语言学重点试题及答案

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语言学考研试题及答案

语言学考研试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是（）。

A. 语言B. 文字C. 文学D. 历史答案：A2. 以下哪项不属于语音学的研究范畴？（）A. 音位B. 音标C. 语调D. 语法答案：D3. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？（）A. 索绪尔B. 布隆菲尔德C. 乔姆斯基D. 萨丕尔答案：C4. 以下哪个选项是社会语言学研究的内容？（）A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的变异D. 语言的规则答案：C5. 语言接触导致的语言变化称为（）。

A. 语言演变B. 语言借用C. 语言混合D. 语言分化答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的三个基本分支是语音学、______和句法学。

答案：语法学2. 语言的最小意义单位是______。

答案：语素3. 一种语言的音位系统称为该语言的______。

答案：音系4. 语言的规则性体现在______。

答案：语法5. 语言的交际功能包括表达、______和指示。

答案：指称三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述语言的任意性原则。

答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的音义结合是任意的，即语言符号的音与义之间没有自然的、必然的联系，而是由社会约定俗成的。

2. 描述语言的双重性。

答案：语言的双重性指的是语言既有形式又有内容。

形式指的是语言的音位、词汇、句法等结构；内容指的是语言所表达的意义和信息。

四、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1. 论述语言的交际功能。

答案：语言的交际功能是指语言在人际交流中的作用，主要包括以下几个方面：表达功能，即通过语言来表达个人的思想、情感和意愿；指称功能，即通过语言来指称或描述客观世界的事物和现象；社交功能，即通过语言进行社会交往，建立和维护人际关系；思维功能，即通过语言进行思考和认识世界。

2. 论述语言的演变过程。

答案：语言的演变过程是一个复杂且漫长的历史过程，包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。

语言学试题及答案英语

语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。

答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。

答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。

答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。

答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。

答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。

答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。

答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。

答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。

答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。

2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。

答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。

“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。

四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。

答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。

这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。

这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。

2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。

答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。

在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。

有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。

因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。

语言学理论试题及答案

语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。

答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。

答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。

答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案### 语言学试题及答案#### 一、选择题1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构和功能C. 语言的演变D. 语言的美学答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语音学的分支？A. 音位学B. 语义学C. 语音产生学D. 语音感知学答案：B3. 什么是“同音异义词”？A. 指不同语言的词汇B. 指同一语言中发音相同但意义不同的词C. 指同一语言中意义相同但发音不同的词D. 指不同语言中意义相同但发音不同的词答案：B#### 二、填空题4. 语言学的一个主要分支是________，它研究语言的意义。

答案：语义学5. 一种语言的语法规则可以描述该语言的________。

答案：结构6. 语言学中的“方言”指的是________。

答案：同一语言内部的地域性变体#### 三、简答题7. 简述语言的任意性原则。

答案：语言的任意性原则是指语言符号和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的逻辑或自然联系，这种关系是任意的，由社会约定俗成。

8. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是一种语言学理论，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出，主张语言的深层结构可以通过转换规则生成表层结构，从而解释语言的生成能力和多样性。

#### 四、论述题9. 论述语言和文化之间的关系。

答案：语言和文化是相互影响和塑造的。

语言不仅是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递文化信息和价值观；同时，文化也影响语言的使用和发展，如特定的社会习俗和信仰体系会影响语言的表达方式和词汇选择。

语言和文化共同构成了人类社会的认知和交流模式。

10. 描述语言习得的关键阶段及其特点。

答案：语言习得的关键阶段包括婴儿期、儿童早期和青少年期。

婴儿期是语言感知能力的发展阶段，儿童能够区分不同语言的音素。

儿童早期是语言习得的快速发展期，儿童开始学习语法规则并形成基本的语言能力。

青少年期则是语言习得的完善阶段，青少年继续扩展词汇量，提高语言运用的复杂性和准确性。

以上试题及答案涵盖了语言学的基础概念、理论以及与语言习得和文化的关系，旨在考察学生对语言学核心知识的掌握和理解。

语言学复习题及答案

语言学复习题及答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--I. Choose the best answer.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language—A nice day, isn’t it— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal3. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are__________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds？A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation？A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels？A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating？A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems20. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy24. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph26. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome34. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ constructio n.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate35. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth37. “Can I borrow your bike”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis39. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act48._____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure ofwords and the rules by which words are formed.49.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme50. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences51.“-s” in the word “books” is _______.52.A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. aroot53. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy56. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context58. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive60. Which of the following is trueA. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about69. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures71. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is__________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague77. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behaviorismC. relationalismD. mentalism80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixII. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. linguistics2. competenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, anencyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.3. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.4. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.5. AllomorphAllomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.6. phonology7. SyntaxSyntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.8. referential theory9. PerformativePerformative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).10. Locutionary actLocutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.11. phonetics12. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.13. displacement14. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.15 Phoneme20 assimilation21 synonymy22 semanticsIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F12. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T13. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T14. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T15. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F16. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. Fmade the distinction between a constative and a performative. T20. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.F21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F23. Only human beings are able to communicate. F24. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. FIV. Fill in the blanks.1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal _communication.2. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___ _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function .4. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ diachronic linguistic__. ___ study.5. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced. ______ or __voiceless _ ___, while all vowel sounds are voiced.6. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ friction ___.7. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __tongue ________ and the lips.English there are a number of _ diphthongs ___, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.9. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __ air stream __ coming from the lungs.11. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _ vocabulary .12. All words may be said to contain a root ___morpheme _.13. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _morpheme level.14. A word formed by derivation is called a _derivative _ __, and a word formed by compounding is called a ___compound _ .15. A ___simple __ sentence consists of a single clause which containsa subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16.A __ subject __ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence thatusually precedes the predicate.17. A __complex _ __ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.18. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ embedded _ clause.19. Major lexical categories are __open _ __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.20. The theory of _ _Case ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.21. __Semantics ___ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __ direct ____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. Reference ___ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __ synonyms __.25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones .26. The Prague School practiced a special style of __synchronic________ Linguistics.27. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __phonetics________ and phonology.28. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was ___J. R. Firth _______.29. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functiona l component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __systemic ________. 30. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __sociologically ________ oriented functional linguistic approach.31. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of___distribution _______.32. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __Bloomfieldian ________ Age.33. ___Descriptivism _______ in language theories is characteristic of America.34. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his ___ innateness _______ hypothesis.35. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ___hypothesis-maker _______, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.V. Give the description of the following consonants and vowels in English [p] [b] [s] [z] [d] [k] [l] [t] [m] [h] [g] [j][u:] [ e ] [ ə: ] [ i: ] [ɔ: ] [æ] [ɜ: ] [ɑ: ]VI.Draw a tree diagram of the following sentences.1.The boy ate the apple.2.Mother gave a doll to my sister.3.Mother gave my sister a doll4.I read a interesting book.VII.Answer the following questions.1.The following conversational fragments is to some degree odd. Towhat extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and what extent can the oddness be explained by reference toGrice’s CP and maximsA: When is the bus coming？B: There has been an accident further up the road.Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus co mes.”2.Explain the following remarks with examples or make somecomments. “Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned withmeaning, but the difference between them can be traced to twodifferent uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean (b) What did you mean by X”Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of (1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world; (2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.3.Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools andtheir influential representatives in modern linguistics4. How many types of morphemes are there in the English languageWhat are they5.What are endocentric construction and exocentric constructionAn endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词？A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是：A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是：A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指：A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案：1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。

2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。

3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。

4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。

5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。

6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。

7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。

语言学概论复习重点题目(附答案)

Linguistics:I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.［ɑ：］B.［ɔ：］C.［ə：］D.［u:］7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in __________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutuallyintelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes morethan two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free.It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rulegoverned.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its reccursiveness.10.C ompetence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.15．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.18. P hone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is know as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-e s”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:① According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded。

语言学考试试题及答案

语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 数学2. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语音和语义B. 语形和语义C. 语形和语用D. 能指和所指3. 在语言学中，“深层结构”和“表层结构”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔4. 下列哪个术语是描述语言随时间变化的现象？A. 语言变异B. 语言演化C. 语言转换D. 语言借用5. 社会语言学研究的是语言与哪种因素之间的关系？A. 社会结构B. 文化传统C. 个人心理D. 经济发展6. 哪种语言现象是指在特定情境下，说话者选择不同语言或语言变体的能力？A. 语码转换B. 语码混用C. 语用学D. 语言礼貌7. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 言语行为B. 隐喻理解C. 语言礼貌D. 语言的生物学基础8. 什么是“双重否定”？A. 使用两个否定词来表达否定意义B. 使用两个否定词来表达肯定意义C. 使用一个否定词来表达否定意义D. 使用一个否定词来表达肯定意义9. 在语言学中，“同音词”是指什么？A. 意义相同但拼写不同的词B. 拼写相同但意义不同的词C. 发音相同但意义不同的词D. 发音和意义都相同的词10. 下列哪项是“语言接触”的一个例子？A. 语言的地理分布B. 语言的独立发展C. 语言的借用和融合D. 语言的孤立使用二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指研究语言的结构特征，不涉及语言的社会功能。

答案：形式语言学12. 转换生成语法是由_______提出的，它强调语言的生成能力。

答案：诺姆·乔姆斯基13. “Hello”一词在不同的语境中可以有不同的功能，这属于_______的研究范畴。

答案：语用学14. 社会语言学中的“_______”是指语言随社会因素（如年龄、性别、社会阶层等）而变化的现象。

语言学：语言学概论考试题(题库版)

语言学：语言学概论考试题（题库版）1、单选人类开始制造工具这种行为意味着（）A.人类已经产生了语言B.人类已经产生了思维C.人类已经同时产生了语言和思维D.人类既没有产生语言，也没有产生思维正确答案：B2、名（江南博哥）词解释音位条件变体正确答案：各个音位变体出现条件受环境等条件的制约。

3、单选下列现象中不属于词法手段的是（）A.虚词B.重叠C.轻重音D.词形变化正确答案：A4、单选索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为（）A．传统语言学B．历史比较语言学C．结构主义语言学D．社会语言学正确答案：C5、问答题说明汉藏语系的主要特点。

正确答案：A、有声调B、单音节词根占多数（单音节语素）C、词序和虚词是重要的语法手段D、量词丰富6、单选音素i和u的不同是由（）决定的：A．音高B．音重C．音长D．音质正确答案：D7、单选下列关于思维和语言的关系的说法，不正确的是（）A.感性思维不一定借助语言进行B.抽象思维有时与语言有脱节C.发散思维完全不需要借助语言D.抽象思维以语言为主要工具正确答案：C8、问答题论述语言学发展的历程？正确答案：语言学的发展同其他学科一样，经历了三个阶段：先是进行初步观察和内省思辩，然后是分清对象并加深观察和描写，最后才找出规律并形成理论体系。

从16世纪到18世纪，由于国际贸易的发展，西方国家的一些学者对外部世界的视野大大开阔了，懂得的语言和了解到的语言也大大增多了。

17世纪和18世纪不少人对各种不同语言的词语发生兴趣，纷纷搜集和编纂多语种的对照词表。

这时候有人发现欧洲和亚洲的有些语言之间有很多明显的相似之处，就开始加以比较研究，随后越来越多的人对欧洲和亚洲的一些语言进行比较研究。

最初的研究可以说直觉和猜想多于科学成分。

后来语言学吸取了控竽学和声学研究的成果，建立了科学的语音学，运用科学语音学的理论和方法逐步发现这些语言相互之间有严格的语音对应关系，而每一种语言本身自古以来的语音演变也有严格的语音演变规律，从而证明这些语言来源于相同的原始母语。

语言学考试试题及答案

语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。

答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。

答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。

答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。

答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。

答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。

答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。

答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。

答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。

答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。

语言学重点试题及答案

语言学重点试题及答案1. 什么是语言的双重性质？答案：语言的双重性质指的是语言既是社会现象，又是心理现象。

作为社会现象，语言是人们交流思想、情感的工具，是社会文化的重要组成部分；作为心理现象，语言是人类大脑活动的产物，是思维的载体。

2. 简述语音学与音系学的区别。

答案：语音学是研究人类语音的物理属性、生理机制和感知过程的学科；音系学则是研究语言中音位的系统和规律的学科。

语音学关注的是语音的自然属性，而音系学关注的是语音在特定语言系统中的功能和结构。

3. 请解释“词义”和“语义”的概念。

答案：词义是指词所表达的具体概念或意义；语义则是指语言符号所表达的意义，包括词汇意义、句法意义和语用意义等。

词义通常指单个词的意义，而语义则涉及整个句子或话语的意义。

4. 什么是语言的同源词？答案：同源词是指来自同一原始语源的词，它们在不同语言中保留了相似的词形和意义。

例如，英语中的“mother”和德语中的“Mutter”就是同源词。

5. 请解释“语用学”的概念。

答案：语用学是研究语言使用者在特定语境中如何使用语言进行交流的学科。

它关注的是语言的交际功能，包括言语行为、话语意义、语境分析等。

6. 什么是语言的方言？答案：方言是指在地理、社会或历史因素影响下形成的具有一定差异的语言变体。

方言通常与标准语或官方语言相对，它们在语音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。

7. 简述语言的演变过程。

答案：语言的演变过程包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化等。

语音变化可能涉及音位的替换、合并或分化；词汇变化可能包括新词的产生、旧词的消亡或词义的演变；语法变化可能涉及句法结构的简化或复杂化。

8. 什么是语言的借词？答案：借词是指从一种语言借用到另一种语言的词汇。

借词通常是因为文化、经济或政治交流而产生的，它们可能在新语言中保留原有的发音和拼写，也可能发生适应性的变化。

9. 请解释“语言的谱系分类”。

答案：语言的谱系分类是根据语言之间的亲缘关系对语言进行分类的方法。

基础语言学考试题及答案

基础语言学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言的三大功能？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 娱乐功能D. 信息功能答案：C3. 语言学中，研究语言结构的分支学科是：A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 句法学D. 社会语言学答案：C4. 以下哪个词不是派生词？A. 教师B. 快乐C. 勇敢D. 汽车答案：B5. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 政治变动D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学中，研究语言在社会中的使用和功能的学科是________。

答案：社会语言学2. 语言的________是语言发展变化的内在动力。

答案：内在机制3. 语言的________是语言发展变化的外在条件。

答案：外部因素4. 语言的________是指语言在不同地域的变体。

答案：方言5. 语言的________是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。

答案：社会方言三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言的语音、语法和词汇三个基本要素。

答案：语言的语音是语言的物质外壳，包括音素、音节和语调等；语法是语言的组织规则，包括词法和句法；词汇是语言的词汇单位，包括词、短语和固定搭配等。

2. 描述语言的交际功能。

答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流思想、表达情感和传递信息的工具，使人们能够相互理解和沟通。

3. 解释什么是语言的方言。

答案：方言是语言在不同地域的变体，通常具有相同语言基础但因地域、文化、历史等因素而形成的差异。

四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。

答案：语言与文化是相互影响、相互制约的关系。

语言是文化的载体，文化通过语言得以传承和发展；同时，文化也影响语言的形成和发展，不同文化背景的人们使用的语言具有不同的特征。

2. 论述语言演变的原因。

语言学概论考试重点及答案

语言学概论考试重点及答案语言学概论1.语言的符号性如果用甲事物代表乙事物，而甲、乙两事物之间没有必然的联系，那么甲事物就是代表乙事物的符号。

其中甲事物就是符号的能指（形式），乙事物就是符号的所指（内容）。

符号的能指与所指之间的关系是认为约定的。

语言是一种听觉符号。

语音和语义之间的关系是人为约定的，是由使用这种语言的社会成员共同约定的。

2.语言的社会性语言依存于社会，是社会交际的工具，社会性是自然语言的本质属性。

自然语言是由特定的社会群体共同约定俗成的，而不是由个别人或少数人创造的。

这是自然语言区别于人工语言的一个重要特点。

3.语言与言语的区别a语言是抽象的，言语是具体的；b语言是社会的，言语是个人的；c语言是现成的，言语是临时的；d语言是有限的，言语是无限的；e语言是稳定的，言语是多变的。

4.语言层级的特点第一，从语言的下层到语言的上层是质的变化；第二，从下一级语言单位道上一级语言单位，都是量的扩充；第三，上一级语言单位都是由一个或者若干个语言单位按一定的规则构成的，下一级语言单位都是上一级语言单位的构成成分。

5.语言的组合关系若干较小的语言单位组合成的较大的语言单位，其构成成分之间的关系就是组合关系，又称线性序列关系或句段关系。

6.语言的聚合关系具有相同组合功能的语言单位之间的关系，就是聚合关系，又称联想关系。

7.语言的交际功能语言的社会交际功能是语言的本质功能。

8.语言的文化特征从内涵来看，语言具有超自然性和超个人性；从外延来看，语言属于制度文化。

语言又是一种特殊的文化现象，其特殊性就在于语言具有文化镜像功能和文化传承功能。

9.思维的三种基本类型动作思维（又称运动思维、技术思维），形象思维（又称具象思维、表象思维），抽象思维（又称逻辑思维、理性思维）。

10.语言与思维的关系语言不仅是思维活动的工具，而且可以帮助人们固定和保存思维的成果，此外，语言也是思维成果传承的工具。

11.结构主义语言学创始人：瑞士语言学家费尔迪南·德·索绪尔，代表著作：《普通语言学教程》，主要理论：第一，区分语言和言语；第二，指出语言是一个符号系统；第三，区分共时研究与历时研究；第四，区分内部语言学与外部语言学。

语言学重点试题及答案

一、名词解释1．音位:具体语言或方言里具有区别词得语音形式作用得最小语音单位。

2．音位变体:(处于互补关系中得各个音素无区别形式与辨义作用,可以被瞧成一个音位。

)这种处于互补关系中得各个音素就被瞧成同一个音位在不同位置上得代表,就是同一个音位得不同变异形式,叫音位变体。

3．语法规则得递归性:语法得组合结构一层套一层,所以同样得结构规则尽可以重复使用而不致造成结构上得混乱。

同样得结构规则可以层层嵌套,借用数学得术语来说,这就就是结构规则有递归性。

4．词义:由人们对现实现象得反映以及由此带来得人们对现实现象得主观评价,叫作词得词汇意义,简称词义。

5．语法范畴:就就是语法意义得类,同一性质得语法意义进一步概括成类,因而称为“语法范畴”。

6．亲属语言:从同一种语言分化出来得几种独立得语言,彼此有同源关系,我们称它们为亲属语言。

7．双语现象:指被融合民族得成员一般会讲两种语言:本族语与在融合中占优势得那种语言。

8．词义转移:如果原来得词义表示某类现实现象,后来改变为表示另一类现实现象,这种演变就就是词义得转移。

6．互补关系:音素之间得互补关系就是指几个不同得音素各有自己得出现环境,它们从不在相同得语音环境中出现与互相替换。

7．语流音变:在连续得语流中(音位与音位组合得时候),某个音由于受邻近音得影响,或者由于说话时快慢、高低、强弱得不同,可能发生不同得变化。

这种变化叫做语流音变。

8．语法意义:指词进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予得词义之外得意义。

(指词在组合与聚合中所产生得关系意义。

)9．语言融合:指一种语言排挤与替代其她语言而成为不同民族得共同交际工具。

10．组合关系:语言符号与符号之间按照一定规律相互结合得关系就就是语言得组合关系。

这就是语言符号得一种配排连贯得横向关系。

11．内部曲折:也叫语音交替,指通过词内部词根中得语音得变化构成语法形式,表示某种语法意义,这种手段就就是内部曲折。

12．社会方言:各语言社团在全民语言得基础上产生各有自己特点得语言分支或语言变体,这就就是社会方言。

语言学考研试题及答案

语言学考研试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的语音、语法、词汇、语义C. 语言的演变D. 语言的交际功能答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 创造性B. 任意性C. 规律性D. 稳定性答案：D3. 语音学研究的内容不包括以下哪一项？A. 发音器官B. 音位C. 语调D. 词汇答案：D4. 以下哪个概念不属于句法学？A. 短语结构B. 转换生成C. 语义角色D. 词汇语义答案：D5. 语义学研究的核心问题是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的意义D. 语言的交际功能答案：C6. 社会语言学主要研究的是以下哪方面的内容？A. 语言的语音、语法、词汇、语义B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的演变D. 语言的交际功能答案：B7. 心理语言学研究的是以下哪方面的内容？A. 语言的起源B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言的演变D. 语言的交际功能答案：B8. 计算语言学主要应用在哪个领域？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的交际功能D. 语言信息处理答案：D9. 语言接触导致的最常见现象是什么？A. 语言混合B. 语言分化C. 语言融合D. 语言消亡答案：C10. 以下哪项是方言学研究的内容？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的语音、语法、词汇、语义C. 语言的演变D. 语言的地域差异答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支学科包括语音学、______学、句法学、语义学等。

答案：语法2. 语言的最小意义单位是______。

答案：语素3. 语言的音位和音素之间的区别在于______。

答案：音位是社会约定的，音素是物理的4. 语言的任意性原则是由______提出的。

答案：索绪尔5. 语言的转换生成理论是由______提出的。

答案：乔姆斯基6. 语言的交际功能包括______、表达和理解。

答案：编码7. 社会语言学研究语言与______的关系。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它主要关注语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇和语义D. 语法和语用答案：C2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的物理表现形式。

答案：语音5. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的抽象系统，包括语法规则和词汇。

答案：语法6. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的最小意义单位。

答案：语素三、简答题7. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。

答案：语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法等。

观察法是通过观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验以验证假设；调查法是通过问卷、访谈等方式收集语言使用情况；统计法是利用统计学原理分析语言数据。

8. 描述语言学和历史语言学的区别。

答案：描述语言学关注的是特定语言在某一特定时间点的状态，它试图描述和解释语言的结构和功能；而历史语言学关注的是语言随时间的变化和发展，研究语言的起源、演变以及不同语言之间的亲缘关系。

四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。

答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。

首先，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递和保存文化信息。

其次，语言反映了文化的特点，不同文化背景下的语言会有不同的表达方式和词汇。

此外，语言的使用也受到文化规范和价值观的影响，例如礼貌用语、禁忌语等。

最后，语言的发展和变化也受到文化因素的影响，文化变迁往往伴随着语言的演变。

10. 分析语言的多样性对全球化的影响。

答案：语言的多样性对全球化有着复杂的影响。

一方面，语言多样性丰富了人类的文化生活，促进了不同文化之间的交流与理解。

另一方面，语言多样性也带来了沟通上的障碍，全球化进程中需要跨越语言障碍以实现信息的自由流通。

语言学题型试题及答案

语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？答案：语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。

2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。

答案：孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。

3. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。

4. 请解释“语素”的概念。

答案：语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。

5. 什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。

6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。

答案：句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。

7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段？答案：语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。

8. 什么是社会语言学？答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。

9. 请解释“方言”的概念。

答案：方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。

10. 什么是第二语言习得？答案：第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后，通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。

11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。

答案：沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。

12. 什么是语言接触？答案：语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。

13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。

答案：语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。

14. 什么是语言规划？答案：语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。

15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。

答案：语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者，逐渐消失的现象。