语言学重点试题及答案

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语言学考研试题及答案

语言学考研试题及答案

语言学考研试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共10分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是()。

A. 语言B. 文字C. 文学D. 历史答案:A2. 以下哪项不属于语音学的研究范畴?()A. 音位B. 音标C. 语调D. 语法答案:D3. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的?()A. 索绪尔B. 布隆菲尔德C. 乔姆斯基D. 萨丕尔答案:C4. 以下哪个选项是社会语言学研究的内容?()A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的变异D. 语言的规则答案:C5. 语言接触导致的语言变化称为()。

A. 语言演变B. 语言借用C. 语言混合D. 语言分化答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共10分)1. 语言学的三个基本分支是语音学、______和句法学。

答案:语法学2. 语言的最小意义单位是______。

答案:语素3. 一种语言的音位系统称为该语言的______。

答案:音系4. 语言的规则性体现在______。

答案:语法5. 语言的交际功能包括表达、______和指示。

答案:指称三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1. 简述语言的任意性原则。

答案:语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的音义结合是任意的,即语言符号的音与义之间没有自然的、必然的联系,而是由社会约定俗成的。

2. 描述语言的双重性。

答案:语言的双重性指的是语言既有形式又有内容。

形式指的是语言的音位、词汇、句法等结构;内容指的是语言所表达的意义和信息。

四、论述题(每题20分,共40分)1. 论述语言的交际功能。

答案:语言的交际功能是指语言在人际交流中的作用,主要包括以下几个方面:表达功能,即通过语言来表达个人的思想、情感和意愿;指称功能,即通过语言来指称或描述客观世界的事物和现象;社交功能,即通过语言进行社会交往,建立和维护人际关系;思维功能,即通过语言进行思考和认识世界。

2. 论述语言的演变过程。

答案:语言的演变过程是一个复杂且漫长的历史过程,包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。

语言学试题及答案英语

语言学试题及答案英语

语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案:A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案:B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案:B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案:D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案:A二、填空题(每题1分,共10分)1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案:Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案:Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案:Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案:Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案:Child Language Acquisition三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案:A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案:Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案:Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案:Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题(共20分)1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案:Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案:Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究语言的科学,其主要研究对象是:A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案:B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支,它主要研究:A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案:B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴?A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案:B4. 语言的语法规则包括:A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案:B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与:A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案:B6. 心理语言学研究的是:A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案:B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关?A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案:D8. 语言的方言是指:A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案:A9. 语言的标准化是指:A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案:C10. 语言的借词是指:A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。

答案:社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案:语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。

答案:语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。

答案:派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。

答案:句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。

答案:使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案:B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分?A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案:D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分?A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案:B二、填空题1. 语言是______的,它由______和______构成。

答案:符号系统;形式;内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。

答案:交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。

答案:表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。

答案:语言是指一种抽象的符号系统,它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构;言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。

2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。

答案:索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。

“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式,而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。

四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。

答案:语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。

这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响,因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系,而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。

这对语言教学提出了挑战,要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。

2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。

答案:语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具,使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。

在现代社会,随着全球化和信息技术的发展,语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。

有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易,同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。

因此,掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。

语言学理论试题及答案

语言学理论试题及答案

语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案:B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念?A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案:C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是:A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案:B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案:B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指:A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案:A6. 语言的“语境”指的是:A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案:B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是:A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案:B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是:A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案:C9. 语言的“语料库”是指:A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案:C10. 语言的“方言”是指:A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案:语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分,而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。

答案:形式;意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。

答案:意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。

答案:前缀;后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案### 语言学试题及答案#### 一、选择题1. 语言学是研究什么的学科?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构和功能C. 语言的演变D. 语言的美学答案:B2. 下列哪项不是语音学的分支?A. 音位学B. 语义学C. 语音产生学D. 语音感知学答案:B3. 什么是“同音异义词”?A. 指不同语言的词汇B. 指同一语言中发音相同但意义不同的词C. 指同一语言中意义相同但发音不同的词D. 指不同语言中意义相同但发音不同的词答案:B#### 二、填空题4. 语言学的一个主要分支是________,它研究语言的意义。

答案:语义学5. 一种语言的语法规则可以描述该语言的________。

答案:结构6. 语言学中的“方言”指的是________。

答案:同一语言内部的地域性变体#### 三、简答题7. 简述语言的任意性原则。

答案:语言的任意性原则是指语言符号和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的逻辑或自然联系,这种关系是任意的,由社会约定俗成。

8. 什么是转换生成语法?答案:转换生成语法是一种语言学理论,由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出,主张语言的深层结构可以通过转换规则生成表层结构,从而解释语言的生成能力和多样性。

#### 四、论述题9. 论述语言和文化之间的关系。

答案:语言和文化是相互影响和塑造的。

语言不仅是文化的载体,通过语言可以传递文化信息和价值观;同时,文化也影响语言的使用和发展,如特定的社会习俗和信仰体系会影响语言的表达方式和词汇选择。

语言和文化共同构成了人类社会的认知和交流模式。

10. 描述语言习得的关键阶段及其特点。

答案:语言习得的关键阶段包括婴儿期、儿童早期和青少年期。

婴儿期是语言感知能力的发展阶段,儿童能够区分不同语言的音素。

儿童早期是语言习得的快速发展期,儿童开始学习语法规则并形成基本的语言能力。

青少年期则是语言习得的完善阶段,青少年继续扩展词汇量,提高语言运用的复杂性和准确性。

以上试题及答案涵盖了语言学的基础概念、理论以及与语言习得和文化的关系,旨在考察学生对语言学核心知识的掌握和理解。

语言学复习题及答案

语言学复习题及答案

语言学复习题及答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--I. Choose the best answer.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language—A nice day, isn’t it— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal3. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are__________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems20. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy24. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph26. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome34. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ constructio n.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate35. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth37. “Can I borrow your bike”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis39. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act48._____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure ofwords and the rules by which words are formed.49.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme50. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences51.“-s” in the word “books” is _______.52.A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. aroot53. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy56. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context58. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive60. Which of the following is trueA. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about69. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures71. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is__________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague77. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behaviorismC. relationalismD. mentalism80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixII. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. linguistics2. competenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, anencyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.3. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.4. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.5. AllomorphAllomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.6. phonology7. SyntaxSyntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.8. referential theory9. PerformativePerformative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).10. Locutionary actLocutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.11. phonetics12. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.13. displacement14. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.15 Phoneme20 assimilation21 synonymy22 semanticsIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F12. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T13. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T14. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T15. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F16. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. Fmade the distinction between a constative and a performative. T20. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.F21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F23. Only human beings are able to communicate. F24. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. FIV. Fill in the blanks.1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal _communication.2. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___ _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function .4. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ diachronic linguistic__. ___ study.5. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced. ______ or __voiceless _ ___, while all vowel sounds are voiced.6. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ friction ___.7. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __tongue ________ and the lips.English there are a number of _ diphthongs ___, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.9. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __ air stream __ coming from the lungs.11. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _ vocabulary .12. All words may be said to contain a root ___morpheme _.13. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _morpheme level.14. A word formed by derivation is called a _derivative _ __, and a word formed by compounding is called a ___compound _ .15. A ___simple __ sentence consists of a single clause which containsa subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16.A __ subject __ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence thatusually precedes the predicate.17. A __complex _ __ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.18. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ embedded _ clause.19. Major lexical categories are __open _ __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.20. The theory of _ _Case ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.21. __Semantics ___ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __ direct ____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. Reference ___ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __ synonyms __.25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones .26. The Prague School practiced a special style of __synchronic________ Linguistics.27. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __phonetics________ and phonology.28. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was ___J. R. Firth _______.29. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functiona l component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __systemic ________. 30. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __sociologically ________ oriented functional linguistic approach.31. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of___distribution _______.32. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __Bloomfieldian ________ Age.33. ___Descriptivism _______ in language theories is characteristic of America.34. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his ___ innateness _______ hypothesis.35. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ___hypothesis-maker _______, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.V. Give the description of the following consonants and vowels in English [p] [b] [s] [z] [d] [k] [l] [t] [m] [h] [g] [j][u:] [ e ] [ ə: ] [ i: ] [ɔ: ] [æ] [ɜ: ] [ɑ: ]VI.Draw a tree diagram of the following sentences.1.The boy ate the apple.2.Mother gave a doll to my sister.3.Mother gave my sister a doll4.I read a interesting book.VII.Answer the following questions.1.The following conversational fragments is to some degree odd. Towhat extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and what extent can the oddness be explained by reference toGrice’s CP and maximsA: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus co mes.”2.Explain the following remarks with examples or make somecomments. “Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned withmeaning, but the difference between them can be traced to twodifferent uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean (b) What did you mean by X”Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of (1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world; (2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.3.Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools andtheir influential representatives in modern linguistics4. How many types of morphemes are there in the English languageWhat are they5.What are endocentric construction and exocentric constructionAn endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的学科?A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象?A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是:A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词?A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是:A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是:A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指:A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容?A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案:1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题(每题1分,共10分)1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。

2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。

3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。

4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。

5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。

6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。

7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。

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一、名词解释1.音位:具体语言或方言里具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。

2.音位变体:(处于互补关系中的各个音素无区别形式和辨义作用,可以被看成一个音位。

)这种处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看成同一个音位在不同位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不同变异形式,叫音位变体。

3.语法规则的递归性:语法的组合结构一层套一层,所以同样的结构规则尽可以重复使用而不致造成结构上的混乱。

同样的结构规则可以层层嵌套,借用数学的术语来说,这就是结构规则有递归性。

4.词义:由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价,叫作词的词汇意义,简称词义。

5.语法范畴:就是语法意义的类,同一性质的语法意义进一步概括成类,因而称为“语法范畴”。

6.亲属语言:从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言,彼此有同源关系,我们称它们为亲属语言。

7.双语现象:指被融合民族的成员一般会讲两种语言:本族语和在融合中占优势的那种语言。

8.词义转移:如果原来的词义表示某类现实现象,后来改变为表示另一类现实现象,这种演变就是词义的转移。

6.互补关系:音素之间的互补关系是指几个不同的音素各有自己的出现环境,它们从不在相同的语音环境中出现和互相替换。

7.语流音变:在连续的语流中(音位和音位组合的时候),某个音由于受邻近音的影响,或者由于说话时快慢、高低、强弱的不同,可能发生不同的变化。

这种变化叫做语流音变。

8.语法意义:指词进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予的词义之外的意义。

(指词在组合与聚合中所产生的关系意义。

)9.语言融合:指一种语言排挤和替代其他语言而成为不同民族的共同交际工具。

10.组合关系:语言符号与符号之间按照一定规律相互结合的关系就是语言的组合关系。

这是语言符号的一种配排连贯的横向关系。

11.内部曲折:也叫语音交替,指通过词内部词根中的语音的变化构成语法形式,表示某种语法意义,这种手段就是内部曲折。

12.社会方言:各语言社团在全民语言的基础上产生各有自己特点的语言分支或语言变体,这就是社会方言。

13.聚合关系:在语言链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用,他们自然地聚合成群。

它们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。

14.对立关系:音素之间的对立关系是指不同的音素可以出现在相同的语音环境里,它们的差别能区别词的语音形式和意义。

15.层次分析:在分析语言结构时,将语言结构的层次性考虑进来,并按其构造层次逐层进行分析,在分析时,指出每一层面的直接组成成分,这种分析叫“结构的层次分析”。

16.借词:也叫外来词,它指的是音与义都借自外语的词。

17.语法意义:指词进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予的词义之外的意义。

(指词在组合与聚合中所产生的关系意义。

)18.书面语:是用文字记载下来的供看的语言,它在口语的基础上形成,使听说的语言符号系统变成“看”语言符号系统。

19.词的本义:词的那种有历史可查的最初的意义叫做本义,它是产生这个词的其他意义的基础。

二、填空1.语言是特殊的社会现象是指它具有全民性,没有阶级性。

2.索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父,其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。

3.中国传统的“小学”是指文字学、音韵学、训诂学。

4.文字是建立在语言基础上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具。

5.符号包含形式和意义两个方面。

而且这两者之间没有本质的、必然的联系。

6.语言是一个层级体系。

可以分为音位层和符号层。

在符号层中又分为若干级,第一级是语素;第二级是由语素构成的词;第三级是由词构成的句子。

7.虚词为数有限,专门起语法作用,语法特征比较明显。

8. 孤立语的主要特点是缺乏词形变化,但是词的词序很严格,不能随便更动。

9.声调的平仄是汉语实现浊音清化规律的重要条件,仄声是指上声、去声、入声。

10.语言符号的特点,简单的说,一是任意性,二是线条性。

11.音素是从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位;而音位是具体语言中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小语音形式;音节是音位和音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。

12. 词形变化综合反映词的句法功能,因此也完全可以作为划分词类的依据,比如英语中有数的变化的词叫做名词。

13.粘着语的特点是没有内部曲折,每一个变词语素只表示一种语法意义,而每种意义也总是有一个变词语素表示。

14.从造字的方法考察,文字的发展经历了表意—表意兼表音—表音三个阶段。

15.基本词汇具有全民常用性、稳固性、构词能力强三个特点。

16. 语言融合的结果是经济文化地位高的一方排挤替代经济文化地位低的一方.17.语言学的主要任务是研究语言的结构规律和演变规律。

18.语言研究有悠久的历史,是一门古老的学科,人们一般称之为语文学。

该时期的语言研究是以古代的书面语为主要研究对象。

19.词的派生义的生产方式主要有换喻和隐喻。

20.语言符号的特点,简单的说,一是任意性,二是线条性。

21.语言的融合,一般是先出现双语现象,最后导致一种语言取代另一种语言。

22.一般物体的振动都是复杂的,有的复杂而有规则,这样的音叫乐音,语言中的元音都是乐音。

23.从意义和作用上看,词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

后者一般不能做句子的主要成分。

24.人们在说话时,常常把【toufu】(豆腐)说成[touf],这种音变现象叫做语音的脱落。

25.根据语言的语法结构可以将世界上的语言分为孤立语、黏着语、曲折语、复综语四种类型。

26. 历史比较语言学就是比较方言或亲属语言的这种成系统的差异重建语言史的一门学科。

27.音位和音位组合的时候,由于某些原因,可能会发生不同的变化,我们叫语流音变。

常见的语流音变有同化、异化、弱化和脱落。

28.提供语法形式的语法手段主要有选词、词序、虚词和词形变化。

29. 意译词指只引入新的外来概念,但用本族语的构词材料和构词规则构成新词来表达它。

30.反义词可分为绝对反义词和相对反义词两类,例如“老年”和“少年”是后者。

31.文字的发展可以从两个角度加以考察:一是文字记录语言的完备程度一是造字的方法。

32.基本词汇里面的词是语言词汇的核心,也是语言词汇中最难掌握的部分。

33.洋泾浜如果被社会采用为主要的交际工具,就变成了混合语。

34.[m]是双唇、浊鼻音;[t]是舌尖音、不送气、清、塞音音。

35.索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父,其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。

36.语言符号的特点,简单的说,一是任意性,二是线条性。

37.汉语音节可分为声母、韵母和声调三部分,其中韵母又可分为韵头、韵腹和韵尾三个部分。

38.选词、词序、虚词、词形变化为汉语中的基本结构提供了必要的语法形式。

39.引申大体上可以分为隐喻和换喻两种方式,前者建立在两个意义所反映的现实想象的某种相似的基础上。

40.字有两层意思,一是指一个个字,一是指记录语言的文字符号体系。

41.语言谱系分类的依据是语言在发生学上的关系,即哪些语言最初是从一个单一的语言分化出来的。

42.按谱系分类,英语属于印欧语系日耳曼语族。

43.语言和言语的关系可以理解为:语言是社会的,言语是个人的;语言是抽象的,言语是具体的。

44.语言研究有悠久的历史,是一门古老的学科,人们一般称之为语言学。

该时期的语言研究是以古代的书面语为主要研究对象。

45.语言符号中的形式和意义的结合完全由社会约定俗成。

56.语法研究通常以词为界,词以上的规则叫句法,词以下的规则叫词法。

47.各种语言中,及物动词是最复杂的类,比如英语中又可根根据其是否带宾语将其再细分为句法和不及物动词两个小类。

48.原始社会没有文字,记事的方式主要有两种:一种是用实物记事,一种是图画记事。

49.虚词是汉语中除了词序以外的重要的语法手段。

50.声调的平仄是汉语实现浊音清化规律的重要条件,仄声是指上声、去声、和入声。

三、判断1.在现代社会,沟通的方式很多,语言的重要性日渐减弱。

( F )2.语言和思维相互依存,共同发展。

( T )3.有些古诗今天读来不压韵,是因为词义变化了。

( F )4.同其他符号相比,语言符号具有灵活运转的特点。

( T )5.不同的元音音素是因为舌位的高低形成的。

( F )6.语素义不能独立的表示概念,词义可以独立的表示概念。

( T )7.从意义和作用上看,词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

( T)8.汉字具有超方言、超时空的特性。

( T )9.书面语的发展总是要先于口语的发展。

( F )10.推广民族共同语的目的是消灭方言。

( F )11.中国传统的语文学被称之为“小学”。

( T )12.语言是全民性的,是全民共同使用的交际工具,没有阶级性。

( T )13.绘画和音乐都能表达人的思想感情,是代表语言的符号。

( T )14.动物掌握“语言”是先天的本领,人类掌握语言则是靠后天的学习。

( T )15.从本质上看,语言是一种符号系统。

( T )16.变换分析能够比较合理的揭示和分化解释这种歧义现象。

( T )17.汉字和汉语的特点已经不相适应。

( F )18.世界上使用人口最多的语言是汉语。

( T )19.听得懂、听不懂是划分地域方言的标准。

( F )20.词语的替换全部取决于语言系统内部的原因。

( F )21.语言有阶级性,不同的阶级有不同的语言。

( F)22.人类的语言和动物的语言都具有任意性。

( F )23.现代社会,文字比语言更重要。

( F )24.从本质上看,语言其实是一个符号系统。

( T )25.国际音标中的有些符号是由两个字母组成。

( F )26.汉字与汉语的特点是相适应的。

( T )27.语言的发展具有渐变性。

( T )28.普通话语音不等于北京话语音。

( T )29.分布最广的语系是汉藏语系。

( F )30.“镭射”和“激光”都是借词。

( F )31.共同语和方言并存,其实也是一种双语现象。

( F )32.随着旧事物的消失,表示它们的词语也随之消失。

( F )33.语音演变规律只在一段时间内起作用。

( F )34.语言里语音、词汇、语法的发展是齐头并进的。

( F )35.非拼音文字记录意义,不记录语音。

( F )36.相对于形态缺乏的语言而言,形态丰富的语言比较进步。

( F )37.声母和韵母是音素的两个类别。

( F )38.语言符号可以反复拆卸拼装。

( T )39.人之所以能说话,是因为人有能说话的生理特征,这也是语言的本质特征。

( F )40.语言是人类所特有的。

( T )41.抽象的语言是不存在的,都是以个体语言的形式存在的。

( T )42.语言在任何时候、在任何地方都有重要的作用。

( F )43.语言具有任意性的特点,因此我们可以把“桌子”说成是“椅子”也可以。

( F )44.元音音质的差别主要是由于共鸣器的不同形状决定的。

( T )45.[g]和[k]在汉语中是两个不同的音位。

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