2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题

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2011考研试题及评分标准.

2011考研试题及评分标准.
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(D) α 2 , α 3 , α 4
(7) 设 F1 ( x) 与 F2 ( x ) 为两个分布函数,其相应的概率密度 f1 ( x ) 与 f 2 ( x) 是连续函数,则必 为概率密度的是 (A) f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x) 则 E (UV ) = (A) EU ⋅ EV (B) EX ⋅ EY (C) EU ⋅ EY (D) EX ⋅ EV (B) 2 f 2 ( x ) F1 ( x) (C) f1 ( x ) F2 ( x ) (D) f1 ( x ) F2 ( x) + f 2 ( x ) F1 ( x) (8) 设随机变量 X 与 Y 相互独立, 且 EX 与 EY 存在, 记 U = max{ X , Y } , V = min{ X , Y } ,
T (6) 设 A = (α1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4 ) 是 4 阶矩阵, A 为 A 的伴随矩阵。 若 (1, 0,1, 0) 是方程组 Ax = 0 *
的一个基础解系,则 A* x = 0 的基础解系可为 (A) α1 , α 3 (B) α1 , α 2 (C) α1 , α 2 , α 3
(B) I < K < J (C) J < I < K (D) K < J < I
(5) 设 A 为 3 阶矩阵,将 A 的第 2 列加到第 1 列得矩阵 B ,再交换 B 的第 2 行与第 3 行得
1 0 0 1 0 0 单位矩阵。记 P1 = 1 1 0 , P2 = 0 0 1 ,则 A = 0 0 1 0 1 0 −1 (A) P1P2 (B) P1 P2 (C) P2 P1 (D) P2 P1−1
D
计算二重积分 I =

2011考研数学一真题及答案解析

2011考研数学一真题及答案解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1) 曲线234(1)(2)(3)(4)y x x x x =−−−−的拐点是( )(A) (1,0). (B) (2,0). (C) (3,0). (D) (4,0). (2) 设数列{}n a 单调减少,lim 0n n a →∞=,1(1,2,)nn kk S an ===∑ 无界,则幂级数1(1)nn n a x ∞=−∑的收敛域为( )(A) (1,1]−. (B) [1,1)−. (C) [0,2). (D) (0,2]. (3) 设函数()f x 具有二阶连续导数,且()0f x >,(0)0f '=,则函数()ln ()z f x f y =在点(0,0)处取得极小值的一个充分条件是( )(A) (0)1f >,(0)0f ''>. (B) (0)1f >,(0)0f ''<. (C) (0)1f <,(0)0f ''>. (D) (0)1f <,(0)0f ''<.(4) 设4ln sin I x dx π=⎰,40ln cot J x dx π=⎰,40ln cos K x dx π=⎰,则,,I J K 的大小关系是( )(A) I J K <<. (B) I K J <<. (C) J I K <<. (D) K J I <<.(5) 设A 为3阶矩阵,将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵B ,再交换B 的第2行与第3行得单位矩阵,记1100110001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2100001010P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,则A =( ) (A) 12PP . (B) 112P P −. (C) 21P P . (D) 121P P −.(6) 设1234(,,,)A αααα=是4阶矩阵,*A 为A 的伴随矩阵,若(1,0,1,0)T是方程组0Ax =的一个基础解系,则*0A x =的基础解系可为( )(A) 13,αα. (B) 12,αα. (C) 123,,ααα. (D) 234,,ααα.(7) 设1()F x ,2()F x 为两个分布函数,其相应的概率密度1()f x ,2()f x 是连续函数,则必为概率密度的是( )(A)12()()f x f x . (B)212()()f x F x .(C)12()()f x F x . (D)1221()()()()f x F x f x F x +.(8) 设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,且()E X 与()E Y 存在,记{}max ,U X Y =,{}min ,V X Y =则()E UV =( )(A)()()E U E V ⋅. (B)()()E X E Y ⋅. (C)()()E U E Y ⋅. (D)()()E X E V ⋅.二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上. (9) 曲线0tan (0)4π=≤≤⎰xy tdt x 的弧长s = .(10) 微分方程cos xy y e x −'+=满足条件(0)0y =的解为y = .(11) 设函数2sin (,)1xytF x y dt t =+⎰,则222x y F x ==∂=∂ .(12) 设L 是柱面方程221x y +=与平面=+z x y 的交线,从z 轴正向往z 轴负向看去为逆时针方向,则曲线积分22L y xzdx xdy dz ++=⎰ .(13) 若二次曲面的方程22232224x y z axy xz yz +++++=,经过正交变换化为221144y z +=,则a = .(14) 设二维随机变量(),X Y 服从正态分布()22,;,;0N μμσσ,则()2E X Y = .三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸...指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15)(本题满分10分)求极限110ln(1)lim()x e x x x−→+.(16)(本题满分9分)设函数(,())z f xy yg x =,其中函数f 具有二阶连续偏导数,函数()g x 可导且在1x =处取得极值(1)1g =,求211x y zx y==∂∂∂.(17)(本题满分10分)求方程arctan 0k x x −=不同实根的个数,其中k 为参数.(18)(本题满分10分)(Ⅰ)证明:对任意的正整数n ,都有111ln(1)1n n n<+<+ 成立. (Ⅱ)设111ln (1,2,)2n a n n n=+++−=,证明数列{}n a 收敛.(19)(本题满分11分)已知函数(,)f x y 具有二阶连续偏导数,且(1,)0f y =,(,1)0f x =,(,)Df x y dxdy a =⎰⎰,其中{}(,)|01,01D x y x y =≤≤≤≤,计算二重积分''(,)xy DI xy f x y dxdy =⎰⎰.(20)(本题满分11分)设向量组123(1,0,1)(0,1,1)(1,3,5)T T T ααα===,,,不能由向量组1(1,1,1)T β=,2(1,2,3)T β=,3(3,4,)T a β=线性表示.(I) 求a 的值;(II) 将123,,βββ由123,,ααα线性表示.(21)(本题满分11分)A 为三阶实对称矩阵,A 的秩为2,即()2r A =,且111100001111A −⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭.(I) 求A 的特征值与特征向量; (II) 求矩阵A . (22)(本题满分11分)设随机变量X 与Y且{}221P X Y ==.(I) 求二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率分布; (II) 求Z XY =的概率分布; (III) 求X 与Y 的相关系数XY ρ.(23)(本题满分 11分) 设12,,,n X X X 为来自正态总体20(,)μσN 的简单随机样本,其中0μ已知,20σ>未知.X 和2S 分别表示样本均值和样本方差.(I) 求参数2σ的最大似然估计量2σ∧; (II) 计算2()E σ∧和2()D σ∧.2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题答案一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1)【答案】(C).【解析】记1111,1,0y x y y '''=−==,2222(2),2(2),2,y x y x y '''=−=−= 32333(3),3(3),6(3),y x y x y x '''=−=−=− 432444(4),4(4),12(4),y x y x y x '''=−=−=− (3)()y x P x ''=−,其中(3)0P ≠,30x y =''=,在3x =两侧,二阶导数符号变化,故选(C).(2)【答案】(C).【解析】观察选项:(A),(B),(C),(D)四个选项的收敛半径均为1,幂级数收敛区间的中心在1x =处,故(A),(B)错误;因为{}n a 单调减少,lim 0n n a →∞=,所以0n a ≥,所以1nn a∞=∑为正项级数,将2x =代入幂级数得1nn a∞=∑,而已知S n =1nkk a=∑无界,故原幂级数在2x =处发散,(D)不正确.当0x =时,交错级数1(1)nn n a ∞=−∑满足莱布尼茨判别法收敛,故0x =时1(1)nn n a ∞=−∑收敛.故正确答案为(C).(3)【答案】(A). 【解析】(0,0)(0,0)|()ln ()|(0)ln (0)0zf x f y f f x∂''=⋅==∂, (0,0)(0,0)()|()|(0)0,()z f y f x f y f y '∂'=⋅==∂故(0)0f '=, 2(0,0)(0,0)2|()ln ()|(0)ln (0)0,zA f x f y f f x∂''''==⋅=⋅>∂22(0,0)(0,0)()[(0)]|()|0,()(0)z f y f B f x x y f y f ''∂'==⋅==∂∂222(0,0)(0,0)22()()[()][(0)]|()|(0)(0).()(0)z f y f y f y f C f x f f y f y f ''''∂−''''==⋅=−=∂ 又22[(0)]ln (0)0,AC B f f ''−=⋅>故(0)1,(0)0f f ''>>.(4)【答案】(B). 【解析】因为04x π<<时, 0sin cos 1cot x x x <<<<,又因ln x 是单调递增的函数,所以ln sin ln cos ln cot x x x <<. 故正确答案为(B). (5)【答案】 (D).【解析】由于将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵B ,故100110001A B ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭, 即1AP B =,11A BP −=.由于交换B 的第2行和第3行得单位矩阵,故100001010B E ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭, 即2,P B E =故122B P P −==.因此,121A P P −=,故选(D).(6)【答案】(D).【解析】由于(1,0,1,0)T 是方程组0Ax =的一个基础解系,所以(1,0,1,0)0TA =,且()413r A =−=,即130αα+=,且0A =.由此可得*||A A A E O ==,即*1234(,,,)A O =αααα,这说明1234,,,αααα是*0A x =的解.由于()3r A =,130αα+=,所以234,,ααα线性无关.又由于()3r A =,所以*()1r A =,因此*0A x =的基础解系中含有413−=个线性无关的解向量.而234,,ααα线性无关,且为*0A x =的解,所以234,,ααα可作为*0A x =的基础解系,故选(D).(7)【答案】(D). 【解析】选项(D)1122()()()()f x F x f x F x dx +∞−∞⎡⎤+⎣⎦⎰2211()()()()F x dF x F x dF x +∞−∞⎡⎤=+⎣⎦⎰21()()d F x F x +∞−∞⎡⎤=⎣⎦⎰12()()|F x F x +∞−∞=1=. 所以1221()()f F x f F x +为概率密度.(8)【答案】(B).【解析】因为 {},,max ,,,X X Y U X Y Y X Y ≥⎧==⎨<⎩ {},,min ,,Y X Y V X Y X X Y ≥⎧==⎨<⎩.所以,UV XY =,于是()()E UV E XY = ()()E X E Y =.二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上. (9)【答案】(ln 1+.【解析】选取x 为参数,则弧微元sec ds xdx ===所以440sec ln sec tan ln(1s xdx x x ππ==+=+⎰. (10)【答案】sin xy e x −=.【解析】由通解公式得(cos )dx dxx y e e x e dx C −−⎰⎰=⋅+⎰(cos )x e xdx C −=+⎰(sin )xe x C −=+.由于(0)0,y =故C =0.所以sin xy e x −=.(11)【答案】4. 【解析】2sin 1()F xy y x xy ∂=⋅∂+, 22222cos sin 2[1()]F y xy xy xy y x xy ∂−⋅=⋅∂+, 故2(0,2)2|4Fx∂=∂. (12)【答案】π.【解析】取22:0,1S x y z x y +−=+≤,取上侧,则由斯托克斯公式得,原式=22SS dydz dzdx dxdyydydz xdzdx dxdy x y z y xzx∂∂∂=++∂∂∂⎰⎰⎰⎰.因'',1, 1.x y z x y z z =+==由转换投影法得221[(1)(1)1]Sx y ydydz xdzdx dxdy y x dxdy +≤++=⋅−+−+⎰⎰⎰⎰.221(1)x y x y dxdy π+≤=−−+=⎰⎰221x y dxdy π+≤==⎰⎰.(13)【答案】1a =.【解析】由于二次型通过正交变换所得到的标准形前面的系数为二次型对应矩阵A 的特征值,故A 的特征值为0,1,4.二次型所对应的矩阵1131111a A a ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,由于310ii A λ===∏,故113101111a a a =⇒=.(14)【答案】()22μμσ+.【解析】根据题意,二维随机变量(),X Y 服从()22,;,;0N μμσσ.因为0xy ρ=,所以由二维正态分布的性质知随机变量,X Y 独立,所以2,X Y .从而有()()()()()()22222E XY E X E Y D Y E Y μμμσ⎡⎤==+=+⎣⎦. 三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸...指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15)(本题满分10分)【解析】110ln(1)lim[]x e x x x−→+0ln(1)1lim[1].1x x x x e e →+−−=2ln(1)limx x xx e →+−=22201()2lim x x x o x x x e→−+−=22201()2lim x x o x x e→−+=12e −=.(16)(本题满分9分) 【解析】[],()z f xy yg x =[][]12,(),()()zf xy yg x y f xy yg x yg x x∂'''=⋅+⋅∂ [][]211112,()(,())(,())()zf xy yg x y f xy yg x x f xy yg x g x x y∂'''''=++∂∂ []{}21222(),()()[,()][,()]()g x f xy yg x yg x f xy yg x x f xy yg x g x '''''''+⋅+⋅+. 因为()g x 在1x =可导,且为极值,所以(1)0g '=,则21111121|(1,1)(1,1)(1,1)x y d zf f f dxdy =='''''=++. (17)(本题满分10分)【解析】显然0x =为方程一个实根. 当0x ≠时,令(),arctan xf x k x=−()()22arctan 1arctan xx x f x x −+'=. 令()2arctan 1x g x x x R x =−∈+,()()()222222211220111x x x x g x x x x +−⋅'=−=>+++, 即(),0x R g x '∈>. 又因为()00g =,即当0x <时,()0g x <; 当0x >时,()0g x >. 当0x <时,()'0f x <;当0x >时,()'0f x >.所以当0x <时,()f x 单调递减,当0x >时,()f x 单调递增 又由()00lim lim1arctan x x xf x k k x→→=−=−,()lim lim arctan x x xf x k x→∞→∞=−=+∞, 所以当10k −<时,由零点定理可知()f x 在(,0)−∞,(0,)+∞内各有一个零点; 当10k −≥时,则()f x 在(,0)−∞,(0,)+∞内均无零点.综上所述,当1k >时,原方程有三个根.当1k ≤时,原方程有一个根.(18)(本题满分10分)【解析】(Ⅰ)设()()1ln 1,0,f x x x n ⎡⎤=+∈⎢⎥⎣⎦显然()f x 在10,n⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦上满足拉格朗日的条件,()1111110ln 1ln1ln 1,0,1f f n n n n n ξξ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫−=+−=+=⋅∈ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭所以10,n ξ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭时, 11111111101n n n nξ⋅<⋅<⋅+++,即:111111n n n ξ<⋅<++, 亦即:111ln 11n n n⎛⎫<+< ⎪+⎝⎭. 结论得证.(II )设111111ln ln 23nn k a n n n k==++++−=−∑. 先证数列{}n a 单调递减.()111111111ln 1ln ln ln 1111n n n n k k n a a n n k k n n n n ++==⎡⎤⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫−=−+−−=+=−+ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥+++⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦⎣⎦∑∑,利用(I )的结论可以得到11ln(1)1n n <++,所以11ln 101n n ⎛⎫−+< ⎪+⎝⎭得到1n n a a +<,即数列{}n a 单调递减.再证数列{}n a 有下界.1111ln ln 1ln nnn k k a n n k k ==⎛⎫=−>+− ⎪⎝⎭∑∑,()11112341ln 1ln ln ln 1123nnk k k n n k k n ==++⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫+==⋅⋅=+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭∑∏,()1111ln ln 1ln ln 1ln 0nnn k k a n n n n k k ==⎛⎫=−>+−>+−> ⎪⎝⎭∑∑.得到数列{}n a 有下界.利用单调递减数列且有下界得到{}n a 收敛.(19)(本题满分11分) 【解析】11''(,)xy I xdx yf x y dy =⎰⎰11'0(,)x xdx ydf x y =⎰⎰()()111'000,|,x x xdx yf x y f x y dy ⎡⎤'=−⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰ ()11''0(,1)(,)x x xdx f x f x y dy =−⎰⎰.因为(,1)0f x =,所以'(,1)0x f x =.11'(,)xI xdx f x y dy =−⎰⎰11'0(,)x dy xf x y dx =−⎰⎰111000(,)|(,)dy xf x y f x y dx ⎡⎤=−−⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰1100(1,)(,)dy f y f x y dx ⎡⎤=−−⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰ Dfdxdy =⎰⎰a =.(20)(本题满分11分)【解析】(I)由于123,,ααα不能由123,,βββ线性表示,对123123(,,,,,)βββααα进行初等行变换:123123113101(,,,,,)12401313115a ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭βββααα113101011112023014a ⎛⎫ ⎪→− ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭113101011112005210a ⎛⎫ ⎪→− ⎪ ⎪−−⎝⎭. 当5a =时,1231231(,,)2(,,,)3r r ββββββα=≠=,此时,1α不能由123,,βββ线性表示,故123,,ααα不能由123,,βββ线性表示.(II)对123123(,,,,,)αααβββ进行初等行变换:123123101113(,,,,,)013124115135⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭αααβββ101113013124014022⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭101113013124001102⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪−−⎝⎭ 1002150104210001102⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪−−⎝⎭, 故112324βααα=+−,2122βαα=+,31235102βααα=+−.(21)(本题满分11分)【解析】(I)由于111100001111A −⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭,设()()121,0,1,1,0,1T T αα=−=,则()()1212,,A αααα=−,即1122,A A αααα=−=,而120,0αα≠≠,知A 的特征值为121,1λλ=−=,对应的特征向量分别为()1110k k α≠,()2220k k α≠.由于()2r A =,故0A =,所以30λ=.由于A 是三阶实对称矩阵,故不同特征值对应的特征向量相互正交,设30λ=对应的特征向量为()3123,,Tx x x α=,则13230,0,T T⎧=⎨=⎩αααα即13130,0x x x x −=⎧⎨+=⎩. 解此方程组,得()30,1,0Tα=,故30λ=对应的特征向量为()3330k k α≠.(II) 由于不同特征值对应的特征向量已经正交,只需单位化:))()3121231231,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0T T Tαααβββααα==−====. 令()123,,Q βββ=,则110TQ AQ −⎛⎫⎪=Λ= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭, TA Q Q =Λ22122001102201022⎛−⎛⎫⎪ ⎪−⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎪ ⎪− ⎪⎪⎝⎭ ⎪⎝⎭220012200000002210001022⎛−⎛⎫− ⎪ ⎪⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪==⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ⎪⎝⎭.(22)(本题满分11分)【解析】(I)因为{}221P X Y==,所以{}{}222210≠=−==P X Y P X Y.即{}{}{}0,10,11,00P X Y P X Y P X Y==−=======.利用边缘概率和联合概率的关系得到{}{}{}{}1 0,000,10,13P X Y P X P X Y P X Y====−==−−===;{}{}{}11,110,13P X Y P Y P X Y==−==−−==−=;{}{}{}11,110,13P X Y P Y P X Y====−===.即,X Y的概率分布为(II)Z的所有可能取值为1,0,1−.{}{}111,13P Z P X Y=−===−=.{}{}111,13P Z P X Y=====.{}{}{}101113P Z P Z P Z==−=−=−=.Z XY=的概率分布为(III)因为XY Cov XY E XY E X E Y ρ−⋅==其中()()1111010333E XY E Z ==−⋅+⋅+⋅=,()1111010333E Y =−⋅+⋅+⋅=.所以()()()0−⋅=E XY E X E Y ,即X ,Y 的相关系数0ρ=XY . (23)(本题满分 11分)【解析】因为总体X 服从正态分布,故设X 的概率密度为202()2()x f x μσ−−=,x −∞<<+∞.(I) 似然函数22002211()()22222211()(;)](2)ni i i x nnnx i i i L f x eμμσσσσπσ=−−−−−==∑===∏∏;取对数:222021()ln ()ln(2)22ni i x n L μσπσσ=−=−−∑; 求导:22022221()ln ()()22()ni i x d L nd μσσσσ=−=−+∑2202211[()]2()nii x μσσ==−−∑.令22ln ()0()d L d σσ=,解得22011()n i i x n σμ==−∑. 2σ的最大似然估计量为02211()ni i X n σμ∧==−∑.(II) 方法1:20~(,)μσi X N ,令20~(0,)i i Y X N μσ=−,则2211n i i Y n σ=∧=∑.2212221()()()()[()]n i i i i i E E Y E Y D Y E Y n σσ=∧===+=∑.2222212221111()()()()n i n i i D D Y D Y Y Y D Y n nnσ∧===+++=∑442244112{()[()]}(3)σσσ=−=−=i i E Y E Y n n n. 方法2:20~(,)μσi X N ,则~(0,1)i X N μσ−,得到()2201~ni i X Y n μχσ=−⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭∑,即()2201ni i Y X σμ==−∑.()()222222011111()n i i E E X E Y E Y n n n n n μσσσσσ=∧⎛⎫⎡⎤=−===⋅= ⎪⎢⎥⎣⎦⎝⎭∑.()()22444022222111112()2n i i D D X D Y D Y n nn n n n μσσσσσ=∧⎛⎫⎡⎤=−===⋅= ⎪⎢⎥⎣⎦⎝⎭∑.。

2011考研数学(一二三)真题(含答案)

2011考研数学(一二三)真题(含答案)
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2011 年全国硕士研究生入学 统一考试
数学(一、二、三) 试题及解析
山东考研辅导专家 苏老师
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2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
数学(一)试题
一、选择题:1~8 小题,每小题 4 分,共 32 分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要 求,请将所选项前的字母填在答.题.纸.指定位置上.
2

2011年考研数学三真题及解析

2011年考研数学三真题及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题及答案解析一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1) 已知当0x时,3sin sin3f x x x 与kcx 是等价无穷小,则( )(A) k=1, c =4 (B ) k=1,c = 4(C) k=3,c =4(D ) k=3,c =4【答案】(C)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:当0x时,sin x x在本题中,3sin sin 3limkxx xcx3sin sin cos 2cos sin 2limk xxx xx xcx2si n 3c o s 22c o sl i mkxxx x cx213c o s 22c o sl i mk xx x cx22132cos 12cos limk xx xcx221144cos 4sin limlimk k xxx x cxcx34l i m 14,3kx c kcx,故选择(C).(2) 已知函数f x 在x=0处可导,且0f =0,则2332limxx f xf xx = ( )(A) 2f (B)f (C) 0f (D) 0.【答案】(B)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:导数的定义0000()()lim()xf x x f x f x x在本题中,2322333020220limlim x x x f xf xx f xx f f xf x x3300lim20200xf x f f xf f f f xx故应选(B)(3) 设n u 是数列,则下列命题正确的是( )(A)若1n n u 收敛,则2121()nn n u u 收敛(B) 若2121()nn n u u 收敛,则1n n u 收敛(C) 若1n n u 收敛,则2121()nn n u u 收敛(D) 若2121()nn n u u 收敛,则1n n u 收敛【答案】(A)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:级数的基本性质若级数1n n u 收敛,则不改变其项的次序任意加括号,并把每个括号内各项的和数作为一项,这样所得到的新级数仍收敛,而且其和不变.在本题中,由于级数2121()nn n u u 是级数1n n u 经过加括号所构成的,由收敛级数的性质:当1n n u 收敛时,2121()nn n u u 也收敛,故(A )正确.(4) 设40ln sin Ix dx ,40ln cot Jx dx ,40ln cos K xdx ,则,,I J K 的大小关系是( )(A) IJ K(B) I KJ(C) JIK(D) KJ I【答案】(B)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:如果在区间[,]a b 上,()()f x g x ,则()()b b aaf x dxg x dx ()ab 在本题中,如图所示:因为04x,所以0sin cos 1cot x x x又因ln x 在(0,)是单调递增的函数,所以ln sin ln cos ln cot x xx(0,)4x4440ln sin ln cos ln cot x dx x dx x dx即I KJ .选(B ).(5) 设A 为3阶矩阵,将A 的第二列加到第一列得矩阵B ,再交换B 的第二行与第三行得单位矩阵,记1100110001P ,210000101P ,则A = ( )(A)12P P (B)112P P (C)21P P (D)121P P 【答案】(D)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:设A 是一个m n 矩阵,对A 施行一次初等行变换,相当于在A 的左边乘以相应的m 阶初等矩阵;对A 施行一次初等列变换,相当于在A 的右边乘以相应的n 阶初等矩阵.π/4在本题中,由于将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵B ,故100110,1A B 即111,AP B ABP 故由于交换B 的第2行和第3行得单位矩阵,故10000101B E即2,P BE 故122,BP P 因此,1112121,A P P P P 故选(D)(6) 设A 为43矩阵,123,,是非齐次线性方程组Ax的3个线性无关的解,12,k k 为任意常数,则Ax的通解为()(A) 23121()2k (B)23121()2k (C)23121231()()2k k (D)23121231()()2k k 【答案】(C)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)如果1,2是Ax b 的两个解,则12是0Ax 的解;(2)如n 元线性方程组Axb 有解,设12,,,t是相应齐次方程组0Ax的基础解系,是Ax b 的某个已知解,则11220ttk k k 是Axb 的通解(或全部解),其中12,,,t k k k 为任意常数.在本题中,因为123,,是Ax的3个线性无关的解,那么21,31是0Ax的2个线性无关的解.从而()2n r A ,即3()2()1r A r A 显然()1r A ,因此()1r A 由()312n r A ,知(A )(B )均不正确. 又232311222AAA,故231()2是方程组Ax的解.所以应选(C ).(7) 设1()F x ,2()F x 为两个分布函数,其相应的概率密度1()f x 与2()f x 是连续函数,则必为概率密度的是()(A) 1()f x 2()f x (B) 22()f x 1()F x (C)1()f x 2()F x (D)1()f x 2()F x +2()f x 1()F x 【答案】(D)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:连续型随机变量的概率密度()f x 的性质:()1f x dx 在本题中,由于1()f x 与2()f x 均为连续函数,故它们的分布函数1()F x 与2()F x 也连续.根据概率密度的性质,应有()f x 非负,且()1f x dx .在四个选项中,只有(D )选项满足1221()()()()f x F x f x F x dx2112()()()()F x dF x F x dF x 121212()()()()()()F x F x F x dF x F x dF x 1故选(D ).(8) 设总体X 服从参数为(0)的泊松分布,12,,,(2)n X X X n为来自该总体的简单随机样本,则对于统计量111ni i T X n和121111n in i T X X n n,有()(A) 1ET >2ET ,1DT >2DT (B) 1ET >2ET ,1DT <2DT (C)1ET <2ET ,1DT >2DT (D)1ET <2ET ,1DT <2DT 【答案】(D)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)泊松分布()X P 数学期望EX ,方差DX(2)()E cX cEX ,()E X Y EXEY ,2()D cX c DX ,()D XY DXDY (X 与Y 相互独立)在本题中,由于12,,,n X X X 独立同分布,且0iiEX DX ,1,2,,i n ,从而111111()()nni i i i E T E X E X n E Xnnn,112111111()()11n n ini n ii E T EX X E X E X n nn n11(1)()()1i n n E X E X n n111E XE X nn故12E T E T 又1121((11))ni i D T D n D X D Xn nX nn,12221111()(1)1(1)n in i D T D X X n n nn n12()1D T n nn,故选(D ).二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上.(9) 设0lim 13xtt f x x t,则f x.【答案】313xex【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:重要极限公式1l i m (1)xxxe在本题中,3130lim 13lim13x t x tttttf x x tx t 3xx e所以有313xf x ex .(10) 设函数1xyx z y,则1,1dz.【答案】12ln 2dx dy【详解】用对数求导法.两边取对数得ln ln(1)x x zyy,故11[ln(1)]z x x z xyyxy,21[ln(1)]z x x x z yyyxy令1x ,1y ,得(1,1)2ln 21z x ,(1,1)(2ln 21)z y,从而(1,1)12ln 2dz dx dy(11) 曲线tan 4yxye 在点0,0处的切线方程为.【答案】2yx【详解】方程变形为arctan()4y x ye ,方程两边对x 求导得211y yeyy e,在点(0,0)处(0)2y ,从而得到曲线在点(0,0)处的切线方程为2yx .(12) 曲线21yx,直线2x及x 轴所围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转所成的旋转体的体积为.y21y x【答案】43【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:设有连续曲线()yf x ()axb ,则曲线()yf x 与直线x a ,x b 及x 轴围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转一周产生的旋转体的体积2()b xaV f x dx在本题中,222223111141().33Vy dxxdxx x (13) 设二次型123,,Tf x x x x Ax 的秩为1,A 中各行元素之和为3,则f 在正交变换x Qy 下的标准形为.【答案】213y【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:任给二次型,1()nij i j ijji i j fa x x a a ,总有正交变换xPy ,使f 化为标准形2221122nnfyyy ,其中12,,,n是f 的矩阵()ij A a 的特征值.在本题中,A 的各行元素之和为3,即1112131112132122232122233132333132333,13113,1313113113a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a 所以3是A 的一个特征值.再由二次型Tx Ax 的秩为10是A 的2重特征值.因此,正交变换下标准形为:213y.(14) 设二维随机变量,X Y 服从正态分布22,;,;0N,则2E X Y= .【答案】22()【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)如果随机变量X 和Y 的相关系数0XY,则称X 与Y 不相关.(2)若随机变量X 与Y 的联合分布是二维正态分布,则X 与Y 独立的充要条件是X 与Y 不相关.(3)如果随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,则有()E XY EXEY在本题中,由于,X Y 服从正态分布22,;,;0N,说明X ,Y 独立同分布,故X 与2Y 也独立.由期望的性质有22()E XY EX EY ,又EX,2222()EYDYEY ,所以222()()E XY 三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸...指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15) (本题满分10分)求极限012sin 1limln 1xx x x x【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:当0x时,ln(1)x x在本题中,012sin 1limln 1xx x x x212sin 1lim x xx x2cos 1cos 12sin cos 12sin 212sin lim lim lim 22212sin x x x xx xx x x xxx xcos sin cos 112sin lim lim .22212sin x x x x x xx(16) (本题满分10分)已知函数,f u v 具有连续的二阶偏导数,1,12f 是,f u v 的极值,(,,)z f x y f x y .求21,1zx y【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:极值存在的必要条件设(,)zf x y 在点00(,)x y 具有偏导数,且在点00(,)x y 处有极值,则必有00(,)0x f x y ,00(,)0y f x y .在本题中,(,(,))z f xy f x y 121(,(,))(,(,))(,)z f xy f x y f xy f x y f x y x2111221(,(,))(,(,))(,)(,)zf x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y x y21222212[(,(,))(,(,))(,)](,(,)),f xy f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y 1,12f 为,f u v 的极值121,11,1f f211212(1,1)2,2(2,2)(1,1)z f f f x y (17) (本题满分10分)求不定积分arcsin ln xxdxx【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)()x t ,1()[()]()()[()]f x dx f t t dt G t C G x C ;(2)udvuvvdu ;(3)[()()]()()f x g x dx f x dx g x dx . 在本题中,令t x,2xt ,2dxtdt arcsin ln xxdxx2arcsin ln 2tttdt t 22arcsin ln t t dt22222arcsin 22ln 21tt t tdt t tt dttt222(1)2arcsin 2ln 41d t t t t tt t222arcsin 2ln 214t t t ttt C2arcsin 2ln 214x x x x x x C ,其中C 是任意常数.(18) (本题满分10分)证明方程44arctan 303xx恰有两个实根.【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)零点定理设函数()f x 在闭区间[,]a b 上连续,且()f a 与()f b 异号(即()()0f a f b ),那么在开区间(,)a b 内至少有一点,使()0f (2)函数单调性的判定法设函数()yf x 在[,]a b 上连续,在(,)a b 内可导.①如果在(,)a b 内()0f x ,那么函数()y f x 在[,]a b 上单调增加;②如果在(,)a b 内()0f x ,那么函数()yf x 在[,]a b 上单调减少. 在本题中,令4()4arctan 33f x xx,'24()11f x x当3x 时,'()0f x ,()f x 单调递减;当3x时,'()0f x ,()f x 单调递增.4(3)4a r c t a n (3)(3)303f .当3x 时,()f x 单调递减,,3x,()0f x ;当33x时,()f x 单调递增, 3,3x,()f x 3x是函数()f x 在(,3)上唯一的零点.又因为48(3)4arctan33323033f 且4lim lim 4arctan 3.3xxfxx x由零点定理可知,03,x ,使0f x ,方程44arctan 303xx恰有两个实根.(19)(本题满分10分)设函数()f x 在区间0,1具有连续导数,(0)1f ,且满足'()()ttD D f xy dxdyf t dxdy , (,)0,0(01)tD x y yt x xt t,求()f x 的表达式.【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:一阶线性微分方程()()dy P x y Q x dx 的通解()()(())P x dxP x dxyeQ x edx C .在本题中,因为()()t tt xD f xy dxdydxf xy dy ,令x y u ,则()()()()t x t x f x y dyf u duf t f x 0()(()())()()tt t D f xy dxdyf t f x dxtf t f x dx21()()()()2tt D tf t f x dxf t dxdyt f t . 两边对t 求导,得2()()02f t f t t ,解齐次方程得212()(2)dt t C f t Cet 由(0)1f ,得4C . 所以函数表达式为24()(01)(2)f x x x .(20) (本题满分11分)设向量组11,0,1T,20,1,1T,31,3,5T不能由向量组11,1,1T,21,2,3T,33,4,Ta线性表出.(I)求a 的值;(II)将1,2,3用1,2,3线性表出.【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:向量组12,,,l b b b 能由向量组12,,,m a a a 线性表示的充分必要条件是121212(,,,)(,,,,,,,)m m l r a a a r a a a b b b (I)因为123101,,01310115,所以123,,线性无关.那么123,,不能由123,,线性表示123,,线性相关,即123113113,,124011501323aaa,所以5a (II)如果方程组112233(1,2,3)jx x x j 都有解,即123,,可由123,,线性表示.对123123,,,,,()作初等行变换,有123123,,,,,()=10111301312411513510111301312401422101113013124011021002150104210001102故112324,2122,31235102(21) (本题满分11分)A 为3阶实对称矩阵,A 的秩为2,且11110001111A (I) 求A 的所有特征值与特征向量;(II) 求矩阵A .【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)(0)A为矩阵A 的特征值,为对应的特征向量(2)对于实对称矩阵,不同特征值的特征向量互相正交.(I )因()2r A 知0A ,所以0是A 的特征值.又111000111A,110011A ,所以按定义1是A 的特征值,1(1,0,1)T是A 属于1的特征向量;1是A 的特征值,2(1,0,1)T是A 属于1的特征向量.设3123(,,)Tx x x 是A 属于特征值0的特征向量,作为实对称矩阵,不同特征值对应的特征向量相互正交,因此131323130,0,T T x x x x 解出3(0,1,0)T故矩阵A 的特征值为1,1,0;特征向量依次为123(1,0,1),(1,0,1),(0,1,0)T T Tk k k ,其中123,,k k k 均是不为0的任意常数.(II)由12312(,,)(,,0)A ,有1112123110110001(,,0)(,,)000001000111101A . (22)(本题满分11分)设随机变量X 与Y 的概率分布分别为X 01P 1/32/3Y 10 1P1/31/31/3且22()1P XY .(I) 求二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率分布;(II) 求ZXY 的概率分布;(III) 求X 与Y 的相关系数XY.【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)协方差cov ,X Y E XY E X E Y(2)相关系数c o v ,()()XYX Y D X D Y (I)设(,)X Y 的概率分布为YX-110 11p 12p 13p 1/3 121p 22p 23p 2/31/31/31/3根据已知条件221P XY,即0,01,11,11P X Y P X YP XY ,可知12211p pp ,从而11130p pp ,12212313p p p ,即(,)X Y 的概率分布为(II) Z XY 的所有可能取值为-1,0,1 .111,13P Z P X Y 111,13P Z P XY101113P ZP Z P ZZ XY 的概率分布为(3) 23EX,0EY ,0EXY ,故(,)0Cov X Y EXY EX EY ,从而0XY.(23)(本题满分11分)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 服从区域G 上的均匀分布,其中G 是由0,2x y x y 与0y 所围成的三角形区域.(I) 求X 的概率密度()X f x ;(II) 求条件概率密度|(|)X Y f x y .【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)X 、Y 是连续型随机变量,边缘概率密度为()(,)X f x f x y dy ,()(,)Y f y f x y dx ;(2)在Y y 的条件下X 的条件概率密度(,)()()X Y Y f x y f x y f y ;(3)设G 是平面上的有界区域,其面积为A .若二维随机变量(,)X Y 具有概率密度Z -1 0 1 p1/31/31/3X Y -1 0 1 0 1/3 0 10 1/31/31,(,),(,)0,x y G f x y A 其他则称(,)X Y 在G 上服从均匀分布.(I)(,)X Y 的联合密度为1,(,),(,)0,(,).x y G f x y x y G 当01x 时,0()(,)1xX f x f x y dy dy x ;当12x时,20()(,)12x X f x f x y dydyx ;当0x或2x时,()0X f x .所以, 01,()2, 12,0,X x x f x x x其它.(II)|(,)(|)()X Y Y f x y f x y f y 当01y时,2()122y Y yf y dx y ;当0y 或1y时,()0Y f y .所以|1,2,01,22(|)0,X Y yxy yy f x y 其他.。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题及参考答案2011年01月17日16:43 Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3.A.carelesswlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderpromiseD.proposal5.rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedpared8.A.dismissC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carry onB.linger onC.set inD.log in12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In returnD.In contrast13.A.trustedB.modernized c.thriving peting14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyond16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in Janu ary 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparentlymanaged both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation comm ittee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside dir ector’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By sa ying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase“less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers M ies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded a nd the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life –few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debat e over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46.Direction:In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which useseven more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.。

2011年考研数学二真题及答案解析

2011年考研数学二真题及答案解析

x2 f x x2 f 0 2 f x3 2 f 0
lim x0
x3
f x f 0 f x3 f 0
lim x0
x
2
x3

f 0 2 f 0 f 0.
故答案选(B). (3)【答案】(C).
1
1
2
1 O
1
x
x2 y2 1 1
图1
(21) (本题满分 11 分)
已知函数 f (x, y) 具有二阶连续偏导数,且 f (1, y) 0 ,f (x,1) 0 , f (x, y)dxdy a ,
D
其中 D (x, y) | 0 x 1,0 y 1 ,计算二重积分 I xy fxy (x, y)dxdy .
(6)【答案】(B).
【解析】因为 0 x 时, 0 sin x cos x 1 cot x , 4
又因 ln x 是单调递增的函数,所以 ln sin x ln cos x ln cot x .
故正确答案为(B). (7)【答案】 (D).
【解析】由于将 A 的第 2 列加到第 1 列得矩阵 B ,故
xyd .
D
(14) 二次型 f (x1, x2, x3) x12 3x22 x32 2x1x2 2x1x3 2x2x3 ,则 f 的正惯性指数


三、解答题(15~23 小题,共 94 分.请将解答写在答.题.纸.指定位置上.解答应写出文

xy x1
y 1
(18) (本题满分 10 分)
数学(二)试题 第 2 页 (共 13 页)
设函数 y(x) 具有二阶导数,且曲线 l : y y(x) 与直线 y x 相切于原点,记 为曲线 l

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题及答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题及答案

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题及答案一、单项选择题: 1~16 小题,每小题 1 分,共 16 分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1、我国数学家华罗庚再一次报告中以“一支粉笔多长为好”为例来讲解他所倡导的选法,对此,他解释道:“每支粉笔都要丢掉一段一定长的粉笔头,但就这一点来说愈长愈好。

但太长了,使用起来很不方便,而且容易折断。

每断一次,必然多浪费一个粉笔头,反而不合适。

因为就出现了粉笔多长最合适的问题——这就是一个优选问题所谓优选问题,从辩证法的角度看,就是要( C )A注重量的积累B保持事物质的稳定性C坚持适度原则D全面考率事物属性的多样性2、社会存在是指社会的物质生活条件,它有多方面的内容,其中最能集中体现人类社会性质的是:( D )A社会形态B地理环境C人口因素D生产方式3、马克思把商品转换成货币称为“商品的惊险的跳跃”,“这个跳跃如果不成熟,坏的不是商品,但一定是商品占有者”。

这是因为只有商品变为货币( D )A货币才能转化为资本B价值才能转化为使用价值C抽象劳动才能转化为具体劳动D私人劳动才能转化为社会劳动4、邓小平指出:“社会主义究竟是个什么样子,苏联搞了很多年,也并没有搞清楚,可能列宁的思路比较好,搞了个新经济政策,但是最后苏联模式僵化了”,列宁新经济政策关于社会主义的思路之所以“比较好”是因为:( B ) A提出了比较系统的社会主义建设纲领B根据俄国的实际情况来探索社会主义建设的道路C为俄国找到一种比较成熟的社会主义发展模式D按照马克思恩格斯关于未来的设想来建设社会主义5、1927 年大革命失败后,党的工作重心开始转向农村,在农村建立革命根据地,则革命根据地能够在中国长期存在和发展的根本原因是 ( A )A中国是一个政治、经济、文化皆发展不平衡的半殖民地半封建社会B良好的群众基础和革命形势的继续向前发展C相当力量正式红军的存在D党的领导及其正确的政策6、社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度,既包括非公有制经济。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(三)真题及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(三)真题及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1) 已知当0x →时,()3sin sin3f x x x =-与k cx 是等价无穷小,则 ( )(A ) k=1, c =4 (B ) k=1,c =-4 (C ) k=3,c =4 (D ) k=3,c =-4 (2) 已知函数()f x 在x =0处可导,且()0f =0,则()()2332limx x f x f x x →-= ( )(A) -2()0f ' (B) -()0f ' (C) ()0f ' (D) 0.(3) 设{}n u 是数列,则下列命题正确的是 ( ) (A)若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则2121()n n n uu ∞-=+∑收敛 (B) 若2121()n n n u u ∞-=+∑收敛,则1n n u ∞=∑收敛(C) 若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则2121()n n n uu ∞-=-∑收敛 (D) 若2121()n n n u u ∞-=-∑收敛,则1n n u ∞=∑收敛(4) 设40ln sin I x dx π=⎰,4ln cot J x dx π=⎰,40ln cos K x dx π=⎰,则,,I J K 的大小关系是( )(A) I J K << (B) I K J << (C) J I K << (D) K J I <<(5) 设A 为3阶矩阵,将A 的第二列加到第一列得矩阵B ,再交换B 的第二行与第三行得单位矩阵,记1100110001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2100001010P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,则A = ( )(A) 12P P (B) 112P P - (C) 21P P (D) 121-P P(6) 设A 为43⨯矩阵,123,,ηηη是非齐次线性方程组Ax β=的3个线性无关的解,12,k k 为任意常数,则Ax β=的通解为( )(A)23121()2k ηηηη++-(B)23121()2k ηηηη-+-(C) 23121231()()2k k ηηηηηη++-+- (D)23121231()()2k k ηηηηηη-+-+-(7) 设1()F x ,2()F x 为两个分布函数,其相应的概率密度1()f x 与2()f x 是连续函数,则必为概率密度的是 ( )(A) 1()f x 2()f x (B) 22()f x 1()F x(C) 1()f x 2()F x (D) 1()f x 2()F x +2()f x 1()F x (8) 设总体X 服从参数为(0)λλ>的泊松分布,12,,,(2)n X X X n ≥为来自该总体的简单随机样本,则对于统计量111n i i T X n ==∑和121111n i n i T X X n n -==+-∑,有 ( )(A) 1ET >2ET ,1DT >2DT (B) 1ET >2ET ,1DT <2DT (C) 1ET <2ET ,1DT >2DT (D) 1ET <2ET ,1DT <2DT二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上. (9) 设()()0lim 13xtt f x x t →=+,则()f x '= .(10) 设函数1x yx z y ⎛⎫=+⎪⎝⎭,则()1,1=dz .(11) 曲线tan 4yx y e π⎛⎫++= ⎪⎝⎭在点()0,0处的切线方程为 . (12)曲线y =2x =及x 轴所围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转所成的旋转体的体积为 .(13) 设二次型()123,,T f x x x x Ax =的秩为1,x Q y =下的标准形为 .(14) 设二维随机变量(),X Y 服从正态分布(,μN三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.证明过程或演算步骤. (15) (本题满分10分)求极限0x →(16) (本题满分10分)已知函数(),f u v 具有连续的二阶偏导数,()1,12f =是(),f u v 的极值,()(,,)z f x y f x y =+.求()21,1zx y∂∂∂(17) (本题满分10分)求不定积分(18) (本题满分10分)证明方程44arctan 03x x π-+=恰有两个实根.(19)(本题满分10分)设函数()f x 在区间[]0,1具有连续导数,(0)1f =,且满足'()()+=⎰⎰⎰⎰ttD D f x y dxdy f t dxdy , {}(,)0,0(01)=≤≤-≤≤<≤tD x y y t x x t t ,求()f x 的表达式.(20) (本题满分11分)设向量组()11,0,1Tα=,()20,1,1T α=,()31,3,5T α= 不能由向量组()11,1,1β=T,()21,2,3T β=,()33,4,β=Ta 线性表出.(I)求a 的值 ;(II)将1β,2β,3β用1α,2α,3α线性表出. (21) (本题满分11分)A 为3阶实对称矩阵,A 的秩为2,且111100001111A -⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭(I) 求A 的所有特征值与特征向量;(II) 求矩阵A . (22)(本题满分11分)设随机变量与的概率分布分别为且22()1P X Y ==.(I) 求二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率分布; (II) 求Z XY =的概率分布; (III) 求X 与Y 的相关系数XY ρ. (23)(本题满分11分)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 服从区域G 上的均匀分布,其中G 是由0,2x y x y -=+=与0y =所围成的三角形区域.(I) 求X 的概率密度()X f x ; (II) 求条件概率密度|(|)X Y f x y .2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题及答案解析一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1) 已知当0x →时,()3sin sin3f x x x =-与kcx 是等价无穷小,则 ( )(A ) k=1, c =4 (B ) k=1,c =-4 (C ) k=3,c =4 (D ) k=3,c =-4 【答案】 (C)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 当0x →时,sin x x 在本题中,03sin sin 3limk x x x cx →-03sin sin cos 2cos sin 2limkx x x x x xcx →--= ()20sin 3cos 22cos limkx x x x cx →--=2103cos 22cos lim k x x xcx -→--= ()22132cos 12cos limk x x xcx -→---=22110044cos 4sin lim lim k k x x x x cx cx --→→-== 304lim 14,3k x c k cx -→==⇒==,故选择(C).(2) 已知函数()f x 在x =0处可导,且()0f =0,则()()2332limx x f x f x x→-= ( )(A) -2()0f ' (B) -()0f ' (C) ()0f ' (D) 0. 【答案】(B)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 导数的定义 0000()()lim ()x f x x f x f x x→+-'=在本题中,()()()()()()232233320220limlimx x x f x f x x f x x f f x f xx→→---+=()()()()()()()33000lim 20200x f x f f x f f f f x x →⎡⎤--'''⎢⎥=-=-=-⎢⎥⎣⎦故应选(B)(3) 设{}n u 是数列,则下列命题正确的是 ( )(A)若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则2121()n n n uu ∞-=+∑收敛 (B) 若2121()n n n u u ∞-=+∑收敛,则1n n u ∞=∑收敛(C) 若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则2121()n n n uu ∞-=-∑收敛 (D) 若2121()n n n u u ∞-=-∑收敛,则1n n u ∞=∑收敛【答案】(A)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 级数的基本性质 若级数1nn u∞=∑收敛,则不改变其项的次序任意加括号,并把每个括号内各项的和数作为一项,这样所得到的新级数仍收敛,而且其和不变. 在本题中,由于级数2121()n n n uu ∞-=+∑是级数1n n u ∞=∑经过加括号所构成的,由收敛级数的性质:当1nn u∞=∑收敛时,2121()n n n uu ∞-=+∑也收敛,故(A )正确.(4) 设4ln sin I x dx π=⎰,40ln cot J x dx π=⎰,40ln cos K x dx π=⎰,则,,I J K 的大小关系是( )(A) I J K << (B) I K J << (C) J I K << (D) K J I << 【答案】(B)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 如果在区间[,]a b 上,()()f x g x ≤,则()()bbaaf x dxg x dx ≤⎰⎰()a b <在本题中,如图所示: 因为04x π<<,所以0sin cos 1cot <<<<x x x又因ln x 在(0,)+∞是单调递增的函数,所以lnsin lncos lncot x x x << (0,)4x π∈4440ln sin ln cos ln cot x dx x dx x dx πππ⇒<<⎰⎰⎰即I K J <<.选(B ).(5) 设A 为3阶矩阵,将A 的第二列加到第一列得矩阵B ,再交换B 的第二行与第三行得单位矩阵,记1100110001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2100001010P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,则A = ( )(A) 12P P (B) 112P P - (C) 21P P (D) 121-P P 【答案】(D)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:设A 是一个m n ⨯矩阵,对A 施行一次初等行变换,相当于在A 的左边乘以相应的m 阶初等矩阵;对A 施行一次初等列变换,相当于在A 的右边乘以相应的n 阶初等矩阵.在本题中,由于将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵B ,故100110,001A B ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭即111,AP B A BP -==故由于交换B 的第2行和第3行得单位矩阵,故100001010B E ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭即2,P B E =故122,B P P -==因此,1112121,A P P P P ---==故选(D)(6) 设A 为43⨯矩阵,123,,ηηη是非齐次线性方程组Ax β=的3个线性无关的解,12,k k 为任意常数,则Ax β=的通解为( )(A)23121()2k ηηηη++-(B)23121()2k ηηηη-+-(C) 23121231()()2k k ηηηηηη++-+-(D) 23121231()()2k k ηηηηηη-+-+-【答案】(C)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)如果1ξ,2ξ是Ax b =的两个解,则12ξξ-是0Ax =的解; (2)如n 元线性方程组Ax b =有解,设12,,,t ηηη是相应齐次方程组0Ax =的基础解系,0ξ是Ax b =的某个已知解,则11220t t k k k ηηηξ++++是Ax b =的通解(或全部解),其中12,,,t k k k 为任意常数.在本题中,因为123,,ηηη是Ax β=的3个线性无关的解,那么21ηη-,31ηη-是0Ax =的2个线性无关的解.从而()2n r A -≥,即3()2()1r A r A -≥⇒≤ 显然()1r A ≥,因此()1r A =由()312n r A -=-=,知(A )(B )均不正确. 又232311222A A A ηηηηβ+=+=,故231()2ηη+是方程组Ax β=的解.所以应选(C ).(7) 设1()F x ,2()F x 为两个分布函数,其相应的概率密度1()f x 与2()f x 是连续函数,则必为概率密度的是 ( )(A) 1()f x 2()f x (B) 22()f x 1()F x(C) 1()f x 2()F x (D) 1()f x 2()F x +2()f x 1()F x 【答案】(D)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 连续型随机变量的概率密度()f x 的性质:()1f x dx +∞-∞=⎰在本题中,由于1()f x 与2()f x 均为连续函数,故它们的分布函数1()F x 与2()F x 也连续.根据概率密度的性质,应有()f x 非负,且()1f x dx +∞-∞=⎰.在四个选项中,只有(D )选项满足[]1221()()()()f x F x f x F x dx +∞-∞+⎰2112()()()()F x dF x F x dF x +∞+∞-∞-∞=+⎰⎰121212()()()()()()F x F x F x dF x F x dF x +∞+∞+∞-∞-∞-∞=-+⎰⎰1=故选(D ).(8) 设总体X 服从参数为(0)λλ>的泊松分布,12,,,(2)n X X X n ≥为来自该总体的简单随机样本,则对于统计量111n i i T X n ==∑和121111n i n i T X X n n -==+-∑,有 ( ) (A) 1ET >2ET ,1DT >2DT (B) 1ET >2ET ,1DT <2DT (C) 1ET <2ET ,1DT >2DT (D) 1ET <2ET ,1DT <2DT 【答案】(D)【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: (1)泊松分布()XP λ 数学期望EX λ=,方差DX λ=(2)()E cX cEX =,()E X Y EX EY +=+,2()D cX c DX =,()D X Y DX DY +=+(X 与Y 相互独立) 在本题中,由于12,,,n X X X 独立同分布,且0i i EX DX λ==>,1,2,,i n =,从而()()111111()()n ni i i i E T E X E X n E X n n nλ=====⋅⋅=∑∑,()112111111()()11--==⎛⎫=+=+ ⎪--⎝⎭∑∑n n i n in i i E T E X X E X E X n n n n 11(1)()()1=⋅-+-i n n E X E X n n ()()111λ⎛⎫=+=+ ⎪⎝⎭E X E X n n 故()()12<E T E T又()()1121((11))λ===⋅⋅==∑n i i D T D n D X D X n n X n n,()12221111()(1)1(1)n i n i D T D X X n n n n n λλ-==+=⋅-⋅+--∑12()1D T n n n λλλ=+>=-,故选(D ).二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上. (9) 设()()0lim 13xtt f x x t →=+,则()f x '= .【答案】()313xex +【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 重要极限公式 10lim(1)xx x e →+=在本题中,()()()31300lim 13lim 13x t xtt tt t f x x t x t ⋅→→⎡⎤=+=+⎢⎥⎣⎦3x x e =⋅所以有()()313'=+xf x ex .(10) 设函数1x yx z y ⎛⎫=+⎪⎝⎭,则()1,1=dz .【答案】()()12ln 2dx dy +- 【详解】用对数求导法.两边取对数得ln ln(1)x x z y y=+, 故11[ln(1)]z x x z x y y x y ∂=++∂+,21[ln(1)]z x x x z y y y x y∂=-++∂+ 令1x =,1y =,得(1,1)2ln 21z x ∂=+∂,(1,1)(2ln 21)zy ∂=-+∂, 从而()()(1,1)12ln 2dz dx dy =+-(11) 曲线tan 4yx y e π⎛⎫++= ⎪⎝⎭在点()0,0处的切线方程为 . 【答案】2y x =- 【详解】方程变形为arctan()4y x y e π++=,方程两边对x 求导得211yye y y e ''+=+,在点(0,0)处(0)2y '=-,从而得到曲线在点(0,0)处的切线方程为2y x =-.(12)曲线y =2x =及x 轴所围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转所成的旋转体的体积为 . 【答案】43π【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 设有连续曲线()y f x =()a x b ≤≤,则曲线()y f x =与直线x a =,x b =及x绕x 轴旋转一周产生的旋转体的体积2(bx aV f π=⎰在本题中,()222223111141().33V y dx x dx x x ππππ==-=⋅-=⎰⎰(13) 设二次型()123,,T f x x x x Ax =的秩为1,A 中各行元素之和为3,则f 在正交变换x Q y =下的标准形为 .【答案】213y【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 任给二次型,1()nij ijijji i j f a x x aa ===∑,总有正交变换x Py =,使f 化为标准形2221122n n f y y y λλλ=+++,其中12,,,n λλλ是f 的矩阵()ij A a =的特征值.在本题中,A 的各行元素之和为3,即1112131112132122232122233132333132333,13113,1313113113a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a ++=⎧⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥++=⇒=⇒=⎨⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥++=⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎩ 所以3λ=是A 的一个特征值.再由二次型Tx Ax 的秩为10λ⇒=是A 的2重特征值. 因此,正交变换下标准形为:213y .(14) 设二维随机变量(),X Y 服从正态分布()22,;,;0μμσσN ,则()2E XY = .【答案】22()μμσ+【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)如果随机变量X 和Y 的相关系数0XY ρ=,则称X 与Y 不相关.(2)若随机变量X 与Y 的联合分布是二维正态分布,则X 与Y 独立的充要条件是X 与Y不相关.(3)如果随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,则有()E XY EXEY = 在本题中,由于(),X Y 服从正态分布()22,;,;0μμσσN,说明X ,Y 独立同分布,故X与2Y 也独立.由期望的性质有22()E XY EX EY =⋅,又EX μ=,2222()EY DY EY σμ=+=+,所以222()()E XY μμσ=+三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸...指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤. (15) (本题满分10分)求极限x →【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 当0x →时,ln(1)x x +在本题中,0x →201lim x x x →-=000x x x →→→===01.2x x →→==-=-(16) (本题满分10分)已知函数(),f u v 具有连续的二阶偏导数,()1,12f =是(),f u v 的极值,()(,,)z f x y f x y =+.求()21,1zx y∂∂∂【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:极值存在的必要条件 设(,)z f x y =在点00(,)x y 具有偏导数,且在点00(,)x y 处有极值,则必有00(,)0x f x y '=,00(,)0y f x y '=. 在本题中,(,(,))z f x y f x y =+121(,(,))(,(,))(,)zf x y f x y f x y f x y f x y x∂'''=+++⋅∂ 2111221(,(,))(,(,))(,)(,)zf x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y x y∂''''''=++++∂∂ ()21222212[(,(,))(,(,))(,)](,(,)),f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y ''''''''+++++⋅()1,12f =为(),f u v 的极值 ()()121,11,10f f ''∴==211212(1,1)2,2(2,2)(1,1)z f f f x y ∂'''''∴=+⋅∂∂(17) (本题满分10分)求不定积分【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: (1)()x t ϕ=,1()[()]()()[()]f x dx f t t dt G t C G x C ϕϕϕ-'==+=+⎰⎰;(2)udv uv vdu =-⎰⎰; (3)[()()]()()f x g x dx f x dx g x dx ±=±⎰⎰⎰.在本题中,令t =,2x t =,2dx tdt =∴2arcsin ln 2t t tdt t +=⋅⎰()22arcsin ln t t dt =+⎰ 2222arcsin 22ln 2tt t t t t dt t=⋅-+⋅-⋅⎰222arcsin 2ln 4t t t t t=⋅+⋅+-22arcsin 2ln 4t t t t t C=⋅+⋅++x C =+,其中C 是任意常数.(18) (本题满分10分)证明方程44arctan 03x x π-+=恰有两个实根. 【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)零点定理 设函数()f x 在闭区间[,]a b 上连续,且()f a 与()f b 异号(即()()0f a f b ⋅<),那么在开区间(,)a b 内至少有一点ξ,使()0f ξ= (2)函数单调性的判定法 设函数()y f x =在[,]a b 上连续,在(,)a b 内可导. ①如果在(,)a b 内()0f x '>,那么函数()y f x =在[,]a b 上单调增加; ②如果在(,)a b 内()0f x '<,那么函数()y f x =在[,]a b 上单调减少.在本题中,令4()4arctan 3f x x x π=-+-,'24()11f x x=-+当x >'()0f x <,()f x 单调递减;当x <时,'()0f x >,()f x 单调递增.4(4arctan((03f π=-+=.当x <()f x 单调递减,∴(,x ∈-∞,()0f x >;当x <<()f x 单调递增,∴(x ∈,()0f x >x ∴=()f x在(-∞上唯一的零点.又因为48033f ππ==-> 且()4lim lim 4arctan .3x x f x x x π→+∞→+∞⎛=-+-=-∞ ⎝∴由零点定理可知,)0x ∃∈+∞,使()00f x =,∴方程44arctan 03x x π-+=恰有两个实根.(19)(本题满分10分)设函数()f x 在区间[]0,1具有连续导数,(0)1f =,且满足'()()+=⎰⎰⎰⎰ttD D f x y dxdy f t dxdy , {}(,)0,0(01)=≤≤-≤≤<≤tD x y y t x x t t ,求()f x 的表达式.【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 一阶线性微分方程()()dyP x y Q x dx+=的通解()()(())P x dx P x dx y e Q x e dx C -⎰⎰=+⎰. 在本题中,因为()()tt t xD f x y dxdy dx f x y dy -''+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰,令x y u +=,则()()()()t xtx f x y dy f u du f t f x -''+==-⎰⎰()(()())()()tttD f x y dxdy f t f x dx tf t f x dx '+=-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰201()()()()2ttD tf t f x dx f t dxdy t f t ∴-==⎰⎰⎰.两边对t 求导,得 2()()02'+=-f t f t t ,解齐次方程得212()(2)--⎰==-dt t C f t Ce t由(0)1f =,得4C =. 所以函数表达式为24()(01)(2)f x x x =≤≤-.(20) (本题满分11分)设向量组()11,0,1T α=,()20,1,1T α=,()31,3,5T α= 不能由向量组()11,1,1β=T,()21,2,3T β=,()33,4,β=Ta 线性表出.(I)求a 的值 ;(II)将1β,2β,3β用1α,2α,3α线性表出. 【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 向量组12,,,l b b b 能由向量组12,,,m a a a 线性表示的充分必要条件是 121212(,,,)(,,,,,,,)m m l r a a a r a a a b b b =(I)因为123101,,01310115ααα==≠,所以123,,ααα线性无关.那么123,,ααα不能由123,,βββ线性表示⇒123,,βββ线性相关,即123113113,,1240115013023a aa βββ===-=-,所以5a =(II)如果方程组112233(1,2,3)j x x x j αααβ++==都有解,即123,,βββ可由123,,ααα线性表示.对123123,,,,,αααβββ()作初等行变换,有123123,,,,,αααβββ()=101113013124115135⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭101113013124014022⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭101113013124001102⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭1002150104210001102⎛⎫⎪→ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭ 故112324βααα=+-,2122βαα=+,31235102βααα=+-(21) (本题满分11分)A 为3阶实对称矩阵,A 的秩为2,且111100001111A -⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭(I) 求A 的所有特征值与特征向量;(II) 求矩阵A .【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: (1)(0)A αλαα=≠λ为矩阵A 的特征值,α为对应的特征向量(2)对于实对称矩阵,不同特征值的特征向量互相正交. (I )因()2r A =知0A =,所以0λ=是A 的特征值.又111000111A -⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦,110011A ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦, 所以按定义1λ=是A 的特征值,1(1,0,1)Tα=是A 属于1λ=的特征向量;1λ=-是A 的特征值,2(1,0,1)T α=-是A 属于1λ=-的特征向量.设3123(,,)Tx x x α=是A 属于特征值0λ=的特征向量,作为实对称矩阵,不同特征值对应的特征向量相互正交,因此131323130,0,T Tx x x x αααα⎧=+=⎪⎨=-=⎪⎩ 解出3(0,1,0)Tα= 故矩阵A 的特征值为1,1,0-;特征向量依次为123(1,0,1),(1,0,1),(0,1,0)T T Tk k k -,其中123,,k k k 均是不为0的任意常数.(II)由12312(,,)(,,0)A ααααα=-,有1112123*********(,,0)(,,)000001000110110100A ααααα---⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=-==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦.(22)(本题满分11分)且22()1P X Y ==.(I) 求二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率分布; (II) 求Z XY =的概率分布; (III) 求X 与Y 的相关系数XY ρ. 【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)协方差 ()()()()cov ,X Y E XY E X E Y =-⋅ (2)相关系数cov ,XY X Y ρ=(I)设(,)X Y 的概率分布为根据已知条件{}221P XY ==,即{}{}{}0,01,11,11P X Y P X Y P X Y ==+==-+===,可知1221231p p p ++=,从而110p p p ===,1p p p ===,即(,)X Y 的概率分布为(II) Z XY =的所有可能取值为-1,0,1 .{}{}111,13P Z P X Y =-===-={}{}111,13P Z P X Y ====={}{}{}101113P Z P Z P Z ==-=-=-=Z XY =的概率分布为(3) 23EX =,0EY =,0EXY =,故(,)0Cov X Y EXY EX EY =-⋅=,从而0XY ρ=.(23)(本题满分11分)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 服从区域G 上的均匀分布,其中G 是由0,2x y x y -=+=与0y =所围成的三角形区域.(I) 求X 的概率密度()X f x ; (II) 求条件概率密度|(|)X Y f x y . 【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点:(1)X 、Y 是连续型随机变量,边缘概率密度为()(,)X f x f x y dy +∞-∞=⎰,()(,)Y f y f x y dx +∞-∞=⎰;(2)在Y y =的条件下X 的条件概率密度(,)()()X Y Y f x y f x y f y =; (3)设G 是平面上的有界区域,其面积为A .若二维随机变量(,)X Y 具有概率密度1,(,),(,)0,x y G f x y A ⎧∈⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他则称(,)X Y 在G 上服从均匀分布.(I)(,)X Y 的联合密度为1,(,),(,)0,(,).x y G f x y x y G ∈⎧=⎨∉⎩当01x ≤<时,0()(,)1x X f x f x y dy dy x +∞-∞===⎰⎰; 当12x ≤≤时,20()(,)12x X f x f x y dy dy x +∞--∞===-⎰⎰;当0x <或2x >时,()0X f x =.所以 , 01,()2, 12,0, X x x f x x x ≤<⎧⎪=-≤≤⎨⎪⎩其它.(II)|(,)(|)()X Y Y f x y f x y f y =当01y ≤<时,2()122yY yf y dx y -==-⎰;当0y <或1y ≥时,()0Y f y =.所以|1, 2,01,22(|)0, X Y y x y y y f x y ⎧<<-≤<⎪-=⎨⎪⎩其他.。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题:1~45小题,每小题2分,共90分;下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合试题要求;1.以教育理论自身作为专门研究对象的学科称为A.教育学 B.比较教育学 C.元教育学 D.教育哲学2.世界近代教育发展的重要成就之一是实施了A.补偿教育 B.义务教育 C.终身教育 D.回归教育3.根据皮亚杰的研究,初中生的思维处于具体运算阶段向形式运算阶段过渡的时期;针对这一发展特点,教师在教学中应加强对学生A.运算能力的培养 B.操作能力的培养 C具体思维能力的培养 D.抽象思维能力的培养4.把教育方针规定为“教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务,必须与生产劳动相结合,培养德、智、体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人”的文献是A.中华人民共和国义务教育法 B.中共中央关于教育体制改革的决定C.中华人民共和国教育法 D.中国教育改革和发展纲要5.某校将全体学生分成两批,一批上午在教室里上课,另一批上午在学校的图书馆、体育馆、工厂、商店等场所进行有组织的活动,下午对调;这种做法属于A.二部制 B.工读制 C.复式教学 D.合作教学6.学制规定了各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、教育年限以及学校之间的A.主导与辅助关系 B.领导与从属关系 C.合作与竞争关系 D.衔接与分工关系7.布鲁纳说:“任何学科的任何知识,都可以用智力上诚实的方式,教给任何阶段的任何儿童;”这种观点属于A.结构主义课程论 B.经验课程论 C.要素主义课程论 D.社会改造主义课程论8.把两门或两门以上的学科内容整合在一门课程中,加强学科联系,但不打破学科界限;这种课程属于A.活动课程 B.核心课程 C.相关课程 D.融合课程9.将一个班的学生按能力分组,各组以不同的进度完成相同的课业;这种能力分组属于 A.作业分组制 B.活动分组制 C.异质分组制 D.混合能力分组制10.通过对道德两难问题的深入讨论,儿童倾向于拒斥低于自己道德发展阶段的同伴的道德推理,并且能够理解和同化高于自己一个阶段的同伴的道德推理,但难以理解和接受高于自己两个或两个以上阶段的同伴的道德推理;这种现象被科尔伯格等人称为A.皮格马利翁效应 B.俄狄浦斯效应 C.布莱特效应 D.布朗效应11.20世纪60年代以来,许多国家推行“教育先行”政策,以促进国民经济快速发展;这种政策的理论基础是A.教育万能论 B.劳动力市场理论 C.筛选假设理论 D.人力资本理论12.关于如何组织课程内容的问题,泰勒在课程与教学的基本原理中提出的3条影响至今的基本原则是A.基础性、顺序性和整合性 B.连续性、顺序性和整合性C.基础性、连续性和整合性 D.基础性、连续性和顺序性13.某山区小学,每个年级数学、语文等科的教学均由一名教师担任;这些教师属于A.兼任教师 B.主任教师 C.级任教师 D.科任教师14.先秦墨家所倡导的最具特色的教育内容是A.政治教育 B.科技教育 C.艺术训练 D.军事训练15.被朱熹称为“为学之序”的“博学之,审问之,慎思之,明辨之,笃行之”出自A.大学 B.中庸 C.论衡 D.白鹿洞书院揭示16.随着“独尊儒术”文教政策的施行,中国经学教育制度正式建立,其标志是A.设置博士 B.守师法家法 C.建立察举制 D.创办太学17.从唐代到清末,科举考试中最常用的考试方式是A.帖经和诗赋 B.墨义和策论 C.策论和诗赋 D.经义和帖经18.颜元主持的漳南书院性质上属于A.理学书院 B.实学书院 C.制艺书院 D.考据书院19.为了收回教育权,1925年中国政府公布了A.外人捐资设立学校请求认可办法 B.请求力谋收回教育权 C.教育实行与宗教分离 D.取缔外人在国内办理教育事业20.1927年6月,南京国民政府接受蔡元培等人的提案,试行大学院和大学区制,以实现教育行政机构的A.科学化 B.集权化 C.学术化 D.法制化21.下列选项中,不.属于..中国近代洋务学堂特点的是A.以造就专业人才为惟一培养目标 B.以“西文”、“西艺”为惟一教学内容 C.以理论联系实际为基本教学原则 D.以班级授课制为基本教学组织形式22.在陶行知看来,教育与生活两者的关系是A生活可以取代教育 B.教育是生活的中心 C.教育不能改造生活 D.生活是教育的中心23.中国共产党领导下的抗日民主根据地发展教育的基本精神是A教育为长期的战争服务 B.群众教育第一 C.注重教育的正规化建设 D.生产教育第一24.在古代斯巴达,城邦为满18岁的公民子弟接受正规军事训练而设立的教育机构是A.体育馆 B.埃弗比 C.体操学校 D.角力学校25.古罗马教育家西塞罗论述教育的主要着作是A.雄辩术原理 B.论雄辩家 C.忏悔录 D.论灵魂26.19世纪30年代,美国公立学校运动的主要内容之一是兴办A.公立小学 B.公立中学 C.公立职业学校 D.州立大学27.夸美纽斯依据教育适应自然的原则将母育学校比喻为A.“春季” B.“夏季” C.“秋季” D.“冬季”28.主张教育目的是“为完满生活作准备”、反对英国古典主义教育传统的教育家是A.培根 B.洛克 C.斯宾塞 D.赫胥黎29.近代法国中央集权式教育管理体制确立的标志是拿破仑第一帝国时期设立的A.帝国大学 B.教育部 C.大学区 D.索邦大学30.19世纪末20世纪初在欧美流行的劳作教育思潮的主要代表人物和推动者是A.拉伊 B.凯兴斯泰纳 C.蒙台梭利 D.克里斯曼31.1947年,日本颁布的终结军国主义教育并为战后教育指明方向的划时代教育法案是 A.学制令B.大学令 C.产业教育振兴法 D.教育基本法32.在英国教育史上,第一次从国家角度阐明“中等教育面向全体儿童”的教育文献是A.斯宾斯报告 B.哈多报告 C.雷沃休姆报告 D.诺伍德报告33.杜威的“思维五步法”包括经验的情境的寻求、问题的产生、资料的占有和观察的开展、解决方法的提出以及方法的运用和检验;他把这种思维称作A.反省思维 B.情境思维 C.逻辑思维 D.形象思维34.维果茨基的“最近发展区”意指A.最新达到的解决问题水平 B.超出目前的解决问题水平C.正处于掌握边缘的解决问题水平 D.需要在下一发展阶段达到的解决问题水平35.面对问题时,总是把问题考虑清楚后再作反应,看重问题解决的质量;具有这种特点的认知方式是A.场独立型 B.场依存型 C.冲动型 D.沉思型36.心智技能区别于运动技能的主要特点是A.流畅性、简缩性和适应性 B.简缩性、展开性和流畅性 C.简缩性、内潜性和展开性 D.观念性、内潜性和简缩性37认为学业求助是缺乏能力的表现、是对自我价值构成威胁的学生,其成就目标定向类型是 A.掌握目标 B.学习目标 C.任务目标 D.表现目标38.人在解决一系列相似的问题之后,容易出现一种以习以为常的方式方法解决新问题的倾向;这种现象被称为A.学习准备 B.思维定势 C.功能固着 D.思维阻抑39.以所掌握资料中的参考文献为线索,查找有关主题的文献;这种检索文献的方法是A.顺查法 B.逆查法 C.引文查找法 D.综合查找法40.教育研究假设的表述应当避免..使用A.陈述句 B.疑问句 C.全称肯定判断 D.全称否定判断41.某研究者欲考察教师对学生期望值的高低与师生关系之间的相关性,他每天用一小时的时间去教室随机观察师生互动行为,并根据实际情况灵活记录观察结果;这种观察是A.参与式、结构式观察 B.参与式、非结构式观察C.非参与式、结构式观察 D.非参与式、非结构式观察42.在测量调查中,用“1”代表男性,用“2”代表女性;这一测量属于A.定名测量 B.定序测量 C.定距测量 D.比率测量43.教育行动研究由计划、行动、观察和反思四个基本步骤组成;它的提出者是A.勒温 B.萧恩 C.斯腾豪斯 D.凯米斯44.在教育研究的定量分析中,完全正相关的相关系数是A. B.0.05 C. D.45.撰写学术论文时,把论点分为若干层次,论证时逐步展开,直到最后得出结论的方法是 A.平列分论式 B.平列层递式 C.层递推论式 D.层递平列式二、辨析题:46~48小题,每小题15分,共45分;首先判断正误,然后阐明理由;46.德育应当普遍存在于一切教学之中;47.“学不可以已;青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝”,表明荀况在师生关系问题上强调不惟师说; 48.经典条件反射的建立过程与操作条件反射的建立过程无根本差异;三、简答题:49~53小题,每小题15分,共75分;49.简述课堂教学设计的主要依据;50.简述中华人民共和国教师法对教师权利的规定;51.简述陈鹤琴“活教育”思想体系的三大命题;52.简述自我效能感的基本含义及其提高措施;53.教育研究为什么要遵守针对研究对象的伦理原则简述该原则的基本内容;四、分析论述题:54~56小题,每小题30分,共90分;54.阅读下述材料,评析论者的教育目的观,并联系实际论述这种目的观对我国教育改革的借鉴意义;“现在教育上的许多方面的失败,是由于它忽视了把学校作为社会生活的一种形式这个基本原则;现代教育把学校当作一个传授某些知识、学习某些课业或养成某些习惯的场所;这些东西的价值被认为多半要取决于遥远的将来,儿童所以必须做这些事情,是为了他将来要做别的事情,而这些事情只是预备而已;结果是,它们并不成为儿童生活经验的一部分,因而并不真正具有教育作用;” “把教育看作为将来作预备,错误不在强调为未来的需要作预备,而在把预备将来作为现在努力的主要动力;为不断发展的生活作预备的需要是巨大的,因此,应该把全副精力一心用于使现在的经验尽量丰富,尽量有意义,这是绝对重要的;于是,随着现在于不知不觉中进入未来,未来也就被照顾到了;”55.论述赫尔巴特的兴趣观及在其教育理论体系中的作用;56.请在I、II两道试题中任选一题....作答;若两题都答,只按第I道题的成绩计分; I.认知建构主义认为,学生并不是空着脑袋进入教室的;在日常生活和先前的学习中,他们形成了大量知识经验;其中,有些经验与科学的理解相一致,可以作为新知识学习的起点;有些经验与科学的理解相违背,并有可能阻碍新知识的学习;因此,转变学生头脑中的错误概念是教学过程中的重要环节;请根据有关的研究成果,论述错误概念转变的影响因素,并分析说明如何在教学中促进错误概念的转变;II.某乡镇中学有100名初一学生,他们先前所在小学均未开设英语;现拟对其进行一项题为“多媒体教学对初一学生英语阅读成绩影响的研究”的真实验...;请问:1最好选用哪种实验设计写出其名称和格式为什么2如何产生实验班和控制班3这样设计有何优缺点一、单项选择题:1~45小题,每小题2分,共90分;下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合试题要求;1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.A 20.C 21.B 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.A 28.C 29.A 30.B 31.D 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.D 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.B 41.D 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.C 二、辨析题:46~48小题,每小题15分,共45分;首先判断正误,然后阐明理由;请将答案写在答题..纸.指定位置上;46.答案要点:正确;3分德育是全面发展教育目的或任务的一个重要组成部分,学校应围绕这一目的或任务开展管理、教学、服务等工作;4分教学是学校教育的核心工作,是实施德育的基本途径;教学不仅承担着传授知识和技能、发展能力的任务,还承担着促进学生道德发展的任务;4分教学必须遵循教育性原则,在教学目标的确定、教学内容的组织、教学的实施过程中都要重视学生道德品质的培养;4分47.答案要点:错误;3分劝学中这段话阐明了持久的学习和教育对人有完善的作用,也蕴含了学生必须向老师学习求教的思想,但推导不出在师生关系问题上不惟师说的结论,荀况也并无不惟师说的思想;5分荀况认为,教师与天、地、君、亲处在并列的地位,关系到国家的治理;教师是礼义的化身,人的完善没有比向老师学习更为有效的办法;因此强调学生必须服从教师,“师云亦云”,否则就是背叛;据此提出尊师,并以是否尊师为国48.答案要点:错误;3分尽管经典条件反射和操作条件反射都属于行为主义者解释学习发生的基本现象,但两者的建立过程则完全相对;2分在建立巴甫洛夫的经典条件反射的过程中,无条件刺激如食物有时又称为强化刺激,往往需伴随着条件刺激如铃声而出现,或与其同时出现;5分在建立斯金纳的操作条件反射中,强化刺激如食物则需伴随着反应出现;5分三、简答题:49~53小题,每小题15分,共75分;49.答案要点: 1课程与教学的具体目标和内容;3分 2学生的需要与特点;3分 3教师的教学经验;3分 4现代教育技术等教学条件;3分 5教学的其他实际需要和特点;3分评分说明若有其他合理答案,可酌情给分;50.答案要点: 1进行教育教学活动,开展教育教学改革和实验; 2从事科学研究、学术交流,参加专业的学术团体,在学术活动中充分发表意见; 3指导学生的学习和发展,评定学生的品行和学业成绩; 4按时获取工资报酬,享受国家规定的福利待遇以及寒暑假期的带薪休假; 5对学校教育教学、管理工作和教育行政部门的工作提出意见和建议,通过教职工代表大会或者其他形式,参与学校的民主管理; 6参加进修或者其他方式的培训;51.答案要点:1“活教育”的目的论:“做人,做中国人,做现代中国人”;5分2“活教育”的课程论:“大自然、大社会都是活教材”;5分3“活教育”的教学论:“做中教,做中学,做中求进步”;5分52.答案要点: 1自我效能感的含义:个体对自己是否具有通过努力成功地完成某种任务能力的判断和信念;3分 2自我效能感的提高措施:①获得成功经验:个体在成败上的直接体验是对自我效能感影响最大的因素,成功的经验会提高人的自我效能感;因此,教授学习策略与方法,使个体获得直接成功的体验,可提高自我效能感;②获得替代经验:个体通过观察示范者的行为而获得的间接经验对自我效能感的形成也具有重要影响,当个体看到与自己水平相当的示范者取得了成功,就会增强自我效能感;因此,观察与自己水平相当的人获得成功的经验,可提高自我效能感; ③言语说服:重要他人对个体能力给予的积极评价,可提高个体的自我效能感; ④情绪的唤起:情绪和生理状态也影响自我效能感的形成,高度的情绪唤起和紧张的生理状态会妨碍行为操作,降低成功的预期水准;因此,创设宽松的氛围,降低焦虑水平,可提高自我效能感; ⑤合理的归因:鼓励个体对成败进行合理归因,也就是将成功归因于个体的能力,而对失败进行努力或运气等的归因,可提高自我效能感;53.答案要点: 1教育研究的内容主要涉及学生、教师、学生家长和其他人的一些行为、思维等方面,有些研究可能会对他们的生活、身心和权利产生消极影响;因此,研究者应当遵守针对研究对象的伦理原则;6分 2基本内容:①尊重被研究者和参与研究者的权利,如知情权、保密权等;3分②避免给被研究者和参与研究者不适当的压力和负担;3分③避免或消除不良后果;3分评分说明若有其他合理答案,可酌情给分;四、分析论述题:54~56小题,每小题30分,共90分;54.答案要点: 1材料阐述的是“教育适应生活说”的教育目的观;4分2“教育适应生活说”针对的是“教育准备生活说”的教育目的观;后者主张,教育建立在儿童未来生活的实际需要基础上,为儿童未来完满生活作准备;前者批评这种观点错误地以准备未来作为儿童当下学习的主要动力,主张教育是生活的过程,学校教育应以现在为目的,使儿童主动参与和适应现实的社会生活;8分3“教育适应生活说”的合理之处在于,将生活看成是一个连续的过程,避免把人生机械地分为准备阶段和生活阶段,关注儿童当下的社会生活,引导儿童通过主动参与现实的社会生活来为未来的生活作准备;但是,该理论也存在一定的局限性,按照这种教育目的观进行的教育改革尝试,曾经导致儿童习得的经验缺乏广度、深度和系统性,不足以应对未来的社会生活;8分 4结合学校教育脱离生活的现象,以及当前我国学校教育改革等,论述教育目的的确立要兼顾儿童当下和未来的生活的观点;10分55.答案要点: 1赫尔巴特的兴趣观:赫尔巴特认为,兴趣是一种将思维的对象保留在意识中的内心力量,是一种智力活动的特性,并具有道德的力量;他把人类所具有的多方面兴趣分为两大类:经验类的兴趣和同情类的兴趣;把兴趣活动分为四个阶段:注意、期待、探求和行动;8 分 2兴趣观在其教育理论体系中的作用:①培养儿童具有多方面的兴趣是赫尔巴特为教学所确立的直接的、近期的目的,教学又是实现道德教育目的的基本手段;6 分②兴趣观是赫尔巴特设置课程的基本依据之一;课程内容的选择和编制应该与儿童的兴趣相一致,根据经验类的兴趣设置自然、物理、化学、地理、数学、逻辑学、绘画等课程;根据同情类的兴趣设置外国语、本国语、历史、政治、法律、神学等课程;8 分③兴趣观是赫尔巴特确立教学形式阶段的重要依据;兴趣以不同的形式贯穿于教学进程之中:在教学的明了阶段,学生的兴趣表现为注意;在教学的联合阶段,学生的兴趣表现为获得新观念前的期待;在教学的系统阶段,学生的兴趣表现为探求;在教学的方法阶段,学生的兴趣表现为行动;8 分56. I.答案要点: 1影响因素:①概念的性质:先前概念的不合理性;新概念的可理解性;新概念的合理性;新概念的有效性;8 分②学生的特性:学生的先前知识经验;学生的认知监控能力;学生的动机和态度;6 分 2教学策略:①创设开放和安全的课堂气氛;4 分②洞察和揭示学生的原有观念;4 分③引发新旧经验的认知冲突;4 分④鼓励相互讨论以解决冲突;4 分;II.答案要点: 1最好选用“随机分派控制组后测实验设计”,3 分其格式为:或3 分 21 OO X R ' YY X R理由:这100 名学生在小学里均未学过英语,无法进行前测;根据题意只能用真实验设计, 而不能用前实验设计和准实验设计;4 分 2可以采用等组法中的“随机分派”方式,将100 名学生分成品质均等的两个班;6 分以抽签的方式决定实验班和控制班;4 分3优点:由于进行了等组化处理,且不存在前测对后测的影响,同时这种实验能系统操纵自变量并有效控制无关变量,所以内在效度较高;不进行前测,也适合学生的实际情况;6分缺点:个别学生有可能自学过英语,由于没有前测,这一情况带来的差异不易发现;4分。

2011年真题801物理化学

2011年真题801物理化学

(a) 标准状态下自发变化的方向 (b) 在 ∆ r Gm 所对应的温度下的平衡位置 (c) 在标准状态下体系所能作的最大非膨胀功 (d) 提高温度反应速率的变化趋势

第 1 页 共 6 页
7. 在通常情况下,对于二组分物系能平衡共存的最多相为: (a ) 1 (b)2 (c ) 3 (d)4 8. 下列说法中,哪些是不正确的 : (a)沸点随压力增加而增加 (c)升华温度随压力增加而增加
二、计算题(90 分)
°C、101.325kPa 下恒压加热至体 1.(10 分)1mol 氨气(NH3)(可视为理想气体 )于 25 25° 积为原来的三倍,已知氨气的恒压摩尔热容为
−1 −1 C� = 25.89 + 33.0 ×10−3 T − 30.46 ×10−7 T 2 p , m / J ⋅ K ⋅ mol
(d) 无法确定
14. 已知如下图示,玻璃管两端各有一大小不等的肥皂泡,中间用活塞相连,打开 活塞后_______。 (a) 两泡的大小保持不变 (b) 两泡均变小 (c) 大泡变小,小泡变大 (d) 小泡变小,大泡变大
r1
r2
15. 反应 2O3 → 3O 2 的速率方程为 −
d[O3 ] = k[O3 ]2 [O2 ]−1 ,或者 dt
(b)熔点随压力增加而增加 (d)蒸气压随压力增加而增加
9. 电解质溶液导电性能理解,正确的是: (a)与金属铜导电性能一样 (b)温度升高导电能力减小; (c)浓度增大导电能力增大 (d)导电机理是离子定向迁移和电极反应 10. 用电导仪测未知溶液的电导, 将一定浓度的标准 KCl 溶液注入电导池中进行测 定,其目的是: (a)做空白试验 (b)校正零点 (c)求电导池常数 (d)作工作曲线 11. 用对消法测定电池电动势,若实验中发现检流计始终偏向一边,则可能原因是: (a)测定电池温度不均匀 (b)测定电池的两极接反了 (c)搅拌不充分使浓度不均匀 (d)检流计灵敏度差 12. 玻璃毛细管中汞面上的饱和蒸气压比水平汞表面上的饱和蒸气压 _______。 (a ) 小 ( b) 大 (c) 相等 (d)不能确定 13. 硅胶吸水后其表面吉布斯自由能将 _______。 (a) 降低 (b) 升高 (c) 不变

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题及答案

(5) 设 A 为 3 阶矩阵,将 A 的第二列加到第一列得矩阵 B ,再交换 B 的第二行与第三行得
⎛1 0 0⎞
⎛1 0 0⎞
单位矩阵,记
P1
=
⎜ ⎜
1
1
0
⎟ ⎟

P2
=
⎜ ⎜
0
0
1
⎟ ⎟
,则
A
=
(
)
⎜⎝ 0 0 1 ⎟⎠
⎜⎝ 0 1 0 ⎟⎠
(A) P1P2
(B) P1 −1P2
(C) P2P1
两个线性无关的解,即 Ax = 0 的基础解系中至少有 2 个线性无关的解,所以可排除 A,B
选项.
又因为 Aη2 −η3 = 0 ,所以 η2 −η3 是 Ax = 0 的解,不是 Ax = β 的解,故排除 D 选项,
2
2
因此选 C.
事实上,由于η1,η2 ,η3 是 Ax = β 的三个线性无关的解,所以η3 −η1,η2 −η1 是 Ax = 0 的
两个线性无关的解,即 Ax = 0 的基础解系中至少有 2 个线性无关的解,亦即 3 − r( A) ≥ 2 ,
故 r( A) ≤ 1.由于 A ≠ 0 ,所以 r( A) ≥ 1,故 r( A) = 1.这样, Ax = 0 的基础解系中正好有 2
个线性无关的解,由此知η3 −η1,η2 −η1 是 Ax = 0 的一个基础解系.
数学(三)试题 第 5页 (共 4 页)
全日制个性化考研辅导
(11)
曲线
tan
⎛ ⎜
⎝x+来自y+π 4
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中共中央党校2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题

中共中央党校2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题

中共中央党校2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题
招生专业:思想政治教育
考试科目:马克思主义基本原理
一、简释题(10题,每题3分,共30分)
1、唯物史观
2、《德意志意识形态》
3、生产关系
4、商品价值
5、空想社会主义
6、资本
7、生产社会化
8、战时共产主义
9、辩证法的本质10、自由人联合体
二、简答题(4题,每题15分,共60分)
1、列宁主义产生的历史条件。

2、资产阶级的历史作用。

3、社会存在与社会意识的辩证关系。

4、马克思恩格斯关于共产主义发展阶段的论述。

三、论述题(2题,每题30分,共60分)
1、阐释“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”的内涵及其现实意义。

2、列宁晚年关于民主建设的思考及其对中国民主政治的启示。

考试科目:思想政治教育基本原理
一、简释题(5题,每题6分,共30分)
1、形象化教育
2、灌输论
3、人生观
4、文化阵地
5、精神鼓励
二、简答题(4题,每题15分,共60分)
1、简述主导性和多样性原则在思想政治教育中的运用?
2、简述思想政治教育的主要内容。

3、怎样认识环境是人的思想的客观影响源?
4、简述思想政治教育的根本目的?
三、论述题(2题,每题30分,共60分)
1、试论如何提高思想政治教育的科学化水平?
2、谈谈改革开放以来我国思想政治教育创新取得的成就和不足?。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题及答案详解

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题及答案详解
第 4 页 共 10 页
与 Y 不相关与 X 与 Y 独立等价,所以 X 与 Y 独立,则有
EX = EY = μ , DX = DY = σ 2 EY 2 = DY + ( EY ) = μ 2 + σ 2
2
E ( XY 2 ) = EXEY 2 = μ ( μ 2 + σ 2 )
三、解答题:15-23 小题,共 94 分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说 明、证明过程或演算步骤.

π
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tan tdt (0 ≤ x ≤
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【答案】 ln( 2 + 1) 【详解】 s =

4 0
1 1 + sin x 4 1 + tan xdx = ∫ 4 sec xdx = ln = ln( 2 + 1) 0 2 1 − sin x 0
2
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1 2
函数 f 具有二阶连续偏导数, 函数 g ( x) (16) (本题满分 10 分) 设函数 z = f ( xy, g ( x)) , 可导且在 x = 1 处取得极值 g (1) = 1 ,求

+∞
−∞
f ( x ) dx = 1 ,故由题知

2011年考研数学试题(数学一)答案解析

2011年考研数学试题(数学一)答案解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题答案解析一、选择题1、【答案】C 【考点分析】本题考查拐点的判断。

直接利用判断拐点的必要条件和第二充分条件即可。

【解析】由()()()()4324321----=x x x x y 可知1,2,3,4分别是()()()()23412340y x x x x =----=的一、二、三、四重根,故由导数与原函数之间的关系可知(1)0y '≠,(2)(3)(4)0y y y '''===(2)0y ''≠,(3)(4)0y y ''''==,(3)0,(4)0y y ''''''≠=,故(3,0)是一拐点。

2、【答案】C 【考点分析】本题考查幂级数的收敛域。

主要涉及到收敛半径的计算和常数项级数收敛性的一些结论,综合性较强。

【解析】()∑===n k kn n a S 12,1 无界,说明幂级数()11nnn a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径1R ≤;{}n a 单调减少,0lim=∞→n n a ,说明级数()11nn n a ∞=-∑收敛,可知幂级数()11nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径1R ≥。

因此,幂级数()11nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径1R =,收敛区间为()0,2。

又由于0x =时幂级数收敛,2x =时幂级数发散。

可知收敛域为[)0,2。

3、【答案】C 【考点分析】本题考查二元函数取极值的条件,直接套用二元函数取极值的充分条件即可。

【解析】由)(ln )(y f x f z =知()()ln (),()()x y f x z f x f y z f y f y ''''==,()()()xy f x z f y f y ''''= ()ln ()xx z f x f y ''''=,22()()(())()()yy f y f y f y z f x f y '''-''=所以00(0)(0)0(0)xy x y f z f f ==''''==,00(0)ln (0)xx x y z f f ==''''=,2200(0)(0)((0))(0)(0)(0)yy x y f f f z f f f =='''-''''== 要使得函数)(ln )(y f x f z =在点(0,0)处取得极小值,仅需(0)ln (0)0f f ''>,(0)ln (0)(0)0f f f ''''⋅> 所以有0)0(1)0(>''>f f , 4、【答案】B 【考点分析】本题考查定积分的性质,直接将比较定积分的大小转化为比较对应的被积函数的大小即可。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试MPA综合真题及参考答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试MPA综合真题及参考答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试- MPA综合真题及参考答案三、逻辑推理(本大题共30 小题,每小题2 分,共60 分。

在下列每题给出的五个选项中,只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡...上将所选的字母涂黑。

)26.巴斯德认为,空气中的微生物浓度与环境状况、气流运动和海拔高度有关。

他在山上的不同高度分别打开装着煮过的培养液的瓶子,发现海拔越来越高,培养液被微生物污染的可能性越小。

在山顶上,20个装了培养液的瓶子,只有1个长出了微生物。

普歇另用干草浸液做材料重复了巴斯德的实验,却得出不同的结果:及时在海拔很高的地方,所有装了培养液的瓶子很快长出了微生物。

以下哪项如果为真,最能解释普歇和巴斯德实验所得到的不同结果?只要有氧气的刺激,微生物就会从培养液中自发地生长出来。

培养液在加热消毒、密封、冷却的过程中会被外界细菌污染。

普歇和巴斯德的实验设计都不够严密。

干草浸液中含有一种耐高温的枯草杆菌,培养液一旦冷却,枯草杆菌的孢子就会复活,迅速繁殖。

普歇和巴斯德都认为,虽然他们用的实验材料不同,但是经过煮沸,细菌都能被有效地杀灭。

27.张教授的所有初中同学都不是博士;通过张教授而认识其哲学研究所同事的都是博士;张教授的一个初中同学通过张教授认识了王研究员。

以下哪项能作为结论从上述断定中推出?王研究员是张教授的哲学研究所同事。

王研究员不是张教授的哲学研究所同事。

王研究员是博士。

王研究员不是博士。

王研究员不是张教授的初中同学。

28.一般将缅甸所产的经过风化或经河水搬运至河谷、河床中的翡翠大砾石,称为“老坑玉”。

老坑玉的特点是“水头好”、质坚、透明度高,其上品透明如玻璃,故称“玻璃种”或“冰种”。

同为老坑玉,其质量相对也有高低之分,有的透明度高一些,有的透明度稍差些,所以价值也有差别。

在其他条件都相同的情况下,透明度高的老坑玉比透明度较其低的单位价值高,但是开采的实践告诉人们,没有单位价值最高的老坑玉。

以上陈述如果为真,可以得出以下哪项结论?没有透明度最高的老坑玉。

2011年考研英语真题及答案解析

2011年考研英语真题及答案解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Al ex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire wil l not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, th e author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alo ne. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit withthe explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single sea rch I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The peop le who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers法硕联盟论坛下载转载原文链接:/thread-107119-1-1.html Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’sowned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s re sponse may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, capturedit skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do n ot make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem t o be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often th e greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended mea ning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)本文从法硕联盟 转载原文链接:/thread-107119-1-1.html2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)参考答案(不见得准确)参考答案, 研究生, 英语, 硕士Section I Use of English1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人,因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。

2011年全国考研数学一真题

2011年全国考研数学一真题

(4) 设 I (

)

4 0
ln sin x dx , J 4 ln cot x dx , K 4 ln cos x dx , 则 I , J , K 的大小关系是
0 0


(A) I J K 【答案】 ( B)
(B) I K J
(C) J I K
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题试卷
数学一试题
一、选择题:1~8 小题,每小题 4 分,共 32 分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合 题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答. 题 纸 指定位置上. . . (1) 曲线 y ( x 1)(x 2) 2 ( x 3)3 ( x 4) 4 的拐点是 (A) (1, 0) 【答案】 ( C) 【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点: 设 f ( x) 在 (x0 , x0 ) 二 阶 可 导 , f (x0 ) 0 , 又 f (x0 ) 0 , 则 点 (x0 , f (x0 )) 为 曲 线 (B) (2, 0) ( ) (D) (4, 0)
(C) (3, 0)
y f (x) 的拐点.
在本题中,记 g x (x 1)(x 2) 2 (x 4) 4 ,则 y g x (x 3)3 则 y g x (x 3)3 3g x (x 3)2
y g x (x 3)3 6g x (x 3)2 6g x (x 3) y g x (x 3)3 9g x (x 3)2 18g x (x 3) 6g x y 3 0, y 3 6g 3 0
k 1 n 1
x 2 处发散,故选(C).
(3) 设函数 f (x) 具有二阶连续导数, 且 f (x) 0 ,f (0) 0 , 则函数 z f (x) ln f ( y) 在点 (0, 0)

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题答案速查: 一、选择题二、填空题三、解答题(15)13a <<(16)()y y x =的极小值为13-,极大值为1;凸区间为1(,)3-∞,凹区间为1(,)3+∞,拐点为11(,)33(17)2'''''1111121|(1,1)(1,1)(1,1)x y d z f f f dxdy ===++(18)()4x y x π=(19)略(20)(I )94π;(II ) 278g πρ (21)I a =(22)(I ) 5a =;(II )112324βααα=+-,2122βαα=+,31235102βααα=+-(23)(I ) A 的特征值为-1,1,0,对应的特征向量为()1110k k α≠,()2220k k α≠,()3330k k α≠ (II )001000100A ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1)已知当0x →时,()3sin sin3f x x x =-与kcx 是等价无穷小,则 ( )(A )k=1, c =4 (B )k=1,c =-4 (C )k=3,c =4 (D )k=3,c =-4 【答案】(C )【考点】无穷小量的比较,等价无穷小,泰勒公式 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:方法一:当0x →时,sin x x03sin sin 3limk x x x cx →-03sin sin cos 2cos sin 2lim k x x x x x xcx→--= ()20sin 3cos 22cos limkx x x x cx →--=2103cos 22cos lim k x x xcx -→--= ()22132cos 12cos limk x x xcx -→---=22110044cos 4sin lim lim k k x x x x cx cx--→→-== 304lim14,3k x c k cx -→==⇒==,故选择(C ).方法二:当0x →时,33sin ()3!x x x o x =-+ 333333(3)()3sin sin 33[()][3()]4()3!3!x x f x x x x o x x o x x o x =-=-+--+=+故3,4==k c ,选(C ).(2)设函数()f x 在x=0处可导,且()0f =0,则()()2332limx x f x f x x→-= ( )(A ) -2()0f ' (B )-()0f ' (C ) ()0f ' (D ) 0 【答案】(B )【考点】导数的概念 【难易度】★★ 【详解】 解析:()()()()()()2333300200limlim 2x x x f x f x f x f f x f x x x →→⎡⎤---⎢⎥=-⎢⎥⎣⎦()()()0200f f f '''=-=-故应选(B )(3) 函数()ln (1)(2)(3)f x x x x =---的驻点个数为 ( )(A ) 0 (B ) 1 (C ) 2 (D )3【答案】(C )【考点】复合函数求导 【难易度】★★ 【详解】解析:方法一:令)3)(2)(1()(---=x x x x g ,易知0)3()2()1(===g g g ,且0)(='x g 即)(x g 有两个驻点,所以)(x g 有两个驻点, 因为x y ln =函数单调,故)(ln x g 有两个驻点,选C.方法二:令(2)(3)(1)(3)(1)(2)'()(1)(2)(3)x x x x x x f x x x x --+--+--=---2312110(1)(2)(3)x x x x x -+==---有两个不同的根.所以()f x 有两个驻点.选(C ). (4) 微分方程2(0)λλλλ-''-=+>xx y y ee 的特解形式为( )(A ) ()x x a e e λλ-+ (B ) ()x x ax e e λλ-+ (C ) ()x x x ae be λλ-+ (D ) 2()x x x ae be λλ-+ 【答案】(C )【考点】二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程 【难易度】★★★★ 【详解】解析:对应齐次微分放的特征方程为220r λ-=,解得r λ=±, 于是2x y y e λλ''-=,2xy y e λλ-''-=分别有特解xy axeλ=,xy bxeλ-=,因此原非齐次方程有特解()xx y x aebe λλ-=+.选(C ).(5) 设函数(),()f x g x 均有二阶连续导数,满足(0)0,(0)0,f g ><且'(0)'(0)0f g ==,则函数()()z f x g y =在点(0,0)处取得极小值的一个充分条件是 ( )(A ) ''(0)0,''(0)0f g <> (B ) ''(0)0,''(0)0f g << (C ) ''(0)0,''(0)0f g >> (D ) ''(0)0,''(0)0f g ><【答案】(A )【考点】多元函数的极值 【难易度】★★★【详解】解析:因为函数()()z f x g y =在点(0,0)处取得极小值,且(),()f x g x 均有二阶连续导数所以(0,0)(0,0)'()()0zf xg y x ∂==∂,(0.0)(0.0)()'()0z f x g y y∂==∂,满足.又因为2(0,0)2(0,0)"()()"(0)(0)zA f x g y f g x∂===⋅∂,2(0,0)(0,0)'()'()'(0)'(0)0z B f x g y f g x y ∂===⋅=∂∂,2(0,0)2(0,0)()"()(0)"(0)z C f x g y f g y∂===⋅∂,所以必须有2(0)(0)(0)(0)0B AC f g f g ''''-=-<且0A >, 又因为(0)0f >,(0)0g <, 所以''(0)0,''(0)0f g <>,选(A ).(6) 设40ln sin I x dx π=⎰,40ln cot J x dx π=⎰,40ln cos K x dx π=⎰,则,,I J K 的大小关系是( )(A ) I J K << (B ) I K J << (C ) J I K << (D ) K J I << 【答案】(B )【考点】定积分的基本性质 【难易度】★★ 【详解】解析:如图所示,因为04x π<<时,0sin cos cot 2x x x <<<<,因此ln sin ln cos ln cot x x x <<444lnsin ln cos ln cot xdx xdx xdx πππ<<⎰⎰⎰,故选(B ).(7) 设A 为3阶矩阵,将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵B ,再交换B 的第2行与第3行得单位矩阵,记1100110001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2100001,010P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭则A = ( )(A ) 12PP (B ) 112P P - (C ) 21P P (D ) 121P P -【答案】(D )【考点】矩阵的初等变换 【难易度】★★ 【详解】解析:由初等矩阵与初等变换的关系知1AP B =,2P B E =,所以111112121A BP P P P P ----===,故选(D )(8) 设1234(,,,)A αααα=是4阶矩阵,*A 为A 的伴随矩阵,若(1,0,1,0)T是方程组Ax=0的一个基础解系,则*0A x =的基础解系可为 ( )(A ) 13,αα (B )12,αα (C ) 123,,ααα (D ) 234,,ααα 【答案】(D ) 【考点】★★★【难易度】矩阵的秩;齐次线性方程组的基础解系 【详解】解析:因为(1,0,1,0)T 是方程组Ax=0的一个基础解系所以1234131100(,,,)01100A αααααα⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==+=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦即13,αα线性相关,故排除(A )(C ),又因为*4()4()1()30()3r A r A r A r A =⎧⎪==⎨⎪<⎩,即*()2r A ≠,所以排除(B ),从而应选(D ).二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上. (9) 1012lim()2x x x →+= .【考点】重要极限公式;洛必达法则【难易度】★★ 【详解】 解析:原式=01121(1)212112lim(1)122012lim[1(1)]2x x xx xxxx e →+⋅-++--→++-=00212ln 2ln 2limlim222x x x x x eee →→-⋅====(10) 微分方程'cos x y y e x -+=满足条件(0)0y =的解为y = . 【答案】sin x y e x -= 【考点】一阶线性微分方程【难易度】★★ 【详解】解析:(cos )dx dx xy e e x e dx C --⎰⎰=⋅+⎰(cos )x e xdx C -=+⎰(sin )x e x C -=+由于(0)0,y =故0C =,所以sin .x y e x -= (11) 曲线0tan (0)4xy tdt x π=≤≤⎰的弧长s = .【答案】(ln 1+ 【考点】定积分的应用 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:sec ds xdx ===4400sec ln sec tan ln(1s xdx x x ππ∴==+=+⎰(12) 设函数,0,()0,0x e x f x x λλ-⎧>=⎨≤⎩0λ>,则()xf x dx +∞-∞=⎰ . 【答案】1λ【考点】反常积分;定积分的换元积分法与分部积分法【难易度】★★ 【详解】 解析:原式 00xxdx x edx xdeλλλ+∞+∞---∞=+=-⎰⎰⎰x x xee dx λλ+∞-+∞-=-+⎰1xeλλ+∞-=-1λ=(13) 设平面区域D 由直线,y x =圆222x y y +=及y 轴所围成,则二重积分Dxyd σ=⎰⎰ .【答案】712【考点】二重积分的计算 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:用极坐标变换.:42D ππθ≤≤,02sin r θ≤≤,于是原式2sin 24cos sin d r r rdr πθπθθθ=⋅⋅⎰⎰42sin 2041sin cos 4r d πθπθθθ=⋅⋅⎰5522444cos sin 4sin (sin )d d ππππθθθθθ=⋅=⎰⎰6624427sin 163212ππθ⎡⎤⎛⎢⎥==-= ⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦(14) 二次型2221,23123121323(,)3222f x x x x x x x x x x x x =+++++,则f 的正惯性指数为 . 【答案】2【考点】矩阵的特征值的概念;用配方法化二次型为标准形 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:方法一:f 的正惯性指数为所对应矩阵正特征值的个数.由于二次型f 对应矩阵111131111A ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,()()111131140111E A λλλλλλλ----=---=--=---,故1230,1,4λλλ===.因此f 的正惯性指数为2.方法二:用配方法. 222221123232323232()()32()f x x x x x x x x x x x x =+++++++-+()2212322x x x x =+++那么经坐标变换22122T T x Ax y y y y =Λ=+,亦知2p =.三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸...指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15) (本题满分10分 )已知函数20ln(1)()xt dt F x xα+=⎰,设0lim ()lim ()0,x x F x F x +→+∞→==试求α的取值范围. 【考点】洛必达法则、积分上限的函数及其导数【难易度】★★ 【详解】解析:当0α≤时,lim ()x F x →+∞=+∞;不符合题意.当0α>时,αxdtt x F xx x ⎰+=+∞→+∞→02)1ln(lim)(lim,0)1(2lim )1(12lim )1(112lim )1ln(lim 1222212=-=-=-+=+=-+∞→-+∞→-+∞→-+∞→αααααααααααx x x x x x x x x x x x x 得01>-α即1>α;0lim )1ln(lim )1ln(lim)(lim 120120020==+=+=-→-→+∞→→+++⎰αααααxx x x x dt t x F x x xx x 得21<-α即3<α于是当13α<<时,0lim ()lim ()0x x F x F x +→+∞→==. (16) (本题满分11分)设函数()y y x =由参数方程3311331133x t t y t t ⎧=++⎪⎪⎨⎪=-+⎪⎩确定,求()y y x =的极值和曲线()y y x =的凹凸区间及拐点.【考点】函数的极值;函数图形的凹凸性、拐点 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:221()1dy t dt y x dx t dt -'==+,2222223()2(1)2(1)14()(1)1(1)dy x t t t t t dt y x dx t t t dt'+--''==⋅=+++ 令()0y x '=得1t =± 当1t =时,53x =,13y =-,0y ''>.13y ∴=-为极小值. 当1t =-时,1x =-,1y =,0y ''<.1y ∴=为极大值.令()0y x ''=得0t =,13x y ==. 当0t <时,13x <,0y ''<;当0t >时,13x >,0y ''>. 所以曲线()y y x =的凸区间是1(,)3-∞,凹区间是1(,)3+∞,拐点是11(,)33.(17) (本题满分9分)设函数(,())z f xy yg x =,其中函数f 具有二阶连续偏导数,函数()g x 可导且在1x =处取得极值(1)1g =,求211.x y z x y==∂∂∂【考点】函数的极值;多元复合函数求导法;二阶偏导数 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】 解析:12()zf y f yg x x∂'''=⋅+⋅⋅∂, 因为函数()g x 可导且在1x =处取得极值(1)1g =, 所以0)1(='g , 所以1121(,(1))(1)(,)x z f y yg y f y g f y y y x=∂''''=⋅+⋅⋅=⋅∂ 21111121111()(,)((,)(,))x y x y y z z x f y y y f y y f y y x yy=====∂∂∂∂⎡⎤'''''==++⎣⎦∂∂∂11112(1,1)(1,1)(1,1)f f f '''''=++ (18) (本题满分10分)设函数()y x 具有二阶导数,且曲线:()l y y x =与直线y x =相切于原点,记α为曲线l 在点(,)x y 处切线的倾角,若,d dydx dxα=求()y x 的表达式. 【考点】变量可分离的微分方程;可降阶的高阶微分方程 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:由题设知:(0)0y =,(0)1y '=,(0)4πα=及解:因为tan y α'=,两边对x 求导得22sec (1tan )d d y dx dxαααα''=⋅=+,代入d dy dx dxα=,tan y α'=得)1(2y y y '+'=''. 令,dp y p y dx '''==,得2(1)dpp p dx=+分离变量得221()(1)1dp pdx dp p p p p ==-++积分得22211ln ln(1)ln 221p x p p C C p =-++=++由(0)1p =得11ln 22C =-,代入得2212ln 21p dy x p p dx =⇒==+ 由(0)0y =,再积分得()arcsin 4tt x xy x π====⎰⎰(19) (本题满分10分)(I )证明:对任意的正整数n ,都有111ln(1)1n n n<+<+ 成立. (II )设111ln (1,2,)2n a n n n=+++-=,证明数列{}n a 收敛. 【考点】函数单调性的判别、微分中值定理 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:(I )方法一:设)1()11ln(1)(≥+-=x xx x f ,则0)1(111111)(222<+-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⋅+--='x x x xx x f ,)(x f 在),1[+∞上单调递减 所以0)(lim )(=>+∞→x f x f x ,即)1()11ln(1≥+>x xx设)1(11)11ln()(≥+-+=x x x x g则011111)1(11111)(22<⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-++=++⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-⋅+='x x x x x xx g ,)(x g 在),1[+∞上单调递减x所以0)(lim )(=>+∞→x g x g x ,即)1(11)11ln(≥+>+x x x综上:对任意的正整数n ,都有111ln(1)1n n n<+<+ 成立. 方法二:设()()1ln 1,0,f x x x n ⎡⎤=+∈⎢⎥⎣⎦,显然()f x 在10,n⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦上满足拉格朗日中值定理 ()1111110ln 1ln1ln 1,0,1f f n n n n n ξξ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫∴-=+-=+=⋅∈ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭10,n ξ⎛⎫∴∈ ⎪⎝⎭时,11111111101n n n nξ⋅<⋅<⋅+++,即111111n n n ξ<⋅<++ 111ln 11n n n⎛⎫∴<+< ⎪+⎝⎭,结论得证. (II )设1111ln 23n a n n=++++-. 1111ln ln 10111n n n a a n n n n +⎛⎫⎛⎫-=+=-+< ⎪ ⎪+++⎝⎭⎝⎭,即数列{}n a 单调递减. 1111ln 23111ln(11)ln(1)ln(1)ln(1)ln 23341ln 2ln 23ln(1)ln 0n a n nnn n nn n n =++++->+++++++-+⎛⎫=⋅⋅- ⎪⎝⎭=+->得到数列{}n a 有下界.利用单调递减数列且有下界得到{}n a 收敛.(20) (本题满分11分)一容器的内侧是由图中曲线绕y 轴旋转一周而成的曲面,该曲线由2212()2x y y y +=≥与2211()2x y y +=≤连接而成(I ) 求容器的容积;(II ) 若将容器内盛满的水从容器顶部全部抽出,至少需要做多少功?(长度单位:m ,重力加速度为2/,gm s ,水的密度为3310/kg m ) 【考点】定积分的应用 【难易度】★★★★ 【详解】解析:(I )⎰⎰-+-=-2212221122)2()1(dy y y dy y V ππππ49)31()31[(221322113=-+-=-y y y y(II )2()(2)dW g f y y dy ρπ=-,221122221121234234221123()(2)[(1)(2)(2)(2)]12141[(2)(2)]23434272710()88W g f y y dyg y y dy y y y dy g y y y y y y y g g J ρπρπρπρππ---=-=--+--=--++-+⨯==⎰⎰⎰,(21) (本题满分11分)已知函数(,)f x y 具有二阶连续偏导数,且(1,)0f y =,(,1)0f x =,(,)Df x y dxdy a=⎰⎰,其中{}(,)|01,01D x y x y =≤≤≤≤,计算二重积分''(,)xy DI xy f x y dxdy =⎰⎰.【考点】二重积分的计算;定积分的换元积分法与分部积分法 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】 解析:11''0(,)xyI xdx yf x y dy =⎰⎰11'0(,)x xdx ydf x y =⎰⎰()()111'000,|,x x xdx yf x y f x y dy ⎡⎤'=-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰()11''0(,1)(,)xx xdx f x f x y dy =-⎰⎰'(,1)0(,1)0x f x f x =∴=11'0(,)x I xdx f x y dy =-⎰⎰11'0(,)x dy xf x y dx =-⎰⎰111000(,)|(,)dy xf x y f x y dx ⎡⎤=--⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰1100(1,)(,)dy f y f x y dx ⎡⎤=--⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰(,)Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰a =.(22) (本题满分11分)设向量组123(1,0,1),(0,1,1),(1,3,5)T T Tααα===,不能由向量组12(1,1,1),(1,2,3),T T ββ== 3(3,4,)T a β=线性表示.(I )求a 的值;(II )将123,,βββ用123,,ααα线性表示.【考点】向量组的线性相关与线性无关;矩阵的初等变换 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:(I )因为123101,,01310115ααα==≠,所以123,,ααα线性无关,又因为123,,ααα不能由123,,βββ线性表示,所以()123,,3r βββ<,所以123113113,,1240115013023a a a βββ===-=-,所以5a =(II )123123,,,,,αααβββ()=101113013124115135⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭101113013124014022⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭101113013124001102⎛⎫⎪→ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭1002150104210001102⎛⎫ ⎪→ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭故112324βααα=+-,2122βαα=+,31235102βααα=+-(23) (本题满分11分)A 为3阶实对称矩阵,A 的秩为2,且111100001111A -⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭(I ) 求A 的所有特征值与特征向量;(II ) 求矩阵A【考点】矩阵的秩;矩阵的特征值和特征向量的概念、性质;实对称矩阵的特征值和特征向量【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析:(I )因为111100001111A -⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭所以110011A ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦,111000111A -⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦, 所以11λ=是A 的特征值,1(1,0,1)T α=是对应的特征向量;21λ=-是A 的特征值,2(1,0,1)T α=-是对应的特征向量.因()2r A =知0A =,所以30λ=是A 的特征值. 设3123(,,)T x x x α=是A 属于特征值30λ=的特征向量, 因为A 为实对称矩阵,所以不同特征值对应的特征向量相互正交,即131323130,0,T Tx x x x αααα⎧=+=⎪⎨=-=⎪⎩ 解得3(0,1,0)T α= 故矩阵A 的特征值为1,1,0-;特征向量依次为123(1,0,1),(1,0,1),(0,1,0)T T T k k k -,其中123,,k k k 均是不为0的任意常数.(II )将321,,ααα单位化得⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=101211γ,⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=101212γ,⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0103γ 令⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-==0212110002121),,(321γγγQ ,则⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=011AQ Q T所以100110000100T A Q Q ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=-= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭.友情提示:部分文档来自网络整理,供您参考!文档可复制、编制,期待您的好评与关注!。

2011考研数一真题及解析

2011考研数一真题及解析

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13、无限大功率电源供电系统(工频) ,突然三相短路时,冲击电流将在短路发生后约( ) 秒。 A.0 B.0.01 C.0.02 D.0.05
14、架空输电线路的避雷线对零序阻抗的影响是( ) 。 A.减小线路的零序阻抗 B.增大线路的零序阻抗 C.无影响 D.不确定
15、由无限大电源供电的系统发生三相短路后出现非周期分量电流的原因是( ) 。 A.电容两端的电压可以突变
华北电力大学(北京)2011 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目: 《电力系统分析基础一》 考生注意:答案必须写在答题纸上 试题内容: 一 、不定项选择题
1、广义电力系统包括( ) A.发电机等生产电能的设备 B. 变压器等输送分配电能的设备
C. 电动机等消耗电能的设备 D. 保护控制装置及能量管理系统 2、下列关于电力系统运行特征中,正确的说法包括( ) A.电能不能大量储存 C.过渡过程比较快 B. 输配电各环节不能分割 D. 电力系统地区性特点很强
2 3 0.08 0.3 0.5 25、试分析对于高压线路,改变电压的大小主要是改变无功功率分布,而改变电压的相位,所能改变的 主要是有功功率分布。 26 、简要分析影响变压器零序电抗参数的因素有哪些。 若选SB =100MVA, U B U av ,(即变 27、某系统接线及各元件参数如图所示,设在 f 点发生三相短路。 压器变比取平均额定变比),试计算: (1)作出系统等值电路。 (2)流过短路点的短路冲击电流iM 的 有名值(设冲击系数 K M =1.9)。
资料说明: 本资料由华北电力大学在校学生提供,为方便外校学生考研复习,我们整理了所有的专业课考研资料,上传 了所有内部资料(所有真题+所有内部资料+所有视频) ,所有资料都是完全免费,完全共享。 我们是由一群“勇闯北京、热爱华电”的华电本校热血学生组成,本科时有本校的、外校的和跨专业的,现 在全部考上华电研究生。 为了方便“立志在华电”学生交流,我们建立 QQ 群 276540388,为大家免费答疑,分享华电最新消息,提供 最新内部试题,各种疑难问题,我们都尽最大努力帮助,只为“大华电,大电力,中国梦,梦华电! ”
6、电力线路自然功率是指( ) A.线路输送的额定功率 B. 线路允许输送的最大功率 C.负荷阻抗为波阻抗时,该负荷所消耗的功率 D.负荷端电压为额定电压时,该负荷所消耗的功率 7、潮流调整的手段主要有( A.串联电容 B. 并联电容 ) C. 串联电抗 D. 附加串联加压器
8、一台额定功率为 50MW 的发电机带一个 40MW 负荷运转,发电机的调差系数为 4%,负 荷的单位调节 功率为 1.5,那么系统的单位调节功率为( ) 。 A.32.75 B.29.75 C.26.5 D.23.5 9、使发电机组的静态特性曲线平行上移,以保证频率偏差在允许范围内是指电力系统的( ) A.一次调频 B.二次调频 C.三次调频 D.最优分配

(1) 当区域 1 的负荷减少 1000MW 时, 计算系统频率、 各区域发电和负荷功率、 联络线 功率及方向。 (2) 假定每个区域带有旋转备用的发电机工作在辅助控制(ACE)方式,区域 1 的单位 调节功率为 250MW/0.5Hz,区域 2 的单位调整功率为 500MW/0.1Hz。当区域 1 的 发电量失去 2000MW 时(失 去的部分不包括所有备用容量) ,计算系统频率、各区 域发电和负荷功率、联络线功率及方向。 30、系统等值电路图如图所示,QL1=10MVar,QL 2=8MVar ,QL3=5MVar 。各段线 段电阻如图 所示。系统额定电压为 35kV。设无功功率补偿设备总的容量为 12Mvar, 试在不计无功功率网损的前 提下确定这些无功功率电源的最优分布。
10、一个处于稳态运行的系统,如果某一台发电机突然由于故障退出运行,该时刻,系统 的频率将( ) 。 A.升高 B.不变 C. 降低 D.不一定
11、电力系统的无功电源主要包括( ) A.发电机 B.电容器和调相机 C.静止补偿器和静止调相机 D.并联电抗器
12、高峰负荷时升高电压,低估负荷时降低电压的中枢点电压调整方式称为( ) 。 A.不调压 B.顺调压 C.常调压 D.逆调压
(3)电源G对f点的转移阻抗 X Gf , X Gjs (4)如果根据运算曲线查得t=0.2s时的短路电流标幺值为 I
G 0.2''
3.2 ,求t=0.2s时的短路电流有名值。
四 、计算题
28、一个两节点系统共有下列元件构成:平衡节点电压为 1.00 ,负荷为 0.3+j1.0 并 且装有一个无 功补偿器,向负荷节点提供无功功率为 1.1。两个节点之间的输电线路阻抗为j0.4。试求: (1)绘制系统单线图 (2)计算节点导纳矩阵 Y; (3)列写牛顿法直角坐标方程; (4)列写牛顿法极坐标方程; (5)采用极坐标形式进行计算(收敛精度为0.01); (6)计算平衡节点功率。 29、 两个互联系统如图所示, 系统频率 50Hz 时, 区域 1 发电机功率为 19000MW, 旋转备用 1000MW, 负荷为 20000MW,区域 2 发电机功率为 41000MW,旋转备用 1000MW,负荷为 40000MW,联络线 输送功率 1000MW,从区域 2 送向区域 1。 所有机组的调差系数为 5%,每个区域当频率每变化 1% 负荷也相应变化 1%。试计 算:
3、用电设备容许电压偏移一般为( ) A.10%
B.7%
C.5%
D. 2%
4、 发电机运行极限如图所示, 其中圆弧S 表示 (B) , 直线BC 表示( ) A. 原动机功率约束 B. 定子绕组温升约束 C.励磁绕组温升约束 D.定子端部温升约束

5 、一台变压器,额定容量 120MVA ,额定电压 10.5/121kV,空载损耗 132kW,短路电压百分值为 10%,变压器绕组电抗等于( )p.u.(以变压器额 定 参数为基准)。 A.13.280 B.12.201 C.0.100 D.0.092
31、某系统接线如右图所示,各元件的标幺参数( SB =100MVA , UB=Uav )已标于图中。当 f 点发 生 B、C 两相接地短路时,试求发电机送出的各相电流标幺值及有名值。
三 、简答和简单计算题
24、某 3 节点系统如下: (1) 如果变压器支路的变比为 1:1,写出节点导纳矩阵 Y。 (2) 如果变压器支路的变比为 1:1.05(理想变压器在母线 1 侧,变压器电抗参数在母线 2 侧) ,请写 出变压器 型等值支路参数,并写出节点导纳矩阵 Y’。 首节点 1 2 末节点 2 3 R 0 0.04 X 0.04 0.25 B 0 0.5
B.电容两端的电压不能突变 C.电感中的电流可以突变 D.电感中的电流不能突变
二、填空题
16、电力系统总装机容量是指该系统中实际安装的发电机组( )的总和。 17、我国所有交流电力系统的额定频率为( ) 。如果将系统额定频率升高 10Hz,发电 机感应电势将( ) (升高或降低) ( )%。 18、对电力系统的基本要求包括( ) ( ) ( ) 。 19、 ( )主要包括电压质量、频率质量、和( )三个方面。 20、对于高压线路,当线路输送功率大于自然功率时,线路末端电压( )始端。 21、作为潮流调整的手段之一, ( )的作用主要在限流,将其串联在重载线路上 可避免该线路过载。但 由于其对电压质量和系统运行的稳定性有不良影响,这一手段未曾 推广。 22、 ( )备用是指运转中的发电机设备可能发出的最大功率与系统发电负荷之差。 ( ) 备用是指未运转 的发电设备可能发出的最大功率。
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