson Anderson Anderson said said ：＂I I couldn't couldn't couldn't believe believe believe that that that the the the guy guy guy never never never took took took a a a penny. penny. penny. To To To think think think he he he is is sleeping on the streets tonight 46 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 47 he didn't take the wallet for himself ；he thought about others 48 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 49 guys out there.＂ Mr. Smith's act 50 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 51 about the act of kindness on Facebook. Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 52 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 53 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 54 and all sorts,＂ Mr. Anderson commented. For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 55 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another. 36. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort 37. A. still B. even C. ever D. once 38. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel 39. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman 40. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached 41. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe 42. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing 43. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked 44. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen 45. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement 46. A. when B. if C. where D. because 47. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just 48. A. too B. though C. again D. instead 49. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous 50. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew 51. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard 52. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn 53. A. of B. at C. for D. in 54. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications 55. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge 三、阅读理解三、阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松） A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead. I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂. The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills! The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself. Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted! At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂ By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again. By mile 21, I was starving! As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running. I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂. （56）A month before the marathon, the author ____________. A. was well trained B. felt scared C. made up his mind to run D. lost hope （57）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year? A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher. B. To amuse the readers with a funny story. C. To show he was not talented in sports. D. To share a precious memory. （58）How was the author's first marathon? A. He made it. B. He quit halfway. C. He got the first prize. D. He walked to the end. （59）What does the story mainly tell us? A. A man owes his success to his family support. B. A winner is one with a great effort of will. D. One is never too old to learn.C. Failure is the mother of success. B航空) CenterFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation( If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun. More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom. For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot. With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7. Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone! For more details, please visit us online at . （60）Why do people come to SAC? A. To experience adventures. B. To look for jobs in aviation. D. To learn more about medicine. C. To get a degree in engineering. （61）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to . B. get an Aviation badge first A. fly to space D. build and fire model rockets C. study the principles of flight （62）What is the most important for trainees? D. Survival skills. C. Task planning. A. Leadership. B. Team spirit. CPlastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 100 wax wax wax worms worms worms on on on a a a commercial commercial commercial polyethylene polyethylene polyethylene shopping shopping shopping bag bag bag for for for 12 12 12 hours, hours, hours, and and and the the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers researchers made made made some some some worms worms worms into into into paste(paste(糊状物) ) and and and applied applied applied it it it to to to plastic plastic plastic films. films. films. 14 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as as well, well, ＂she she explains, explains, ＂The The wax wax wax worm worm worm evolved evolved evolved a a a method method method or or or system system system to to to break break break this this bond. ＂ Jennifer Jennifer DeBruyn, DeBruyn, DeBruyn, a a a microbiologist microbiologist microbiologist at at at the the the University University University of of of Tennessee, Tennessee, Tennessee, who who who was was was not not involved involved in in in the the the study, study, says says it it it is is is not not not surprising surprising surprising that that that such such such worms worms worms can can can break break break down down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in in this one this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the c ause cause cause of the of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)? Bertocchini Bertocchini agrees agrees agrees and and and hopes hopes hopes her her her team's team's team's findings findings findings might might might one one one day day day help help help employ employ employ the the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind kind of of of industrial industrial industrial process process process —— not not simply simply ＂millions millions of of of worms worms worms thrown thrown thrown on on on top top top of of of the the plastic.＂ （63）What can we learn about the worms in the study? A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures. C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. （64）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed （65）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future （66）What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm. C. C. To To To present present present a a a way way way to to to break break break down down down plastics. D. plastics. D. To To propose propose propose new new new means means means to to to keep keep eco-balance. DPreparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. （67）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A.help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs （68）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern? A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. （69）What does the underlined word ＂fielded ＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed. B. Replaced. C. Shared. D. Reduced. （70）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. 四、任务型阅读四、任务型阅读Why Do We Get Angry? Anger Anger seems seems seems simple simple simple when when when we we we are are are feeling feeling feeling it, it, it, but but but the the the causes causes causes of of of anger anger anger are are are various. various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering （触发）events, personality traits （特征）（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ___71_____ T riggering Triggering Triggering events events events for for for anger anger anger are are are so so so many many many that that that to to to describe describe describe them them them all all all would would would take take hundreds hundreds of of of pages. pages. pages. However, However, here here are are are some some some examples: examples: examples: being being being cut cut cut off off off in in in traffic, traffic, traffic, a a deadline deadline approaching, approaching, approaching, experiencing experiencing experiencing physical physical physical pain, pain, pain, and and and much much much more.____72____ more.____72____ more.____72____ The The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits. Each Each person, person, person, no no no matter matter matter who who who they they they are, are, are, has has has psychological psychological psychological imbalances. imbalances. imbalances. People People People who who have have personality traits that connect with competitiveness personality traits that connect with competitiveness and and low upset tolerance are low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ___73_____ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred. ____74____Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger anger itself. itself. itself. Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes ignorance ignorance ignorance and and and negative negative negative ((消极的) ) outlooks outlooks outlooks on on on situations situations situations can can create anger. ____75____However, ____75____However, anger anger can can can easily easily easily turn turn turn violent, violent, violent, and and and it it it is is is best best best to to to know know know the the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, mind, we we we can can can evaluate evaluate evaluate our our our level level level of of of anger anger anger throughout throughout throughout the the the day day day and and and prevent prevent prevent cases cases cases of of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings. A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well. B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger. C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it. D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry. E. E. Having Having Having these these these personality personality personality traits traits traits implies implies implies the the the pre-anger pre-anger pre-anger state, state, state, where where where anger anger anger is is is in in in the the background of your mind. F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye. G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another. 五、书面表达(一) 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。
2018年北京市高考语文试题及答案解析
2018年北京市高考语文试题一、本大题共7小题，共23分。
阅读下面的材料，完成1-7题。
材料一当年，科学技术的巨大进步推动了人工智能的迅猛发展，人工智能成了全球产业界、学术界的高频词。
有研究者将人工智能定义为：对一种通过计算机实现人脑思维结果，能从环境中获取感知并执行行动的智能体的描述和构建。
人工职能并不是新鲜事物。
20世纪中叶，“机器思维”就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年，英国数学家阿兰·麦席森·图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手，提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年，他发表了《计算机器与智能》一文，提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准，即“图灵测试”。
“图灵测试”是指一台机器如果能在5分钟内回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题，且超过30%的回答让测试者误认为是人类所答，那么就可以认为这机器具有智能。
20世纪80年代，美国哲学家约翰.希尔勒教授用“中文房间”的思维实验，表达了对“智能”的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭的房间里，他只有铅笔、纸张和一大本指导手册，不时会有画着陌生符号的纸张被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后，他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道，其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文，但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中，被测试者代表计算机，他所经历的也正是计算机的工作内容，即遵循规则，操控符号。
“中文房间”实验说明，看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为，如果机器有“智能”，就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力，那么所谓的的“让机器拥有人类智能”的说法就是无稽之谈了。
在人工智能研究领域中，不同学派的科学家对“何为智能”的理解不尽相同。
符号主义学派认为“智能”的实质就是具体问题的求解能力，他们会为所设想的的智能机器规划好不同的问题求解路径，运营形式推理和数理逻辑的方法，让计算机模仿人类思维进行决策和推理。
2018年北京市高考数学试题含答案解析
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）数学（文史类）第一部分（选择题 共40分）一、选择题：本大题共8小题，每小题5分，共40分.在每小题给出的四个选项中，选出符合题目要求的一项.1．若集合{}2A x x =<，{}2,0,1,2B x =-，则A B =I （A ）{}01， （B ）{}-101，，（C ）{}-201，，（D ）{}-1012，，， 2）在复平面内，复数的共轭复数对应的点位于 （A ）第一象限 （B ）第二象限 （C ）第三象限 （D ）第四象限3．执行如图所示的程序框图，输出的s 值为（ ）．A ．12 B ．56C ．76D ．7124．设a ，b ，c ，d 是非零实数，则“ad bc =”是“a ，b ，c ，d 成等比数列”的（ ）． A ．充分而不必要条件 B ．必要而不充分条件 C ．充分必要条件D ．既不充分也不必要条件 ．5．“十二平均律”是通用的音律体系，明代朱载堉最早用数学方法计算出半音比例，为这个理论的发展做出了重要的贡献．十二平均律将一个纯八度音程分成十二份，依次得到十三个单音，从第二个单音起，每一个单音的频率与它的前一个单音的频率的比都等于．若第一个单音的频率为f ，则第八个单音的频率为（ ）．ABC ．D ．6．某四棱锥的三视图如图所示，在此三棱锥的侧面中，直角三角形的个数为（ ）． A ．1 B ．2 C ．3 D ．47. 在平面直角坐标系中，»AB ,»CD ,»EF ,¼GH 是圆221x y +=上的四段弧（如图），点P 在其中的一段上，角α是以Ox 为始边，OP 为始边.若tan cos sin ααα<<，则P 所在的圆弧是（A ）»AB（B ）»CD （C ）»EF（D ）¼GH8. 设集合(){},|1,4,2A x y x y ax y x ay =-≥+>-≤，则()A 对任意实数a ，()2,1A ∈ ()B 对任意实数a ，()2,1A ∉ ()C 当且仅当0a <时，()2,1A ∉ ()D 当且仅当32a ≤时，()2,1A ∉ 二．填空（9）设向量()1,0a =r ，()1,b m =-r。
2018年北京高考语文真题及答案
2018年北京高考语文真题及答案本试卷共10页，150分。
考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、本大题共7小题，共23分。
阅读下面的材料，完成1—7题。
材料一当年，科学技术的巨大进步推动了人工智能的迅猛发展，人工智能成了全球产业界、学术界的高频词。
有研究者将人工智能定义为：对一种通过计算机实现人脑思维结果，能从环境中获取感知并执行行动的智能体的描述和构建。
人工智能并不是新鲜事物。
20世纪中叶，“机器思维”就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年，英国数学家阿兰·麦席森·图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手，提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年，他发表了《计算机器与智能》一文，提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准，即“图灵测试”。
“图灵测试”是指一台机器如果能在5分钟内回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题，且超过30%的回答让测试者误认为是人类所答，那么就可以认为这台机器具有智能。
20世纪80年代，美国哲学家约翰·希尔勒教授用“中文房间”的思维实验，表达了对“智能”的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭的房间里，他只有铅笔、纸张和一大本指导手册，不时会有画着陌生符号的纸张被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后，他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道，其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文，但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中，被测试者代表计算机，他所经历的也正是计算机的工作内容，即遵循规则，操控符号。
“中文房间”实验说明看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为，如果机器有“智能”，就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力，那么所谓的“让机器拥有人类智能”的说法就是无稽之谈．．．．了。
2018年北京高考英语试卷及答案
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）第一部分: 知识运用（共两节,45 分）第一节单项填空（共15小题; 每小题1分,共15分）从每题所给的A B C D四个选中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上: 将该项涂黑。
例：it's so nice to hear from her again ___ ,we last met more than thirty years ago.A. what's moreB. That 'sto sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。
1. -Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around ？-Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just ___ on Mon day.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. ___ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in theworld will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. ___ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewardingexperienceA. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susa n had quit her well-paid job and ___ as a volun teer in the neighborhood. when I visited her last yearA. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fitA. whichB. whoC. asD. that6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gathertogether ____ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China's high-speed railways from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the pastfewyears.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any un safe situati on, simply ______ the butt on and a highly-trai ned agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ___________ i n the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordi nary soap, _____ correctly, can deal with bacteriaeffectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we would n't be ___ w e are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today's in formatio n age, the loss of data __ cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they __ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had drive n14. -Good morning, Mr. lee's office.-Good morning. I'd like to make an appo in tme nt ___n ext Wedn esday after noon.A. forB. onC. i nD. at15. This is ____ my father has taught me-to always face difficultiesand hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. theD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2018年高考北京卷文综(含答案)
绝24．每年三四月间，居庸关长城附近山花盛放。
市郊铁路S2线列车穿行于花海中，被称为“开往春大的列车”，吸引了大量踏青的游客，游客的涌入给森林消防和轨道交通带来了安全隐患，当地政府采取封山禁入措施，但效果不理想，于是转变思路，变堵为疏，着手规划建设花海列车观景平台。
这一做法①履行了政府的市场监管职能，有利于建立良好市场秩序②自觉运用矛盾观点，创造条件，将风险点转化为共赢点③有利于满足人们的精神文化需求，带动当地旅游业发展④有利于开发该线路的经济价值，说明文化的力量来自于经济A．①③B．①④C．②③D．②④25．山脊上，代表中华悠久文化的长城蜿蜒曲折：山腰间，詹天佑创造性设计的“人”字形铁路折回而上；地表下，运用当代中国先进技术建造的京张高铁穿行向前。
为避免破坏沿线文物和环境，京张高铁建设者采用“精准微爆破”等所技术，在地下100多米建造隧道，做到施工地表零沉降，实现了高铁与环境和谐共存。
下列分析正确的是A．京张高铁与“人”字形铁路是新旧事物的关系B．工程设计与施工水平的提高说明实践活动具有社会历史性C．建设者的创新意识是高铁成功建设的首要前提D．高铁与环境和谐共存体现了矛盾同一性是推动事物发展的动力26．万古奔腾的长江，孕育着源远流长的中华文明，为全面展示新时代长江的自然风貌和文化景观，多位艺术家深入长江流域采风，创作了巨幅长卷《长江万里图》，该作品雄浑磅礴、风光万千，画出了一条中国人心中砥砺奋进的文化长河，《长江万里图》的创作①体现了自然性与人文性的统一②说明时代精神是艺术创新的泉③体现了创作者为祖国可山立传的文化自信④说明客观真实是评价艺术作品的根本标准A．①③B．①④C．②③D．②④27．“窗含西岭千秋雪”“玉窗五见樱桃花”。
中国传统建筑中窗的设计，巧妙之处在于可以引进阳光、空气，为居室主人呈现大自然的馈赠，借助窗外的空间美，人的心灵之窗也被打开，“纳千顷之王汪洋，收四时之烂漫”。
下列选项正确的有①“窗”“景“情”之间是本质的必然的联系②借窗生景的设计体现了征服自然的天人合一理念③窗与景、景与诗、诗与情的交融体现了人的创造性④窗的设计体现了内与外、近与远、有限与无限的和谐统一A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④28．关于建立“京津翼地区城乡中小学图书流动机制”的建议通过对京津冀地区中小学生图书占有情况的调研，本研究小组发现三地的人图书占有数量和种类存在差距。
2018年高考理科数学北京卷-答案
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）数学答案解析 一、选择题1．【答案】A 【解析】{}|22A x x =-<<，{}2,0,1,2-，则{}0,1A B ⋂=．【考点】集合的交集运算．2．【答案】D【解析】()()()211111111122i i i i i i i π++===+--+-，所以其共轭复数为1122i -，在复平面内对应点为1122⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，，位于第四象限．【考点】复数的四则运算与共轭复数的概念．3．【答案】B 【解析】1k =，1s =，()11111112s =+-⨯=+，2k =，不满足3k ≥，继续循环()211512126s =+-⨯=+，3k =，满足3k ≥，循环结束，输出56s =． 【考点】算法的循环结构．4．【答案】D【解析】根据题意可以知单音的频率形成一个等比的数列，其首项为f率为7f =．【考点】数学文化与等比数列．5．【答案】C【解析】根据三视图可以还原该几何体为正方体中的一个四棱锥1D APCD -，其中P 为AB 的中点，所以四棱锥1D APCD -中的侧面为直角三角形的有1D CD V ，1D AD V ，1D AP V ，共三个．【考点】三视图．6．【答案】C 【解析】2222223369962320a b a b a a b b a a b b a a b b -=+⇔-⋅+=+⋅+⇔+⋅-=，因为a ，b 均为单位向量，所以221a b ==，所以2223200a a b b a b a b +⋅-=⇔⋅=⇔⊥，所以“33a b a b -=+”是“a b ⊥”的充分必要条件．【考点】充分必要条件的判断与平面向量的数量积运算．7．【答案】C【解析】根据点()cos ,sin P θθ可知，P 为坐标原点为圆心，半径为1的单位圆上的点，所以d 的最大值为圆心()0,0到直线的距离再加上一个半径1，所以13d =≤．【考点】直线与圆的位置关系及圆的参数方程．8．【答案】D【解析】当2a =时，(){},|1,24,22A x y x y x y x y =-≥+>-≤，将()2,1代入满足不等式组，所以排除B ；当12a =时，()11,|1,4,222A x y x y x y x y ⎧⎫=-≥+>-≤⎨⎬⎩⎭，将()2,1代入满足不等式142x y +>，所以排除A ，C ．【考点】不等式组表示的平面区域．二、填空题9．【答案】63n a n =-【解析】251636a a a a +=+=，因为13a =，所以633a =，所以615306d a a d =-=⇒=，所以()()1136163n a a n d n n =+-=+-=-．【考点】等差数列．10．【答案】【解析】直线方程为0x y a +-=，圆的方程为()22222011x y x x y +-=⇔-+=，根据直线与圆相切有111a a =⇔-==+0a >）． 【考点】直线与圆的位置关系以及极坐标方程与普通方程的互化．11．【答案】23【解析】根据题意有当4x π=时，函数取得最大值1，所以cos 124646k ππππωωπ⎛⎫-=⇒-= ⎪⎝⎭，283k Z k ω∈⇒=+，k Z ∈，因为0ω>，所以ω的最小值为23． 【考点】三角函数图象与性质．12．【答案】3【解析】不等式组1,2y x y x≥+⎧⎨≤⎩表示的区域为如图所示的阴影部分，设2z y x =-，则122z y x =+，所以2z 的几何意义为直线的众截距，1,1,22,y x x y x y ≥+=⎧⎧⇒⎨⎨≤=⎩⎩所以当直线过点()1,2A 时，取得最小值，所以min 2213z =⨯-=．【考点】线性规划问题．13．【答案】()sin f x x =（答案不唯一）【解析】本题为一个开放性题目，可以构造出许多函数，只需要()()0f x f >都成立即可，最常见的可以用分段函数，即一部分先为增函数，后一部分为减函数，确保()()0f x f >即可，如()sin f x x =．【考点】函数单调性的判断与应用．14．1 2【解析】如图所示，双曲线的渐近线与椭圆的交点分别为A ，B ，C ，D ，则根据题意有22AB CD BF OF c ====，1BF =，所在椭圆中，有)1212BF BF c a +==，所以椭圆的离心率11c e a ==．根据双曲线渐近线n y x m =±，即有tan60n m =︒=所以223n m =，所以双曲线的离心率222222214m n n e m m +==+=，故22e =．【考点】直线与椭圆、双曲线的位置关系．15．【答案】（1）在ABC V 中，因为1cos 7B =-，所以sin B =．由正弦定理得sin sin a B A b =2B ππ<∠<，所以02A π<∠<．所以=3A π∠．（2）在ABC V 中，因为()sin sin sin cos cos sin C A B A B A B =+=+=，所以AC 边上的高sin 7h a C ==． 【考点】解三角形问题．16．【答案】在三棱柱111-ABC A B C 中，因为1CC ⊥平面ABC ，所以四边形11A ACC 为矩形．又E ，F 分别为AC ，11A C 的中点，所以AC EF ⊥．因为AB BC =，所以AC BE ⊥．所以AC ⊥平面BEF ．（2）由（1）知AC EF ⊥，AC BE ⊥，1EF CC P ．又1CC ⊥平面ABC ，所以EF ⊥平面ABC ．因为BE ⊂平面ABC ，所以EF BE ⊥．如图建立空间直角坐标系-E xyz ．由题意得点()0,2,0B ，()1,0,0C -，()1,0,1D ，()0,0,2F ，()0,2,1G ．所以()()1,2,0,1,2,1BC BD =--=-u u u r u u u r ．设平面BCD 的法向量为()000,,n x y z =，则0,0,n BC n BD ⎧⋅=⎪⎨⋅=⎪⎩u u u r u u u r 即0000020,20.x y x y z +=⎧⎨-+=⎩ 令01y =-，则002, 4.x z ==-于是()2,1,4n =--．又因为平面1CC D 的法向量()0,2,0EB =u u u r ，所以cos ,n EB n EB n EB⋅==u u u r u u u r u u u r 由题知二面角1B CD C --为钝角，所以其余弦值为21（3）由（2）知平面BCD 的法向量为()2,1,4n =--，()0,2,1FG =-u u u r ．因为()()()20124120n FG ⋅=⨯+-⨯+-⨯-=≠u u u r ， 所以直线FG 与平面BCD 相交．【考点】空间线面位置关系的判断与证明．17．【答案】（1）由题意知，样本中电影的总部数是140+50+300+200+800+510=2000，第四类电影中获得好评的电影部数是2000.25=50⨯． 故所求概率为50=0.0252000． （2）设事件A 为“从第四类电影中随机选出的电影获得好评”，事件B为“从第五类电影中随机选出的电影获得好评” ． 故所求概率为()()()()()()()()()11P AB AB P AB P AB P A P B P A P B +=+=-+-． 由题意知()P A 估计为0.25，()P B 估计为0.2．故所求概率估计为0.250.8+0.750.2=0.35⨯⨯．（3）由题意知k ξ服从0—1分布，()()11,2,,6k k k D P P k ξ=-=L ，其中k P 为第k 类电影得到人们喜欢的概率也就是好评率，由计算得，142536D D D D D D ξξξξξξ>>=>>．【考点】相互独立事件概率的求解以及方差的求解．18．【答案】（1）因为()()24143x f x ax a x a e ⎡⎤=-+++⎣⎦， 所以()()2212x f x ax a x e '⎡⎤=-++⎣⎦．()()11f a e '=-．由题设知()1=0f '，即()1=0a e -，解得1a =．此时()130f e =≠．所以a 的值为1．（2）由（1）得()()()()2212=12x x f x ax a x e ax x e '⎡⎤=-++--⎣⎦． 若12a >，则当1,2x a ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭时，()0f x '<； 当()2,x ∈+∞时，()0f x '>．所以()f x 在2x =处取得极小值． 若12a ≤，则当()0,2x ∈时，120,1102x ax x -<-≤-<， 所以()0f x '>．所以2不是()f x 的极小值点．综上可知，a 的取值范围是1+2⎛⎫∞ ⎪⎝⎭，． 【考点】导数在研究函数问题中的应用．19．【答案】（1）因为抛物线22y px =过点()1,2，所以24p =，即2p =．故抛物线C 的方程为24y x =．由题意知，直线l 的斜率存在且不为0．设直线l 的方程为()10y kx k =+≠．由24,1y x y kx ⎧=⎨=+⎩得()222410k x k x +-+=．依题意()22=24410k k ∆--⨯⨯>，解得0k <或01k <<．又PA ，PB 与y 轴相交，故直线l 不过点()1,2-．从而3k ≠-．所以直线l 斜率的取值范围是()()(),33,00,1-∞-⋃-⋃．（2）设点()()1122,,,A x y B x y ．由（1）知121222241,k x x x x k k -+=-=． 直线PA 的方程为()112211y y x x --=--． 令0x =，得点M 的纵坐标为1111212211M y kx y x x -+-+=+=+--． 同理得点N 的纵坐标为22121N kx y x -+=+-． 由QM QO λ=u u u u r u u u r ，QN QO μ=u u u r u u u r 得1,1M N y y λμ=-=-． 所以()()()2212121212122224211111111+=21111111M N k x x x x x x k k y y k x k x k x x k k λμ-+-+--+=+=⋅=⋅=------． 所以11+λμ为定值．【考点】直线与抛物线的位置关系．20．【答案】（1）因为()=1,1,0α，()=0,1,1β，所以()()()()1,11111111000022M αα⎡⎤=+--++--++--=⎣⎦， ()()()()1,10101111010112M αβ⎡⎤=+--++--++--=⎣⎦． （2）设()1234=,,,x x x x B α∈，则()1234,M x x x x αα=+++．由题意知{}1234,,,0,1x x x x ∈，且(),M αα为奇数，所以1234,,,x x x x 中1的个数为1或3．所以()()()()()()()(){}1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0B ⊆． 将上述集合中的元素分成如下四组：()()1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0；()()0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1；()()0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1；()()0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1． 经验证，对于每组中两个元素,αβ，均有(),=1M αβ．所以每组中的两个元素不可能同时是集合B 的元素．所以集合B 中元素的个数不超过为4．又集合()()()(){}1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1满足条件， 所以集合B 中元素个数的最大值为4．（3）设()(){}()1212121,,,|,,,,1,01,2,,k n n k k S x x x x x x A x x x x k n -=∈======L L L L ， (){}11212,,,|0n n nS x x x x x x +=====L L ， 则121n A S S S +=⋃⋃⋃L ．对于()1,2,,1k S k n =-L 中的不同元素α，β，经验证，(),1M αβ≥． 所以()1,2,,1k S k n =-L 中的两个元素不可能同时是集合B 的元素． 所以B 中元素的个数不超过1n +．取()12,,,k n k e x x x S =∈L 且()101,2,,1k n x x k n +====-L L ． 令{}1211,,,n n n B e e e S S -+=⋃⋃L ，则集合B 的元素个数为1n +，且满足条件． 故B 是一个满足条件且元素个数最多的集合．【考点】新定义问题与集合中元素与集合、集合与集合的关系问题．。
2018年高考北京卷化学试题(含答案解析)
绝密★启封(qǐ fēnɡ)并使用完毕前2018年普通高等学校(gāoděngxuéxiào)招生全国统一考试理科综合能力(nénglì)测试化学(huàxué)（北京(běi jīnɡ)卷）本试卷共16页，共300分。
考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16第一部分（选择题）1. 下列我国科技成果所涉及物质的应用中，发生的不是．．化学变化的是（）2. 我国科研人员提出了由CO2和CH4转化为高附加值产品CH3COOH的催化反应历程。
该历程示意图如下。
下列说法不正确．．．的是（）A. 生成CH3COOH总反应的原子利用率为100%B. CH4→CH3COOH过程中，有C―H键发生断裂C. ①→②放出能量并形成了C―C键D. 该催化剂可有效提高反应物的平衡转化率3. 下列化学用语对事实的表述不正确．．．的是（）A. 硬脂酸与乙醇的酯化反应：C17H35COOH+C2H518OH C17H35COOC2H5+H218OB. 常温时，0.1 mol·L-1氨水的pH=11.1：NH3·H2O+OH−C. 由Na和C1形成离子键的过程：D. 电解精炼铜的阴极(yīnjí)反应：Cu2+ +2e −Cu4. 下列实验中的颜色(yánsè)变化，与氧化还原反应(fǎnyìng)无关的是（）A B C D实验NaOH溶液滴入FeSO4溶液中石蕊溶液滴入氯水中Na2S溶液滴入AgCl浊液中热铜丝插入稀硝酸中现象产生白色沉淀，随后变为红褐色溶液变红，随后迅速褪色沉淀由白色逐渐变为黑色产生无色气体，随后变为红棕色5. 一种芳纶纤维的拉伸(lā shēn)强度比钢丝还高，广泛用作防护材料。
2018 北京高考英语真题(含答案)
2018年高考英语真题卷（北京卷）一、单项填空1.（2018北京）—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here I haven't seen you around—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob.I just _________ on Monday.A.startB.have startedC.startedD.had started2.（2018北京）_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.3.（2018北京）_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A.TravelB.TravelingC.Having traveledD.Traveled4.（2018北京）Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A.is workingB.was workingC.has workedD.had worked5.（2018北京）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A.whichB.whoC.asD.that6.（2018北京）During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A.shareB.to shareC.having sharedD.shared7.（2018北京）China's high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A.are growingB.have grownC.will growD.had grown8.（2018北京）In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.press9.（2018北京）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A.are trappingB.have been trappedC.were trappingD.had been trapped10.（2018北京）Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.edB.to useinge11.（2018北京）Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now.A.howB.whenC.whereD.why12.（2018北京）In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems fora company.13.（2018北京）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A.droveB.would driveC.were to driveD.had driven14.（2018北京）—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A.forB.onC.inD.at15.（2018北京）This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A.howB.whichC.thatD.what二、完形填空16.（2018北京）完形填空The Homeless HeroFor many, finding an unattended wallet filled with ￡400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the 1 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 2 more remarkable.After spotting a 3 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 4 to return.After hours in the cold and wet, he 5 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to 6 it contained ￡400 in notes, with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 7 a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth ￡35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were 8 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 9 .The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 10 .Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight 11 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 12 he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others 13 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 14 guys out there.＂Mr. Smith's act 15 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 16 about the act of kindness on Facebook.Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 17 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 18 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 19 and all sorts,＂Mr. Anderson commented.For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 20 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.1. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort2. A. still B. even C. ever D. once3. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel4. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman5. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached6. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe7. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing8. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked9. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen10. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement11. A. when B. if C. where D. because12. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just13. A. too B. though C. again D. instead14. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous15. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew16. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard17. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn18. A. of B. at C. for D. in19. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications20. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge三、阅读理解17.（2018北京）阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first . class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂. The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 . or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.（1）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A.was well trainedB.felt scaredC.made up his mind to runD.lost hope（2）Why did the author mention the . class in his 7th yearA.To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B.To amuse the readers with a funny story.C.To show he was not talented in sports.D.To share a precious memory.（3）How was the author's first marathonA.He made it.B.He quit halfway.C.He got the first prize.D.He walked to the end.（4）What does the story mainly tell usA.A man owes his success to his family support.B.A winner is one with a great effort of will.C.Failure is the mother of success.D.One is never too old to learn.18.（2018北京）阅读理解BFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) CenterIf you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun. More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learnthe principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at（1）Why do people come to SACA.To experience adventures.B.To look for jobs in aviation.C.To get a degree in engineering.D.To learn more about medicine.（2）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A.fly to spaceB.get an Aviation badge firstC.study the principles of flightD.build and fire model rockets（3）What is the most important for traineesA.Leadership.B.Team spirit.C.Task planning.D.Survival skills.19.（2018北京）阅读理解CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂（1）What can we learn about the worms in the studyA.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.（2）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A.identify other means of the breakdownB.find out the source of the enzymeC.confirm the research findingsD.increase the breakdown speed（3）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A.help to raise wormsB.help make plastic bagsC.be used to clean the oceansD.be produced in factories in future（4）What is the main purpose of the passageA.To explain a study method on worms.B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.C.To present a way to break down plastics.D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.20.（2018北京）阅读理解DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy —or even worsen —the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.（1）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A.help deal with transportation-related problems B.provide better services to customersC.cause damage to our environmentD.make some people lose jobs（2）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concernA.Safety.B.Side effects.C.Affordability.D.Management.（3）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probably meanA.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.（4）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving carsA.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读21.（2018北京）任务型阅读Why Do We Get AngryAnger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ________ Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ________Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.________Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.________However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background ofyour mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselveswith a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person mayor may not trigger another.五、书面表达22.（2018北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。
2018年北京高考英语试卷及答案
绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）（考试时间：100分钟试卷满分：120分）考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：I t’s so nice to hear from her again. _________, we last met more than thirty years ago.A. W hat’s moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。
1. —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experienceA. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susan had quit her wellpaid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. whoC.asD. that6. During the MidAutumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China’s highspeed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highlytrained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today’s informat ion age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a pany.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14. —Good morning, Mr. L ee’s office.—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2018年高考真题语文(北京卷)含答案【高清无水印纯Word版】
绝密★本科目考试启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文(北京卷)本试卷共10页,150分。
考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上,在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
本大题共7小题,共23阅读下面的材料,完成1-7题。
材料一当前,科学技术的巨大进步推动了人工都能的迅猛发展,人工智能成了全球产业界、学术界的高频词。
有研究者将人工智能定义为:对一种通过计算机实现人脑思维结果,能从环塊中取感知并执行行动的智能体的描述和构建。
人工智能并不是新鲜事物。
20世纪中叶,“机器思维”就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年, 英国数学家阿兰·麦席森·图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手,提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年,他发表了《计算机器与智能》文,提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准,即“图灵测试”。
“图灵测试”是指一台机器如果能在5分钟内回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题那么就可以认为这台机器具有智能。
20世纪80年代,美国哲学家约翰·希尔勒教授用“中文房间”的思维实验,表达了对“智能”的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭房间里,他只有铅笔、纸张和一大本指导手册,不时会有画着陌生符号的纸张被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后,他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道,其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文,但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中,被测试者代表计算机,他所经历的也正是计算机的工作内容,即遵循规则,操控符号。
“中文房间”实验说明看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为,如果机器有“智能”,就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力,那么所谓的“让机器拥有人类智能”的说法就是无稽之谈．．．．了。
2018年高考北京卷语文(含答案)
2018年高考北京卷语文(含答案)绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文（北京卷）本试卷共10页，150分。
考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、本大题共8小题，共24分。
阅读下面的材料，完成1—7题。
材料一当年，科学技术的巨大进步推动了人工智能的迅猛发展，人工智能成了全球产业界、学术界的高频词。
有研究者将人工智能定义为：对一种通过计算机实现人脑思维结果，能从环境中获取感知并执行行动的智能体的描述和构建。
人工智能并不是新鲜事物。
20世纪中叶，“机器思维”就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年，英国数学家阿兰•麦席森•图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手，提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年，他发表了《计算机器与智能》一文，提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准，即“图灵测试”。
“图灵测试”是指一台机器如果能在5分钟内回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题，且超过30%的回答让测试者误认为是人类所答，那么就可以认为这机器具有智能。
学科.网20世纪80年代，美国哲学家约翰•希尔勒教授用“中文房间”的思维实验，表达了对“智能”的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭的房间里，他只有铅笔、纸张和一大本指导手册，不时会有画着陌生符号的纸张被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后，他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道，其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文，但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中，被测试者代表计算机，他所经历的也正是计算机的工作内容，即遵循规则，操控符号。
“中文房间”实验说明，看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为，如果机器有“智能”，就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力，那么所谓的“让机器拥有人类智能”的说法就是无稽之谈了。
2018年北京数学(文科)高考试题及答案
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学（文）（北京卷）参考答案1．A2．D3．B 4．B 5．D6．C7．C8．D9．10．1-(1,0)11．（答案不唯一） 12．4 11-13．314．60(2,)︒+∞15．（共13分）解：（I ）设等差数列的公差为， {}n a d ∵， 235ln 2a a +=∴， 1235ln 2a d +=又，∴. 1ln 2a =ln 2d =∴. 1(1)ln 2n a a n d n =+-=（II ）由（I ）知， ln 2n a n =∵，ln 2ln 2ee e =2nna n n ==∴是以2为首项，2为公比的等比数列. {e }n a∴212ln 2ln 2ln 2e e eeeenna a a +++=+++ 2=222n +++ .1=22n +-∴.12e e e na aa+++ 1=22n +-16.（共13分）【解析】（Ⅰ）， 1cos 211π1()22cos 2sin(2)22262x f x x x x x -=+=-+=-+所以的最小正周期为. ()f x 2ππ2T ==（Ⅱ）由（Ⅰ）知.π1()sin(2)62f x x =-+因为，所以.π[,]3x m ∈-π5ππ2[,2]666x m -∈--要使得在上的最大值为，即在上的最大值为1.()f x π[,]3m -32πsin(26x -π[,]3m -所以，即.ππ262m -≥π3m ≥所以的最小值为.m π317.（共13分）（Ⅰ）由题意知，样本中电影的总部数是140+50+300+200+800+510=2000. 第四类电影中获得好评的电影部数是200×0.25=50， 故所求概率为. 500.0252000=（Ⅱ）方法一：由题意知，样本中获得好评的电影部数是 140×0.4+50×0.2+300×0.15+200×0.25+800×0.2+510×0.1 =56+10+45+50+160+51 =372.故所求概率估计为. 37210.8142000-=方法二：设“随机选取1部电影,这部电影没有获得好评”为事件B .没有获得好评的电影共有140×0.6+50×0.8+300×0.85+200×0.75+800×0.8+510×0.9=1628部. 由古典概型概率公式得. 16280.8142)00(0P B ==（Ⅲ）增加第五类电影的好评率, 减少第二类电影的好评率. 18.（共14分）【解析】（Ⅰ）∵，且为的中点，∴. PA PD =E AD PE AD ⊥∵底面为矩形，∴， ABCD BC AD ∥∴.PE BC ⊥（Ⅱ）∵底面为矩形，∴. ABCD AB AD ⊥∵平面平面，∴平面. PAD ⊥ABCD AB ⊥PAD ∴.又,学科.网AB PD ⊥PA PD ⊥∵平面，∴平面平面. PD ⊥PAB PAB ⊥PCD （Ⅲ）如图，取中点，连接.PC G ,FG GD∵分别为和的中点，∴，且. ,F G PB PC FG BC ∥12FG BC =∵四边形为矩形，且为的中点， ABCD E AD ∴， 1,2ED BC DE BC =∥∴，且，∴四边形为平行四边形， ED FG ∥ED FG =EFGD ∴.EF GD ∥又平面，平面， EF ⊄PCD GD ⊂PCD ∴平面. EF ∥PCD 19. （13分）解：（Ⅰ）因为， 2()[(31)32]e xf x ax a x a =-+++所以.2()[(1)1]e xf x ax a x '=-++，2(2)(21)e f a '=-由题设知，即，解得. (2)0f '=2(21)e 0a -=12a =（Ⅱ）方法一：由（Ⅰ）得. 2()[(1)1]e (1)(1)e xxf x ax a x ax x '=-++=--若a >1，则当时，； 1(,1)x a∈()0f x '<当时，. (1,)x ∈+∞()0f x '>所以在x =1处取得极小值.()f x 若，则当时，， 1a ≤(0,1)x ∈110ax x -≤-<所以.()0f x '>所以1不是的极小值点.()f x综上可知，a 的取值范围是. (1,)+∞方法二：. ()(1)(1)e xf x ax x '=--（1）当a =0时，令得x =1.()0f x '=随x 的变化情况如下表：(),()f x f x 'x(,1)-∞ 1(1,)+∞ ()f x '+ 0 −()f x ↗极大值↘∴在x =1处取得极大值，不合题意. ()f x （2）当a >0时，令得. ()0f x '=121,1ax x ==①当，即a =1时，， 12x x =2()(1)e 0xf x x '=-≥∴在上单调递增， ()f x R ∴无极值，不合题意.()f x ②当，即0<a <1时，随x 的变化情况如下表：12x x >(),()f x f x 'x(,1)-∞ 1 1(1,)a1a1(,)a+∞ ()f x '+ 0 − 0 +()f x ↗极大值↘极小值↗∴在x =1处取得极大值，不合题意.()f x ③当，即a >1时，随x 的变化情况如下表：12x x <(),()f x f x 'x1(,)a-∞ 1a1(,1)a1(1,)+∞ ()f x '+ 0 − 0 +()f x ↗极大值↘极小值↗∴在x =1处取得极小值，即a >1满足题意.()f x（3）当a <0时，令得. ()0f x '=121,1ax x ==随x 的变化情况如下表：(),()f x f x 'x1(,)a-∞ 1a1(,1)a1(1,)+∞ ()f x '−0 + 0 −()f x↘极小值↗极大值↘∴在x =1处取得极大值，不合题意. ()f x 综上所述，a 的取值范围为. (1,)+∞20．（共14分）【解析】（Ⅰ）由题意得，所以，2c =c =又， c e a ==a =2221b ac =-=所以椭圆的标准方程为．M 2213x y +=（Ⅱ）设直线的方程为，AB y x m =+由消去可得， 2213y x m x y =+⎧⎪⎨+=⎪⎩y 2246330x mx m ++-=则，即，2223644(33)48120m m m∆=-⨯-=->24m<设，，则，，11(,)A x y 22(,)B x y 1232m x x +=-212334m x x -=则，12||||AB x x =-==易得当时，，故．20m =max ||AB =||AB （Ⅲ）设，，，， 11(,)A x y 22(,)B x y 33(,)C x y 44(,)D x y 则 ①， ②，221133x y +=222233x y +=又，所以可设，直线的方程为， (2,0)P -1112PA y k k x ==+PA 1(2)y k x =+由消去可得， 122(2)13y k x x y =+⎧⎪⎨+=⎪⎩y 2222111(13)121230k x k x k +++-=则，即， 2113211213k x x k +=-+2131211213k x x k =--+又，代入①式可得，所以，1112y k x =+13171247x x x --=+13147y y x =+所以，同理可得．1111712(,)4747x y C x x --++2222712(,4747x y D x x --++故，，3371(,)44QC x y =+- 4471(,44QD x y =+- 因为三点共线，所以，,,Q C D 34437171()()()()04444x y x y +--+-=将点的坐标代入化简可得，即．,C D 12121y y x x -=-1k =。
(完整版)2018年高考英语北京卷-答案
2018 年高考英语北京卷英语答案解析第一部分：知识运用第一节单项填空1. 【答案】C【解析】句意：——你好，我是彼得，你是新来的吗？我没见过你。
——你好，彼得。
我叫鲍勃。
我星期一才来的。
根据语境以及时间状语on Monday 可知，此处叙述的是过去发生的动作，所以应用一般过去时。
【考点】动词时态。
2. 【答案】C【解析】A项意为尽管” B项意为当；尽管”；C项意为如果” D项意为直到”句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化的话，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。
【考点】连词辨析。
3. 【答案】B【解析】分析句子结构可知，谓语动词is前缺少主语，所以应用动名词作主语。
【考点】非谓语动词。
4. 【答案】 B 【解析】句意：我去年拜访苏珊时，她已经放弃了薪水丰厚的工作，在社区担任志愿者。
根据语境可知，此处动作表示过去“我”拜访苏珊时她正在进行的动作，所以应用过去进行时。
【考点】动词时态。
5. 【答案】A【解析】分析句子可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句。
可以引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which 和who，故排除that; who用于指代人” as有正如，就像"之意，均不符合语境。
所以此处应用关系代词which 引导非限制性定语从句，且在句中作主语，指代前面整个句子。
【考点】非限制性定语从句。
6. 【答案】B【解析】句意：中秋节时，家人们经常聚在一起吃团圆饭、赏月以及吃月饼。
此处用动词不定式作目的状语。
【考点】非谓语动词。
7. 【答案】B【解析】句意：在过去的几年里中国高铁总长度已从9000千米增加到25000千米。
根据时间状语in the pastfew years可知，谓语动词应用现在完成时。
【考点】动词时态。
8. 【答案】A解析】句意：在任何不安全的情况下，只需要按下这个按钮，那么一个资深的代理商就会使你得到你需要的帮助。
分析句子结构可知，此处为固定句型：祈使句+and+陈述句。
【考点】固定句型。
2018年高考真题北京卷(高清含答案)
2018年高考真题北京卷本试卷共16页，共300分，考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分（选择题共140分）本部分共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的一项。
2018年4月，川藏铁路成都至雅安段开始铺轨。
读图1，回答第1-3题。
1．与成都相比，拉萨A．日出早白昼长B．正午太阳高度角小C．海拔高，日照强D．大气逆辐射强2．图示区域A．地处板块的生长边界B．河流的流向自西向东C．自然景观为高寒荒漠D．跨地势第一、二级阶梯3．川藏铁路开通后，能够①缓解青藏铁路运输压力②改善西藏物资供应③消除区域内灾害的影响④促进地域文化交流A．①②③B．①②④C．①③④D．②③④图2为地的地质平面示意图，读图，回答第4题。
4．图中A．甲处的物质主要来源于地壳B．断层发生在花岗岩形成之后C．岩浆侵入可能导致乙处岩石变质D．丙处的溶洞景观由岩浆活动造成读图3，回答第5题。
5．四个大洲中，A．甲地形复杂多样，中低产田多，农业生产技术落后B．乙平原广，高纬地区受寒流影响强，港口封冻期长C．丙纬度跨度大，地形中部高四周低，是水稻主产区D．丁为高原大陆，人口自然增长率低，城市化水平高图4为北半球某日02时海平面气压分布图（单位:百帕），读图，回答第6、7题。
6．据图推断A．北京风速大，风向偏东南B．甲地可能出现强降水天气C．极地气温低，气压值最高D．热带太平洋洋面生成台风7．依据气压分布，该日最接近A．冬至B．小满C．夏至D．立秋随着汽车等工业产品的废弃量增加，主要利用废钢冶炼的电炉炼钢技术日渐普及。
图5示意国外某流域的钢铁厂分布，读图，回答第8题。
8．甲、乙两类钢铁厂在区位选择上均靠近①铁矿②大城市③交通线路④钢铁消费量A．①②B．③④C．①③D．②④在乡村振兴计划中某行政村拟修建的村史馆和培训中心分别位于该村西南部和东北部。
(完整版)2018年北京高考英语试卷及答案
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)第一部分:知识运用(共两节,45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,共15分)从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上:将该项涂黑。
例： it's so nice to hear from her again＿＿，we last met more than thirty years ago.A. what's moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。
1.-Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around？-Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just＿＿on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. ＿＿we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. ＿＿along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experienceA. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susan had quit her well-paid job and ＿＿as a volunteer in the neighborhood. when I visited her last yearA. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fitA. whichB. whoC.asD. that6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together＿＿a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China's high-speed railways from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers inthe pastfew years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any unsafe situation, simply＿＿the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who＿＿in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordinary soap, ＿＿correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we wouldn't be＿＿we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today's information age, the loss of data＿＿cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they＿＿a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14.-Good morning, Mr. lee's office.-Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment＿＿next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15. This is＿＿my father has taught me-to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. theD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2018北京高考语文试卷-含答案
绝密★本科目考试启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文（北京卷）本试卷共10页，150分。
考试时长150分钟。
考试务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、本大题共7小题，共23分。
阅读下面的材料，完成1-7题。
材料一当年，科学技术的巨大进步推动了人工智能的迅猛发展，人工智能成了全球产业界、学术界的高频词。
有研究者将人工智能定义为：对一种通过计算机实现人脑思维结果，能从环境中获取感知并执行行动的智能体的描述和构建。
人工职能并不是新鲜事物。
20世纪中叶，‚机器思维‛就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年，英国数学家阿兰·麦席森·图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手，提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年，他发表了《计算机器与智能》一文，提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准，即‚图灵测试‛。
‚图灵测试‛是指一台机器如果能在5分钟内回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题，且超过30%的回答让测试者误认为是人类所答，那么就可以认为这机器具有智能。
20世纪80年代，美国哲学家约翰.希尔勒教授用‚中文房间‛的思维实验，表达了对‚智能‛的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭的房间里，他只有铅笔、纸张和一大本指导手册，不时会有画着陌生符号的纸张被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后，他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道，其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文，但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中，被测试者代表计算机，他所经历的也正是计算机的工作内容，即遵循规则，操控符号。
‚中文房间‛实验说明，看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为，如果机器有‚智能‛，就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力，那么所谓的的‚让机器拥有人类智能‛的说法就是无稽之谈．．．．了。
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绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文（北京卷）本试卷共10页，150分。
考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、本大题共8小题，共24分。
阅读下面的材料，完成1—7题。
材料一当年，科学技术的巨大进步推动了人工智能的迅猛发展，人工智能成了全球产业界、学术界的高频词。
有研究者将人工智能定义为：对一种通过计算机实现人脑思维结果，能从环境中获取感知并执行行动的智能体的描述和构建。
人工智能并不是新鲜事物。
20世纪中叶，“机器思维”就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年，英国数学家阿兰•麦席森•图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手，提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年，他发表了《计算机器与智能》一文，提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准，即“图灵测试”。
“图灵测试”是指一台机器如果能在5分钟回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题，且超过30%的回答让测试者误认为是人类所答，那么就可以认为这机器具有智能。
学科.网 20世纪80年代，美国哲学家约翰•希尔勒教授用“中文房间”的思维实验，表达了对“智能”的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭的房间里，他只有铅笔、纸和一大本指导手册，不时会有画着陌生符号的纸被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后，他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道，其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文，但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中，被测试者代表计算机，他所经历的也正是计算机的工作容，即遵循规则，操控符号。
“中文房间”实验说明，看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为，如果机器有“智能”，就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力，那么所谓的“让机器拥有人类智能”的说法就是无稽之谈了。
在人工智能研究领域中，不同学派的科学家对“何为智能”的理解不尽相同。
符号主义学派认为“智能”的实质就是具体问题的求解能力，他们会为所设想的智能机器规划好不同的问题求解路径，运用形式推理和数理逻辑的方法，让计算机模仿人类思维进行决策和推理。
联结主义学派认为“智能”的实质就是非智能部件相互作为的产物，在他们眼里人类也是一种机器，其智能来源于许多非智能但半自主的组成大脑的物质间的相互作用。
他们研究大脑的结构，让计算机去模仿人类的大脑，并且用某种教学模型去重建一个简化的神经元网络。
行为主义学派认为“智能”的实质是机器和人类的行为相似，研究人工智能应该研究人类感知和行动的本能，而不是高级的逻辑推理，不解决基本问题就无法实现复杂的思维模拟。
因而他们让计算机模仿人的行为，建立人工智能系统。
时至今日，研究者们对“智能”的理解仍未形成共识。
但是，正是对“何为智能”这个核心问题的不断思考和解答，推动了人工智能技术在不同层面的发展。
（取材于谭营等人的文章）1．下列对材料一第一段“人工智能”定义的理解，正确的一项是（3分）A．人工智能是对一种智能体的描述和构建。
B．人工智能是能感知行动的智能体。
C．人工智能是计算机对环境的描述和构建。
D．人工智能是对计算机思维的实现。
2．根据材料一，下列说法正确的一项是（3分）A．数学家图灵提出了用机器来模拟人类行为的设想。
B．“图灵测试”提出了机器是否具有智能的判断标准。
C．“中文房间”实验是为了证明计算机无法理解中文。
D．图灵和希尔勒全都认为计算机是可以拥有智能的。
3．根据材料一，下列理解不符合．．．文意的一项是（3分）A．符号主义学派认为“智能”表现为解决具体问题的思维能力。
B．联结主义学派和符号主义学派都认为应研究人类大脑的结构。
C．行为主义学派主应把人类感知和行动的本能作为研究的容。
D．三个学派对“智能”的理解不同，因而他们的研究思路也不同。
材料二2018年5月，谷歌Duplex人工智能语音技术（部分）通过了“图灵测试”。
这个消息进一步引发了人们对于人工智能的思考：当机器人越来越像人，我们应该怎样做？在人工智能的开发过程中，设计者会遇到伦理问题的挑战。
比如著名的“隧道问题”：一辆自动驾驶的汽车在通过黑暗的隧道时前方突然出现一个小孩，面对撞向隧道还是撞向行人这种进退维谷．．．．的突发情况，自动驾驶汽车会怎么做？自动驾驶汽车依靠的是人工智能“大脑”，它会从以往案例数据库中选取一个与当前情景较相似的案例，然后根据所选案例来实施本次决策。
当遇到完全陌生的情景时，汽车仍然会进行搜索，即在“大脑”中迅速搜索与当前场景相似度大于某个固定值的过往场景，形成与之对应的决断。
如果计算机搜索出来的场景相似度小于那个值，自动驾驶汽车将随机选择一种方式处理。
那么，如果自动驾驶汽车伤害了人类，谁来负责呢？有的学者认为不能将人工智能体作为行为主体对待。
因为“主体”概念有一系列限定，譬如具有反思能力、主观判断能力以及情感和价值目标设定等。
人工智能不是严格意义上的“智能”，它所表现出来的智能以及对人类社会道德行为规的掌握和遵循，是基于大数据学习的结果，和人类主观意识有本质的不同。
因此，人工智能体不可以作为社会责任的承担者。
以上述自动驾驶汽车为例，究竟由人工智能开发者负责，还是由汽车公司负责甚至任何的第三方负责，或者各方在何种情形下如何分担责任，应当在相关人工智能的法律法规框架下通过制订商业合同进行约定。
人工智能在未来还可能产生的一个问题就是“奇点（singularity）”。
所谓“奇点”就是指机器智能有朝一日超越人类智能，那时机器将能够进行自我编程而变得更加智能，它们也将持续设计更加先进的机器，直到将人类远远甩开。
尽管研究者对“奇点”到来的时间和可能性还有争议，但是不管“奇点”时刻能否真的到来，在技术不断完善的过程中，我们都要小心被人工智能“异化”。
在我们训练人工智能的同时，有可能也被人工智能“训练”了。
我们的一举一动、生活爱好都将被人工智能塑造，人工智能在无形中暗暗决定了我们的思维方式，当我们还在为自己的自由意志而骄傲的时候，也许已不知不觉地沦为了数据的囚徒。
面对人工智能可能带来的种种冲击，上世纪50年代美国科幻小说家阿西莫夫提出的机器人三大定律，今天对我们依然有借鉴意义。
这三大定律是：机器人不得伤害人，也不得见到人受伤害而袖手旁观．．．．；机器人应服从人的一切命令，但不得违反第一定律；机器人应保护自身安全，但不得违反第一、第二定律。
归根结底，人是智能行为的总开关。
人工智能的开发者应该始终把对社会负责的原则，放在对技术进步的渴望之上。
人类完全可以做到未雨绸缪．．．．，应对人工智能可能带来的威胁。
（取材于芮喆等人的文章）4．下列对材料一、材料二中加点词语的解说，不正确的一项是（3分）A．无稽之谈：没有根据的言论。
稽，考证。
B．进退维谷：进退两难，很难做出选择。
C．袖手旁观：置身事外，不提供帮助。
D．未雨绸缪：比喻虽然事情不会发生也要做好准备。
5．根据材料二，下列表述符合文意的一项是（3分）A．自动驾驶汽车能够根据情景的相似度进行决策。
B．人工智能体的“智能”和人类的主观意识相同。
C．人们认为人工智能的“奇点”总有一天会到来。
D．在任何情况下，机器都应该服从人的一切命令。
6．根据材料二，下列现象属于被人工智能“异化”的是（3分）A．经常使用“健康手环”来检测自己的运动健康状况。
B．工作繁忙无暇做家务，购买智能产品帮助清扫房间。
C．出行全依赖手机导航，丧失了应有的路线识别能力。
D．从事某一职业过久，习惯了用行业思维来思考问题。
7．根据材料一、材料二，简要说明人类对人工智能的认识是如何不断深化的。
（5分）二、本大题共6小题，共24分。
（一）阅读下面两则文言文，完成8—12题。
（共19分）（1）积微，月不胜【1】日，时．不胜月，岁不胜时。
凡人好傲慢小事，大事至然后兴之务之，如是则常不胜夫敦比【2】于小事者矣。
是何也？则小事之至也数，其悬【3】日也博，其为积也大；大事之至也稀，其悬日也浅，其为积也小。
故善日．者王，善时者霸，补漏者危，大荒者亡。
故王者敬日，霸者敬时，仅存之国危而后戚．之，亡国至亡而后知亡，至死而后知死，亡国之祸败不可胜．悔也。
霸者之善著焉，可以时记也，王者之功名，不可胜．日志也。
财物资宝以大为重，政教功名反是，能积微者速成。
《诗》曰：“德輶【4】如毛，民鲜克举之。
”此之．谓也。
（取材于《荀子》）注释：【1】胜，超过。
本句意思是，月不如日重要。
【2】敦比：注重从事。
本句意思是，像这样，那么只顾处理大事的就不如注重从事小事的。
【3】悬：悬挂，此处意思是存在。
【4】輶：分量轻。
（2）使治乱存亡若高山之与深谿，若白垩之．与黑漆，则无所用智，虽愚犹可矣。
且【1】治乱存亡则不然，如可知，如可不知；如可见、如可不见。
故智士贤者相与．．积心愁虑以求之，犹尚有管叔、蔡叔之事【2】与东夷八国不听之谋。
故治乱存亡，其始若秋毫。
察其．秋毫，则大物不过矣。
鲁国之法，鲁人为人臣妾于诸侯，有能赎之者，取其金于府。
子贡赎鲁人于诸侯，来而让，不取其金。
孔子曰：“赐失之矣。
自今以往，鲁人不赎人矣。
”取其金，则无损于行；不取其金，则不复赎人矣。
子路拯溺者，其．人拜之以牛，子路受之。
孔子曰：“鲁人必拯溺者矣。
”孔子见之以细，观化远也。
（取材于《吕氏春秋》）注释：【1】且：连词，表示转折。
【2】管叔、蔡叔之事：指叛逆之事。
8．下列对句中加点词的解释，不正确．．．的一项是（3分）A．时．不胜月时间：季节B．仅存之国危而后戚．之戚：为……悲伤C．智士贤者相与．．积心愁虑以求之相与：一同、都D．取其金，则无损于行．行：行为9．下列各组句中加点词的意义和用法，不同．．的一项是（3分）A．故善日．者王王者敬日．B．亡国之祸败不可胜．悔也不可胜．日志也C．此之．谓也若白垩之．与黑漆D．察其．秋毫其．人拜之以牛10．下列对文中语句的理解，不正确的一项是（3分）A．小事之至也数小事出现得很频繁B．大荒者亡政事很荒疏的国家就会灭亡C．霸者之善著焉霸主的功业很显赫D．赐失之矣赐，你丢失了机会啊11．将下面句子译为现代汉语。
（4分）①德輶如毛，民鲜克举之②不取其金，则不复赎人矣12．以上两则短文都讲到要重视微小的事物。
请根据要求作答。
（6分）①分别写出两则短文中能作为中心论点的一个句子。
②分别为两则短文拟定标题，并简要说明理由。
（标题字数限定2—5字）（二）根据要求，完成第13题。
13．根据要求，完成第13题。
（共5分）《论语》记录了孔子与弟子间的许多对话，如《先进》篇：子路问：“闻斯【1】行诸？”子曰：“有父兄在，如之何其闻斯行之？”冉有问：“闻斯行诸？”子曰：“闻斯行之。
”公西华曰：“由也问闻斯行诸，子曰，‘有父兄在’；求也问闻斯行诸，子曰，‘闻斯行之’。