最新10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
10月全国自考语言与文化试题及答案解析
全国2021年10月高等教育白学考试诺言与文化试题课程代码：00838I . Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and put the answer in the brackets. (20%)1. In educational settings "depend on others to do his/her work" is often preferred to "".A. fail to do one 's homeworkB. fail to do one 's schoolwork wellC. cheat in examsD. cheat in class2. A "file clerk " is often said euphemistically to be a(n) "".A. information directorB. research consultantC. office executiveD. assistant manager3. I wonder whether Nick isn 't better off, after all. ——they do look after him, don 't they?A. I meanB. In other wordsC. ActuallyD. Incidentally4. The next morning she was glad and proud that she had not yielded to a scare.he was most strangely and obviously better.A. ThoughB. At this pointC. ForD. So5. "2000 年7 月25 日上午10 点" can be translated into.A. At 10 o 'clock of the morning of 25 July of 2000B. At 10 o 'clock on the morning of 25 July, 2000C. At 10 o 'clock, the morning of 25 July, 2000D. At 10 o 'clock in the morning of 25 July, 20006. Which of the following names is associated with Christianity?A. EdgarB. JosephC. AlexanderD. Iris7. When you introduce Mary Smith to John Jones, you may say _____ .A. "John Jones, this is Mary Smith 〞B. " Mr. Jones, may I introduce Mrs. Smith?"C. " Mary Smith, this is John Jones "D. "Mary Smith, this is Mr. Jones"to mind one's p's and q's""to keep one's nose clearf" is inappropriate as a reply to an apology.A. It's O. K.B. It's all right.C. Not at all.D. Never mind. 9. It is suggested that Chinese people are good at holistic A. writing B. speaking C. thinking D. doing 10. The thematic model emphasizes three culture elements: A. traits, values and world views B. personal behaviours, thinking patterns and values C. norms, customs and circumstances D. time, space and dimension11. The Chinese equivalent for "high school" is A.中等学校 B.高等学校 C.技术学校 D.职业学校 12. In English culture, "old" is associated with all the following except A. useless B. traditional C. senile D. skilled 13. The phrasal verb "look into " corresponds in meaning to the single word A. expect B. investigate C. despise D. watch 14. "To be very careful and correct in one's behaviour" is synonymous to A. “Mr. Right"B. « I _____ _________ ___________ ________ ______keep one s own company15."To make a cat laugh" meansA. to be tragicB. to be comicC. to be proudD. to be serious 16. In English culture "white" connotes A. innocence B. death C. cruelty D. reaction 17. The English equivalent for "害了红眼病" is A. a white hope B. grey-headed C. pinkeye D. green-eyed18. Uranus is the Roman god of A. heavens and father of SaturnC. D.B. the sea, son of Saturn and brother of JupiterC. agriculture and father of JupiterD. the sky and the king of the gods19. American English and English are two varieties of the English language and they areof equal status.A. CanadianB. AustralianC. New Zealandic EnglishD. British20. Stamping one's foot signifies in English body language.A. angerB. strengthC. remorseD. impatiencen . Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives can complete the statement and put the answer(s) in the brackets. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. "" is more offensive than "damn" or "damn it〞.A. HellB. God damn youC. Damn youD. Jesus Christ22. He was the popular candidate. _______ he will be elected.A. So thatB. As suchC. ConsequentlyD. Accordingly23. In the following statements,is true.A. English has gone through the stage of explicit grammar, while Chinese has.B. Modern European languages are grammatical simpler and demonstrate less grammatical explicitly than classical European language.C. English and Chinese are at different developmental stages.D. English and Chinese are at same developmental stages.24. When John Smith picks up the phone, he may say.A. Hello. This is John speaking.B. Hello.C. Who's calling, please?D. Good morning. John Smith here.25. When English speakers respond to thanks, they normally say.A. "Don't mention it "B. Tt's my pleasure"C. "Not at all"D. "No. It's my duty"26. The idiomatic expression "to put one's foot in one's mouth" means.A. to just make itB. to say something embarrassingC. to have an angry attitudeD. to say something wrong or unsuitable27. "A blue fit " is close in meaning to.A. annoyanceB. happinessC. satisfactionD. irritation28. In English culture,are positive in meaning.A. ambitiousB. self-made manC. do-gooderD. aggressive29. In Chinese newspapers are not reported so frequently as in English newspapers.A. political achievementsB. cultural achievementsC. crimesD. disasters30. Touching or bodily contact is more common among in English speaking countries.A. malesB. the oldC. femalesD. the youngin . Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. (12%)31. "To fresh up" can be used by a female as an euphemism for.32. In an English letter of request there are three parts: the purpose for which the letter is written, the supporting information and a _______ .33. It is hard for to understand why "走狗" is a pejorative term in Chinese.34. Each culture develops a particular way of favoured by a particular population.35. English uses frequently inflectional morphemes to indicate the relations between linguistic elements.36. " Good-bye" is the contracted form of and therefore carries a religious connotation.37. " Good night" is usually as an expression of.38. The English proverbial expression corresponds to "对牛弹琴" in Chinese.39. The English expression corresponds to "胆小如鼠" in Chinese.40. The branch of learning that studies how we perceive, structure, reacts to, and interpret messages of time is referred to as.41. American English differs from British English mainly in pronunciation and ______ .42. The phrase in British English for "私立学校" is.IV . Answer the following questions briefly. (12%)43. What are some examples in Australian English illustrating racist language?44. How do English speakers respond to compliments?45. What is large c culture?46. How would you explain the fact that "greenhouse" and its equivalent in Chinese "温室" are formed differently?47. Which idiomatic expression in English corresponds to "捧腹大笑" in Chinese?48. What is the word for " hard liquor" in British English?V . Translation. (16%)49. 您有何高见？50. Most surprise attacks against the enemy have now become pre-emptive strikes.51. I'm sorry, Mr. Jones is occupied right now. Would you like to leave a message, please?52. Hello. This is Mary speaking. Who is calling?53. He that increases knowledge increases sorrow.54. 巧妇难为了无米之炊.55. Cookie, fat-cakes and chowder are words referring to food.56. 竹在中国文化中是谦虚、刚直不阿、顽强不屈的象征.VI. Define the following terms. (10%)57. sexist language58. individualism59. Seven Facets model60. Sexism61. illustratorW . Discuss the following topics. (20%)62. What are allusions? And how do they reflect culture?63. Please explain the five categories of gestures.。
2020年10月全国现代语言学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in theutterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of thesame language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.1A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order tocommunicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. SocialⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and aretherefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”,“have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of therelationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars,and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or atleast a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facialexpressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, thenatural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is2false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％) 21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, butnot written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/,occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puffof air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a partto the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in termsof the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification ofperformative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional orirregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internalborrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rulegenerally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. Thedifferences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical innature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the lefthemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same numberof years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole339. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are calledsuprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to theanalysis of phonemes into distinctive features.4。
10月自考语言学概论试题答案及评分参考
做试题,没答案?上自考365,网校名师为你详细解答!20XX年10月自考语言学概论试题答案及评分参考一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分)1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．B 6。
D7．A 8．C 9．C 10．A 11．D 12。
A13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18。
B19．C 20．B 21．A 22．C 23．C 24。
B25．C 26．D二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)27．A D E 28．A B C E 29．A D E 30．A C E 31。
A B三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)32．音素是从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位。
例如，汉语普通话的出hn sh)(电视)可以切分为d—i—a—n—sh—i五个单位，它们已不能从音质角度继续进行切分，所以它们都是音素。
，33．(1)一种语言的共同语并不是凭空产生的，而是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种作为共同语基础的方言叫作“基础方言”。
(2)所谓作为共同语的基础指共同语的语音、语汇和语法系统主要来自基础方言。
(3)例如，意大利共同语的基础方言是多斯岗方言，现代汉民族共同语的基础方言是北方方言。
34．(1)在外语学习过程中，作为来源语的母语对作为目标语的外语产生影响，叫作“语言迁移”。
(2)语言迁移包括语言上的影响，如语音、语汇、语法、语义等方面的影响。
(3)语言迁移还包括语言之外因素的影响，如思维模式、文化传统、社会历史等方面的影响。
35．(1)儿童会说话虽然不是完全不需要学习，但更是一种自然而然的发展过程，甚至是一种创造过程。
儿童不可能先把词语和句子都模仿下来储存在脑子里以后再说出来，也不可能在说出新的句子时先去学习规则，而完全可能说出许多从未听过和说过的句子。
(2)儿童说话能力的这种发展和创造过程叫作“语言获得”。
四、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分)36．(1)词的通俗意义是人们对事物所具有的一组非本质特征的反映，词的科学意义是人们对事物本质特征的反映。
全国2021年10月自学考试语言学概论试题-2
全国2021年10月自学考试语言学概论试题-2二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合标题问题要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。
21．下列关于书面语的表述，正确的有（）A．是经过提炼的白话书面形式B．与白话比拟缺少了一些内容C．不存在与白话严重脱节现象D．会具有相对独立的发展历史E．不会影响和促进白话的发展22．从发音机制上看，辅音的音质决定于（）A．发音方法B．发音部位C．唇形圆展D．舌位凹凸E．舌位前后23．“奥林匹克”这个词属于（）A．单纯词B．连绵词C．音译词D．专有名词E．多音节词24．下列语义关系，只发生在不同句子之间的有（）A．指向关系B．结构关系C．蕴含关系D．预设关系E．歧义关系25．下列关于语言发展演变的表述，正确的有（）A．语言是社会的交际工具，因而只能渐变B．与语汇和语法比拟，语音最容易发生演变C．语言的发展演变与语言自身的结构特点并无关系D．语言的发展演变在不同地域之间会呈现不平衡性E．退出了社会交际活动，语言就不再会有发展演变三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分）每一名词解释都须举例。
26．音位变体27．语法手段28．语音对应关系29．中介语四、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分）30．举例说明语言符号的离散特征和线性特征及其对语言的作用。
31．举例说明汉语词双音节化的作用。
32．说明什么是儿童语言获得的“模仿说”和“强化说”。
五、分析题（本大题共2小题，每小题6分，共12分）33．英语和汉语的音节结构类型都可以归纳为V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C四种类型，请按照读音将下列词语别离填入下列各项中。
（1）V型：______________________________________________________（2）C-V型：____________________________________________________（3）V-C型：____________________________________________________（4）C-V-C型：__________________________________________________34．下面都是汉语中跟颜色有关的词，请别离归入不同的词类：彩色色彩红彤彤黑不溜秋绿化雪白黑白红金色黄蜡黄碧绿（1）形容词：______________________________________________________（2）状态词：______________________________________________________（3）区别词：______________________________________________________（4）名词：________________________________________________________（5）动词：________________________________________________________六、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题12分，共24分）35．结合实例说明述谓结构的构成和类型。
2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。
Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。
A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。
2022年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论真题
2022年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论真题课程代码：00541请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分本卷须知：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题〔本大题共20小题，每题1分，共20分〕在每题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸〞的相应代码涂黑。
错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。
1．首先提出“能指〞和“所指〞这对概念的语言学家是A．洪堡特 B.索绪尔C．乔姆斯基 D.萨丕尔2．语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的A．任意性 B.强迫性C．离散性 D.系统性3．以下各组辅音中，发音部位一样的一组是A.[m，n]B.[k， ]C.[p，d]D.[s, ]4．听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是A．音素 B.重音C．音位 D.音节5．以下关于“通用语汇〞和“专用语汇〞的表述，不正确的一项为哪一项A．通用语汇是全社会普遍使用的词语 B.通用语汇包括根本语汇和常用语汇C．专用语汇主要指科技术语和行业语 D.专用语汇的词语不会进入通用语汇6．构形语素属于A．虚词语素 B.词根语素C．自由语素 D.黏着语素7．从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人〞一词属于A．单纯词 B.复合词C．派生词 D.简缩词8．“老师鼓励我考大学〞是A．主谓词组 B.兼语词组C．连动词组 D.复句词组9．以下各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是A．写黑板 B.打篮球C．织毛衣 D.寄包裹10．最早的表音文字是A．拉丁文字 B.腓尼基文字C．古希腊文字 D.古埃及文字11．传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为A．偏旁 B.笔画C．记号 D.独体字12．语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢，是因为A．语法规那么比较简单 B.语法规那么数量较少C．语法规那么具有强迫性 D.语法规那么具有抽象性13．以下关于亲属语言的表述中，不正确的一项为哪一项A．亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物 B.亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系C．语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别 D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系14．以下几种社会方言中，具有排他性的一项为哪一项A．阶级习惯语 B.行话C．隐语 D.学生腔15．以下关于“语言规划〞的表述中，不正确的一项为哪一项A．语言规划是社会对语言的人为干预 B.语言规划只涉及单纯的语言问题C．推广普通话属于语言规划的工程 D.语言规划可由政府授权的机构施行16．认为“思维和语言各自开展，二者没有关系〞的学者不包括A．古希腊哲学家柏拉图 B.法国哲学家迪卡尔C．英国哲学家霍布斯 D.苏联语言学家马尔17．目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是A．有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B.有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C．思维对语言有一定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D.语言对思维有一定影响，但更重要的是思维决定语言18．关于语言获得的原因，以下学说中侧重于内部条件解释的一项为哪一项A．天赋说 B.摹仿说C．强化说 D.刺激反响说19．外语学习中的后期阶段被称为A．中介语阶段 B.目的语阶段C．低平期 D.高原期20．机器翻译可以分为四个层级，从低到高的排序是A．单词、句子、话语、篇章 B.单词、句子、句群、篇章C．单词、句法、语义、语境 D.语音、语法、语义、语用二、多项选择题〔本大题共5小题，每题2分，共10分〕在每题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸〞的相应代码涂黑。
10月全国自考外语教学法试卷及答案解析
全国2018 年10 月自学考试外语教学法试卷课程代码：00833I. Multiple Choices: (20%)Directions : In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.You are to make the best choice either to complete theincomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1.The purpose of foreign language teaching is to enable the student to actively use the target language in the ____ possible time.A. shortestB. longestC. fastestD. quickest2.___ were known as the representatives of the structural linguistics.A. Bloomfield andFriesB. Terrell and ChomskyC. Fries and TerrellD. Krashenand Terrell3.A.S. Hornby compiled ____ , a great contribution to EFL teaching.A.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary EnglishB.The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current EnglishC.Everyman's English Pronouncing DictionaryD.The Concise Oxford Dictionary4.____ was developed in the late 19th century as a reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method.A. The Oral ApproachB. The Audiolingual MethodC. The Direct MethodD. The Cognitive Approach5.Noam Chomsky wrote the book _______ .A. LanguageB. Syntactic StructuresC. How to Teach a Foreign LanguageD. The Practical Study of Language6.One of the disadvantages in the Grammar-Translation Method is that the texts are taken from , the language of which doesn't often meet the practical needs of the learners.1A. literary worksB. newspapersC. talesD. critical reviews7.Palmer and some other linguists of his time believed that ________ played one of the most important roles in foreign language learning.A. grammarB. phoneticsC. vocabularyD. rhetoric8.Halliday advocates that the social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of the field, tenor and mode of .A. contextB. discourseC. contentD. situation9.What can be introduced as a means of consolidation and evaluation in the Direct Method?A. Fill-in-the-blank.B. Dictation.C. WritingD. Reading.10.What Krashen and Terrell exphasize in. their approach is the primacy of _ .A. formB. vocabularyC. meaningD. phonetics11.Which of the following methods advises teachers to consider their students as “ whole persons ”?A. Community Language Learning.B. The Silent Way.C. Total Physical Response.D. Suggestopaedia.12.In essence, the Global Method is a text-based, top-down approach in which ___ i s a means as well as an end in itself.A. listeningB. speakingC. readingD. writing13.Which of the following is NOT one of the hypotheses put forward by Stephen Krashen?A. The acquisition-learning hypothesis.B. The natural order hypothesis.C. The input hypothesis.D. The hypothesisof linguisticuniversals.14.The process of learning by discovery, according to Bruner, involves _ with the minimumof instruction and errorful learning.A. generalizationB. association23D.W.M. Wundt ’ s20. ____________________________________________________ In the Natural Approach, the teacher can make use of various ways except ______________________ in order to help the students to be successful.A. keeping their attention on key lexical itemsB. explaining grammatical rulesC. using appropriate gesturesD. using context to help them understandII. Filling Blanks: (20%)Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blankC. deductionD. induction15. The theory of language underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was derived fromLinguistics.A. AppliedB. Comparative HistoricalC. TraditionalD. Structural16. A variety of games, role-plays, situations, etc. are communicative activities prepared to support the Communicative Language Teaching.A. text-basedB. task-basedC. game-basedD. situation-based17. According to Skinner, a well-known behaviorist psychologist,was much more effective than in a teaching situation.A. reward ...reasoningB. reward ...punishmentC. reasoning ...rewardD. reasoning ...punishment18. The cognitive theory of learning as put forward by Ausubel is perhaps best understood by contrasting rote andlearning. A. usefulB. practicalC. meaningfulD. advanced 19.ideas on education justified the views on language teaching with the Direct Method. A. Hermatnn Paul's B.J.A. Comenius ’C. F. Gouin ’ swith ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.21.The Natural Approach believes that skills acquired through _ transfer to other skills.22.The syllabus used in the ______ Method is arranged semantically according to situations or topics.23.The _____ Model is the center of Krashen ’ s second language learning theory.24.As one of the objectives in the Oral Approach, accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar is regarded as crucial, and ____ are to be avoided at all costs.25.Pattern _____ is the center of practice in an Audiolingual Method classroom, for sentence patterns are the basis of language.26.Cognitive psychologists hold that language learning is the discovery of the underlyingof the language by means of inductive and deductive inference.27.Short-range objectives of an Audiolingual program include training in listening comprehension, accurate _____ , reading comprehension and production of correct sentences in writing.28.The Total Physical Response method sees successful adult second language learning as a process paralleled to children's first language .29.Although the teaching of all four language skills is advocated by most Direct Methodologists, communication skills are regarded as basic.30.Henry Widdowson focused on the communicative acts underlying the ability to use languagefor different purposes with his _______ between appropriacy and accuracy, communicative competence and grammatical competence, use and usage.31.The Silent Way takes a ___ approach to the organization of language to be taught.32.According to Palmer, “thaRnatfhoecur s on of grammatical rules in classroom teaching,the teacher must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the target language in the classroom. 33.An understanding of the social context in which communication takes place is referred to ascompetence.34.The Grammar-Translation Method proved to be an effective means in studying foreign ___4through literary works.35.Palmer viewed that classroom language teaching should follow ____ principles of language learning.36.The experts in grammar analysis and translation approach believed that the human minds could be trained by logical of the classic language, memorization of complicated rules, andtranslation between languages.37.According to behaviorists, the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the between stimuli and responses.38.Generally speaking, FLTM is an science and it makes uses of theories of different subjects.39.The schema theory is an important element in theory. The expression was coined todescribe “ an active organization ".40.The Silent Way is based on the principle that successful learning involves commitment ofthe self to language acquisition through the use of silent and then active trial.III.Matching: (10%)Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①，②，③，④，or⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b,c, d, or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.principal method of teaching modern, languages in schools.translation into the target language became popular as the principal practice technique.42 A FLTM B. Objective5IV.Questions for Brief Answers: (30%)Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.43.What are the five hypotheses that make up the monitor theory put forward by Stephen Krashen?44.The teacher in a Communicative Approach classroom plays four major roles. What are they?45.What makes the Silent Way different from the other methods?46.What are the four objectives involved in the Grammar-Translation Method?47.What are the major features of the Oral Approach?48.What are the focuses of classroom teaching in the Cognitive Approach?V. Questions for Long Answers: (20%)Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.49.What advantages can be found in the Direct Method? at least five of the eleven techniques involved in the Audiolingual Method. And how do these techniques serve the various objectives of language teaching?6。
自考真题：2022年10月《现代汉语基础》考试真题
自考真题：2022年10月《现代汉语基础》考试真题一、单项选择题本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将其选出。
1.、c、s这三个音都是A.舌尖前音B.舌面音C.舌根音D.舌尖后音2.下列各组字中,韵母都是前鼻音的是A.命明敏名B.人真根门C.玲林宁王D.森僧参生3.声母f是A.唇齿音B.双唇音C.舌尖中音D.舌尖前音4.最小的声音和意义的结合体是A.短语B.语素C.词D.字5.属于范围大小不同的一组同义词是A.禀性本性天性B.奔驰奔跑奔腾C.事情事件事故D.安适—安闲—安逸6.东汉《说文解字》和清代《康熙字典》所采用的检字法是A.音序检字法B.笔画检字法C.号码检字法D.部首检字法7.“一个人能力有大小,但只要有这点精神,就是一个高尚的人,一个纯粹的人,一个有道德的人,一个脱离了低级趣味的人,一个有益于人民的人。
”这句话用了A.排比B.对偶C.借代D.叠用8.表示递进关系的一组关联词语是A.与其B.C.不而D.只要9.语言中最小的能独立运用的语法单位是A.词B.词组C.句子D.语素10.“我上午就把书从书店搬回来。
”一句中述语的状语有A.一个B.两个D.四个11.最基本的表述单位是A.句子B.段落C.字D.词组12.“脏极了”中的“极了”是A.程度补语B.时地补语C.结果补语D.趋向补语13.“洗凉水”中的“凉水”是A.施事宾语B.处所宾语C.工具宾语D.受事宾语14.研究提高语言表达效果规律的科学叫A.语音学B.词汇学C.修辞学D.语法学15.“出于表情达意的需要,对描述的客观事物故意言过其实,加以夸大或缩小”所指的修辞方式是A.拟人B.夸张C.仿词16.“希特勒,墨索里尼,不都在人民之前倒下去了吗?”这句话是A.设问句B.否定句C.特指问句D.反问句17.“不拿群众一针一线,群众对我拥护又喜欢。
”所运用的借代方式是A.以部分代全体B.以特征代本体C.以具体代抽象D.以专称代通称18.“人”字的笔画组合方式是A.相接B.相交C.相连D.相离19.没有错别字的一组是A.陈词滥调出类拔萃B.集思广议雷励风行C.杖义执言万马齐喑D.惹事生非声名狼籍20.记录语言的符号体系是A.语音B.词汇C.文字D.语法二、多项选择题本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分。
2023年10月自考00541《语言学概论》真题及答案
2023年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：005411.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
2. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后，用2B 笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上一、单项选择题：本大题共20 小题，每小题1分，共20 分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1、下面各项中属于黏着语的是A. 英语B. 维吾尔语C. 藏语D. 德语2、周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”，反映出远古存在的A. 族外婚制度B. 族内婚制度C. 群婚制度D. 一夫多妻制度3、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜”这句话意在说明语言符号的A. 有限性B. 无序性C. 任意性D. 能产性4、“她站在暗处不动，满身是耳朵，满身是嘴巴”采用的修辞手法是A. 仿拟B. 比喻C. 借代D. 夸张5、亲属语言之间存在A. 词汇对应关系B. 语法对应关系C. 语音对应关系D. 语义对应关系6、下面各项中采用了双关修辞手法的是A. 春风十里扬州路B. 春蚕到死丝方尽C. 春江水暖鸭先知D. 春色满园关不住7、“模仿说”用于解释儿童获得语言的途径时，所依赖的理论基础是A. 认知心理学B. 条件反射C. 刺激反应D. 行为主义8、下面各项中属于通用词的是A. 音位B. 粒子C. 幂D. 书9、“红案、码洋、教案”都属于社会方言中的A. 行话B. 黑话C. 隐语D. 子语10、《说文解字》将所收汉字归入A. 9353部首B. 540部首C. 214 部首D. 106 部首11、“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的A. 正对B. 串对C. 反对D. 流水对12、汉语的官话是指A. 做官的人说的话B. 官方语言C. 北方方言D. 北京话13、中国古代第一部语言学专著是A. 《尔雅》B. 《玉篇》C. 《助字辨略》D. 《释名》14、下面各词中，借自蒙古语的是A. 香槟B. 罗汉C. 琵琶D. 胡同15、意大利文豪但丁进行作使用的是意大利A. 多斯岗方言B. 米兰方言C. 那不勒斯方言D. 罗马方言16、下面各项属于施为句的是A. 北京是双奥之城。
2023年10月自学考试00535现代汉语真题试题
2023年10月高等教育自学考试现代汉语试题课程代码:005351.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1.湘方言的代表话是A.江西话B.南昌话C.长沙话D.广东话2.一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小的语音单位是A.音素B.音位C.韵母D.音节3.下列各词，两个音节的声母都属于舌面前音的是A.七个B.细看C.气流D.机器4.下列各词，两个音节的韵母都属于舌面后元音的是A.歌舞B.基础C.纱布D.和气5、一个普通话音节最多可以包含的音素数目是A.1个B.2个C.3个D.4个6.说出下列各词时，第一个音节的调值会变为211的是A.表演B.手脚C.总结D.友好7.读出下列各句时，“啊”读作na的是A.这小伙子真帅啊!B.这本书真新啊!C.这小伙子真酷啊!D.多么感人的诗啊!8.通行于秦代、结束了甲骨文以来汉字形体纷繁、写法多样的混乱局面的字体是A.金文B.大篆C.小篆D.隶书9.下列各字，运用了会意造字法的是A.刃B.欺C.羊D.从10.下列各词，包含前缀语素的是A.阿姨B.老人C.人才D.小孩11.汉语里用“姐姐”、“妹妹”表示的意思，在英语里只用sister表示，这反映了词义具有A.客观性B.概括性C.模糊性D.民族性12.属于敬词的是A.敝人B.犬子C.令尊D.寒舍13.加点部分属于同音词的一组是A.路很宽-从宽处理B.打篮球一打毛衣C.这口井很深一由浅入深地讲解D.这药太苦了一苦日子总算过去了14.属于历史词的是A.黎民B.诞辰C.仓颉D.矍烁15.属于谓词的是A.跑B.一C.山D.不16.属于述宾短语的是A.说明白B.大家唱C.很漂亮D.懂礼貌17.有双宾语的句子是A.我送他一束花。
10月全国现代语言学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affi x “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere1in most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “s speech,” and speech as “overt thought.” In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.225. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences “He crazy” and “He be sick all the time” are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner’s acquisition of a second language.3。
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。
最新10月全国自学考试语言与文化试题及答案解析
全国2018年10月自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and thefour alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement.(20%)1. “A Chauvinist pig” refers to a person who believes that women are ______.( )A. prone to tearsB. sociableC. frailD. inferior2. A hot, freshly cooked sausage sandwiched in a split roll of bread is called ______.( )A. hamburgerB. sandwichC. hot dogD. pudding3. Language is ______.( )A. the product of the human brainB. rule governedC. independent of cultureD. the result of social institutions4. Language is used for communication in that communication is the ____ function of language.( )A. primaryB. peripheralC. mediumD. personal5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?( )A. English is a language with explicit grammar and Chinese is a language with implicit grammar.B. Compared with Chinese, English has more grammatical morphemes that are used more frequently in either speech or writing.C. Chinese has no grammatical morphemes.D. Grammatical explicitness and consistency are required in English.6. English is the language which ______.( )A. demonstrates more hypotactic relations than Chinese doesB. demonstrates more paratactic relations than Chinese doesC. demonstrates only hypotactic relationsD. only relies on conjunctions for sentence construction7. ____ can be used as a title for an English woman whose marital status is unknown or is not indicated.( )A. Mrs.B. Ms.C. MissD. Madam8. “To kick the bucket” means“to _____ ” ( )A. dieB. workC. playD. study9. “Marry in May, repent always.” is related to ______.( )A. geographyB. ChristianityC. individualismD. Greco-Roman civilization10. “A Cleopatra” is an allusion from______.( )A. mythologyB. religionC. literatureD. sports11. A simile is a direct _____ between two or more unlike thing s, normally introduced by “like” or “as”.( )A. meaningB. comparisonC. linkD. way12. Terms of colours can be used either literally to refer to different colours or metaphorically to convey their ______ meanings.( )A. directB. impliedC. associativeD. comparative13. ______ are pleasant, polite or harmless sounding words or expressions used to mask harsh, rude or infamous truths.( )A. Terms of humilityB. HonourificsC. Similes and metaphorsD. Euphemisms14. Honourifics are used to show respect to one’s interlocutors and persons mentioned in conversations, while ______ are used to show the speaker’s modesty.( )A. honourificsB. complimentsC. terms of humilityD. euphemisms15. The term “text” refers to any piece of spoken or writte n language, which expresses a(n) ______ meaning.( )A. completeB. incompleteC. regularD. irregular16. A: Do you mind my smoking here ?( )B: This is non-smoking area.There is ______between the above two sentences.A. logicB. lexicalC. cohesionD. coherence17. Which of the following words is a coinage, which is often used in the advertisements or brand names?( )A. homelyB. packageC. smoothnessD. home office18. The Chinese meaning of “Mars” is ______ .( )A. 水星B. 金星C. 火星D.木星19. What does punctuality mean to Americans and Englishmen?( )A. in timeB. on time if not a little beforeC. a couple of minutes lateD. half an hour late20. ______ communication is communication without words.( )A. ActionB. GesturesC. VerbalD. NonverbalII. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which alternatives can complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. Affective meaning is communicated when ______ are expressed directly or indirectly in language.( )A. communicative valuesB. attitudesC. feelingsD. referential meanings22. Many English words refer to the historical aspects of English culture, such as ______.( ) A. reformation B. lynchC. cocktailD. scalp23. Which of the following statements is right?( )A. Hypotactic language is unambiguous and paratactic language is ambiguous.B. Hypotactic language like English relies on conjunctions for sentence construction.C. Paratactic language like Chinese never relies on conjunctions for sentence construction.D. Hypotactic and paratactic relations can be found in both English and Chinese.24. “ ______ ”is an appropriate reply to an expression of gratitude.( )A. Don’t mention itB. Don’t say thatC. It’s my pleasureD. It’s my duty25. ______ is an allusion from a historical event.( )A. NewcastleB. MarathonC. WaterlooD. Paris26. In English, green is usually associated with ______.( )A. jealousyB. lacking experienceC. authoritative permissionD. profit27. In English, we can use such euphemisms as ______ for “die”.( )A. “go”B. “depart”C. “go to a better world”D. “go the way of all flesh”28. The logical relationships between adjoining sentences can be classified into ______. ( )A. additiveB. adversativeC. causalD. temporal29. A news report normally consists of ______.( )A. a headlineB. a leadC. a subtitleD. a story30. Thumbing one’s nose is used to show one’s ______.( )A. defianceB. greeting othersC. arousing other’s interestD. contemptIII. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. (20%)31. Language is the carrier and ______ of culture.32. Each culture develops a particular way of ______ favoured by a particular population.33. The prefix “super-” and suffices “-logy”, “-ics” are all from______.34. ______ is used to talk about a person or event that attracts a lot of notice and is the subject of much talk for a short time but is soon forgotten.35. If the person calling is a stranger and does not tell who he or she is, English speakers normally ask“ ______ ”36. Which of the following words in the sentence “There are too many facts here for me to digest them all”is a metaphor?______37. In English a developing country is used to refer to a poor country. Here a developing country is a______.38. A: Are you from China?B: Yes, I am.The sentences in the above dialogue are connected by both grammatical and lexical means, so we say that they exhibit ______.39. In American English, the letters “er” in the word “clerk” are pronounced as______.40. “ ______ ”is signified by moving several times the hand whose forefinger touches one’s own cheek.IV. Answer the following questions briefly.(12%)41. Could you say something about the language features of English advertising?42. How is nonverbal communication related to culture?43. What does abstract thinking refer to?44. How would you explain the fact that “greenhouse”and its equivalent in Chinese “温室”are formed differently?V. Translation.(18%)45．趁热打铁。
10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languagessuch as .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rulesC. lexical rulesD. transformational rules5. The naming theory was proposed by .A. the Greek scholar PlatoB.C.K. Ogden and I.A. RichardsC. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time,without reference to earlier or later stages.A. DiachronicB. SynchronicC. HistoricalD. Comparative8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a churchsermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year1B. in the second half of the second yearC. between two and three years oldD. between four and five years oldⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for humancommunication.12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols calledd are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similarsounds.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meaningsof its components.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called s features.16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by thespeaker and the hearer.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shiftinvolves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particularhemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. whenthey talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited numberof sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language. 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to change asentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to anyCase receiving position.24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has majorand minor lexical categories of a finite set.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary point.227. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from anotherlanguage and adds it to its lexicon.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assumecorrect forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech getscorrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speechⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show howthe flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).3。
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全国2018年10月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.（）A. lexical B. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（）A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （）A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）1A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. （）A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.（）A. important B. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would bea diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.213. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In sec ond language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal isf , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%×10=20% ）21. （）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is totalor complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again,such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air isblocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceivedfrom the meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highlyabstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which3generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while“parameters”allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways,according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fa ll into fivegeneral categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressivesand decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks], but theword asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interest ing that in Old English the verbask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesisrule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English.Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposingtwo adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as theonly correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas incommunication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grim m’s Law438. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?5。