普通语言学英文试题
普通语言学两个测试题
Test of General Linguistics for English Graduate Students2012.12Answer the following two questions. Please give a brief account of the basic views before commenting on them.1.What is your view on Chomsky’s “innateness hypothesis”?The Innateness Hypothesis holds that children are born with LAD. They have already mastered a system of UG since they were born. And this is the unique physiological phenomenon of human being, which obtained through inheritance.Although it seems to be the most perfect theory to explain how children learned their mother tone in Chomsky's opinion, yet from where I stand, I reckon there really exist a lot of problems that is unreasonable in this theory.A most thorny problem would be that the wolf-child can not speak as ordinary children do. According to the innateness hypothesis, the children should create a kind of language which we called UG, but the fact is that the wolf-child can only make noise like wolves. Besides, if all children are born with the same LAD, there would be no development on language which goes against the evolutionary theory. Last but not least, we all know that there is a process for the children to learn to speak, sounds- words-- single word sentences-- double words sentences-- full sentences. This shows that learning language is a process which started with the easiest ones not something children are born with.In the above , the given examples have shown the most controversial views on innateness hypothesis that I concern:1.Chomsky’s theory lays too much attention on innateness that he becomes idealism. He ignored the importance of acquired learning. We can suppose that everyone are born with LAD, then master a language should be a piece of cake, it may just takes a few months even a few day for a child to master a language, this is totally fantastic talk. What's more, grammar system still needs to be fulfilled even when individual grow up.2.Chomsky's theory is lacking in biological foundation. He believes in innateness but his statements on human brain is more mechanized than biological. For example, he said that it works through rules and operational parameter just as the CPU of a computer. We can't explain why and how UG generated in human brain according to Chomsky's statements.Take all things into consideration, to err is human. There is no need for us to criticize or even accuse Chomsky's theory. What we need to do is to correct error and make the theory a more perfect one. And also with the development of human-cognition, the innateness hypothesis is being complete gradually. Now people have studied parameters innateness hypothesis, module innateness hypothesis, predisposition innateness hypothesis and initial knowledge innateness hypothesis. What we need to pay specially attention to is that we can't simply comprehended innateness hypothesis as The theory of god himself or the theory of innate genius or overstate the uses of innateness hypothesis while ignore the affect of acquired disposition.2.There are four main approaches to the study of syntax: the traditional,structural, generative and functional approach. Please comment on the strengths and weaknesses of the structural approach.The Structural approach to the analysis of Language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the 20th century.In a sense, all the linguistic theories after his are structural in that they all regard linguistic units as interrelated with each other in a structure (or system), not as is isolated bits. At that time, however, Saussure pays more attention on phonetics and phonemics rather than syntax. That is to say for rather a long time, the research of linguists focused only on phonetics and phonemics. Thanks to the American structuralists that the syntax have been treated as equal important object of study later when the school springed up.When it comes to structural approach in syntax study, we have three points:1.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic;2.IC analysis;3.Endocentric construction and exocentric construction(只说了建构方法，还没说好处坏处)。
普通语言学练习题
Exercises for Chapter OneI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. in the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and the checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the oral language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement.21. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said tobe ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic22. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness23. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable24. in modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. Speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above25. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative26. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantics and linguistic27. according to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language28. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas29. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission30. the details of any language system are passed on from one generation to the next through____, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both a and BIII. Match the following sentences to the onomatopoeia that describes them.A plate being dropped on the floor. TWINKLEA balloon being burst. BANGA gun being shot. SMASHSomeone eating crisps. GROWLA light being switched on. POPA fierce dog. CRUNCHA small bell being rung. CLICKIV. Put each of the onomatopoeias into a sentenceV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?2.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronicstudy?3.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not thewritten?4.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?5.How do you understand competence and performance?6.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinctio nbetween competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?7. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Phonetics & PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. the articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. according to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21．A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. They are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phonemeV. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. []2. []3. []4. [d]5. [p]6. [k]7. [l]8. [i]]9. [u:] 10. []VI. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1. voiceless labiodental fricative2. voiced postalveolar fricative3. palatal approximant4. voiceless glottal fricative5. voiceless alveolar stop6. high-mid front unroundedvowel 7. high central unrounded vowel 8. low front rounded vowel9. low-mid back rounded vowel 10. high back rounded tense vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. How the description of consonants are different from that of vowels.III．MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words areformed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme thebasic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are freemorphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7.The existing form to which a inflectional affix can be added is called a stem, which canbe a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:10.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.11.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.12.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.13.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.14. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word andit may case change its part of speech.15.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to createnew words.17. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.18.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which aderivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21.T he morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example,within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. in grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labelsof the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “Y ou have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology34. morpheme35. free morpheme36. bound morpheme37. root38. affix39. prefix40. suffix41. derivation42. Compounding31. semantics32. sense 33 . reference34. synonymy 35. Polysemy36. homonymy 37. homophones38. Homographs39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy 41.antonymy11。
英语语言学平时测验及答案
QuizI. True or False (50%)1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(T)2.Linguistics studies particular language,not language in general.(F)3.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguists think.(F)4.In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.(T)5.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.(T)6.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. ( F )7.English is a typical tone language.(F)8.The basic principle of IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speechsound.9.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sound.( F ) ( T )10.The assimilation rule assimilat es one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.(T)11.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken,but notwriting.12.The open-class words include prepositions.( F ) ( F )13.In classifying the English consonants and vowels,the same criteria can be applied. ( F )14.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.(F)15.Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.(F)16.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. ( T )17.Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.(F)18.The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.(F)19.The number of closed class words is stable forever.(F)20.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.(T)21.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element,without exception.(F)22.A productive morphological rule can be applied to all words.(F)23.Sometimes derivation can apply more than once and it is possible to create multiple levels of word structure. ( T )24.Both inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes are bound morphemes.( T )25. The meaning of a compound can be derived from the meanings of its constituent morphemes.(F)II. Multiple Choice Items (50%)nguage users can send messages which no one else has ever sent before,which results from________of language.(B)A. displacementB. productivityC. arbitrarinessD. universality2.In terms of manner of articulation,the English consonants[1]and[r]are classified as________.(A)A. liquidsB. affricatesC.stopsD.fricatives3. The morpheme “-al” in the common word “literal” is a(n) _______.( B )A. rootB. derivational affixC. inflectional affixD. free morpheme4.Often referred to as a design feature of language,________enables speakers to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before.( B ) A.duality B.productivityC.displacementD.arbitrariness5.________phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.(C)A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.General6.Morphemes such as-er,-en,in-are all called________.(C)A.free morphemesB.inflectional morphemesC.affixesD.roots7. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( B )A. creationB. communicationprehensionD.perception8. The basic principle of IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. ( F )9.Bothphonology andphonetics are studies of speechsound.(T)10.The assimilationrule assimilat es one sound to another by opying”afeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( T )11.The writingsystemof a language is always a later inventionusedtorecordspeech; thus there are still many languages in today ’s world that can only be spoken, but not writing.(F)12. The open-class words include prepositions. ( F )13. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied. ( F )14. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. ( F )15.Parole refers tothe abstract linguistic systemsharedby all the members ofa speechcommunity.(F)16. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. ( T )17. Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted. ( F )18. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation. ( F )19. The number of closed class words is stable forever. ( F )20.The assimilationrule assimilates one sound to another by opying”afeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( T )21.The part of speechof the compound is always determined by the part ofspeech of the second element, without exception. ( F )22. A productive morphological rule can be applied to all words. ( F )23.Sometimes derivationcanapply morethanonceanditis possibletocreatemultiple levels of word structure. ( T )24. Both inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes are bound morphemes.( T )25. The meaning of a compound can be derived from the meanings of its constituent morphemes. ( F )II.Multiple Choice Items(50%)1. Language users can send messages which no one else has ever sent before, which results from ________of language. ( B )A. displacementB. productivityC. arbitrarinessD. universality2.In terms of manner of articulation,the English consonants[1]and[r]areclassified as ________.( A )A. liquidsB. affricatesC.stopsD.fricatives3. The morpheme “-al” in the common word “literal” is a(n) _______.( B )A. rootB. derivational affixC.inflectional affixD.free morpheme4. Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers toproduce andunderstandaninfinite number of sentences that they have neitherspoken nor heard before.(B)A.dualityB.productivityC.displacementD.arbitrariness5. ________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.( C )A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.General6. Morphemes such as -er, -en, in-are all called ________.( C )A.free morphemesB.inflectional morphemesC.affixesD.roots7. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( B )A. creationB. communicationprehensionD.perception8.The sounds that begin and end the words church andjudge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( A )A. affricatesB. stopsC.velarsD.palatals9.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( D )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional10.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be _______. ( D )A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistics11. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ______. ( B )A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable12. A historical study of language is a ______ study of language. ( B )A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative13. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between ________ and meaning. ( B )A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas14. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ______. ( B )A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongue C. the shape of the lips15.What phonetic feature distinguishthe”in lease”andthe”ins“peak”?(B)A. voicingB. aspirationC. roundnessD. nasality16.The famous quotationfromShakespeare’splay omeoandJuliet”“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates_______.( A )A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication17.Of the followingsound combination,only______is permissible accordingto the sequential rules of phonology in English. ( A )A. bilkB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk18. What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element“-ed”past tense,and“-ing”progressive aspect.Since they arethe smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_______.( C )A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones19. The study of language as a whole is often called _______ linguistics.(B)A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative20. The word “boyish” contains two _______.( A )A. morphemesB. morphsC. phonemesD. allophones21.As modernlinguistics aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use,andnottolay downrules for c“orrect”linguistics behavior,itis saidto be______.( C )A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistics22. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible. ( B )A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords23.The morpheme ision”inthe commonword t“elevision”is a(n)______.(D)A. bound morphemeB. bound formC.inflectional morphemeD.free morpheme24.Interms of the place of articulation,the followingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]share the feature of ________.( B )A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental25. According to Chomsky, _______ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. ( A )A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langueAnswer sheetI.1-5:TFFTT6-10:FFFTT 11-15:FFFFF 16-20:TFFFT 21-25:FFTTF II.1-5:BABBC6-10:CBADD 11-15:BBBBB 16-20:AACBA 21-25:CBDBA。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)(总31页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is PoloniusHamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English. 42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form fora number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function. 三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. Forexample, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in somedomains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, languagedetermines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are anunlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qingdynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added to a noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items. For example,"husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" isanalyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speakerand the hearer, For example, the knowledge of thelanguage used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguisticcommunication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might beharsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particularhemisphere of the brain. For example, the righthemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved sevenlong, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of themajor discrepancies between the phonemicrepresentations of words and morphemes, . betweenpronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, itspronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the wordleisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A changethat involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects ofEnglish, for example, the word ask is pronounced /七十六、 ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word.When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十七、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
(完整版)英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FV oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generallyused in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) V owel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(Word最新版)
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案通过整理的英语语言学试卷精粹及答案相关文档，渴望对大家有所扶植，感谢观看！有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct“ linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme “vision“ in the common word “television“ is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator主从连词5、“Can I borrow your bike?“ ___ “You have a bike.“ A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、elaboration B、simplification精简C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca通用语B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and cerebral cortex C、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and neurons D、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and Exner＇s area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition 其次部分非选择题II. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines “competence“ as the ideal user＇s k of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something＇s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he＇s), Black English can d the form of “be“. 19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition. 20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) ()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. ()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. ()23、The compound word “bookstore“ is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers＇perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. ()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%) 31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism 40、brain lateralization V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题(3)Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题(5)五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分,第43小题6分,共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题(6)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题(7)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题(8)语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in differentregional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of theSapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existedin Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialectsof English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted inits Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准:满分为10分,总论及四小点各占2分。
（完整版）英语语言学试题A卷
（完整版）英语语言学试题A卷英语语言学试题A卷I. Define the following linguistic terms: (2%×10=20%)1) duality(二层性): The property of having two levels of structures, such that the units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2) displacement (移位): It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3) phonology (音系/位学): A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4) morphology (形态学): A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5) concord (一致关系): The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.6) endocentric construction(向心结构): A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7) hyponymy (上下义关系): It refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.8) pragmatics (语用学): It refers to the study of language in use.9) illocutionary force (行事语力): It refers to the speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning.10) error analysis (错误分析): It is the study and analysis oferror and is confined to the language learner. II. Translation (0.5%×20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%×10=5%)1) affricate 塞擦音2) distinctive feature区别特征3) parole 言语4) generative grammar生成语法5) bilingualism 双语现象6) felicity condition 适切/合适条件7) design feature结构/设计特8) denotation外延/所指9) labiodental唇齿音10) linguistic relativity语言相对论/语言相对主义Translate the following terms into English: (0.5%×10=5%)11) 人际功能interpersonal function 12) 真值条件truth condition 13) 女性语域/言 women register 14) 音节划分syllabification15) 结构主义structuralism 16)社会语言学 sociolinguistics 17) 论元argument18) 单元音monophthong 19) 衔接cohesion 20) 对比分析contrastive analysisIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. (1%×20=20%)1) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2) A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous word多义词C. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morpheme屈折词素D. free form4) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5) “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entails 限定B. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6) Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relation关系准则D. manner7) “Can I borrow your bike? ” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes8) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronic 共时研究B. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9) Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10) Two allophones(音位变体) of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distribution (互补分布)C. minimal pairD. none of the above11) In terms of the place of articulation(发音), the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.A. palatal (腭音)B. alveolar (齿龈音)C. bilabialD. dental(齿音)12) Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13) Which of the following is a correct description of reference(所指)?A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14) What is function of the sentence “How do you do’?A. DirectiveB. Phatic 寒暄C. InformativeD. Evocative15) In the following sounds, ________is a central vowel.A. /?:/B. /u/C. /?/D. /з/16) Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?A. ChineseB. Japanese 音节书写系统C. EnglishD. French17) Which description of the meaning components of the wor d “father” is right?A. [+human, +adult, -male]B. [+human, -adult, +male]C. [–human, +adult, -male]D. [+human, +adult, +male] 词的意义成分18) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20) “Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed mea ns _________.A. an overheated animalB. a kind of foodC. a barking dogD. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: (1%×15=15%)F 1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.F 2) According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.F 3) A syllable without a coda (结尾) is a closed syllable.F 4) Parole(言语) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.F 5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.F 6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.F 7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.F 8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.T 9) According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.T 10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.F 11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.T 12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.F 13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.T 14) Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.F 15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w riting (One general principle(原则) of linguisticanalysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.)3) S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language.4) C onstituent analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omograph (同形异义词)6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription.7) Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c ontext of language use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a r eceiver of messages.9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h ypothesis (假设)10) S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence. (2.5%×2=5%)1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following q uestions in English.(4%×5=20%)1) What functions does language have? Give some examples.Language functions include informative function(信息功能), interpersonal function(人际功能), performative function(施为功能), motive function(情感功能), phatic communion(寒暄功能), recreational function(娱乐功能) and metalingual function(元语言功能).Examples:2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning.The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions(常规). He held that the sign is the union of the signifier(表示物) and the signified(被表示物). He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign(符号的任意性), on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole(语言和言语) and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics(共时和历时语言学), etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics?Conceptual meaning(概念意义); connotative meaning(内涵意义); social meaning(社会意义); affective meaning(感情意义); reflected meaning(反射意义); collocative meaning(搭配意义); thematic meaning(主位意义).5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered firs t. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides, applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.。
大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.1. Clear ［1］ and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4)6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70)18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21. S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omonymy. (P70)23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by c oncept. (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner. (P70)29. P ragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)30. H istorical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons.( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room”is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise) ( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the im age of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence”is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. ( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are s till many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when necessary.1. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare’s time.3. LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4. contextContext is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.5. blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog--- smoke + fog.6. referenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.7. broad transcriptionBroad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.8. a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.9. homonymyHomonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. eg. night / knight; lead v. / lead n.; fast adj. / fast v.10. hyponymyIt refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. e.g. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt.12. allophonesAllophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. 13. morphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. dualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.15. pragmaticsIt refers to the study of language in use.16. bound morphemeThe morphemes that do not occur alone.17. arbitrarinessThe forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.18. syntaxSyntax studies the sentence structure of language.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? （P86-87）According to Grice, there are four maxims under the cooperative principle:A. The maxim of quantity1) Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange) .2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1) Do not say what you believe to be false.2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relationBe relevant.D. The maxim of manner1) Avoid obscurity of expression.2) Avoid ambiguity.3) Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4) Be orderly.2. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? (P79) The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, and it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.3. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? What do they differ? ( P4-5)1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2) Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and theactual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguist should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, and the task of linguists is to discover and specify the rules of language.3) Two linguists differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? (P5-6)A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? (P80-81)Speech act theory is the first major theory in the pragmatic study of language, which was originated with John Austin and aims to answer the question “Wh at do we do when using language”. First, he made a distinction between “constatives”（述事话语）and “performatives”（行事话语）. Later on, he set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: that is, The locutionary act（言内行为）----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.The illocutionary ac t（言外行为）----an act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.The perlocutionary act（言后行为）----an act performed by or resulting from saying something.6. Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following seemingly incoherent conversation between a couple:---- (the telephone rings)---- H: That’ the phone. (1)---- W: I’m in the bat hroom. (2)---- H: Okay. (3)This seemingly incoherent conversation goes on successfully because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts:(1) Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone.(2) A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead.(3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.”7. What are the design features of language? What does each refer to? (P8-10)The most important five are: Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission.Each refers to the following respectively: ……………………… (答案略，参见课本P8-10)8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? (P23-24)A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.。
普通语言学试题1
A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation
C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows: .( )
A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask
C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.
( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
英语语言学试题3及答案
英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a wordC. The way a language is writtenD. The study of language in relation to culture2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. MorphologyD. Astronomy3. The process of analyzing the structure of sentences is known as:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Lexicology4. The study of word formation is called:A. EtymologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Lexicology5. In linguistics, "pragmatics" is concerned with:A. The meaning of wordsB. The meaning of sentences in contextC. The structure of wordsD. The sounds of a language6. The change of a word's form to express different grammatical relationships is known as:A. InflectionB. DerivationC. CompoundingD. Conversion7. "Morpheme" is defined as:A. The smallest meaningful unit in a languageB. A group of letters that form a wordC. A word that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful partsD. The smallest unit of sound8. Which of the following is an example of a sociolect?A. A dialect spoken in a particular regionB. A language variety used by a social groupC. A language used in formal situationsD. A language used in informal situations9. The study of language change over time is known as:A. Historical linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Computational linguistics10. The concept of "register" refers to:A. A language variety associated with a particularactivityB. A language variety associated with a particular regionC. A language variety associated with a particular social groupD. A language variety associated with a particular time period二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The study of language in its social context is known as __________.12. A language that develops from a common ancestral language is called a __________.13. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is a(n)__________.14. The systematic use of language to convey information is known as __________.15. The process of creating new words by combining existing words is called __________.16. The study of language in relation to the brain is known as __________.17. The change of a word's form to show grammatical relationships is known as __________.18. The study of the history of individual words is called__________.19. The study of language universals is a part of __________.20. The systematic study of meaning in language is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.22. Describe the role of morphology in language acquisition.23. What is the significance of syntax in language comprehension?24. Discuss the concept of language variation and its implications for linguistic analysis.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the impact of language on thought and culture, referring to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.26. Analyze the role of language in identity formation and social interaction, with reference to sociolinguistic theories.五、案例分析题（每题10分，共10分）27. Given a scenario where two speakers of different dialects have difficulty understanding each other, analyze the factors that contribute to this communication barrier.答案：一、选择题1. B2. D3. A4. B5. B6. A7. A8. B9. A 10. A二、填空题11. Sociolinguistics 12. Language family 13. Morpheme 14. Pragmatics 15. Compounding 16. Neurolinguistics 17.Inflection 18. Etymology 19. Typology 20. Semantics三、简答题21. Phonetics is the study of the physical properties ofspeech sounds, while phonology is the study of the abstract system of sounds in a language.22. Morphology plays a crucial role in language acquisition as it helps learners understand how words are formed and how they can be broken down into smaller units.。
英语语言学试题3及答案
英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案：C2. 语言中最小的意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的稳定性答案：C4. 英语中，单词“cat”的词根是：A. catB. -catC. -cattD. ca-答案：A5. 语言的“经济性原则”指的是：A. 用最少的音位表达最多的意义B. 用最少的词汇表达最多的意义C. 用最少的句型表达最多的意义D. 用最少的语法规则表达最多的意义答案：A6. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for communication.” 这句话中，“arbitrary”一词的意思是：A. 任意的B. 必然的C. 相关的D. 必要的答案：A7. 语言学家乔姆斯基认为，人类天生具有：A. 语言能力B. 语言知识C. 语言习惯D. 语言技巧答案：A8. 语言的“双重艺术性”指的是：A. 语言的创造性和规范性B. 语言的任意性和规约性C. 语言的表达性和接收性D. 语言的描述性和规定性答案：B9. 下列哪个选项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会控制D. 艺术创作答案：D10. 在英语中，单词“university”的词缀“uni-”表示：A. 一B. 多C. 不D. 再答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的三个主要分支是语音学、__________和句法学。
答案：语法学2. 根据语言的起源，语言学可以分为历史语言学和__________语言学。
答案：比较3. 语言的“规约性”指的是语言符号的__________。
答案：约定性4. 在语言学中，研究语言在社会中的功能和影响的学科被称为__________语言学。
普通语言学习题集(2009-11-04)
Exercise OneI .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. And today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is still basically——A. descriptiveB. objectiveC. prescriptiveD. analytical2. Which of the following is the correct description of the English sound /k/ ?A. voiceless, velar, stopB. voiced, velar, stopC. voiceless, alveolar, stopD. voiced, alveolar, stop3. Which of the following can be said to be the smallest meaningful unit of language?A. LettersB. MorphemesC. WordsD. Sentences4. When a sentence changes from a statement to a general/ special question, which movement is structurally required?A. NP – movement/WH - movementB. NP – movement/ Aux - movementC. AUX - movement/WH – movementD. WH – movement/ AUX - movement5. The classic semantic triangle fails to answer--------A. what precisely the link between the symbol and the concept isB. what symbol/form refers toC. what referent refers toD. what thought/reference refers to6. Depending on specific contexts, "My bag is heavy", as an utterance, can mean all of the following except---- .A. "My bag is easy to carry.‖B. "My bag is not easy to carry. "C. "Could you help me carry the bag?"D. "My bag is too heavy for you to carry."7. All the following statements concerning the nature of language change is true except-------A. language change is inevitableB. language change is abruptC. language change is universalD. language change is extensive8. Which of the following statements about Black English is untrue?A. Black English is an ethnic variety of the English language.B. Black English is one of the official languages of America.C. Black English has some vocabulary of its own.D. Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems.9. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative10. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can b e shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are . not allowed to change the letter given.11 The description of a language at some time is a _____________study.12. Nondistinctive sounds such as /l/ and /l’/ or /ph/ and /p/ are members of the same phoneme, and are known as a __________________.13. Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of words while-------morphology studies word formation14. Syntactic movement is dictated by roles traditionally called t ______rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.15.Words that are close in meaning are called s_________. .16. The p _________act refers to the effect of the utterance.17. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the C------ in 1066.18. As_______ community refers to a group of people who forma community (which may have as members as a family or as many members as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language.19. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.20. A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definitemeaning.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.21. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language system are not geneticallytransmitted.22. The choice of an allophone is in most cases random.23. English words are formed at random24. For any natural language, a set of syntactic roles are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in thatlanguage.25. The morning star and the evening star are same in sense .26. The meaning of an utterance, unlike that of a sentence, is decontextualized.27. The modern variety of English developed from the London dialect of Middle English.28. Speech variety includes not only dialect, pidgin, Creole etc, but also standard language.29. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguisticforms with the same reference always have the same sense.30. Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connotesexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. arbitrariness 32. phonetics 33. bound morphemes 34. maxim of quality35. synchronic linguistics 36. diglossia 37. The Sapir - Whorf hypothesisv. Directions: Answer the following questions.38. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?Answers to Exercises (1)I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completesthe statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.I. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6.A 7. B 8. B 9.B 10. BII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. synchronic 12. allophones 13. derivational 14. transformational15. synonyms 16. perlocutionary_ 17. Conqueror 18. speech19. utterance 20. rootIII Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.21. T22. F.23. F.24. T25 .F. These two linguistic forms differ in sense but as a matter of fact, they refer to the same star.26. F. The meaning of a sentence is concrete and context - dependent.27. T28.T29.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.30. TIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. Arbitrariness is one of the desi&1 features which distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. It refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For example, different languages use different sounds to refer to the same object.32. Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It is concerned with all the speech, sounds used in all human languages.33. Bound morphemes are those that can not be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.34. The maxim of quality, one of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, requires the participants not to say what they believe to be false and not to say that for which they lack adequate evidence when making conversation.35. Synchronic linguistics refers to the study of variation in language in different places _d among different groups at a given point in time.36. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language coexist in a speech community, each with a distinct mange of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.37. The Sapir - Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2 = 20%)38.Sentence meaning------refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstrac, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Utterance meaning-----refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. It becomes an utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning. Sentence meaning is concrete and context-dependent and utterance meaning is abstract and de-contextualized.For example: the dog is barking; my bag is heaven.If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation, then we are treating it as a sentence.If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.Most utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences. For example, ―Good morning!‖ ―Hi!‖ and ―Ouch!‖ are all utterances, which have meaning in communication. If ―Good morning!‖ can be restored to ―I wish you a good morning,‖ we do not know form which complete sentences ―Hi!‖ ―Ouch! "have been derived.Exercise TwoI. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write indicates that language is primary ______.A. vocalB. arbitraryC. human—specificD. written2. / p / and / b / can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning. Therefore they are ______.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. a minimal pairD. allophones3. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner4. Of the following items, which one does not belong to the same syntactic category?A. the studentB. likedC. an ideaD. the linguistic lecture5. Cold and hot are a pair of_______ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converseness6. Which of the following statements is NOT used by the speaker to perform certain acts?A.―I name this ship Elizabeth.’’B.―I visited my uncle last Sunday.’’C.―I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.’’D.―I bet you sit pence it will rain tomorrow.’’7. What separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English was _______.A. the Norman ConquestB. the influence of the French languageC. the Europe renaissance movementD. the influence of Latin8. Which one of the following is not a common English address term?A. First NameB. Title aloneC. Title + First NameD. Kin term9. By saying "You have left the door wide open," a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary ________.A. at the same timeB. one after anotherC. two first and then the otherD. one first and then the other two10. ________ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC.SapirD. ChomskyII. Direction: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word ,the first letter of which is already given as a clue .Note that you are to change the letter given.11. P_________ is a branch of linguistics which studies how sound are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.12. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the________of that phoneme.13. B________ morphemes are those that must be combined with other morphemes to form words to be used independently.14. As a major component of grammar, s________ consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences .15. Observable contexts recognized in contextualism are of two kinds: the s _______context and the linguistic context .16. U________ is based on sentence meaning ; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication ,or simply in a context .17. Linguistic forms having the same s_______ may have different references in different situations.18. When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressedwithin the overall system of a particular language .Such a personal dialect is referred to as I_________.19. The most widely - spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the lost andaddition of a ________.20. M________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which wordsare formed.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and give the correct version.21. Modern linguistics aims to lay down rules ―correct’’ linguistic behavior.22. The three voiceless stops / p / t / k /are unaspirated when preceded by / s / and followed by a vowel.23. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the studyof morphology.24. Tree diagrams of constituent structures can best illustrate the hierarchical order of sentences.25. Complete synonyms , i. e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances , arerare in English .26. Pragmatics analyses sentences in isolation .27. All language change with time.28. Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard English.29. In view of language as an effective means of communication, we can say that standard language is purer, morecorrect, or more logical, than any other dialect of the language.30. The D-structure and the S-structure of every sentence looks quite different at different levels of representation.IV. Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.31. productivity 32. voiceless 33. morphology 34. universal grammar 35. polysemy36. illocutionary act 37. speech communityV. Directions: Answer the following questions.38. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competenceand performance? And how does it differ from Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?Answers to Exercise (2)I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1.A2.A3. C4. B5. A6. B7. C8. C9. A 10. BII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. Phonology' 12. allophone 13. Bound 14. syntax 15. situational16. Utterance 17. sense 18. idiolect 19. affixes 20. MorphologyIII Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the' brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.21. F. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive.22. T23. T24. T25. T26. F. Pragmatics analyses utterances in close connection with their contexts of situation.27. F. All living languages change with time. A language, like Latin which is no longer spokenby the general public of a society, does not change. '28. F. In view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more correct, any more logical, or any purer than any other dialect of the language. All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.29. F. It is the left hemisphere that has "directed" that action.30. F. Because syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D - structure and S structure of some sentences look exactly the same at different levels of representation.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. Productivity is unique to human language. It refers to that aspect of language which makes it possible for its users to construct and interpret an infinite number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.32 . Voiceless in phonetics refers to the sounds produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide a part to let air go through them without causing vibration.33. Morphology is a branch _f grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34. Universal Grammar or UG was a theory proposed and developed by Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists since the-early 1980's. Also known as the principle - and - parameters theory, UG is a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and Parameters about natural languages.35. Polysemy refers to the lexical phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning.36. Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. For example, in the utterance " You have left the 'door wide open" , the illocutionary act performed by the speaker is to ask someone to close the door.37. A speech community is a group of people who form a community, and share the same language or a particular variety of language. A speech community can be as small as a family or as large as a nation.V. Directions: Answer the following questions.38.Similarities: both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study.Differences: Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as , though similar to , F. de. Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product, and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistics point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issuers psychologically or psycholinguistically.Exercise ThreeI. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. photo - copyB. cackleC. bookD. rumble2. According to sequential rules in English, which of the following combinations of sounds is Not possible in English?A. bilkB. blikC. kilbD. Ibki3. According to its________ in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.A meaning B. function C. position D. sound4. Which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A. It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B. It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C. It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D. It emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.5. By saying "We shall know a word by the company it keeps," John Firth, a British linguist, means that the real meaning of a word ____________.A. is determined by a dictionaryB. is determined by a native speakerC. is determined by its contextD. is determined by a linguist6. Bound morphemes do not include ________.A. rootsB. prefixesC. suffixesD. words7. Such suffixes as " - able" and " - ment" in Modern English originally came from_______.A. FrenchB. Old EnglishC. LatinD. Greek8. The naming theory seems applicable to ________only.A. verbsB. adjectivesC. adverbsD. nouns9.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics [10. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to________.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicaturesII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. Modern linguistics, which refers to linguistic study carried out in century, is mostly d _______.12.The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its d_______ features.13. M________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. According to the principles –and –parameters framework ,UG consists of a set of general conditions, or general p_______, that general phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a , thus preventing this rule applying in certain cases.15. Linguistic forms having the same s_______ may have different references in different situations.16. P_________ studies how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.17. The most widely - spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the lost and addition of a ________.18. R _______ variation is speech variation according to the particular area a speaker comes from.19. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.20. IC analysis emphasizes the ______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.III Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.21. The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure .22. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in English, because it does not distinguish meaning.23. A root bears clear and definite meaning, so it is a free morpheme.24. The D - structure and the S - structure of every sentence looks quite different at different levels of representation.25. In the diagram of the classic semantic triangle, the word" symbol" refers to the object in the world of experience.26. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the use of context is considered.27. The double - negation construction used in Old English is no longer considered acceptable by most educated middle - class speakers of English today.28. Complete synonyms i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare in English.29. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.30. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.IV . Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.31. duality 32. phonology 33. free morphemes 34. X - bar theory35. synonymy 36. maxim of quantity 37. sociolectV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2=20%)38. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3).The boy saw the man with the telescope.(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.(2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.Answers to Exercise (3)I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four. choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. C2. D3. C4. D5. C6.D7. A8. D9. B 10. DII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. descriptive - 12. distinctive 13. Morphology 14. principles l5. sense16. Pragmatics 17. affixes 18. regional 19. sentence 20. hierarchicalIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.21. T22. T23. F. A root is part of a word, which is not a free morpheme but a bound morpheme. It can never be used independently.24. F. Because syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D - structure and Ss tructure of some sentences look exactly the same at different levels of representation.25. F. "Symbol" in this context refers to the linguistic elements like words or phrases.26. T27. T28. T29. T."30. F. Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. Duality, one of the design features which distinguish human language from any animal system of communication, refers to the two sets of structures or the two levels of the system of language. One is a structure of meaningless sounds at the lower or basic level and the other is the units of meaning at the higher level.32. Phonology is a branch of learning concerned with the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.33. Free morphemes are those containing only one morpheme, which are independent Units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.34. The X - bar theory is a widely recognized and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrase structure rules into a single format: X "-+ ( spec) X (Compl).35. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.36. The Maxim of quantity, one of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, requires the participants to make their conversational contribution as informative as required; do not make their contribution more informative than is required.37. Sociolects or social dialects are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%. x 2 = 20%)38. (1) Yes, this is an ambiguous sentence. This is a structurally ambiguous sentence, which can be rewritten in two ways as follows:a. The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.b. Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.(2) Since the sentence is an ambiguous one, which has two ways of interpretation, there are two ways of drawing constituent structure trees for it.SNP VPArt N V NPArt N PPP NPArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.SNP VPArt N V NP PPArt N P NP。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。
普通语言学英文试题
普通语言学英文试题一、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中选择一个或几个符合题目要求的选项，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1. “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2，000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement2. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions？A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions，words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion with others.3. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional4. According to G. B. Shaw’s ridicule of English orthography，thenon-existent word ghoti can be pronounced in the same wayas _____.A. goatB. hotC. fishD. foot5. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]？A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop6. Traditional grammar sees a sentence as _____.A. a sequence of morphemesB. a sequence of clausesC. a sequence of wordsD. a sequence of phrases7. In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense.” This is because in English _____.A. the future is not expressed by morphological changeB. the future can be expressed in many waysC. the future belongs to the category of “aspect”D. the future is expressed by modal verbs.8. A major difference of the various models of generative grammar lies in where the _____ component is positioned.A. baseB. transformationalC. semanticD. phonological9. _____ is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.A. ConnotativeB. DenotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflected10. Which of the following are gradable antonyms？A. good : badB. male : femaleC. young : oldD. buy : sell二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement，q________or command.12.In sociolinguistic studies，speakers are treated as members ofs__g________.13.Utterance is based on ________________ ；it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication，or simply in a context.14.To many people，a linguist is the same as a ________，one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be either v _____or v__，while all vowel sounds are v________.三、判断说明题（判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。
普通语言学试题2
普通语言学试题2I. 选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个选项中选择一个或几个符合题目要求的选项，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1. “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement2. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion with others.3. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional4. According to G. B. Shaw’s ridicule of English orthography, the non-existent word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as _____.A. goatB. hotC. fishD. foot5. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop6. Traditional grammar sees a sentence as _____.A. a sequence of morphemesB. a sequence of clausesC. a sequence of wordsD. a sequence of phrases7. In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense.” This is because in English _____.A. the future is not expressed by morphological changeB. the future can be expressed in many waysC. the future belongs to the category of “aspect”D. the future is expressed by modal verbs.8. A major difference of the various models of generative grammar lies in where the _____ component is positioned.A. baseB. transformationalC. semanticD. phonological9. _____ is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.A. ConnotativeB. DenotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflected10. Which of the following are gradable antonyms?A. good : badB. male : femaleC. young : oldD. buy : sell二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。
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一、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中选择一个或几个符合题目要求的选项，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1. “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2，000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement2. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions？A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions，words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion with others.3. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional4. According to G. B. Shaw’s ridicule of English orthography，thenon-existent word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as _____.A. goatB. hotC. fishD. foot5. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]？A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop6. Traditional grammar sees a sentence as _____.A. a sequence of morphemesB. a sequence of clausesC. a sequence of wordsD. a sequence of phrases7. In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense.” This is because in English _____.A. the future is not expressed by morphological changeB. the future can be expressed in many waysC. the future belongs to the category of “aspect”D. the future is expressed by modal verbs.8. A major difference of the various models of generative grammar lies in where the _____ component is positioned.A. baseB. transformationalC. semanticD. phonological9. _____ is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.A. ConnotativeB. DenotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflected10. Which of the following are gradable antonyms？A. good : badB. male : femaleC. young : oldD. buy : sell二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement，q________or command.12.In sociolinguistic studies，speakers are treated as members ofs__g________.13.Utterance is based on ________________ ；it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication，or simply in a context.14.To many people，a linguist is the same as a ________，one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be either v _____or v__，while all vowel sounds are v________.三、判断说明题（判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。
每小题2分，共20分）16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.（）17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.（）18.Linguistics is the course of language.（）19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.（）20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.（）21.The term dialect，as a technical term in linguistics，carries value judgment and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.（）22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。
（）23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.（）24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（）25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.（）四、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）26.general linguistics27.suprasegmental features28.root and stem29.hierarchical structure30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech35.contrastive analysis五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.（1）The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.（2）He saw young men and women present.（3）They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age普通语言学试题（一）参考答案一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1. D2. D3. A4. C5. B11. C12. ABD13. C14. B15. AC二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11.words question12.social groups13.sentence meaning14.polyglot15.voiceless voiced voiced三、判断说明题（每小题2分，共20分）16.T17.F（Sense and reference…）18.F（scientific study of language）19.F（finite verb…）20.F（diachronic）21.F（no value judgement）22.T23.T24.F（morpheme）25.F（one of the parts）四、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.28.The base form of a word；the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent，such as NP and VP.30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for；a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident；Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity，be brief and orderly.32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.33.A variety of languages used by a social class.34.Thought when it is close to language.35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）36.（1）the hunters are shooting；the hunters are shot；（2）young men and young women；young men and （not young）women （3）the president appoints others；the president is appointed.37.re-:again，e.g.retype，reorganizeun-: not，reverse， e.g. unhappy，unlockanti-: against，anti- drug，anti-imperialismsuper- greater than usual，e.g. superpower，superman-wise: in the manner of，e.g. clockwise，moneywise-itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis，arthritis-ize: make into，e.g. realize，modernize-age: process. e.g. mileage，linkage。