华中师范大学考博英语翻译解题步骤

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考博英语阅读十大解题思路

考博英语阅读十大解题思路一、细节题1、题干上有五个W一个H提问。

2、题干中明确会提到的时间、地点、人物或者事物等细节信息。

3、有可能针对文章中的一句话或者几句话发问。

4、题干和选项有可能考察一种因果关系。

5、解题关键：返回原文，准确定位。

做题依据一定要紧扣文章本身返回原文：1、可以根据题干所列的地点、时间、人物、事物返回原文。

2、根据出题的顺序返回原文。

3、根据题干中或四个选项中的重点词或同义词返回原文。

4、通过长难句返回原文。

二、句子理解题1、标志：题干中明确指出是原文中的某句话，重要的不是上下文，而是句子本身。

2、步骤：1)重点是返回原文，对该句子进行语法、句法、词法的精准解析。

正确(不能推)理解句子的深刻含义。

2)若该句话的含义不能确定，则适当依据上下文进行判断。

局部含义有整体含义决定。

3)一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句是同义关系，只不过用其他短语表达。

3、错误选项特征：推的过远，做题时注意把握理解度。

4、正确选项不包含过于绝对化的词语。

三、主旨大意题1、标志：best title， main idea， main problem，conclusion，mainly disguss， mainly deal with或者问作者的写作目的purpose, the author intends to do sth, a digest of利用宏观阅读技巧作主旨题，不管是出现在什么位置，都把他作为最后一题来做。

2、方法：1)段落少，用串线法。

2)快速作文法：两个选项难以分辨的时候，用这两个选项做作文，快速给出提纲。

3、选项不能选择局部信息，也不能选范围过宽的信息。

四、态度题1、标志：题干中出现attitude ，believe ，consider， deam，regard，deem2、作者态度可以分为三大类：1)正态度：支持，乐观，赞同2)客观、中立、公正3)反对、批评、怀疑3、等价选项都不选4、有些选项一定不是正确答案(永陪选项)：indifferent(漠不关心);subjective(主观的);biased(有偏见的);puzzled(迷惑不解的)5、识别作者态度：方法一：可以根据作者论述的主线及举例的方式进行判断。

考博英语翻译及写作真题解析与强化练习-英译汉【圣才出品】

第一章英译汉第一节考博英语英译汉部分考核要求和试题分析一、考博英语英译汉部分考核要求全国博士生入学考试英语翻译题（英译汉部分）的类型一般分为四类：语句翻译、段落翻译、篇章翻译和文章中划线句的翻译。

英译汉的部分，以段落翻译居多，其类型一般也分为语句翻译、篇章翻译（就一个主题进行说明、描述和论证）。

对文章中划线句进行翻译的形式出现的较少。

根据原国家教委1992年颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》规定，博士生“英语入学水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的通过水平”。

而硕士生英译汉教学要求是“能借助词典，把有相当难度的一般性题材文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。

笔译速度达到每小时350个左右英文单词。

”汉译英的教学要求是“能借助词典，将一般难度的短文译成英语，无重大语法错误，笔译速度达到每小时250个左右汉字。

”目前，国家对博士生入学英语考试未作统一规定，由各院校自行安排。

因而，博士生入学考试英语翻译的考核标准和要求只能参照硕士生的要求。

如天津大学主要是考查汉译英，要求将一般性题材的汉语短文在正确理解基础上翻译成规范、通顺的英语。

译文要求忠实原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。

现在，普遍的情况是要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。

主要测试考生能否从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来。

更加注重在特定的语境下和联系上下文理解句子或句群的意思。

形式越来越灵活，强调考查学生对英语的运用能力，能力测试的趋势增强。

二、考博英语英译汉部分试题分析通过对国内主要重点院校近年来翻译部分的变化趋势进行分析，总结出题的特点，把握出题规律。

对博士生在英语方面应该具备的能力和水平的总体认识的变化，极大的影响了题型的结构和各部分分值的变化。

由于各个院校自己命题，院校之间差异较大。

（一）题型的选择和分配1．连续多年不考英译汉或汉译英。

如北京大学2000年至2006年的博士入学试题中没有考翻译题。

考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法

考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法考博英语翻译中的长难句令本身对生词感到无力的考生更加焦灼，新东方在线考博频道教你四个方法来解析考博英语翻译长难句。

考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法一：逆序法逆序法即倒置法。

有些英语长难句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同，甚至语序完全相反，这就必须从原文的后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。

例如：“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果，第三层表原因。

这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反，因此要打破原句的结构，按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。

译为：这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行调查，取得结果的希望不大。

考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法二：顺序法有些英语长难句按逻辑关系安排，与汉语的表达方式比较一致，或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排，这类句子可按原文顺序译出，相比较要容易一些，大家可以按照正常的思维翻译即可。

考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法三：分译法有些考博英语长难句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切，为使意思连贯，建议考生们可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述，有时还可适当增加词语。

例如：“He became deaf at five af ter an attack of typhoid fever.”该句有两个介词短语，代表两层意思。

因此，按照分译法，打破原句的结构翻译成：他五岁的时候，生了一场伤寒病，变成了聋子。

博士英语阅读理解解题技巧

博士英语阅读理解解题技巧Title: Mastering English Reading Comprehension for Doctoral Students.English reading comprehension is a crucial skill for doctoral students, especially in an academic environment where a deep understanding of research articles, theses, and dissertations is essential. Mastering this skill requires a combination of strategic approaches and regular practice. Here are some tips to help doctoral students excel in English reading comprehension.1. Understand the Purpose of Reading.Before delving into any text, it's important to understand why you are reading it. Are you looking for specific information? Trying to understand a new concept? Or, are you analyzing an argument? Knowing your purpose helps you focus on the relevant information and saves time.2. Preview the Text.Scanning the title, subtitles, and conclusions before reading the entire text gives you an overview of the content. This previewing helps you anticipate what the text is about and prepare your mind for the information.3. Active Reading.Passive reading, where you simply scan the words, is not effective for comprehension. Active reading involves actively engaging with the text. This includes highlighting key ideas, taking notes, and asking yourself questions about the content.4. Expand Your Vocabulary.A rich vocabulary enhances your reading comprehension. Encountering unfamiliar words? Don't immediately skip them. Instead, try to guess their meaning based on the context. Look them up later to confirm your guess and expand your vocabulary.5. Understand the Structure of the Text.Most academic texts follow a specific structure, withan introduction, main body, and conclusion. Understanding this structure helps you quickly navigate the text and find the information you need.6. Practice with Diverse Texts.Practice makes perfect. Regularly reading diverse texts, such as research articles, books, newspapers, and online content, improves your reading speed and comprehension.7. Analyze the Author's Arguments.Critical thinking is essential in doctoral-level reading. Analyze the author's arguments, evaluate their validity, and consider alternative perspectives. This exercise not only improves your comprehension but also prepares you for academic discussions and debates.8. Use Reading Strategies.Different reading strategies, such as skimming, scanning, and deep reading, can be useful depending on the purpose of reading. For example, skimming helps you quickly identify the main ideas of a text, while deep reading allows you to understand the text's deeper meanings and implications.9. Reflect on Your Understanding.After reading, take a moment to reflect on what you have understood. Ask yourself questions about the text, such as "What are the main ideas?" or "How does this information relate to my research or studies?" This reflection helps consolidate your understanding and makes the information more meaningful.10. Seek Help When Needed.If you encounter a difficult passage or concept, don't be afraid to seek help. You can discuss it with your peers,mentors, or even seek online resources to clarify your doubts.In conclusion, enhancing English reading comprehension as a doctoral student requires a conscious effort andregular practice. By understanding the purpose of reading, previewing the text, actively engaging with it, expanding your vocabulary, understanding the text's structure, practicing with diverse texts, analyzing author's arguments, using reading strategies, reflecting on your understanding, and seeking help when needed, you can significantly improve your reading comprehension skills. These skills will not only aid you in your academic journey but also prepare you for the challenges of a lifetime of learning andintellectual growth.。

3.考博英语翻译技巧+

考博英语翻译技巧1、考博翻译主要是考理解2、把题目忠实、通顺的写成中文或英文翻译的实质：对语言进行编码和重新再编码；涉及到两种语言之间意群的编码和重新再编码。

考博翻译和考博阅读的区别：1、阅读是被动技能；翻译是主动技能2、翻译的词汇深度远大于阅读eg. develop 发展；资源的开发；养成某种习惯；得病3、翻译是一个使用英语语言能力的平台翻译的标准： 1. faithfulness 信（忠诚）2. expressiveness 达（达意）3. gracefulness 雅（优雅）考博翻译的标准：忠实、通顺eg. Of study（论读书）Of study, study serves for delight, for ornament and for ability.（读书可以怡情，可以博采，可以长才。

）of 所要谈论的是...... study 指学习的一种具体形式，即读书of study 论读书delight 高兴、愉快ornament 装饰、修饰ability 能力、才能、才干读书可以使人高兴；读书可以装饰某人，充实某人；读书可以提升某人的能力，增长某人的才干。

翻译的三大译法：一、直译字对字的翻译（literary translation）占考研翻译中80%的题目eg. Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。

to add fuel to the fire 火上浇油。

确定一个目标并不是非常困难的，真正困难的是如何脚踏实地地实现这个目标。

It is not very difficult to set up a goal, what is really difficult is how to achieve it diligently.二、意译(free translation) 完全抛开原句的句子结构去翻译eg. Adolescents (青少年), boys and girls, from deeply sentimental (多愁善感的) attachments (情感), walk and talk together.情谊绵绵的孩子们同行同语.注意：意译在考研英语翻译中占20%。

考博英语翻译步骤解析

考博英语翻译步骤解析考博英语翻译步骤解析一理解原文什么叫理解?照字面解释，理解就是懂、了解的意思，即懂原文，了解原文。

这里说的理解，就是译者利用两种语言的词汇、语法、修辞等知识，来理解原文的内容和风格。

理解必须通过具体的语言现象、具体的上下文。

一个词，一个词组，甚至一个句子，如果脱离上下文，是难以确定其意义的。

苏联翻译家索伯列夫指出：“ 在绝大多数情况下，一个词脱离上下文的关系是不能翻译的。

”“离开上下文的密切联系来翻译一个词，总是不可避免地要歪曲原文的意思。

”所以，一定要从上下文的关系上来理解原文，来探索一切可能的译法。

上下文是什么呢?可以是一个句子，一个段落，也可以是一章一节，以至全书。

理解是表达的前提，理解得好坏是表达得好坏的关键。

有些作品，有些人译得好，有些人译得不好，就是理解深度不同。

一个句子，各人理解的程度不同，译文也不一样，所以，理解是重要的一环。

那么，如何理解原文呢?应从哪些方面去理解原文呢?首先要理解原文的语言。

即通过原作的语言现象来理解原作的内容。

因为原作的思想、内容是通过原作的语言形式表达出来的，懂得语言形式及其含意，是理解原作整体内容的基础。

请看下面的句子：①冻死了。

②他眼红了。

“冻死”是真的受冻而死，一命呜呼，还是表示冷得厉害?“眼红”是眼睛因病而红，还是嫉妒别人的意思?两个句子都不好译。

不好译，是因为没能理解原文中的真正意义。

如果这两例变成：③今天我下地窖去取菜，冻死了。

④王生看见别人做生意赚了很多钱，他眼红了。

现在我们可以通过联系上下文的关系去理解原文了。

“冻死”是冻得要死的意思。

可以译成“gysengj yaek dai”;“眼红”是嫉妒的意思，可译成“hozgenz dangqmaz”。

这是要理解的第一个问题。

其次是理解全文的逻辑关系。

一篇文章或者一部著作，它除了以内容和事实说服人或感动人之外，往往还通过逻辑推理来服人、破人。

所以要深刻地理解原文，有时还要上下有联系地去理解其中的逻辑关系。

2020考博英语翻译：英译汉常见六大方法

2020考博英语翻译：英译汉常见六大方法(1)顺序法当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，能够按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。

例如：But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their "expectation of life", the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析：该句的骨干结构为"It is realized that ..."，it为形式主语，that引导主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to ...结构，其中，不定式作主语，the time ...是"expectation of life"的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。

五个谓语结构表达了四个层次的意义：A. 不过现在人们意识到;B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C. 人们甚至还能够比较合理地估计出这些矿物质"可望存有多少年";D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。

根据同位语从句的翻译方法，把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为：不过现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还能够比较合理的估计出这些矿物质"可望存有多少年"，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

(2)逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。

汉英翻译三步策略(考博英语翻译)

汉英翻译三步策略(考博英语翻译)一、翻译中的一个悖论英汉翻译和汉英翻译，哪一个更难？大多数人会答曰：汉英翻译更难。

显然，这看起来是一种合理的问问题的方法，其实并非如此。

英汉翻译和汉英翻译，没有哪一个更难和不难的问题，只是因人而异，视个人的英语水平和翻译水平而定。

那么，为什么大多数中国人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢？有回答这个问题，我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。

其实，无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。

弄明白理解和表达这两个过程，我们就可以清楚的看到，为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。

首先，有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。

如果做英汉翻译的话，我们第一步需要理解英语，然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。

因为英语毕竟是我们的外语，所以大多数人认为，我们不懂英语是正常的。

所以，无论英译汉这个过程汇总，英语有多难或者有多简单都没有关系，我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。

然后，换过来，汉译英则不一样了。

那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为，明明我们认识汉语，却不能用地道的英语来翻译，所以，汉译英很难做。

但是，如果我们这样来想，在英译汉的过程中，我们连第一步（理解英语）可能都无法完成；而汉译英的话，好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步（理解汉语原文）。

没有人能否认我们中国人，看不懂汉语吧？既然如此，我们就能够克服那种长期以后认为“汉英翻译更难”的心理障碍了。

那么如何比较有效的完成汉英翻译呢？根据长期以来积累从事翻译教学的经验，笔者认为可以从以下三个步骤来着手：汉英翻译三步策略之一：定主语1．翻译的单位在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。

现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。

但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。

考博英语翻译

考博英语翻译笔记倒装和分割结构为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。

大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。

主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。

在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。

非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。

翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。

1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。

正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。

在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。

译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。

2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation r eached its child-bearing years.分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。

用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。

译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。

考博英语翻译的5个技巧

考博英语翻译的 5 个技巧1.所，是指本来就有个意思，是要我将其在特定合的正确意思出来。

正确是保文量的重要，假如能做到在意和字面形式上都等自然，假如不可以兼，取意，舍形式。

越是一般的，越是有众多的和搭配，翻程中的也就越以确立。

，要注意的广狭、所的境、的褒和感情色彩。

例 1原文：但往常每个家庭都会在大大年夜聚，一同吃大年夜。

文： However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reunion dinner.剖析：“大年夜”此就是每年一度的，了文更切合英国家的，里用的是 annual reunion dinner ，理解起来更简单。

例 2原文：人会在上粘色的(couplets)⋯⋯文：And doors will be decorated with red couplets⋯剖析：原文中“粘”的意思其就是用装窗，假如直的表达不出真的意，所以里用了“ decorate ”，表意更直接。

2、是英常用的一种手段。

的性和详细性特色使其在言运用上多用。

英因其静性和抽象性特色在言使用上呈有名化和介化向。

在英的程中，适合性，能够使文更切合英表达。

(1)→名巾使用比繁，并且既没有化的束，也没有和非的形式之分，甚至能够充任句子的各样成分。

相反，英的使用遇到形化的格限制。

一个句子常常只有一个，大批本来由表达的观点，常需借助于名，因名比不受形化的束，使用相灵巧、方便。

例原文：各地度春的俗和有很大差别。

文： Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of theChinese New Year vary widely from place to place.剖析：原句中“ 度”是，可是假如文中也用来表达，整个句子的构得，不整，所以文顶用了“celebration”来表达，使得整个甸子更均匀、清楚。

华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet1.(10points) Everybody dances.If you have1swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk,you have danced.If you have every kneeled to pray,you have danced.For these actions have figured importantly2 the history of dance.Dance goes3to the beginning of civilization-4the tribe where natives danced to get5they wanted.Primitive dance was6all practical,not the social dancing we know today.Natives approached dance with7seriousness as a way to help the tribe in the crucial process8survival.Dance was believed to be the9direct way to repel locusts,to10rain to fall,to insure that a male heir would be born,and11guarantee victory in a forthcoming battle.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Primitive12was generally done by many people moving in the same manner and direction.13all dances had leaders,solo dances14rare. Much use was made of15part of the body.And so16were these tribe dances that,if a native17miss a single step,he would be put to death18the spot.Fortunately,the same rigid19that governed the lives of these people do not apply in the20relaxed settings oftoday’s disco.1. a.ever b.never c.before d.after2. a.about b.for c.in d.around3. a.forward b.back c.up d.down4. a.at b.for c.of d.to5. a.when b.why c.which d.what6. a.about b.above c.under d.over7. a.little b.great c.less d.least8. a.to b.over c.of d.at9. a.most b.first c.least st10. a.cause b.happen c.try d.make11. a.for b.of c.to d.at12. a.food b.dance c.spells d.harvest13. a.since b.despite c.thus d.although14. a.are b.was c.were d.is15. a.only b.every c.some d.all16. ic b.boring c.solemn d.tiring17. a.would b.should c.might d.could18. a.in b.at c.on d.around19. a.sticks b.messages c.reviews d.rules20. a.less b.more c.least d.mostSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing a,b,c or d.Mark your answers on answer sheet1.(40 points)Text1The story that traces life from sea to land then into the multiple niches that exist there for a great variety of living things is a fascinating one,but far too detailed for our purposes.One key point for us in that story is the emergence of the biological class of animals that are called mammals.Mammals have a number of features that distinguish them from the reptiles from which they developed. They are warm blooded;that is,they have a system of temperature control that keeps the body at a constant temperature.Mammals have a set of teeth of different shapes that serve different functions such as cutting,gouging,and grinding.Young mammals spend their earliest days of development shielded within the mother’s body and are then born alive,rather than hatching from eggs.In addition,after birth they are nourished by milk provided by the mother’s mammary glands. The enforced association between mother and infant provides an opportunity for learning that does not exist for those kinds of creatures that are hatched from eggs long after their parents have departed from the scene.Young mammals play something that amphibians and reptiles never do which provides additional learning opportunities.The foregoing list leaves little doubt that we are mammals.Thereare,of course,a great many kinds of mammals,most of which developed after the great extinction of dinosaurs and other reptiles about65 million years ago that opened opportunities for the few small mammals that were already in existence.One of the groups of mammals that resulted was a biological order called primates which includes monkeys,apes,humans,and some smaller creatures familiar only to ardent zoogoers.Primates share a number of behavioral features that have played important roles in their evolutionary development.Most primates are arboreal;that is,they spend their lives in and among trees.Their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling habits impose needs that are reflected in primate anatomy.Although diet varies from species to species,many primates are largely vegetarian.But they can eat and digest meat,and some species vary their diets of leaves,shoots, and fruits by eating insects,birds’eggs,and even small animals. Primates are hand-feeders,depending on their hands both to collect food and to get it into their mouths.Perhaps the most important feature of their behavior is that primates are social animals.Their genetics,habits,and even their survival are geared to living in groups.Although human beings have come to have a way of life very different from that of typical primates,the basic primate adaptation provided prehuman with capabilities that allowed them to become culture-builders.The anatomical features that separate primates from other kinds of animals relate clearly to the way primates behave.21.Where do you think is the passage from?a.newspaper.b.gazette.c.journal.d.science magazine.22.Which of the following is not the features of mammals that distinguish them from the reptiles?a.they’re warm-blooded.b.they have a set of teeth of different shapes.c.the first period of development of young mammals is within their mother’s body.d.there’s some association between mother and infant.23.Which can be inferred from the passage?a.mammals developed from the reptiles.b.the animals that are hatched from eggs have no opportunity for learning.c.mammals developed at the cost of the extinction of reptiles.d.not all the primates are mammals.24.Primates are social animals because.a.they are hand-feedersb.of their anatomical featuresc.they are arboreald.they depend on each other25.What leads to the features of the primate anatomy?a.their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling life.b.their diet.c.the way they behave.d.the social emphasis in their life.text2The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components,you must also know how they interrelate.By specializing too early,many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems.That’s why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences.In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future.To understand how and when social science broke up,you must go into the past.Imagine for a moment that you’re a student in1062,in the Italian city of Bologna,site of one of the first major universities in the western world.The university has no buildings.It consists merely of a few professors and students.There is no tuition fee.At the end of a professor’s lecture,if you like it,you pay.And if you don’t like it,the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier,say to Greece in the sixth century B.C.,we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens,arguing with his companions.He asks them questions,and then other questions,leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason(this became known as the Socratic method).Times have changed since then;universities sprang up throughoutthe world and created colleges within the universities.Oxford,one of the first universities,now has thirty colleges associated with it,and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty.As knowledge accumulated,it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain,it all.In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know,and the definition of the renaissance man(people were even more sexist then than they are now)was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately,at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow exponentially while the size of the brain has grown only slightly.The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything.Today we must specialize.That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it,in turn,has been broken down into various subfields,such as anthropology and sociology.26.What is the main idea of this text?a.social science is unified.b.social science is a newborn science.c.what is social science.d.specialization in social science is not good.27.What can we learn from the second paragraph?a.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.b.the universities in Italy have no buildings.c.Socrates created the"Socratic method".d.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.28.Why does the author say"people were even more sexist then than they are now"?a.because they are so covetous that they want to know all there was to know.b.because it is the Renaissance"man",not Renaissance"woman"or"human".c.because no woman was formally educated at that time.d.because all renaissance men were men.29.What does the underlined word"exponentially"mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?a.promisinglyb.continuouslyc.drasticallyd. raidly30.We can infer from the text that.a.social science is a united science,and cannot be divided into subfieldsb.social science may be further divided into smaller parts as the amount of knowledge and information expandingc.there may be a renaissance man in the futured.the best way to deal with the expansion of information is to know everythingtext3To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work,and how far has the state an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control,and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community.But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply.The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of1971-2.Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round,so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out,and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.In1972there were critics who said that the state’s action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act,a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker.Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximizeprofits-tended to be ignored.And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract,by not fulfilling their duty to society to work.In spite of general concern at the scaleto the unemployment statistics,when the unemployed were considered as individuals,they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect.Of all the myths of the welfare state, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on evidence,yet they have proved the most persistent.The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the state’s obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security.Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service,not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the state,and supported if necessary?And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work,so that the workless need work rather than just cash?31.It is the author’s belief that.a.unemployment must lead to inevitable depression of national economyb.the unemployed are the victims of economical and social developmentc.unemployment should be kept under the control of industrial forcesd.the unemployed are not entitled to share the benefits from technological progress32.What the author proposes to examine is.a.how far the unemployed are to blame for their failure in working and how far it is the state’s faultb.to what extent the state should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do soc.whether being at work is a social duty which the state should ensure everybody carries outd.whether work should be obligatory,and if so,whether the state or the individual is responsible for enforced obligation33.The effect of the1971-2unemployment scare was to.a.make people think for the first time about the problem of the availability of workb.make concern for unemployment and the unemployed varyc.make the subject of unemployment controversial againd.show that there would in future be too little work to go round34.According to the author,in the1971-2crisis.a.the state and the employers were equally to blame for allowing unemployment to riseb.the unemployed did not fulfill their social duty to find jobsc.the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognizedd.the state was guilty of breaking the social contract by lettingunemployment increase35.The basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not.a.the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a wholeb.the state should recognize that people work for more than just moneyc.it is a service to provide people with work rather than cashd.the state’s duty to provide work is as great as the individual’s duty to worktext4Successful business tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful.But in a rapidly changing world,ideas often become obsolete overnight.What worked in the past won’t necessarily work in the future.In order to thrive in the future,you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business.In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water.Businesses that aren’t creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest,most successful man on the planet,he did not anticipate the Internet.Now he’s scrambling to catch up.If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry,it can happen to you in your industry.Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future.Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft.Here’s what he said in a recent interviewin U.S.news world report:"Will we be replaced tomorrow?No.In a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame,I don’t think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position.Not Intel,not Microsoft,not Compaq,not Dell, take any of your favorites.And that’s totally honest."You may remember that in1985the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best selling toy on the market.But after Coleco industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn’t create any new toys worth mentioning.As a result,Coleco went bankrupt in1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly.The3M company has a15%rule:employees are encouraged to spend15%of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire.It’s no surprise,then,that3M has been around since1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last year’s model of success and build a new one.Here’s a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency,imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters.To cook lobsters,you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat.The lobsters don’t realize they’re being cooked because the process is so gradual.As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle.However,if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling,it willdesperately try to escape.This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment.It realizes instantly that it’s ill a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.36.Judging from the context,"to keep your head above water"(paragraph1)probably means.a.to be drownb.to keep out of financial difficultyc.to keep away from dangerd.to protect you from water37.Why is gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?a.because he is the richest,most successful man on the planet.b.because his company will be replaced tomorrow.c.because in a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.d.because he doesn’t think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.38.Coleco industries’case suggests that.a.the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the marketb.the cabbage patch kids dolls are sensational line of dollsplacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a businessd.the most successful businesses survive in the long term39.According to this passage,the3M company’s success lies in its.a.constant reassessment of their situationsb.reinventionc.15%ruled.being around since190240.By using the analogy of"throwing a lobster into a pot",the author tries to imply that.a.some managers are really foolish peopleb.it’s cruel to cook lobstersc.people are tend to become complacentd.bad environment calls for immediate actionPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list a—g to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one’s intelligence without the guidance of another.Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence,but by lack of determination and courage to use one’s intelligence without being guided by another.Have the courage to useyour own intelligence!Is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind,even after nature has freed them from alien guidance,gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians.It is so comfortable to be a minor!41)___________________________________.The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind,including the entire beautiful sex,should consider the step into maturity,not only as difficult but as very dangerous.After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them,these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them,should they attempt to walk alone.Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. 42)______________________.It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him.He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence,because he has never been allowed to make the attempt.Statues and formulas,these mechanical tools of a serviceable use,or rather misuse,of his natural faculties,are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity.Whoever threw it off wouldmake an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement.43)__________________________________.44)_______________________________________.For there will always be some people who think for themselves,even among theself-appointed guardians of the great mass who,after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves,will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself……45)_____________________________________________.Through revolution,the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind.Instead,new prejudices, just like the old ones,will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.[a]a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly.[b]but it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom.[c]if I have a book which provides meaning for me,a pastor who has conscience for me,a doctor who will judge my diet for me and so on,then I do not need to exert myself.I do not have any need to think; if I can pay,others will take over the tedious job for me.[d]all that is required for this enlightenment is freedom;and particularly the least harmful of that may be called freedom,namely,the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters.[e]however,an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.[f]much still prevents men from being placed in a position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion.[g]therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of the mind.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.your translation should be written clearly on answer sheet 2.(10points)There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other.Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency.46)Indeed,there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken lot granted.Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside?47)The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency,less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries,has been enormous,with more job losses yet to come.However,on a more insidious note,many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business.If computers are soon a boon,how do we cope when something goes wrong?Computers have many uses,varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control,or computer-aided design or manufacturing.48)In many instances,manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business;but in many cases if the computer is down,so is the business.The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown,and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously.However,in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.49)Initially the problem was the theft of PCs,and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past,and thus had relatively poor security,losses mounted very quickly.It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced,as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances.The equipment would usually be covered by insurance,but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes.The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements,including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables.50)However,the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which isremarkably portable and unidentifiable,so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.this led to even greater demands for security,including encapsulation and computer safes. SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:(1)Title:Competition and Cooperation(2)Word limit:about200words(3)Your composition should be based on the Outlines below.Outlines:(1)The phenomenon of competition and cooperation(2)The function of competition and cooperation(3)Man can develop continuously with competition and cooperation SectionⅠUse of English1.A.从后半分句have以及句子的意思或下一个句子可以看出这里应选ever.2. C.in the history of dance在舞蹈的历史里。

2019年考博英语翻译解题策略

2019年考博英语翻译解题策略2.善于积累词汇。

特别要注意一词多义，常见词一般具有多义性，翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义，如develop除了"发展"的意思外，还有"形成"的意思。

同时要注意一词多性，特别是名词、动词、形容词三种词性的互换，平时要有意识地做一些"名词动译"、"动词名译"等方面的训练。

3.注意词语的固定搭配。

特别注意动词+介词、动词+副词的搭配，因为此类搭配常常伴有词义的改变。

4.注意同义词、近义词、形近词的区分和辨析。

这是提升英语应用水平的必由之路。

5.学习并掌握基本的翻译技巧。

此外，绝大部分考生做题时还存有一个情况：一边读句子，一边思考每一个单词分别是什么汉语意思，在没有完整理解英语句子的情况下，就直接做了"字字对等"的翻译，或者在读完之后，并没有理解句子，就马上在自己积累的词汇中找与看到的英语词对应的汉语来表达，只要碰到不理解的生词就束手无策。

这样的译文，不但扭曲了英语原文的意思，汉语句子本身也晦涩难懂。

所以，提醒考生切勿陷入这种翻译误区，要按照上面的策略来准备和复习翻译试题。

总之，在备考英语翻译的过程中，考生在持续积累知识的同时，还要持续总结思路和方法，逐渐掌握一套属于自己的答题策略。

考博英语是各博士研究生招生院校初试必考科目，也是复试分数线的其中一项，所以考博英语应该引起大家的重视。

考博英语的复习大家还是要先了解所要报考的研究生院考博英语题型(各院校考试题型难度不同)，根据题型及自己的薄弱环节有针对性的复习。

华中师范英语考博大纲

湖北省博士研究生入学考试（非英语专业）英语联合考试大纲Ⅰ考试性质湖北省博士研究生入学考试（非英语专业）英语联合考试，由湖北省部分博士研究生招生单位联合创办、湖北省教育考试院承办，它通过为我省高等学校、科研院所招收博士研究生提供英语科目的入学水平测试，检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段所需的英语水平和英语应用能力，为各高等学校、科研院所选拔优秀人才服务。

因此，该考试应有较高的考试效度，适当的难度和必要的区分度。

本项考试是按照标准化测试要求设计的。

Ⅱ考试内容和要求根据博士研究生招生单位对招收新生文化素质的要求，参照各博士招生单位制定的培养方案，并考虑研究生教育的实际，制订本学科的考试内容。

本考试共分五个部分：阅读理解（40 %）、完形填空（10 %）、英译汉（15 %）、汉译英（10%）、写作（25 %）。

听力和口语可放在复试中进行。

第一部分阅读理解（Part I Reading Comprehension）阅读理解部分主要测试考生在规定的时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。

本部分主要测试下述能力：1. 掌握所读材料的中心思想、主要内容和有关细节；2. 对所读材料的内容进行正确的判断和推理；3. 根据上下文的逻辑关系理解某些词和句子的意义；4. 领会作者的观点和判断作者的态度。

阅读材料的选择原则：1. 题材广泛，可以包括社会、文化、科普知识、史地、人物传记等。

所涉及的背景知识应能为考生所了解；2. 体裁多样，可包括叙事、议论、描述、说明、应用文等；3.文章应有一定的难度。

共20题，每小题2分，总计40分。

阅读五篇文章，阅读量为2300-2500个单词。

每篇文章后有4道选择题，共计20题。

考生应根据文章内容从每题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

第二部分完形填空（Part II Cloze）完形填空部分主要测试考生在语篇水平上的理解能力和实际运用语言的能力。

测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文（约150-180词）中留出20个空（第一句和最后一句不留空），每个空为一题，要求考生就所给篇章后所给各题的四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的一个最佳答案。

考博英语词汇解答技巧

考博英语词汇解答技巧一、动词动词及短语动词是博士生入学英语考试词汇部分的一个重要测试项目。

该项目对考生的测试点包括：1)动词的认知能力和辨别能力；2)动词用法的掌握程度；3)动词搭配关系的熟练程度。

据初步统计在硕士研究生入学考试5500个词汇中，大约有五分之一是动词及动词词组。

因此，掌握好这批词汇直接关系到能否通过博士生入学英语词汇部分的考试。

在动词部分中，考生首先应该具备较好的认知能力，即遇见一个动词后，能够较快地确定它的前两个或前三个词义。

如：evolve v.，第一个词义是“使发展”，第二个词义是“使进化”，第三个词义是“推论”。

在考试中，检查考生这一能力的题是比较多的；考生应该能够根据上下文确定动词的有关词义。

在具备认知能力的基础上，考生还需掌握这些词汇的基本用法。

如：forbid v. 后面不能用to smoke，只能用动词+ing的形式，即smoking；Occur v. (发生)，只能用于主动语态，不能以被动的形式出现。

最后，还要熟悉动词的基本搭配关系。

如：concentrate和associate两个动词，其后面的介词一般只能是on和with。

以下是按照上面三种情况出现的词汇题：1. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.A. ticked away??B. gone out? ?C. broken off? ?D. rung up2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.A. supplies??B. specifies? ?C. presents??D. withhold3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.A. decide? ?B. refrain??C. surpass??D. delay第一句表示“外交关系终止”需用动词词组“break off"。

考博英语翻译核心技巧

考博英语翻译核心技巧被动语态翻译英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。

英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：一、译成汉语主动句。

1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。

例如：Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。

Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。

2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。

Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。

Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。

3．译成带表语的主动句。

Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。

4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。

以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定主语。

例如：Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。

Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。

考博汉译英3步

阅读命题规律与应试策略1 事实细节题列举处常考，列举指的是First, …. Second, …. Third, …. 等并列关系词出现的部分。

要求考生从列举的内容中，选出符合题干要求的答案项。

列举方式有时不用数字排序，而是采取句式排比的方式进行。

举例与打比方的地方常考，为了使自己的观点更具有说服力，更加明确，作者常以具体事例来佐证。

这些例子或比喻常会成为考点。

因此考生应该注意那些引出这些例子或比喻的标志词。

这类词很多，常见的有as, such as, for example, for instance, a case, in point 等。

（指示）代词出现处常考，这些考题常用来考查考生是否真正理解上下文之间的语际关系和意义。

引用人物论断处常考，作者为正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或介绍其重要发现等，命题者常在此处做文章。

特殊标点符号后的内容常考，由于特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进一步解释或说明，因此命题者常对标点符号后的内容进行提问。

具体说，特殊标点符号包括：破折号（表解释），括号（表解释），冒号（表解释），引号（表引用）。

2．判断词汇和短语的意义题含有指示代词的句中，常有被考查的词语或短语，具体环境中，具有指代上下文语义功能的词汇，尤其是名词，常成为考查对象。

一词多义的常见词及词组易考，有些词一词多义，要求考生能通过阅读，理解该词的确切含义。

平时积累生词时，一定要把大纲规定范围内的所有词义都掌握才能胸有成竹。

对比处常考，这类题目旨在考查考生能否从具有对比含义的上下文中猜测出某个单词的含义来。

复杂句常考，复杂句由于其句子结构复杂、句子之间的指代关系复杂特点，成为考查考生理解能力的一种常用手段。

3．推理判断题综合性推论和判断试题常会围绕文章出题。

要求将篇首、篇尾、段落中的主题句概括归纳，从中推断出全文主题；综合性推论和判断题还围绕文章若干段落进行，要求推理和判断段落间关系。