课后习题解析-第六章酸碱平衡与酸碱滴定法
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第六章 酸碱平衡和酸碱滴定法
6-1根据下列反应,标出共轭酸碱对。
(1) H 2O + H 2O == H 3O + + OH -
(2) HAc + H 2O == H 3O + + Ac -
(3) H 3PO 4 + OH - == H 2PO 4- + H 2O
(4) CN - + H 2O == HCN + OH -
共轭酸碱对为:
(1)H 3O +—H 2O
H 2O—OH - (2)HAc—Ac -
H 3O +—H 2O (3)H 3PO 4—H 2PO 4-
H 2O—OH - (4)HCN—CN -
H 2O—OH -
6-2 指出下列物质中的共轭酸、共轭碱,并按照强弱顺序排列起来:HAc ,Ac -;NH 4+,NH 3;HF ,F -;H 3PO 4,H 2PO 4-;H 2S ,HS -。
共轭酸为:HAc 、NH 4+、HF 、H 3PO 4、H 2S
共轭碱为:Ac - 、NH 3、 F -、H 2PO 4-、HS-
共轭酸强弱顺序为:H 3PO 4、HF 、HAc 、H 2S 、NH 4+
共轭碱强弱顺序为:NH 3、HS -、Ac -、F -、H 2PO 4-
6-3已知下列各弱酸的pK a θ和弱碱的pK b θ值,求它们的共轭碱和共轭酸的pK b θ和pK a θ。
(1) pK b θ = 4.69
(2) pK b θ = 4.75 (3) pK b θ = 10.25 (4) pK a θ = 4.66
6-4 计算0.10mol • L -1甲酸(HCOOH)溶液的pH 及其离解度。
解:c /K a θ>500
134a L mol 102.41077.11.0)H (---+⋅⨯=⨯⨯==
cK c pH =2.38 %2.4%10010
.0102.4%100)H (3
=⨯⨯=⨯=α-+c c
6-5 计算下列溶液的pH 。
(1) 0.05 mol • L -1 HCl (2) 0.10 mol • L -1 CH 2ClCOOH (3) 0.10 mol • L -1 NH 3• H 2O
(4) 0.10 mol • L -1 CH 3COOH (5) 0.10 mol • L -1CH 2ClCOOH (6) 0.50 mol • L -1Na 2CO 3
(7) 0.10 mol • L -1 NH 4Ac (8) 0.20 mol • L -1 Na 2HPO 4
(1)解:c (H +) = 0.050 mol.L -1
pH =1.30 (2)解:K a θ = 1.4×10-3 c /K a θ=0.1/1.4×10-3<500
123a L mol 1018.1104.11.0)H (---θ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c pH =1.93
(3)解:K b θ = 1.77×10-5
c /K b θ=0.1/1.77×10-5>500
135b L mol 1033.11077.11.0)OH (---θ-⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c pOH =2.88 pH =11.12
(4)解:K a θ = 1.76×10-5
c /K a θ=0.1/1.76×10-5>500
135a L mol 1033.11076.11.0)H (---θ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c pH =2.88
(5)解: 41114a2w b11078.11061.5100.1---θθθ
⨯=⨯⨯==K K K
c /K b1θ=0.20/1.78×10-4>500
134b1L mol 1097.51078.12.0)OH (---θ-⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c pOH =2.22 pH =11.78
(6)解:
191172a 1a L mol 1091.41061.51030.4)H (----θθ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯⨯=⋅=K K c
pH =8.31 (7)解:
1
75
10a 4a L mol 100.11076.11064.5)HAc ()NH ()H (----θ+θ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯⨯=⋅=K K c pH =7.00
(8)解:
1101383a 2a L mol 102.1102.21023.6)H (----θθ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯⨯=⋅=K K c
pH=9.92
6-6 计算室温下饱和CO 2水溶液(即0.04 mol • L -1 HCl )中c (H +), c (HCO 3-), c (CO 32-)。
解:H 2CO 3 H + + HCO 3- K a1θ=4.30×10-7 K a2θ = 5.61×10-11
K a1θ >> K a2θ,计算H +浓度时只考虑一级电离
c /K a1θ=0.04/4.30×10-7>500
1471a L mol 1031.11030.404.0)H (---θ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c
143L mol 1031.1)HCO ()H (---+⋅⨯=≈c c HCO 3- H ++CO 32- K a2θ=5.61×10-11 111233232a L mol 1061.5)CO ()
HCO ()CO ()H (-----+θ⋅⨯=≈=c c c c K
6-7 欲配制pH=3的缓冲溶液,有下列三组共轭酸碱对:(1) HCOOH-HCOO -; (2) HAc-Ac -; (3) NH 4+-NH 3,问哪组较为合适?
(1) HCOOH-HCOO - pK a θ = 3.75较为合适
6-8 往100mL 0.10 mol L -1HAc 溶液中,加入50mL0.10 mol L -1 NaOH 溶液,求此混合液的pH 。
解:混合后为HAc-NaAc 体系,c (HAc)=c (Ac -) 75.41lg 75.4)
Ac ()HAc (lg p pH a =-=-=-θc c K
6-9 欲配制 pH = 10.0的缓冲溶液,如用500mL 0.10 mol L -1 NH 3 • H 2O 溶液,问需加入0.10 mol L -1HCl 溶液多少毫升?或加入固体NH 4Cl 多少克?(假设体积不变)
解: )NH ()NH (lg p pH 34a c c K +
θ
-=)
NH ()NH (lg 25.90.1034c c +-= 75.0)NH ()NH (lg 34-=+
c c 178.0)
NH ()NH (34=+c c (1)设需加入HCl V mL
V =75.6mL
178.010.050010.010.0)NH ()NH (34=-⨯=+V
V c c
(2)设需加入固体NH 4Cl m g
m =0.48g
178.01050010.049.53)NH ()NH (334=⨯⨯=-+m
c c
6-10酸碱滴定中,指示剂选择的原则是什么?
指示剂选择原则:指示剂变色范围全部或部分落在突跃范围内。
6-11 借助指示剂的变色确定终点,下列各物质能否用酸碱滴定法直接准确滴定?如果能,计算计量点时的pH,并选择合适的指示剂。
(1) 0.10 mol • L -1 NaF; (2) 0.10 mol • L -1 HCN; (3) 0.10 mol • L -1CH 2ClCOOH 。
解:①K a θ=3.53×10-4 K b θ=2.83×10-11
cK b θ=0.10×2.83×10-11<10-8 故不能直接滴定。
②K a θ=4.93×10-10
cK a θ=0.10×4.93×10-10<10-8 故不能直接滴定。
③K a θ=1.4×10-3 cK a θ=0.10×1.4×10-3>10-8 故能直接滴定。
计量点时CH 2ClCOO -溶液,c =0.05,K b θ=7.1×10-12
c /K b θ=0.05/7.1×10-12>500
1712b L mol 100.6101.705.0)OH (---θ-⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c pH =7.78 可选苯酚红作指示剂。
6-12 一元弱酸(HA)纯试样1.250g, 溶于50.00mL 水中,需41.20mL 0.0900 mol • L -1NaOH 滴至终点。
已知加入8.24mL NaOH 时,溶液的pH=4.30, 求:(1)弱酸的摩尔质量M ;
(2)弱酸的离解常数K a θ ; (3)计量点时的pH, 并选择合适的指示剂指示终点。
解:(1) )NaOH ()NaOH ()HA ()HA (V c m M =
131mol g 1.337L
1020.41L mol 09000.0g 250.1---⋅=⨯⨯⋅=(2)当加入8.24ml NaOH 时,溶液组成为HA-A -缓冲体系 )
A ()HA (lg p pH a -θ-=c c K
90.424
.824.820.41lg 30.4p a =-+=θK K a θ=1.3×10-5
(3)计量点时A -溶液,K b θ=7.7×10-10
11L mol 04066.041.20)mL (50.00mL 20.41L mol 09000.0)A (---
⋅=+⨯⋅=c c /K b θ=0.04066/7.7×10-10>500
1610b L mol 106.5107.704066.0)OH (---θ-⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c
pH =8.75 可选酚酞作指示剂。
6-13 用因保存不当失去部分结晶水的草酸(H 2C 2O 4•2H 2O)作基准物质来标定NaOH 的浓度,问标定结果是偏高、偏低还是无影响?
解:标定结果偏低。
6-14 称取纯碱试样(含NaHCO 3及惰性杂质)1.000g, 溶于水后,以酚酞为指示剂滴至终点,需0.2500 mol • L -1 HCl 20.40mL ,再以甲基橙作指示剂继续以 HCl 滴定,到终点时消耗同浓度HCl 28.46mL ,求试样中Na 2CO 3和NaHCO 3的质量分数。
解:CO 32-+H +(V 1ml)==HCO 3-
HCO 3-+H +(V 2ml)==H 2CO 3 m
M V c w )CO Na ()HCl ()CO Na (32132= %06.54g
000.1mol g 99.105L 1040.20L mol 2500.01
3-1=⋅⨯⨯⨯⋅=-- m
M V V c w )NaHCO ()()HCl ()NaHCO (3123-= %93.16g
000.1mol g 01.84L 10)40.2046.28(L mol 2500.01
3-1=⋅⨯⨯-⨯⋅=--
6-15称取NaH 2PO 4和Na 2HPO 4及其他惰性杂质的试样1.000g, 溶于适量水后,以百里酚酞作指示剂,用0.1000 mol • L -1 NaOH 标准溶液滴至溶液刚好变蓝,消耗NaOH 标准
溶液20.00mL ,而后加入溴甲酚绿指示剂,改用0.1000 mol • L -1 HCl 标准溶液滴至终点时,消耗HCl 溶液30.00mL ,试计算:(1)ω(NaH 2PO 4);(2)ω(Na 2HPO 4);(3)该NaOH 标准溶液在甲醛法对氮的滴定度。
解:H 2PO 4- + OH - =HPO 42- + H 2O
百里酚酞 HPO 42- + H + = H 2PO 4-
溴甲酚绿 m
M V c w )PO NaH ()NaOH ()NaOH ()PO NaH (4242= %00.24g
000.1mol g 98.119L 1000.20L mol 1000.01
3-1=⋅⨯⨯⨯⋅=-- m
M V c V c w )HPO Na ()]NaOH ()NaOH ()HCl ()HCl ([)HPO Na (4242-=%20.14g
000.1mol g 96.141L 10)00.2000.30(L mol 1000.01
3-1=⋅⨯⨯-⨯⋅=-- )
NaOH ()N ()NaOH ()NaOH (NaOH V M V c T N = 11
31mL g 001401.0mL
1mol g 01.14L 10L mol 1000.0----⋅=⋅⨯⨯⋅=
6-16 蛋白质试样 0.2320 g 经克氏法处理后,加浓碱蒸馏,用过量硼酸吸收蒸出的氨,然后用 0.1200 mol • L -1 HCl 21.00mL 滴至终点,计算试样中氮的质量分数。
解:NH 3 + H 3BO 3 == NH 4+ + H 2BO 3-
H + + H 2BO 3- == H 3BO 3
n (N) = n (NH 3) = n (H 2BO 3-) = n (HCl) m
M V c w )N ()HCl ()HCl (N)(= %22.15.2320g
0mol g 01.14L 1000.21L mol 1200.01
3-1=⋅⨯⨯⨯⋅=--
6-17称取土样1.000g 溶解后,将其中的磷沉淀为磷钼酸铵,用20.00mL 0.1000 mol • L -1NaOH 溶解沉淀,过量的NaOH 用0.2000 mol • L -1HNO 3 7.50mL 滴至酚酞终点,计算
土样中ω(P)、ω(P 2O 5)。
已知
H 3PO 4 + 12MoO 42- + 2NH 4+ + 22H + == (NH 4)2HPO 4• 12MoO 3• H 2O + 11H 2O
(NH 4)2HPO 4• 12MoO 3• H 2O + 24OH - == 12MoO 42- + HPO 42- + 2NH 4+ + 13H 2O
解:P 2O 5~2P ~48NaOH
n (P) = n (H 3PO 4) = n [(NH 4)2HPO 4• 12MoO 3• H 2O] = n (OH -)/24 m
M V c V c w )P ()]HNO ()HNO ()NaOH ()NaOH ([)P (33-= g
000.124mol g 97.30L)1050.7L mol 2000.0-L 1000.20L mol 1000.0(1
3-13-1⨯⋅⨯⨯⨯⋅⨯⨯⋅=---
%06452.0= %1479.097
.30295.141%06452.0)(2)O P ()()O P (5252=⨯⨯==P M M P w w
6-18 Calculate the concentration of sodium acetate needed to produce a pH of 5.000in a solution of acetic acid (0.1 mol • L -1) at 25o C. p K a θ for acetic acid is 4.756 at 25o C.
解: )Ac ()HAc (lg p pH a -θ-=c c K 244.00.5756.4)
Ac ()HAc (lg -=-=-c c 570.0)Ac ()HAc (=-c c 1-L mol 175.0570
.01.0)Ac (⋅==-c
6-19 The concentration of H 2S in a Saturated aqueous solution at room temperature is approximately 0.1 mol • L -1. Calculate c (H +), c (HS -), c (S 2-), in the solution.
解:K a1θ=9.1×10-8 K a2θ=1.1×10-12
K a1θ >> K a2θ,计算H +浓度时只考虑一级电离
c /K a1θ=0.1/9.1×10-8>500
158a1L mol 105.9101.91.0)H (---θ+⋅⨯=⨯⨯==cK c
15L mol 105.9)H ()H (---+⋅⨯=≈S c c
112a2-2L mol 101.1)S (--θ⋅⨯=≈K c
6-20 Calculate the equilibrium concentration of sulfide ion in a saturated solution of hydrogen sulfide to which enough hydrochloric acid has been added to make the hydronium ion concentration of the solution 0.1 mol • L -1 at equilibrium. (A saturated H2S solution is 0.1 mol • L -1 in hydrogen sulfide)
解: )S H ()S ()H (222a2
a1c c c K K -+θθ
=⋅ )(100.11
.01.0101.1101.9)H ()S H ()S (118212822a2a12----+-∙⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯=⋅=L mol c c K K c θθ。