河北医科大学医学免疫学2013年考博初试真题
2013苏州大学(分子生物学+免疫学)考博真题
写在前面的话：本人学临床的，跨专业报考医学细胞与分子生物学博士研究生，由于上班忙，根本没有太多时间复习。
幸运的是，通过上网找到了许多高校的历年考题，最终仅用两周时间复习的情况下，顺利考上。
非常感谢那些参加过考试的网友将自己获得的考试信息无私奉献给后来者！其实，题目做多了就会发现，考来考去，重点也就是那些。
在此，我也毫不保留地将我考试用过的资料（历年真题题目+我整理的参考答案）献给有需要的朋友，希望对你的复习有所帮助。
如果考上了，不妨告诉我一声，让我分享你成功的喜悦！——****************2013苏州大学（分子生物学+免疫学）考博真题发布日期：2013-06-10（一）2013苏州大学分子生物学名词解释：组蛋白组蛋白（histones）真核生物体细胞染色质中的碱性蛋白质，含精氨酸和赖氨酸等碱性氨基酸特别多，二者加起来约为所有氨基酸残基的1/4。
组蛋白与带负电荷的双螺旋DNA结合成DNA-组蛋白复合物。
因氨基酸成分和分子量不同，主要分成5类。
组蛋白是真核生物染色体的基本结构蛋白，是一类小分子碱性蛋白质，有六种类型：H1、H2A、H2B、H3、H4及古细菌组蛋白，它们富含带正电荷的碱性氨基酸，能够同DNA中带负电荷的磷酸基团相互作用。
DNA重组DNA重组（DNA recombination）指DNA分子内或分子间发生的遗传信息的重新共价组合过程。
包括同源重组、特异位点重组和转座重组等类型，广泛存在于各类生物。
体外通过人工DNA重组可获得重组体DNA，是基因工程中的关键步骤。
转录转录是遗传信息由DNA转换到RNA的过程。
作为蛋白质生物合成的第一步，转录是mRNA以及非编码RNA（tRNA、rRNA等）的合成步骤。
(逆转录（reverse transcription）是以RNA为模板合成DNA的过程，即RNA指导下的DNA 合成。
此过程中，核酸合成与转录（DNA到RNA）过程与遗传信息的流动方向（RNA到DNA）相反，故称为逆转录。
河北医科大学病理学2011,2012,2017--2019年考博真题
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Hale Waihona Puke 4. 癌性增生和反应性增生区别。 5. 写出4种肠道溃疡性疾病，并列举一种的病理表现。 6. 动脉粥样硬化病理过程、并发症及临床表现。 7. 肺癌大体分型、组织分型。
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多，又称细胞内外的物质蓄积。
蓄积的物质可以是：（1）过量的细胞固有成分（2）外源性、内源性物质（３）色素
（1）细胞水肿（cellular swelling）
1）主要原因：感染、中毒、缺氧
2）发生机制:病因→细胞线粒体受损→ATP↓→细胞膜Na+-K+泵功能↓→Na+、H2O进入细胞内。
3）形态改变 ①肉眼观察：器官体积增大、色泽浅淡。②光镜观察：细胞肿大、胞浆淡染或清亮。
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河北医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1. 脂肪变形 2. 异型性 3. 槟琅肝 4. 化生 5. 肉芽肿 6. 异位内分泌 7. 栓塞 8. 组织芯片 9. 假性肥大 10. 肺心病 11. 新月体 二、简答题 1. 良恶性肿瘤区别。 2. 支气管肺癌分类。 3. 坏死的基本病变？ 4. 霍奇金淋巴瘤的分型及临床特点。 5. 良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别？ 三、论述题 1. 门脉高压临床表现，慢性支气管炎，肾小球肾炎。 2. 举例说明淤血导致的病理改变及后果。
C．光镜观察：脂滴在心肌细胞内呈串珠状排列。
同源性细胞之间)
常见类型:.鳞状上皮化生：常见于气管、支气管、子宫颈 肠上皮化生：发生于胃粘膜。
免疫学考博试题
四军医大201 31.试比较T细胞受体（TCR）、B细胞受体（BCR）和NK细胞受体（NKCR）的组成，识别配体以及信号转导的异同点。
2.以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例，T细胞和B细胞是如何相互作用？有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与T、B细胞的相互作用？四、简答题1、半抗原与载体连接成为完全抗原，试述载体蛋白的作用2、T细胞表位与B细胞表位的区别3、双向琼脂扩散的工作原理五、论述题1、初次免疫应答与再次免疫应答的区别，举出三个并说明其原理2、举出B细胞所有的亚群，并说明其各自的特点和功能北京协和医学院2013考博免疫学真题回顾（部分）一名解:hybridomahomingreceptorsurogatelightchainMACAntibodyidotype比如补体精典与旁路途径共用的分子，BCR与TCR发育区别，HLA-DM分子参与MHC2类分子组装与转运，重症肌无力产生针对何种物质的自身抗体，BCR 由细胞表面免疫球蛋白和何种物质构成，IgE重链恒定区由几部分构成，CD28拮抗分子等，克隆选择学说由谁提出的，不过其中有两道题一点都不会，也记不清了四、简答：名词解释效价ELISAAICDIFNTCRCDRMACPRR免疫监视免疫耐受问答题1人工抗体的分类及作用2机体抗肿瘤免疫机制3HLA作用以及和临床关系4初次应答和再次应答抗体产生机制5NK、CTL杀伤机制相同与不同安徽医科大学2013年医学免疫学考博试题（真题回忆完整版）一、名词解释（40分）：1.SuperAntigen2.MHC3.AICD4.FADD5.ITIM6.DAMPs7.PRRs8.BAS-ELISA9.ImmuneTolerence10.Immunecomplex-mediatedhypersensitivity1.Ig类别转换2.细胞因子3.ADCC4.抗原决定簇5.肿瘤抗原问答题：（16分X5)1.试述T细胞与APC的相互作用？2.HLAI类分子和Ⅱ类分子的结构、功能的不同？3.T细胞表面有哪些分子？作用如何？4.Ig的分类、特点及各自的功能？5.食物过敏的机制和治疗原则？2013北京协和医学院免疫学（专业基础）回忆版一.?名词解释(4?分×10)讨论题自身免疫疾病及治疗专业1、免疫细胞的免疫调节作用及机制2、基因工程抗体的概念，主要种类及其特征肿瘤生物学专业1、列举4个近5年内的Nobel生理学奖的主要贡献2、实验设计：在BL10转基因小鼠中，MALT淋巴瘤的前体细胞-脾脏中的marginalzoneB细胞高度增生，请设计实验检测该增生细胞是否具有抗凋亡特性感染免疫专业1、共刺激分子家族的成员，分类及主要功能2、以丙型肝炎为例，试述慢性病毒性肝炎的免疫病理特点及机制免疫疾病的细胞和分子调控专业1、TH17cell在免疫疾病的发生发展过程中起着关键的作用，简述这个细胞亚型涉及的分子发生机制，例如涉及的重要细胞因子，转录因子等。
医学博士生考试真题
医学博士生考试真题选择题下列哪种细胞是构成人体免疫系统的主要细胞？A. 神经细胞B. 红细胞C. 淋巴细胞D. 肌细胞答案：C在医学研究中，下列哪种方法常用于评估药物的治疗效果？A. 问卷调查B. 随机对照试验C. 观察法D. 文献回顾答案：B下列哪种疾病是由病毒引起的？A. 糖尿病B. 冠心病C. 流行性感冒D. 骨质疏松症答案：C在解剖学上，心脏的主要功能是什么？A. 分泌激素B. 储存血液C. 泵送血液D. 消化食物答案：C下列哪种激素由甲状腺分泌，对机体代谢和生长发育有重要作用？A. 胰岛素B. 生长激素C. 甲状腺素D. 肾上腺素答案：C名词解释肝肾综合征（HRS）：又称功能性肾衰，以自发性少尿或无尿、氮质血症、稀释性低钠血症和低尿钠为特征，而肾脏无明显病理改变。
肠易激综合征（IBS）：是一种腹痛或腹部不适伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病，经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。
卓-艾综合征（胃泌素瘤）：由胰腺非β细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，肿瘤一般很小（<1cm），生长缓慢，半数为恶性。
简答题自发性气胸的治疗原则：根据气胸类型、病因、发生频次、肺萎缩程度、病情状态及有无并发症等，酌情选择保守治疗或手术治疗。
一般首次发生的症状较轻的闭合性气胸，可先行保守治疗。
保守治疗无效或复发、引流后持续漏气、血气胸、长期气胸、张力性气胸引流失败者可考虑手术治疗。
支气管哮喘典型的临床表现：反复发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难。
症状可在数分钟内发生，并持续数小时至数天，可经平喘药物治疗后缓解或自行缓解。
夜间及凌晨发作和加重常是哮喘的特征之一。
肿瘤外科治疗的原则：无瘤原则：指在切除肿瘤时及整个手术过程中，防止肿瘤细胞的扩散和种植，这是肿瘤外科治疗的基本原则。
整块切除原则：强调在手术中应整块切除肿瘤及其周围正常组织，以防止肿瘤细胞的扩散。
根治性原则：在切除肿瘤时，应同时切除肿瘤周围可能受累的淋巴结和软组织，以达到根治的目的。
2013医学考博试题 4
2013广西医科大学内科博士考题，选择题：30分，都是临床的一些常见问题，难度不太大，估计至少能拿25分简答题：30分1.呼吸暂停综合征的定义及分型；2.上消化道出血的定义；3.心梗溶栓再通的指征；4.负反馈调节的机制，举例说明；5.小细胞低色素贫血有哪些。
论述题（内分泌专业）：40分1.病例分析（10分），给出一个病例（，难道不大应该是库欣）（1）诊断和鉴别诊断（2）要做哪些检查进行鉴别2.降糖药肠促胰素的分类和机制（15分）3.妊娠甲亢的治疗原则。
广西医科大学病理生理学博士考题，希望对来年报考的同学有帮助！一、名词解释（共5个）：钙超载、尿毒症、水中毒、混合性酸碱平衡紊乱、外源性致热源二、简答题（共3个小题）：1.低渗性脱水尿量有何改变？2.慢性肾功能衰竭时钾离子有何代谢紊乱？3.还有一题考完了之后一下子脑子短路想不起来了，等我想起来再补上三、论述题（共3个小题）：1.输入大量库存血所致缺氧与贫血性缺氧机制有何不同；2.心脏衰竭时机体如何代偿及其代偿的调控机制；3.DIC血液高凝的机制2013年广西医科大学基础医学院医学生物化学与分子生物学一名词解释1.蛋白质的二级结构2.启动子3.Klenow fragment4.内含子5.外显子6管家基因7顺式作用元件8蛋白伴侣9？10?二简答1真核生物RNA聚合酶的种类和功能？2大肠杆菌表达系统的条件3癌基因激活的方式？4简述酶的温度调节。
三讨论1蛋白质分离纯化的种类和原理2关于三羧酸循环和尿素循环的关联性？为什么说尿素循环的氮原子都直接或间接来源于体内的氨基酸？2013年广西医科大学病理学试题一、名词解释10 *3分：化生，肿瘤的异质性，围管浸润，炎性假瘤，机化，动脉瘤，肾病综合征，早期胃癌，R eed-Sternberg cell，infarction二、简答题4*5分1、一期愈合、二期愈合的主要区别？如何获得一期愈合？2、食管癌浸润性生长可引起哪些后果？3、炎症时血管通透性升高的发生机制。
新版河北医科大学临床检验诊断学考研经验考研参考书考研真题
考研这个念头，我也不知道为什么，会如此的难以抑制，可能真的和大多数情况一样，我并没有过脑子，只是内心的声音告诉我：我想这样做。
得知录取的消息后，真是万分感概，太多的话想要诉说。
但是这里我主要想要给大家介绍一下我的备考经验，考研这一路走来，收集考研信息着实不易，希望我的文字能给师弟师妹们一个小指引，不要走太多无用的路。
其实在刚考完之后就想写一篇经验贴，不过由于种种事情就给耽搁下来了，一直到今天才有时间把自己考研的历程写下来。
先介绍一下我自己，我是一个比较执着的人，不过有时候又有一些懒散，人嘛总是复杂的，对于考研的想法我其实从刚刚大一的时候就已经有了，在刚刚进入大三的时候就开始着手复习了，不过初期也只是了解一下具体的考研流程以及收集一些考研的资料，反正说到底就是没有特别着急，就我个人的感受来说考研备考并不需要特别长的时间，因为如果时间太长的话容易产生疲惫和心理上的变化反而不好。
下面会是我的一些具体经验介绍和干货整理，篇幅总体会比较长，只因，考研实在是一项大工程，真不是一两句话可描述完的。
所以希望大家耐心看完，并且会有所帮助。
文章结尾处附上我自己备考阶段整理的学习资料，大家可以自取。
河北医科大学临床检验诊断学的初试科目为：(101)思想政治理论(201)英语一(306)临床医学综合能力（西医）参考书目为：《全国硕士研究生招生考试临床医学综合能力(西医)考试大纲》（306西医专硕全国统一考试大纲）《内科学》葛均波、徐永健主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《诊断学》万学红、卢雪峰主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《生理学》朱大年、王庭槐主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《生物化学与分子生物学》查锡良、药立波主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《病理学》李玉林主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2015年。
《外科学》陈孝平汪建平主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2014年。
《生物化学》，周爱儒主编，第七版，人民卫生出版社，2016年。
医学免疫学_河北医科大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
医学免疫学_河北医科大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.关于HLA单体型，下列叙述不正确的是参考答案:同胞之间一个单体型相同的几率为25%2.不属于M HC经典Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类基因的是参考答案:HLA-E3.CD2分子又称为参考答案:LFA-24.治疗哮喘的药物是参考答案:抗IL-4单抗5.新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）引起严重肺炎的主要原因参考答案:大量细胞因子产生形成的“细胞因子风暴”6.下列关于经典的MHCⅠ类和Ⅱ类基因的叙述错误的是参考答案:主要功能是决定移植物排斥7.下列哪项不属于集落刺激因子参考答案:IL-118.非专职性APC最重要的属性是参考答案:诱导性表达MHCII类分子9.T细胞产生的IL-2可刺激其自身的生长，这种作用方式为参考答案:自分泌10.直接作用下丘脑体温调节中枢引发发热的细胞因子是参考答案:IL-1, TNF-α, IL-611.以下哪种补体是三条途径激活必备成分参考答案:C312.能协助清除免疫复合物的补体裂解片段是参考答案:C3b13.关于补体三条激活途径的叙述，下列哪项是错误的？参考答案:旁路途径在感染后期发挥作用14.MHC分子中不参与构成抗原结合槽的结构域是参考答案:Ⅰ类分子的α315.经典途径中激活补体能力最强的免疫球蛋白是参考答案:IgM16.患者女性，27岁，颈部、腋下和腹股沟出现无痛性、渐进性淋巴结肿大，体重进行性下降，镜检见大量B细胞浸润。
临床使用美罗华单抗后效果好。
最可能的诊断是：参考答案:非霍奇金淋巴瘤17.下列不属于免疫增强剂的是参考答案:青霉素18.不属于免疫隔离部位的是参考答案:骨髓19.不表达MHCⅡ类分子的细胞是参考答案:NK细胞20.下列有关抗原表位的描述，错误的是参考答案:一般由50个左右的氨基酸组成21.抗原具备的两种特性是参考答案:免疫原性和免疫反应性22.下列关于HLAⅡ类分子的叙述正确的是参考答案:是HLA-DR、DQ、DP亚区相应功能基因编码的分子23.决定抗原特异性的因素是参考答案:抗原分子中特殊的化学基团24.抗TD-Ag抗体产生过程中需要参与的细胞有参考答案:T细胞、B细胞共同参与25.HLA分子不具备的功能是参考答案:参与调理吞噬26.免疫耐受是指机体对参考答案:某种抗原不发生反应的状态27.主要由病毒感染细胞产生的细胞因子是参考答案:I型干扰素28.细胞因子风暴不发生在参考答案:重症联合免疫缺陷病29.DC产生的IL-12可刺激临近的T淋巴细胞分化，这种作用方式为参考答案:旁分泌30.介导炎症反应发生，具有趋化作用的细胞因子是参考答案:IL-831.对TI-2抗原发生应答的主要细胞是参考答案:B-1细胞32.溶血性链球菌的表面成分与人心肌组织存在的共同抗原，属于参考答案:异嗜性抗原33.下列属于胸腺功能的是参考答案:T细胞成熟的场所34.胸腺细胞经历阴性选择后获得了参考答案:自身耐受35.介导T细胞与APC非特异结合的T细胞表面分子是参考答案:CD236.内源性抗原包括参考答案:病毒蛋白、肿瘤抗原和某些细胞内的自身抗原37.关于MHC下列描述正确的是参考答案:是主要组织相容性复合体的英文字头缩写38.对经典HLAⅠ类和Ⅱ类等位基因产物描述正确的是参考答案:同源染色体对应座位上两个等位基因的表达具有共显性特点39.属于人MHC非经典Ⅰ类基因的是参考答案:HLA-E40.SIgA是黏膜免疫系统重要的效应分子，调节SIgA产生的关键因素是参考答案:TGF-β41.最早提出和实践“预防接种”概念的国家是参考答案:中国42.CD8分子与MHCⅠ类分子结合的区域是参考答案:α3功能区43.人类消灭天花借助的是哪种免疫治疗方法参考答案:疫苗接种44.首次应用人工被动免疫的制剂是参考答案:白喉抗毒素45.关于黏膜固有层中的效应性CD4+T细胞的特点，描述正确的是参考答案:在没有致病菌感染的情况下，效应性CD4+T与Treg细胞共同参与免疫应答与免疫稳态的平衡46.成熟T细胞进行抗原识别及发生免疫应答的部位不包括参考答案:胸腺47.关于肠道黏膜免疫免疫系统的组成不正确的是参考答案:肠黏膜没有B细胞48.关于黏膜免疫系统，下列表述错误的是参考答案:黏膜局部免疫与全身免疫没有直接联系49.下列不属于M细胞特征与功能的是参考答案:可分泌细胞因子50.关于APC向T细抱提呈外源性Ag，描述不正确的是参考答案:外源性Ag通常被APC以抗原肽-MHCⅠ类分子复合物形提呈给CD4+T细胞识别51.关于T细抱CD28与APC B7结合描述不正确的是参考答案:为B细胞活提供重要的第二信号52.有关初始CD4+T细胞在细胞因子的作用下分化成不同亚群的细胞，不正确的是参考答案:分化成CTL细胞53.下列黏附分子对中，为T细胞活化提供负性共刺激信号的是参考答案:CTLA-4/B754.CTL细胞杀伤靶细胞的特点是参考答案:可反复杀伤多个靶细胞，而自身不受损伤55.naive T cell是参考答案:未接触过Ag的成熟T细胞56.下列哪种标志不出现于B细胞表面参考答案:CD2分子57.Th细胞的主要功能是参考答案:分泌细胞因子58.最有效的激活初始T细胞的抗原提呈细胞是参考答案:树突状细胞59.CD4+T细胞的生物学作用不包括参考答案:参与对靶细胞的特异性直接杀伤60.与MHCⅠ类分子结合增强T细胞和靶细胞之间相互作用的CD分子参考答案:CD861.下列哪种细胞因子对于T细胞的增殖至关重要参考答案:IL-262.以下哪项不是T细胞活化的表现参考答案:表达Igα、Igβ分子63.T细胞活化的第一信号是由哪对分子提供的参考答案:TCR与MHCⅠ/Ⅱ类分子-抗原肽复合物64.T细胞活化的第一信号是由哪个分子传递的参考答案:CD365.在CTL杀伤靶细胞的机制中下列哪项不正确参考答案:通过ADCC效应66.可负调T细胞活化的配对分子是参考答案:CTLA-4/B767.肠黏膜免疫应答的诱导部位（位点）不包括参考答案:肠上皮内淋巴细胞68.机体防御反应过高可导致参考答案:超敏反应69.关于黏膜免疫耐受形成的因素不包括参考答案:黏膜固有层CD11b+DC捕获食物抗原，诱导抗原特异性Treg70.黏膜中DC在免疫应答过程中，摄取抗原的方式不包括参考答案:不能摄取经FcRn转运的抗原71.粘液层是黏膜上皮组织的重要组成，其特点和功能不包括参考答案:是病原体的储存库，是造成黏膜感染的原因之一72.肠上皮细胞发挥抵抗病原体的方式不包括参考答案:直接吞噬杀灭病原体73.关于黏膜上皮组织的特点与功能描述不正确的是参考答案:对黏膜免疫细胞的功能没有调节作用74.SIgA的生物学功能不包括参考答案:可直接溶解并清除病毒或细菌75.下列哪项不属于肠细胞的功能参考答案:不表达模式识别受体76.关于肠道共生菌，下列哪项描述不正确参考答案:宿主不存在针对共生菌的免疫应答77.对IEL细胞描述错误的是参考答案:IEL多为初始T细胞78.以下关于固有免疫的说法错误的是参考答案:不诱导炎症79.对M细胞描述错误的是参考答案:可加工处理抗原80.不属于韦氏环结构的是参考答案:颌下淋巴结81.在黏膜局部抗感染免疫中发挥关键作用的是参考答案:SIgA82.下列哪项属于主动免疫治疗手段参考答案:疫苗接种83.不属于黏膜免疫相关淋巴组织的是参考答案:脾脏84.首次应用类毒素进行预防接种的科学家是参考答案:Behring85.最早提出克隆选择学说的科学家是参考答案:Burnet86.英国科学家Jenner发明了参考答案:牛痘疫苗87.最早发现减毒活疫苗的科学家是参考答案:Pasteur88.德国Behring发现了参考答案:抗毒素89.组织中尤其是炎症病灶中补体的主要来源是参考答案:巨噬细胞90.三条补体激活途径的共同点是参考答案:膜攻击复合物的形成及其溶解细胞效应相同91.具有刺激肥大细胞脱颗粒、释放组胺的补体裂解产物是参考答案:C3a92.某人补体C3缺乏，当他被细菌感染时，下列哪些功能不受影响参考答案:粒细胞的吞噬作用93.美国Landsteiner发现了参考答案:ABO血型94.中国人发明了参考答案:人痘苗95.英国人Jenner发明了参考答案:牛痘苗96.能与免疫球蛋白Fc段结合的补体成分是参考答案:C1q97.法国Pasteur研制了参考答案:狂犬病疫苗98.人类的中枢免疫器官是参考答案:胸腺和骨髓99.临床上血型不符引起的新生儿溶血症，补体参与了这一过程，请问补体以下列哪种功能导致了溶血参考答案:细胞毒作用100.阻止膜攻击复合物在正常细胞表面形成的补体调节蛋白是参考答案:C8结合蛋白101.黏膜相关炎症性疾病与什么无关参考答案:性别102.T淋巴细胞分化成熟的场所是参考答案:胸腺103.人类B淋巴细胞分化成熟的场所是参考答案:骨髓104.人类最大的免疫器官是参考答案:脾脏105.实验动物新生期切除胸腺后参考答案:细胞免疫功能缺乏，体液免疫功能受损106.脾脏和淋巴结生发中心主要由哪类细胞聚积形成?参考答案:B淋巴细胞107.淋巴结的功能不包括参考答案:T细胞进行阴性选择的场所108.不属于胸腺基质细胞的是参考答案:胸腺细胞109.下列关于淋巴结功能的叙述错误的是参考答案:各类血细胞和免疫细胞发生的场所110.体外实验时，用抗μ链的抗体可结合的细胞是( ) 参考答案:B细胞111.介导T细胞抑制的共刺激分子是参考答案:PD-1112.介导T细胞活化的共刺激分子是参考答案:CD28113.富含MHC II 类分子的细胞器称为参考答案:MII C114.参与a链与β2m组装成完整的MHC I类分子并保护a链不被降解的伴侣蛋白是参考答案:钙网蛋白115.内源性抗原在被免疫蛋白酶体降解前需要参考答案:泛素化116.外源性抗原包括参考答案:被吞噬的细胞、被吞噬细菌或内化蛋白质117.细胞加工内源性抗原的主要部位是参考答案:免疫蛋白酶体118.下列分子中不参与蛋白质抗原加工提呈过程的是参考答案:CD1119.MHC I类分子抗原提呈途径中，识别抗原肽并产生应答的细胞是参考答案:CTL120.内源性抗原肽需经下列哪种分子转运进入内质网参考答案:TAP121.B细胞以BCR介导内化抗原后，其抗原肽MHC分子复合物形成的部位参考答案:MHCII类小室122.某患者从小易患感染性疾病，经检查是补体成分缺陷，患者最不可能是以下哪种补体缺陷参考答案:H因子缺陷123.识别CD1分子提呈的脂类抗原的细胞是参考答案:NKT细胞124.识别MHC II类分子提呈的抗原肽的细胞是参考答案:CD4阳性T细胞125.识别MHCI类分子提呈的抗原肽的细胞是参考答案:CD8阳性T细胞126.APC加工外源性抗原的主要场所时参考答案:吞噬溶酶体和MIIC127.能促进单核/巨噬细胞的分化和活化的细胞因子是参考答案:M-CSF128.促进MHCII类分子组装与转运到MIIC的蛋白质是参考答案:Ii129.早期固有免疫应答阶段发生于感染后（）小时之内参考答案:4～96130.细胞间相互作用不受MHC限制的是（）参考答案:NK细胞与靶细胞131.递呈抗原能力最强的树突状细胞是参考答案:成熟DC132.能显著激活初始型T细胞的APC是参考答案:DC133.属于专职性APC的是参考答案:上列A、B和C三项134.抗原提呈能力最强的APC是参考答案:DC135.活化后可产生大量I类干扰素的DC是参考答案:浆细胞样DC136.MHC II类分子抗原提呈途径中，HLA-DM分子的作用是参考答案:解离抗原肽结合槽中的CLIP137.下列哪组细胞因子在免疫应答中发挥负调节效应参考答案:IL-10, TGF-β138.B1细胞接受碳水化合物刺激后，产生的抗体主要是( )参考答案:低亲和力IgM类抗体139.关于B1细胞错误的描述是（）参考答案:个体发育过程中出现较晚140.NKT细胞表面TCR识别结合的配体是（）参考答案:CD1分子提呈的磷脂/糖脂类抗原141.γδT细胞所不能识别的抗原是（）参考答案:表达于APC表面的抗原肽-MHC分子复合物142.以下关于γδT细胞的描述是错误的（）参考答案:有效识别MHC分子提呈的抗原多肽143.对中性粒细胞具有趋化和激活作用的是（）参考答案:IL-8144.B细胞区别于T细胞的特征是( )参考答案:表达膜型Ig识别抗原145.接受病毒刺激后可产生大量Ⅰ型干扰素的免疫细胞是（）参考答案:浆细胞样树突状细胞146.NK细胞通过ADCC机制杀伤靶细胞需要（）参考答案:抗体147.NK细胞所不具备的作用和特征是（）参考答案:具有吞噬作用148.能活化巨噬细胞，以促进巨噬细胞功能的细胞因子是参考答案:IFN-γ149.抗IL-8单抗（ABX-IL8）、抗IL-12/23单抗（Ustekinumab）可用于治疗参考答案:银屑病150.关于细胞因子的叙述，下列哪项是错误的参考答案:主要以内分泌方式发挥作用151.下述关于NK细胞的正确叙述是（）参考答案:可通过ADCC效应杀伤靶细胞152.体内执行抗肿瘤免疫监视作用的固有免疫细胞是（）参考答案:NK细胞153.巨噬细胞的功能不包括（）参考答案:激活后特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞154.巨噬细胞表面可识别病原菌表面甘露糖、岩藻糖残基的分子是（）参考答案:甘露糖受体155.以下属于调理性受体的是（）参考答案:补体C3受体156.可诱导、募集和活化巨噬细胞的细胞因子不包括（）参考答案:IL-10157.单核细胞进入肝脏后发育而成的免疫细胞是（）参考答案:库普弗细胞158.以下属于细胞表面的模式识别受体的是（）参考答案:Toll样受体159.固有免疫分子不包括（）参考答案:抗毒素160.抗御病原体的化学屏障不包括（）参考答案:细胞因子161.关于淋巴细胞归巢和再循环叙述错误的是参考答案:参与再循环的淋巴细胞主要是B细胞162.人体免疫细胞产生、发育、分化成熟的场所是参考答案:胸腺和骨髓163.有关免疫器官和组织的说法错误的是参考答案:骨髓是所有免疫细胞发育和成熟的场所164.淋巴结中T细胞定居的场所是参考答案:副皮质区165.以下关于脾脏的功能叙述正确的是参考答案:淋巴细胞定居的场所166.成熟的B细胞定居的主要部位是参考答案:淋巴结的浅皮质区167.黏膜相关淋巴组织中的B细胞主要产生的抗体是参考答案:SIgA168.关于T、B细胞在外周免疫器官的分布叙述正确的是参考答案:T细胞主要定居在淋巴结的深皮质区169.下列关于脾脏的功能描述错误的是参考答案:B细胞分化成熟的场所170.脾脏中T细胞定居的场所是参考答案:中央动脉周围淋巴鞘171.关于淋巴细胞再循环的叙述错误的是参考答案:参与再循环的淋巴细胞主要是B细胞172.同种不同个体间存在的不同抗原称为参考答案:同种异型抗原173.具有较多重复B表位的抗原是参考答案:TI-2抗原174.与载体蛋白偶联后可获得免疫原性的物质是参考答案:半抗原175.将健康人的组织或器官来替代患者丧失功能的组织和器官，常常会发生排斥反应，此时HLA分子被认为是参考答案:同种异型抗原176.下列关于抗原表位的描述，正确的是参考答案:表位的空间构象可影响其免疫原性177.关于内源性抗原提呈描述错误的是参考答案:内源性抗原通常被以抗原肽-MHCⅡ类分子复合物形式提呈给CD4+T细胞识别178.下列哪一项不会改变自身组织和细胞的免疫原性参考答案:免疫接种179.TI-1抗原可以参考答案:单独激活B细胞180.下列哪种疾病的变应原是半抗原参考答案:青霉素治疗后发生的溶血性贫血181.未成熟的B细胞表达 ( )参考答案:mIgM182.T细胞在胸腺发育过程中，通过阳性选择获得参考答案:自身MHC限制性183.可促进Th1细胞进一步分化，同时抑制Th2细胞增生的细胞因子是参考答案:IFN-γ184.初始B细胞（）参考答案:表达mIgM和mIgD185.对Igα/Igβ描述错误的是( )参考答案:能与抗原非特异性结合186.B细胞区别于其他APC的重要特点是（）参考答案:可通过BCR特异性摄取抗原187.B细胞的功能不包括( )参考答案:直接杀伤靶细胞188.B细胞不表达 ( )参考答案:CD2189.浆细胞分泌抗体时参考答案:大部分迁往骨髓190.通过自分泌效应刺激T细胞本身生长的CK是参考答案:IL-2191.与肿瘤病人进行性消瘦有关的细胞因子是参考答案:TNF-α192.可用于治疗白细胞减少症的细胞因子是参考答案:M-CSF193.不属于细胞因子特性的是参考答案:特异性194.下列关于T、B细胞相互作用的描述错误的是参考答案:辅助性T细胞只有与B细胞直接接触才能诱导它增殖195.有关生发中心母细胞的叙述，不正确的是参考答案:聚集在一起，形成明区196.有关 Ig的类别转换，以下叙述错误的是参考答案:Ig V区和C区均改变197.关于TI抗原描述错误的是参考答案:在正常个体可诱导抗体产生和T细胞应答198.对B细胞活化辅助受体描述不正确的是参考答案:CD21可与结合于抗原的C3d结合，将信号向胞内传导199.下列有关体细胞高频突变的叙述错误的是参考答案:体细胞高频突变的过程，也是B细胞阴性选择的过程200.在生发中心，B细胞经历了许多事件，以下哪一项不是在生发中心发生的参考答案:B细胞的阴性选择201.B细胞表面能结合C3d的分子是（）参考答案:CD21202.关于T细胞的共刺激分子，错误的是参考答案:具有抗原特异性203.用于治疗慢性肉芽肿、过敏性皮炎、风湿性关节炎的重组细胞因子药物是参考答案:IFN-γ204.关于记忆性T细胞，说法错误的是参考答案:由效应性T细胞分化而来205.初始T细胞活化所需的第一信号参考答案:代表适应性免疫应答的特异性206.胸腺中的SP细胞是指参考答案:CD4+CD8-细胞或CD4-CD8+细胞207.关于无胸腺小鼠的免疫状态，以下描述错误的是参考答案:小鼠抗体的生成不受影响208.初始T细胞表达的CD分子是参考答案:CD45RA209.下列哪项不属于细胞因子的生物学作用参考答案:调理作用210.治疗类风湿关节炎的药物是参考答案:IL-1R拮抗剂211.预防肾脏移植排斥的药物是参考答案:抗 IL-2R单抗（Daclizumab, Basiliximab）212.治疗银屑病的药物是参考答案:抗IL-8单抗（ABX-IL8）213.在红系分化中起主要作用的细胞因子是参考答案:EPO214.T细胞中参与固有免疫应答的亚群是参考答案:TCRγδ＋细胞215.生发中心细胞与众多FDC接触主要是在参考答案:明区216.Th细胞对B细胞的辅佐作用不包括参考答案:为B细胞提供第一活化信号217.TD-Ag的再次体液应答产生抗体的特点不正确的是参考答案:抗体的亲和力低218.TI-1抗原与TI-2抗原的区别是参考答案:TI-1抗原能够与BCR及丝裂原受体同时结合，而TI-2抗原只能结合BCR 219.T细胞表面TCR识别MHC-抗原肽复合物后，其抗原识别信号由下列哪个分子向胞内传递参考答案:CD3220.LFA-1的配体是参考答案:ICAM-1221.可表达归巢受体的细胞参考答案:. T细胞222.关于整合素家族的分子正确的表述是参考答案:介导细胞与细胞外基质的黏附,使细胞得以附着而形成整体223.L-选择素主要分布于参考答案:白细胞224.关于BCR与TCR的不同之处，以下说法错误的是参考答案:TCR可独立识别抗原，而BCR需要抗原提呈225.白细胞黏附缺陷症是下列哪种分子的基因发生缺陷参考答案:.β2整合素226.整合素家族分组的依据是参考答案:β亚单位227.人类HLAⅠ类抗原β2m链编码基因位于参考答案:第15号染色体228.HLAⅠ类分子与抗原肽结合的部位是参考答案:α1和α2结构域229.亲代与子代间必然有一个HLA单体型相同的原因是参考答案:单体型遗传方式230.人类MHC基因定位于参考答案:第6号染色体231.编码经典HLAⅡ类分子的基因是参考答案:HLA-DP、HLA-DQ、HLA-DR基因232.对经典的HLAⅠ类分子描述不正确的是参考答案:HLAⅠ类基因编码α和β2m链233.特异性体液免疫应答的介导细胞主要是参考答案:B淋巴细胞234.体液免疫初次应答时产生Ig的特征是参考答案:IgG出现较晚235.T细胞表面传递抗原识别信号的分子是参考答案:CD3236.调控Th0向Th1分化的因素参考答案:胞内病原体237.T细胞的共受体是参考答案:CD4/CD8238.临床上常用大剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG）的方法治疗自身免疫病和炎症，研究表明其作用机制是由Fc段介导的，问下列哪类Fc受体在其中起重要作用。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。
河北医科大学2013博士考试分子生物学,免疫学试题
分生生物学:
1．判断：所有原核生物的核酸都是DNA,其他忘了
2．单选不记得了
名解：忘了一个名解
GENOME
基因敲除
SNPs
单倍型
增强子
转录因子（可能是这个，忘了）
1.顺式作用元件及其作用
2.乳糖操纵子模型及其调控原理
3.PCR操作中最应该注意的事项
4.中心法则在分子生物学的地位
5.简述不同生物Ct值其变化规律
免疫学考题
名词解释：
TNF
Chemokin
表位
调理作用
ACID
TCR
CD
MHC
C
DC
1．CD4+T细胞分化的细胞及其功能
2．简述抗原提呈的经典和非经典途径
3．简述肿瘤逃逸的机制
4．B细胞表面标志及其作用
5．TLR的种类及其配体(大概是这个,准确的题目不记得了)
1．从细胞和分子角度叙述病毒感染后机体免疫应答反应(整个机体的免疫轮廓,不是准确的描述)
2．炎症因子的类型极其炎症因子的反馈调节。
南京医科大学医学免疫学2004,2006,2015年考博真题
3.免疫应答的功能?并举例说明
4.HLA
5.变态反应的机制
6.肿瘤的免疫逃逸
7.同种异型移植排斥反应类型,机制
8.MHC1,MHC2比较
南京医科大学
2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
4、CTL细胞、Th细胞和B细来自概念和功能。5、II型超敏反应的机制。
6、体液免疫应答的一般规律。
二、论述题（2×20=40分）
1、IgG、IgM、IgA、IgE、IgD的主要特性和主要功能。
2、肿瘤细胞逃逸免疫杀伤的机制。
免疫监视、TD－Ag、ADCC、CTL细胞、甲胎蛋白、NK细胞、TCR－CD3复合物、免疫耐受、GVHR、免疫缺陷病
二、简答题
1，谈谈淋巴细胞归巢现象的分子基础
2，Ag根据其与机体的亲缘关系可分为哪几类
3，Ig的功能
4，CK有那些重要生物学活性
5，HLAI和I类抗原的组织分布和功能
6，B细胞功能
7，专职APC有哪几种
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南京医科大学
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释:
1.免疫球蛋白超家族
2.单克隆抗体
3.肿瘤特异性抗原
4.ELASA
二、问答题
1.T,B细胞表面分子
8，初次，二次应答的区别
三、论述题
1，三条补体激活途径的异同
2，CK的作用方式及特点
2013年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题
2013年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Big Grown-Up TestHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I'm going to tell you all about this really big test that happened a few years ago. It was called the 2013 National Unified English Exam for Medical Doctoral Students. That's a really long name, isn't it? I'll just call it the Big Grown-Up Test.I didn't actually take the test myself because I'm just a kid. But my mom is a doctor and she had to take a test kind of like it when she was in medical school a long time ago. She said it was super hard and made her really nervous! The Big Grown-Up Test was only for the really smart adults who wanted to get their "doctoral" degree, which is like the highest level of education you can get.From what I understand, the test happened all across China on the same day. Thousands of grown-ups had to go to test centers and take it. Can you imagine having to sit still and take ahuge test for hours and hours? I don't think I could do that. I'd get way too antsy!The test had four main sections - listening, reading, writing, and speaking. For the listening part, the grown-ups had to listen to recordings and answer questions about what they heard. In the reading section, they had to read really long, complicated passages and answer questions proving they understood everything.But here's the crazy part - the whole test was in English! And not just simple English either. We're talking medical English with all those big fancy words that I can't even pronounce. My mom showed me a practice test once and I couldn't understand a word of it. Just a bunch of mumbo-jumbo if you ask me!For the writing section, the grown-ups had to write an essay or paper about some scientific topic. They couldn't just write "The cat ran after the bird" type stuff. They had to use their best English and fanciest words to discuss complex ideas. No "See Spot run" for these over-achievers!Then for the speaking portion, they had to actually talk out loud and have conversations in English about different medical scenarios. They were graded on their vocabulary, pronunciation, and how well they could explain things. If they slipped up andaccidentally spoke Chinese, it was an automatic fail! That's so much pressure.From what my mom told me, everyone taking the Big Grown-Up Test had studied English for years and years. They took special classes and worked really hard to prepare. But even then, the test was still incredibly difficult. I guess that's why they call it the "doctoral" level. Only the best of the best could pass!My mom said the listening section was the hardest part for her because you only get to hear things once. If you zone out for even a second, you're totally lost. And with all those crazy medical terms being fired at you rapid-fire, it was really easy to miss important details. She had to practice listening exercises every single day to get ready.The reading section was also a killer because the passages were just sooooooo long and dry. My mom showed me one that was 20 pages about the molecular biology of cancer. BO-RING! She said you had to be able to skim for key information really quickly but also understand every little detail. It took crazy focus.For the writing section, my mom's biggest challenge was making sure she used proper academic style. You couldn't just write normally like a letter to your friend. It had to be formal"scholarly" English with a clear and logical structure. No slang or contractions allowed!And then speaking English out loud without stumbling over vocabulary? My mom said that part made her want to cry. You had to be able to think and speak at the same time without any awkward pauses. One little "umm" and you could blow the whole thing. She practiced having fake doctor-patient conversations with her English tutor every week. Talk about nerve-wracking!Even though my mom studied so hard, she was still a nervous wreck before the Big Grown-Up Test. She stayed up late every night for weeks going over practice questions. The day of the test, she barely slept at all. I remember her pacing around the apartment that morning, muttering English words under her breath like "hematology...nephrology...gastroenterology." I thought she was going crazy!When she finally came home after the marathon test session, she looked like a zombie. She plopped down on the couch, completely drained from using her brain so much. All she could do was stare at the wall. But you know what? A few months later, she found out she passed! We had a huge family celebration. All that hard work had paid off.After hearing how brutal the Big Grown-Up Test was, I have even more respect for doctors like my mom. Can you imagine having to prove your medical knowledge IN ENGLISH at that level? With listening, reading, writing, speaking...the whole shebang? It's amazing that anyone can do it! I guess that's why kids can't just become doctors. You have to be one smart and determined grown-up.Well, that's the story of the 2013 National Unified English Exam for Medical Doctoral Students in China. It was basically a mental marathon testing the English skills of the cream of the crop. I don't know about you, but I'm staying far away from any exams that extreme! Give me some simple addition and subtraction any day. I'll leave those crazy Big Grown-Up Tests to the adults. Let me know if you ever want to hear about the "iguanas of the Galapagos" or something equally riveting like that killer medical exam. I'll keep my stories kid-friendly!篇2The 2013 Doctor TestHey guys! Today I'm going to tell you all about this really hard test that medical students have to take. It's called the 2013National Unified English Test for Medical Doctoral Students. That's a huge name for a test!My older sister Sarah is studying to be a doctor. She had to take this big important test last year. I watched her study for it and it looked super duper hard. There was a ton of big medical words I couldn't even pronounce!Sarah said the test had four different sections. The first part was listening. They played audio recordings and asked questions to see if you understood what you heard. My sister practices this by watching English TV shows and movies without subtitles. She said practicing listening is really important for talking to patients someday.The next section was reading. You had to read a bunch of different passages and articles and answer comprehension questions. Sarah read giant medical textbooks to get ready. The readings were probably really boring unless you're realllly into that doctor stuff.After that was the writing section. You had to write essays and reports based on pictures or prompts they gave you. Sarah practiced writing samples all the time. I helped her check for mistakes sometimes but a lot of it was way over my head!The final part was speaking. You had to record yourself answering questions and explaining things out loud. It tests if you can communicate well in English. Sarah set up a video camera and recorded herself talking for hours to get ready. I'm glad I didn't have to listen to all that practice!Overall it sounded like the toughest test ever. Sarah studied non-stop for months beforehand. She said it was crucial to do well since getting a high score can help you get into better medical programs and jobs after graduating.The test was administered on paper at testing centers across the country. Maybe thousands of students took it at the same time? I can't even imagine having to take a test that massive and important. No thank you!When Sarah finally took the real test, she was sooo nervous. But she felt prepared after all her hard work studying. She had to travel to the closest testing site which was a few hours away from our house. Can you believe she had to take the whole 4-hour test in just one sitting? No breaks! I don't know how she stayed focused that long.I'm telling you, this 2013 Unified English Test was no joke. Just listening to Sarah talk about it gave me anxiety! The test covered every little detail of medical communication in English. Itreally separated the students who were proficient in English from those who weren't quite there yet.After what felt like an eternity, Sarah got her score report in the mail. She passed with flying colors! We were all so proud and relieved for her. First she celebrated by going out for a huge ice cream sundae. She deserved It after that monster of a test!Apparently Sarah's high score will allow her to apply to lots of competitive medical residency programs after she finishes regular doctor school. That's really good news since those programs are super exclusive and tough to get into. All thanks to nailing the 2013 National English Test!Phew, I'm exhausted just from talking about this test! I'm definitely not cut out to be a doctor. I'll stick to cartoons and video games for now. But I'm really proud of my amazing big sis Sarah for powering through that incredibly difficult English exam. After hearing how intense it was, I have a whole new respect for doctors and medical students.Well, that's my extremely detailed and passionate summary of the 2013 National Unified English Test for you all! I hope I did a good job explaining it from a kid's point of view. Let me know if you have any other questions! Time for a snack break...篇3The Big Scary Test DayWow, today was a really big day! I had to wake up super early because my mom and dad said I had to take a really important test. They called it the "2013 National English Test for Medical Doctoral Students." That's a really long name for a test! I don't even know what a "doctoral student" is.When we got to the testing place, there were so many grown-ups there. I felt like a tiny little kid in a sea of giants! The room was huge, and there were desks set up everywhere. My mom pointed to a desk near the front and told me that was going to be my spot for the test. I was really nervous!The test proctor lady came in and started explaining all the rules. She said we couldn't talk, couldn't look at each other's papers, and had to keep our eyes on our own test booklets. It sounded really strict! I got even more nervous thinking about how I wasn't allowed to ask any questions during the test.Finally, the proctor said it was time to begin. She passed out the test booklets, and they were super thick! My booklet had to be at least 100 pages long. I gulped and thought to myself, "How am I ever going to finish this whole thing?"The first section was listening comprehension. The audio started playing, and a friendly-sounding lady's voice came through the speakers. She was talking about something called "medical ethics." I had no idea what that meant, but I tried my best to listen carefully and answer the questions.Next up was the reading section. The passages were all about science and medical stuff. There were so many big words that I didn't understand! I just tried to read slowly and carefully, and answer the questions to the best of my ability.After what felt like forever, we finally got to take a short break. I stretched my legs and used the bathroom. My brain felt like mush from trying so hard to concentrate.The writing section was probably the hardest part for me. We had to write a whole essay about some complicated medical topic. I did my best to string some sentences together, but I'm not sure if it made any sense. Writing is hard!The very last section was speaking. We had to goone-by-one into a different room and answer some questions out loud while a lady recorded us on a computer. I was so nervous that my hands were shaking! But the lady gave me an encouraging smile, and I tried my best to speak slowly and clearly.At long last, the whole test was finally over! My brain felt like a big jumbled mess, but I was so relieved that it was done. All the grown-ups were packing up their things and getting ready to leave. I found my mom and dad, and they gave me a big hug and told me they were proud of me for working so hard.On the way home in the car, I fell into a deep sleep. Taking that medical doctoral test was the most difficult thing I've ever done in my whole life! I sure hope I did okay on it. But either way, I'm just glad it's over. Phew, what a day!篇4Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 8 years old. Mrs. Thompson asked me to write about my experience taking the 2013 National Medical Doctoral English Unified Exam. I know it sounds really hard for a kid like me, but I'll do my best to explain it!It all started a few weeks ago when my big sister Susie came home from medical school. She looked really stressed out. When I asked her what was wrong, she told me she had to take this huge exam called the "National Medical Doctoral English Unified Exam." It's a test that all medical students have to pass before they can become real doctors.Susie said the exam was going to be super duper hard because it's all in English. English is like a foreign language to her since we only speak Chinese at home. She had to learn all sorts of big fancy medical words in English. Just thinking about it made my head hurt!Anyway, Susie had to study day and night to get ready. Our house was covered in medical textbooks, flashcards, and empty coffee mugs. I tried to help her study, but I could barely even read the words, let alone understand what they meant!Finally, the day of the big exam arrived. Susie was so nervous, she barely ate any breakfast. I gave her a high-five for good luck as she headed out the door. "You've got this, sis!" I shouted. She just grimaced and kept walking.The exam was held at a huge testing center downtown. There were hundreds of students there, all looking just as stressed as Susie. The rules were super strict - no talking, no cheating, and definitely no bathroom breaks! I'm glad I wasn't the one taking it.Susie said the first part was listening comprehension. She had to listen to doctors giving instructions and answer questions about what they said. Next up was reading comprehension about different medical cases and procedures. Susie told mesome of the words were so long and confusing, she wanted to cry!After that was the writing section where she had to explain medical concepts in clear English. Susie's hand cramped up from writing so much. Then there were all sorts of other sections testing grammar, vocabulary, speaking ability, you name it!The exam lasted over 6 hours. SIX HOURS! I can't even sit still for that long when I'm watching cartoons. Susie looked exhausted when she finally emerged from the test center. Her face was pale and she could barely speak from using so much brainpower.I gave her a big celebratory hug when she got home. She plopped down on the couch and didn't move for like three hours. Mom made her favorite dumplings for dinner to congratulate her on surviving the epic exam day.A few weeks later, the results came in the mail. Susie passed!! She got high enough scores to start her medical residency. I was super proud of her for proving she was smart enough to be a doctor, even in English.In the end, Susie said the exam was one of the hardest things she'd ever done in her entire life. But she was also really glad shepushed herself and worked so hard to achieve her dream career. Seeing my big sis overcome that huge challenge inspired me to never give up, no matter how difficult things get.Who knows, maybe one day I'll be the one taking the crazy Medical Doctoral English Exam? Although I'll probably need to learn English first before I can think about becoming a doctor. Baby steps!Well, that's my tale of the legendary 2013 medical exam. I hope I explained it okay! Let me know if you need me to dumb it down even more. Writing at an 8-year-old level is harder than it looks. Now if you'll excuse me, I have an important kindergarten final coming up on finger painting...篇5My Trip to the DoctorHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. Today I'm going to tell you all about my trip to the doctor last week. It was a really exciting adventure!It all started on Monday morning. I woke up and my throat was super sore and scratchy. I could barely swallow without it hurting. "Uh oh," I thought, "I must be getting sick."I went to the kitchen where my mom was making breakfast. "Good morning sweetie," she said in a cheery voice. "Are you ready for another fun day at school?"I shook my head sadly. "No mom, my throat really hurts," I croaked out in a raspy voice. I stuck out my bright red, swollen tonsils for her to see.My mom's eyes got really wide. "Oh no, you poor thing!" she exclaimed. "That looks like a nasty case of tonsillitis. I better call the pediatrician right away to get you an appointment."The pediatrician is just a fancy word for a kids' doctor. My mom dialed their number and talked on the phone for a few minutes. When she hung up, she looked at me with a sympathetic smile."Okay sweetie, I was able to get you in to see Dr. Stevens this afternoon at 3 o'clock. In the meantime, I want you to go rest on the couch and I'll bring you some warm tea with honey to soothe your throat."I nodded listlessly and shuffled over to the living room couch, wrapping myself up in a fuzzy blanket. My mom brought me the tea a little later and I sipped it slowly, relieved by the smoothing sensation on my poor, abused throat.A few hours later, it was time to head to the doctor's office. We loaded into our blue minivan and off we went! I had visited Dr. Stevens many times before, so I knew the way to her office like the back of my hand.When we arrived, my mom checked me in at the front desk. "Lily Anderson to see Dr. Stevens for a 3 o'clock sick visit," she told the friendly receptionist. We only had to wait about 10 minutes before a nurse opened the door to the hallway."Lily Anderson?" she called out in a singsong voice. I perked up, time for the real fun to begin! We followed the nurse down the hallway lined with colorful drawings by kids. She brought us into the examination room and checked my temperature, blood pressure, and other vitals."The doctor will be right in," she told us before leaving the room. My mom and I had to wait just a couple of minutes before there was a knock at the door."Hello there!" the cheery voice of Dr. Stevens called out as she entered. "What seems to be the trouble today?""Lily has a really bad sore throat, I'm afraid she may have tonsillitis," my mom explained while I just nodded weakly.Dr. Stevens had me open my mouth wide and say "Ahhhh" while she inspected my crimson tonsils with a tongue depressor. She also felt around my neck checking for swollen lymph nodes."You're absolutely right, those tonsils are very inflamed and swollen," Dr. Stevens declared with a frown. "And I can feel her lymph nodes up as well. This is definitely a case of acute tonsillitis, most likely caused by a bacterial infection."My heart sank - bacterial infection sounded really serious and scary! I started to whimper but my mom gave my hand a reassuring squeeze."Not to worry Lily," Dr. Stevens said with a kind smile, "we'll have you feeling good as new in no time. I'm going to prescribe a course of antibiotics to get rid of that nasty tonsillitis."The antibiotics would be special medicine that I'd have to take for about 10 days to kill the bacterial infection making me sick. Dr. Stevens called the prescription into my regular pharmacy and told my mom I should start feeling better in a day or two once the antibiotics kicked in.As we left the office, I felt a huge wave of relief wash over me. Taking some occasional gross-tasting medicine was no big deal if it meant I would stop feeling so miserable! Sure enough, after acouple days of the antibiotics, the swelling in my throat had gone down dramatically and I was on the road to recovery.I was so thankful my mom took me to see Dr. Stevens right away. Tonsillitis sounds like no fun at all if you let it go untreated! From now on, if my throat ever starts feeling funny again, you can be sure I'll let my parents know immediately. Staying on top of your health is very important, even for kids. Getting check-ups and taking care of any issues right away is the key to staying healthy and happy!Well, that's the full scoop on my exciting trip to the doctor. Wasn't it a wild ride? I can't wait for my next doctor's visit adventure - I hear the lollipops they give out are the best! Thanks for reading, friends!篇6The 2013 Doctor English Test Was Really Hard!Hi everyone! My name is Timmy and I'm 8 years old. I really struggled with the 2013 national medical doctoral English unified exam this year. It was super duper difficult! I had to wake up at 6am to get to the test center by 8am. The test was scheduled from 8:30am to 5pm with just a short lunch break.That's a really long time for a kid to have to sit still and concentrate!The test had four sections - listening, reading, writing, and speaking. The listening section was first. We had to wear headphones and listen to conversations, lectures, and talks. Then we had to answer multiple choice questions about the main ideas, details, speaker's purposes, and making inferences. It was hard to pay attention the whole time without getting distracted!After listening, we moved right into the reading section. This part had really long and boring passages to read through. The passages were about all kinds of topics like science, history, culture, and academics. Some of the words were so advanced that I had never even heard them before! The questions asked about the main ideas, details, vocabulary, making inferences, and the author's views and purposes. My eyes started getting tired from all that reading.We then got a short lunch break, which was a nice break to rest my brain. But after lunch came the terrible writing section! We had to write two essays of different types, like an argument essay or a proposal essay. The prompt topics were really complex subjects that I didn't know much about. It was so hard to organize my thoughts and come up with enough supportingideas and examples to write a whole essay! My hand cramped up from all that writing.Finally after writing came the absolute worst part - the speaking section! We had to give spoken responses into a microphone about random topics and scenarios. I get so nervous speaking English out loud! We had to speak for 1-2 minutes on each question, using great vocabulary and organization. My mind just went blank under all that pressure. By the end, my mouth was dry from talking so much.This test was crazy difficult, way harder than anything we do in my regular English classes at school. I really hope I passed and don't have to take it again next year! I could barely stay awake driving home after the 9 hour exam. My brain felt like mush!Tests like this medical doctoral English exam seem way too hard for a little kid like me. How are adults even supposed to get through something so grueling and intense? Just thinking about it again makes me tired! I'll be happy if I never have to take another big standardized English exam for the rest of my life. No more essays, listening exercises, or speaking into microphones for me - I'm sticking to kids stuff from now on!。
苏州大学免疫学2013年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
苏州大学
20Hale Waihona Puke 3年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（4分×10）
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1.Toll样受体 2.淋巴细胞再循环 3.补体的旁路活化途径 4.GVHR 5.Th 17 6.辅助性T淋巴细胞 7.细胞黏附因子 8.免疫耐受 9.抗原决定簇 10.Arthus反应 二、简答题 1.何为共刺激分子？分类，主要功能？ 2.T细胞活化阳性选择，阴性选择，有何意义？ 3.肿瘤逃逸机制？诊断逃逸机制，所采取的治疗措施？ 4.树突状细胞的亚型，有何作用？（本题分值最高）
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河北医大免疫学复习题(多选题部分)
百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！1 医大免疫学复习题（来自医大网络精品课程网页）http://202.206.48.22/ec2006/C35/Course/Index.htm多选题部分1.免疫细胞包括A.淋巴细胞B.单核-巨噬细胞C.抗原提呈细胞D.粒细胞E.红细胞2.下列哪些细胞具有特异性识别抗原的能力？A.巨噬细胞B.T细胞C.B细胞D.NK细胞E.树突状细胞3.下列哪些细胞属于固有免疫应答细胞A.单核-巨噬细胞B.NK细胞C.B细胞D.T细胞E.多形核中性粒细胞4.执行适应性免疫应答的细胞是A.T细胞B.B细胞C.NK细胞D.单核-巨噬细胞E.肥大细胞5.免疫学的研究内容包括A.免疫系统的组成与结构B.免疫系统的功能C.免疫应答的发生机制和过程D.预防.诊断和治疗疾病的免疫学措施E.某些免疫性疾病的发病机制6.胸腺基质细胞包括A.胸腺细胞B.胸腺上皮细胞C.巨噬细胞D.胸腺树突状细胞E.成纤维细胞7.B细胞来源于A.胸腺B.骨髓C.脾D.淋巴结E.腔上囊（法氏囊）8.T细胞主要位于外周免疫器官中的A.脾脏动脉周围淋巴鞘B.淋巴结浅皮质区淋巴滤泡C.淋巴结浅皮质区生发中心D.淋巴结副皮质区E.脾索9.骨髓的功能是A.各类血细胞和免疫细胞发生的场所B.B细胞分化成熟的场所C.T细胞分化成熟的场所D.体液免疫应答发生的场所E.细胞免疫应答发生的场所10.黏膜免疫系统包括A.扁桃体B.派氏集合淋巴结C.阑尾D.M细胞E.上皮细胞间淋巴细胞（IEL）11.下列关于抗原免疫原性的描述，正确的是A.抗原对机体免疫系统来说必须是异物B.异物均是抗原C.抗原与机体的亲缘关系越远，免疫原性越强。
D.只有化学结构与宿主自身成分不同的物质才具有免疫原性E.自身成分不具有免疫原性。
12.T细胞表位和B细胞表位的特点分别是A.T细胞表位只位于抗原分子表面B.B细胞识别的表位往往是天然的C.T细胞表位有构象表位和线性表位两种类型D.B细胞表位有构象表位和线性表位两种类型E.T细胞表位需MHC分子的提呈13.下列关于超抗原的描述，正确的是A.金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素属于外源性超抗原B.超抗原的一端与TCRVb的外侧结合，另一端与APC表面MHCⅡ类分子结合。
2013医学考博试题1
2013医学考博试题12013南京医科大学细胞生物学（专业基础）考博真题回忆版1、什么是端粒酶？有什么特点，请简述端粒酶的表达水平与细胞增殖的关系2、什么是蛋白质的分选？及影响其分选的关键因素是什么？3、主动运输与被动运输的特点4、简述胚胎干细胞、终端分化细胞核癌细胞的生长和分化特点5、从细胞分化角度说明多利羊诞生的启示6、个体低密度脂蛋白（LDL）受体缺失引起高胆固醇血症的原理7、大题一（20分）：什么是细胞周期蛋白，有几类，各有什么功能，举例说明8、大题二（20分）：什么是细胞凋亡？有何特点？举例说明细胞凋亡的检测方法及其原理南京医科大学生物化学与分子生物学（我考的A卷）一、简答题（6X10分）1、酶活性调节的方式和机理2、什么是TCA循环，为什么TCA循环是三大物质代谢的枢纽3、什么是尿素循环，及其生理和病理意义4、什么是操纵子，乳糖操纵子的结构和正负性调节的机理5、什么是第二信使，举例说明第二信使如何参与信号转导通路6、转录与复制的异同二、问答题（2x20分）1、举例说明蛋白质构象改变与功能的关系2、写出至少6种RNA的名称，并简述其结构特点和功能南京医科大学老年医学一.简答题（6X10分）1.肠结核的诊断线索2.何谓肾上腺危象3.何谓DKA4.主动脉夹层的分型和临床表现5.中晚期食管癌的临床表现6.支气管哮喘的诊断标准二.问答题（2X20）1.原发性高血压的预后判断2.什么是肺血栓栓塞症，及其临床表现和诊断依据南京医科大学2013年药理学博士试题一、简答题（6×10）1、评价药物效应的指标有哪些？2、肾上腺素受体的分离及其临床应用？3、心律失常药的分类，代表药物及作用机制？、4、抗哮喘药物的分类及机制？5、糖皮质激素的临床应用及不良反应？6、简述怎样合理应用抗生素？二、论述题（任选两题，2×20）1、药物不良反应的类型，药物代谢酶对药物不良反应的影响？2、强心苷的临床应用，与ACEI相比有何优点？、3、中枢多巴胺紊乱所导致的疾病及其应对策略？4、抗肿瘤药物的分类及其机制？南京医科大学2013年生理学博士试题一、简答题（6×10）1、细胞兴奋后其兴奋性如何变化？与各期动作电位有何对应关系？2、什么是中心静脉压？其影响因素及临床意义？3、简述氧离曲线的影响因素？4、胃排空的过程及其影响因素？5、比较兴奋性突触传递及抑制性突触传递过程的异同？6、长期饮食缺乏碘为什么会引起甲状腺肿大？二、问答题（2×20）1、糖皮质激素的作用及其调节？2、兴奋交感神经对心肌细胞生理特性有什么影响，并设计实验加以证明。
河北省医疗卫生系统招聘考试临床医学专业知识2013年真题
河北省医疗卫生系统招聘考试临床医学专业知识2013年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}单项选择题{{/B}}(总题数：40，分数：40.00)1.25岁，男性，胸痛，伴发热，呼吸急促，心界明显扩大，心尖搏动，位于心浊音界左缘内侧约2cm，肝肋下约5cm，心电图示窦性心动过速，低电压，最可能的诊断是______∙ A.急性心肌梗死∙ B.急性心包炎∙ C.感染性心内膜炎∙ D.扩张型心肌病（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 急性心包炎的症状主要有：①心前区疼痛；②心脏压塞的症状可出现呼吸困难、急促；③心包积液对邻近器官压迫的症状。
肺、气管、支气管和大血管受压迫引起肺淤血，肺活量减少，通气受限制，加重呼吸困难，使呼吸浅而速；④全身症状心包炎本身亦可引起畏寒、发热、心悸、出汗、乏力等症状，与原发疾病的症状常难以区分。
体征：(1)心包摩擦音。
(2)心包积液：①心脏体征心尖搏动减弱、消失或出现于心浊音界左缘内侧处。
心浊音界向两侧扩大、相对浊音区消失，患者由坐位转变为卧位时第二、三肋间的心浊音界增宽。
心音轻而远，心率快。
少数患者在胸骨左缘第三、四肋间可听得舒张早期额外者(心包叩击音)，此音在第二心音后0.1秒左右，声音较响，呈拍击样；②左肺受压迫的征象；③心脏压塞的征象。
2.蛛网膜下腔出血病人，哪项检查对其无帮助?______∙ A.CT蛛网膜下腔出血∙ B.ECT∙ C.MRI∙ D.核磁血管成像（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 蛛网膜下腔出血系由脑底或脑表部位血管破裂，血液进入蛛网膜下腔引起的一种临床综合征。
主要辅助检查：①腰穿脑脊液压力增高，呈均匀血性；②颅脑CT示脑表蛛网膜下腔、脑池含血，静脉注射增强剂部分可显示出畸形血管，对有无脑内血肿、血管痉挛和阻塞性脑积水可作出评价；③脑血管造影可证实脑动脉瘤、脑动静脉畸形等，为手术治疗提供依据。