UNIT 16 STEAM GENETATOR 核电厂蒸汽发生器

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电蒸汽发生器构造原理

电蒸汽发生器构造原理

电蒸汽发生器构造原理电蒸汽发生器(Electric Steam Generator)是一种通过电能转化为热能来产生蒸汽的装置。

该设备结构简单、方便使用,是工业生产中常用的一种加热设备。

该设备由发生器本体、电热元件、自控装置、水位控制系统以及安全保护装置等部分组成。

下面将逐一介绍各个部分的构造原理。

1. 发生器本体发生器本体通常由压力容器和管道系统组成,其主要功能是负责蒸汽的生成和输送。

容器一般采用碳钢或不锈钢制造,容器内部配有加热管和蒸汽排放管,加热管位于容器底部,蒸汽排放管位于容器顶部。

这种排放方式使得蒸汽在产生后能够自然排出,从而保证了设备的安全性。

2. 电热元件电热元件即加热管,其作用是将电能转化为热能,将水加热至沸点,从而产生蒸汽。

加热管材料多为不锈钢或红铜,其长度和直径根据设备需求进行选择。

在电热元件的选择方面,需要考虑到电压、功率、电流等因素。

这些因素必须合理匹配,才能保证设备的正常工作,并且不会造成设备过热、过载等危险情况。

3. 自控装置自控装置主要是为了实现设备的自动化控制,其构成包括温度控制器、压力控制器、时间控制器等。

这些控制器能够自动调节加热功率、保持压力、控制时间等。

温度控制器通过测量水温来控制加热管的温度,保证水的温度控制在一定范围内。

压力控制器通过调节加热功率和蒸汽排放流量来控制设备的蒸汽压力。

时间控制器则可以配合其他控制器完成时间的计量和控制。

4. 水位控制系统水位控制系统是电蒸汽发生器中一个十分重要的系统。

其作用是在设备工作中,对水位进行自动调节,确保水位的稳定和设备的安全性。

水位控制系统通常包括水位检测部分、液位控制阀和液位控制器。

水位检测传感器一般安装在发生器底部,用于感应水位的高低,从而控制液位控制阀的开闭状态,以控制设备的水位。

5. 安全保护装置安全保护装置是保障电蒸汽发生器操作安全的重要环节。

其主要包括过热保护、缺水保护、超压保护和漏电保护等。

过热保护装置是针对设备过热的情况,可以自动断开电源,避免设备因温度过高而损坏。

核电站中的蒸汽发生器工作原理

核电站中的蒸汽发生器工作原理

核电站中的蒸汽发生器工作原理核电站是一种利用核能产生电能的设施,而其中的蒸汽发生器则是核电站中至关重要的设备之一。

蒸汽发生器起着将热能转化为电能的关键作用。

本文将详细介绍蒸汽发生器的工作原理,包括其结构组成和工作流程。

一、蒸汽发生器的结构组成蒸汽发生器由水管和煤气道组成,其中水管是实现核能转化为热能的关键部分。

蒸汽发生器通常由数百根细长的水管组成,这些水管位于煤气道内部。

水管由导热性能较好的金属材料制成,如不锈钢或钼等。

而煤气道则是一种用于流动热能的通道,其设计结构可以确保煤气能充分与水接触,以实现热能的传递。

二、蒸汽发生器的工作流程蒸汽发生器的工作原理可以简单描述为以下几个步骤:加热、蒸发和分离。

1. 加热阶段:核电站中通常使用核裂变产生的热能来加热蒸汽发生器。

燃料经过裂变产生的高温气体或冷却液通过煤气道,从而传递热能给水管。

当热能传递到水管时,水中的液态水被加热,温度逐渐升高。

2. 蒸发阶段:当水管内的水受热后,水中的液态水逐渐转化为蒸汽。

水管中的热能将水中的分子加速,使水分子间的相互作用减弱,从而形成蒸汽。

3. 分离阶段:蒸汽发生器中的分离器可确保水蒸汽和剩余水分离。

蒸汽上升,经过分离器后被分离,而剩余的水会继续循环流动,重新进入煤气道接受热能。

蒸汽发生器的工作原理是通过加热水管内的水,使水转化为蒸汽,并将蒸汽与剩余的水分离。

这些蒸汽最终用于驱动涡轮机发电,将热能转化为电能。

总之,蒸汽发生器在核电站中扮演着至关重要的角色,其工作原理是将核能转化为热能,再将热能转化为电能。

通过合理的结构组成和流程设计,蒸汽发生器实现了高效能量转化,为核电站的电力产生提供了坚实的基础。

【字数:419】。

电厂常用术语中英文对照

电厂常用术语中英文对照

电厂常用术语中英文对照电力术语中英文对照目录一、集控运行常用设备和术语缩写 (2)(一)锅炉部分 (2)(二)汽机部分 (4)(三)DEH部分 (5)(四)电气部分 (6)(五)系统分类 (6)(六)阀门 (7)(七)其它 (8)二、电厂术语——锅炉部分 (10)三、电厂术语——汽轮机部分 (27)四、电厂术语——电气专业 (59)五、电厂术语——电厂化学 (87)六、电厂术语——仪表与控制 (106)七、电厂术语——燃料 (126)八、电厂术语——综合管理部分 (136)九、电厂术语——脱硫 (165)一、集控运行常用设备和术语缩写(一)锅炉部分1、通用及煤粉炉FDF (forced draft fan)——送风机IDF (induced draft fan)——引风机PAF (primary air fan)——一次风机SAF (seal air fan)——密封风机DETF (flame detector fan)——火检风机APH (air preheater)——空气预热器DRUM (drum)——汽包ECON (economizer)——省煤器SH (superheater)——过热器CSH (ceiling superheater)——顶棚过热器PSH (platen superheater)——屏式过热器RSH (radiation superheater)——辐射过热器LSH (low temperature superheater)——低温过热器HSH (high temperature superheater)——高温过热器RH (reheater) ——再热器LRH (low temperature reheater)——低温再热器HRH (high temperature reheater)——高温再热器PRH (platen temperature reheater)——屏式再热器CB (coal bin)——煤仓SCB(side coal bin)——侧煤仓MILL (mill)——磨煤机FEED (coal feeder)——给煤机PCC (pulverized-coal collector)——细粉分离器MILLS (mill separator)——粗粉分离器PEF (powder exhaust fan)——排粉风机PCF(pulverized coal feeder)——给粉机HPA (heat primary air )——热一次风CPA (cold primary air )——冷一次风SECA (secondary air)——二次风TA (tertiary air)——三次风SA (seal air)——密封风AR (air register)——风门OILP (oil pistol)——油枪IGNT (ignition) ——点火枪FULP (fuel pump)——燃油泵FLTK (flash tank)——扩容器FURN(furnace) ——煤粉炉炉膛2、流化床锅炉HPCB(high-pressure centrifugal blower)——高压流化风机CFBB(Circulating Fluidized-bed Boiler)——循环流化床炉膛CYCS(cyclone separator)——旋风分离器UBF(U-type back-feeder) ——U形返料器ASHC(ash cooler) ——冷渣器3、余热锅炉CVB(convection bank) ——对流管束SWS(steam/water separator) ——汽水分离器WJP(Water jet pump)——射水泵WH(water heater) ——热水器EVP(evaporator) ——蒸发器OEJ(oil ejector)——注油器OFT(oil filter)——滤油器OCL(oil cooler)——冷油器窑头余热锅炉AQCB(此处AQC指air quenching cooler,为篦冷机,不是窑头的意思,但行业习惯称窑头余热炉为AQC炉) 窑尾余热锅炉SPB(此处SP指suspension preheater,为悬浮预热器,不是窑尾的意思,但行业习惯称窑尾余热炉为SP炉) (二)汽机部分HP (high pressure cylinder) ——高压缸IP (intermediate pressure cylinder) ——中压缸LP (low pressure cylinder) ——低压缸DEA (deaerator) ——除氧器COND (condenser) ——凝汽器HPH (high pressure heater) ——高压加热器LPH (low pressure heater) ——低压加热器SSH (shaft seal heater) ——轴封加热器MFP (motor-driven feed pump) ——电动给水泵SFP (steam feed pump) ——汽动给水泵V ACP (vacuum pump) ——真空泵CEP (Condensate extraction pump) ——凝结水泵DRNP (drain pump) ——疏水泵CIRP (circulating pump) ——循环泵LIFTP (lift pump) ——顶轴油泵LUBOP (lubricating oil pump) ——润滑油泵DCOP——直流润滑油泵ACOP——交流润滑油泵HPOP——高压启动油泵MAINOP——主油泵EHP——EH油泵OTANK (oil tank) ——油箱WTANK (water tank) ——水箱HEADER——联箱SSF (shaft seal fan) ——轴封风机IFF (induced-fume fan) ——排烟风机AIRCMP(air compressing engine) ——空气压缩机(三)DEH 部分TV——高压缸主汽门GV——高压缸调节门RV——中压缸主汽门IV——中压缸调节门LV——低压缸调节门(四)电气部分GEN (generator) ——发电机XFORM (transformer) ——变压器BUS (bus bar) ——母线BRK (circuit breaker) ——断路器SWITCH (isolating switch) ——隔离开关EXCT (exciter) ——励磁机PEXCT (pilot exciter) ——副励磁机(五)系统分类feed water system ——给水系统water-steam system ——汽水系统desuperheater system ——减温水系统combustion system ——燃烧系统extraction steam system ——抽汽系统heat supply system ——热网系统lubricating oil system——润滑油系统fuel oil system——燃油系统soot blower system——吹灰系统ignition system——点火系统powder manufacturing system——制粉系统drain system——疏水系统wind-fume system——风烟系统blowdown system——排污系统condensate system——凝结水系统deaerator system——除氧器系统turbine body——汽轮机本体by-pass system——旁路系统cooling water system——冷却水系统circulation water system——循环水系统vacuum system——真空系统(六)阀门shutoff valve——截止阀check valve——单向阀motorized valve——电动阀magnetic valve——电磁阀pneumatic positioner valve——气动阀flapper valve——挡板阀steam converter valve——减温减压阀fast valve——快关阀blow down valve——吹扫阀blow down valve——排污阀(七)其它CCS(coordinated control system) ——协调控制系统SIS(supervision & information system) ——监控信息系统MIS(management information system) ——管理信息系统BF(MODE)(borler follow mode) ——锅炉跟随方式TF(MODE)(turbine follow mode) ——汽轮机跟随方式CCS(MODE)(coordinated control mode) ——协调控制方式Manual Mode——手动方式BASE MODE——基本(手动)方式ULD(unit load demand) ——机组负荷指令ADS(automatic dispatch system) ——自动调度系统UM(unit master) ——单元机组主控制器BM&TM(boiler master & turbine master) ——锅炉主控制器和汽轮机主控制器BCS(boiler control system) ——锅炉控制系统TCS(turbine control system) ——汽轮机控制系统RB(run back) ——负荷返回RD(run down) ——强迫降负荷(迫降负荷)RU(run up) ——强迫升负荷(迫升负荷)FCB(fast cut back) ——快速减负荷AGC(automatic generation control) ——自动发电控制MFT(master fuel trip) ——主燃料跳闸CP MODE(constan pressure mode) ——定压方式VP MODE(variable pressure mode) ——滑压方式MCR(maximum continuous rating) ——最大连续出力ECR(economic continuous rating)——经济连续出力B-MCR(boiler maximum continuous rating) ——锅炉最大连续出力T-MCR(turbine maximum continuous rating) ——汽轮机最大连续出力MCS(modulating control system) ——模拟量控制系统FSSS(furnace safeguard supervisory system) ——炉膛安全监控系统BMS(burner management system) ——燃烧器管理系统SCS(sequential control system) ——顺序控制系统ECS(electric control system) ——电气控制系统DEH(digital electric-hydraulic control system) ——数字电液控制系统OPC(over speed control) ——超速控制AST(autostop trip) ——自动停机遮断ETS(emergence trip systems) ——危急遮断系统ATC(automatic turbine control) ——自动汽轮机程序控制TSI(turbine supervisory instrumentation) ——汽轮机监视系统PLC(programmable logic controller) ——可编程逻辑控制器SCR(selective catalytic reduction)——选择性催化还原法二、电厂术语——锅炉部分1.临界压力锅炉supercritical pressure boiler2. 亚临界压力锅炉subcritical pressure boiler3. 超高压锅炉super-high pressure boiler4. 蒸汽锅炉steam boiler5. 蒸汽发生器steam generator6. 液态排渣锅炉wet bottom boiler7. 固态排渣锅炉dry bottom boiler8. 燃煤锅炉coal-fired boiler9. 燃气锅炉Gas-fired boiler10.燃油锅炉oil-fired boiler11.自然循环锅炉natural circulation boiler12.汽包(锅筒)锅炉drum boiler13.强制循环锅炉controlled circulation boiler14.直流锅炉once-through boiler15.复合循环锅炉combined circulation boiler16.旋风炉cyclone furnace boiler17.沸腾炉fluidized bed combustion(FBC)boiler18.循环硫化床circulating fluidized bed combustion(FBC)boiler19.增压循环硫化床锅炉pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion(PCFBC) boiler20.链条锅炉chain-grate boiler21.热水锅炉hot-water boiler22.废热(余热)锅炉water-heat boiler, heat recover steam generator(HRSG)23.启动锅炉start-up boiler24.厂用锅炉auxiliary boiler25.垃圾焚烧锅炉refuse-fired boiler, refuse incinerator27.露天锅炉outdoor boiler28.单炉膛锅炉single furnace boiler29.双炉膛锅炉twin furnace boiler30.W火焰锅炉W-flame boiler, vertical-fired boiler31.L火焰锅炉L-shape furnace boiler32.塔式锅炉tower boiler33.箱式锅炉box-type boiler34.炉墙furnace wall35. 汽包(锅筒)drum36.封头head37.汽包封头drum end plate, drum head38.下降管downcomer39.集中下降管centralized downcomer40.分散下降管distributed downcomer41.上升管riser42.管束(排)tube bundle43.管屏tube platen44.省煤器管economizer tube45.过热器管superheated tube46.再热器管reheater tube47.蛇形管coil48.吊挂管supporting tube49.引入管inlet pipe50.引出管outlet pipe51.饱和蒸汽管saturated steam pipe52.水冷壁管water wall tube53.鳍片管finned tube, fin tube, gilled tube54.内螺纹管rifled tube, grooved tube55.吸潮管moisture absorption piping56.水冷壁water wall57.膜式水冷壁membrane wall58.内螺纹水冷壁rifled tube water wall59.联箱header60.集汽联箱steam header61.卫燃带bailey wall, refractory belt62包墙管(包覆管)wall enclosure tube63.防渣管(弗斯顿管)slag screen, feston tube64.锅炉本体boiler proper65.锅炉机组boiler unit66.锅炉构架boiler structure67.炉膛boiler framework68.燃烧器furnace69.直流式燃烧器direct-flow burner70.旋流式燃烧器turbulent burner71.低NOX燃烧器low NOX burner72.摇摆式燃烧器tilting burner73.缝隙式燃烧器split burner74.燃烧室combustion chamber75.油枪oil gun torch76.风门damper77.一次风primary air78.二次风secondary air79.三次风tertiary air80.煤粉管道pulverized coal piping81.管板tube plate82.沸点boiling temperature83.过热器superheater84.前屏过热器front platen superheater85.后屏过热器rear plate superheater86.对流过热器convection superheater87.辐射过热器radiant superheater88.屏式过热器plate superheater89.顶棚过热器ceiling superheater90.包墙过热器wall enclosure superheater91.前包墙过热器front wall enclosure superheater92.后包墙过热器rear wall enclosure superheater93.侧包墙过热器side wall enclosure superheater94.吹灰器soot blower95.转动式吹灰器rotary soot bolwer96.伸缩式吹灰器retractable soot blower97.受热面积heating surface area, heat absorption area98.炉膛容积furnace volume99.炉膛热负荷furnace heat release rate, furnace heating absorption rate 100.汽水分离器steam separator, moisture separator101.起动分离器starting separator102.再循环管recirculating piping103.暖风器steam air heater104.再热器reheater105.再热器冷段primary reheater106.再热器热段final reheater107.顶棚ceiling108.省煤器economizer109.管式省煤器tube economizer110.管式空气预热器tubular air preheater111.回转式(再生式)空气预热器regenerative air preheater, rotary air preheater112.板式空气预热器plate air preheater113.空气预热器air preheater114.三分仓空气预热器trisector regenerative air preheater115.漏风系数air leakage coefficient116.漏风率air leakage ratio117.漏风系统air leakage system118.漏风试验air leakage test119.安全门safety valve120.安全门开启压力opening pressure of safety valve121.安全门回座压力safety valve reseating pressure122.安全门压力整定试验pressure setting test of safety valve 123.安全门动作压力safety valve operating pressure124.饱和蒸汽安全门saturated steam safety valve125. 过热蒸汽安全门superheated steam safety valve126.再热蒸汽安全门reheated steam safety valve127.防暴门explosion vent128.检查孔inspection hole129.事故喷水阀emergency water spray valve130.汽包事故放水阀emergency drum drain valve 131.三通阀three-way valve132.反冲洗阀back wash valve133.取样阀sampling valve134.插板gate135.给水大旁路门feedwater overall bypass valve 136.给水小旁路门feedwater individual bypass valve 137.大板梁plate girder, upper beam138.外护板outer casing139.锅炉排污blowdown140.定期排污扩容器intermittent blowdown flash tank 141.连续排污扩容器continuous blowdown flash tank 142.灰斗ash hopper143.冷灰斗bottom ash hopper, furnace hopper144.混合器mixer145.齿圈(大牙轮)ring gear, geared ring146.空调器air conditioner147.空气压缩机air compressor148.给煤机coal feeder149.皮带式给煤机belt coal feeder150.刮板式给煤机scraper coal feeder151.叶轮式给煤机paddle coal feeder152.给粉机pulverizer coal feeder153.磨煤机coal pulverizer, coal mill154.钢球磨煤机tube mill155.中速辊式磨煤机roller mill, bowl mill, disk roll mill 156.双进双出钢求磨煤机double inlet and outlet tube mill 157.中速磨煤机medium speed mill158.风扇磨煤机beater wheel mill, beater mill159.排粉风机pulverized coal exhauster160.一次风机primary air fan161. 烟气再循环风机gas recirculation fan162.送风机forced draft fan, force fan163.引风机induced draft fan, induced fan164.离心风机centrifugal fan165.轴流风机axial-flow fan166.双速风机double speed fan167.轴流静叶可调风机adjustable static-blade axial-flow fan fixed pitch axial-flow fan168.轴流动叶可调风机adjustable moving-blade axial-flow fan variable pitch axial-flow fan169.原煤斗raw coal bunker, raw coal silo170.煤粉仓pulverized coal bunker171.输粉机pulverized coal conveyer172.刮板输粉机scraper pulverized coal conveyer 173.螺旋输粉机pulverized coal screw conveyer174.粗粉分离器classifier175.细粉分离器(旋风分离器)cyclone separator 176.锁气器air lock, flap177.减速机speed reduce178.看火孔observation hole179.人孔门man hole180.重油泵heavy oil pump181.重油加热器heavy oil heater182.汽-汽热交换器biflux183.煤气罐gas tank184.膨胀补偿节expansion joint185.直吹式制粉系统direct firing pulverizing system 186.中贮式制粉系统bin storage type pulverizing system 187.锅炉效率boiler efficiency188.锅炉热力计算boiler thermodynamic calculation 189.锅炉空气动力计算boiler aerodynamic calculation 190.锅炉水循环计算boiler water circulation calculation 191.锅炉水力计算boiler hydrodynamic calculation 192.锅炉强度计算boiler strength calculation193.锅炉热平衡boiler heat balance calculation 194.正平衡法direct balance method195.反平衡法indirect balance method196.过剩空气系数excess air coefficient197.排烟温度flue gas temperature198.单位蒸量specific evaporation199.低温腐蚀low temperature corrosion200.高温腐蚀high temperature corrosion201.结渣lagging202.结垢腐蚀deposit corrosion203.飞灰磨损fly ash erosion204炉膛负压furnace draft205.最高允许温度maximum permissible temperature 206.炉膛正压furnace pressure207.水循环water circulation208.循环倍率circulation ratio209.除尘器dust collector, precipitator210.静电除尘器electrostatic precipitator211.整流装置rectifying device212.锤打装置rapping gear213.含尘浓度dust loading concentration214.煤灰细度dust fineness。

压水堆蒸汽发生器热交换管的在役涡流检查(二篇)

压水堆蒸汽发生器热交换管的在役涡流检查(二篇)

压水堆蒸汽发生器热交换管的在役涡流检查压水堆蒸汽发生器(steam generator)是核电站中至关重要的一个组件,用于将核反应堆产生的热能转化为蒸汽,从而驱动涡轮发电机发电。

而蒸汽发生器中的热交换管(heat exchanger tube)是实现热能传递的关键部分。

因此,在役涡流检查(in-service eddy current inspection)是对热交换管的可靠性和安全性进行评估的重要手段。

本文将就压水堆蒸汽发生器热交换管的在役涡流检查进行详细介绍和探讨。

一、引言压水堆蒸汽发生器是核反应堆与涡轮发电机之间的热交换设备,它起到了将核反应堆产生的热能转换为蒸汽的重要作用。

蒸汽发生器中的热交换管是核反应堆冷却剂和锅炉水之间热传递的关键部分。

由于蒸汽发生器处于高温、高压和辐射环境中,热交换管存在一定的风险和损伤。

因此,在该设备运行的过程中进行定期的在役涡流检查对于保证核电站的运行安全具有重要意义。

二、在役涡流检查的原理和技术在役涡流检查是一种通过电磁感应原理来检测热交换管壁腐蚀、疲劳裂纹等缺陷的方法。

它利用涡流探头(eddy current probe)发射交流电磁场进入热交换管内部,当电磁场遇到管道壁上的缺陷时,会发生电磁感应现象,进而引起敏感线圈检测到的信号变化。

通过分析信号的变化,可以确定管道壁上的缺陷位置、类型和尺寸。

在役涡流检查可以对热交换管的外壁和内壁进行检测,能够较为准确地评估热交换管的健康状态。

三、在役涡流检查的应用案例在役涡流检查已经在压水堆蒸汽发生器中得到广泛应用。

以下将介绍几个应用案例,以说明在役涡流检查的实际效果。

1. 腐蚀缺陷检测在压水堆蒸汽发生器运行过程中,热交换管壁可能会出现腐蚀现象。

这种腐蚀可能是由于介质腐蚀、水质问题或管道材料缺陷引起的。

通过在役涡流检查,可以对腐蚀缺陷进行精确检测,并评估其对设备安全性的影响程度。

基于涡流检测结果,可以采取相应的维修和防护措施,确保设备的安全运行。

核电 专 业 英 语 词 汇

核电 专 业 英 语 词 汇

1.1. 原子核、元素及材料中子neutron核nucleus (复数)nuclei 硼boron 硼酸boric acid可燃毒物burnable poison 硼浓度boron concentration不锈钢stainless steel奥氏体不锈钢austenitic stainless steel 铁素体不锈钢ferritic stainless steel马氏体不锈钢martensitic stainless steel 1.2. 术语1.2.1.工况衰变decay裂变fission燃耗burnup反应性reactivity裂变产物fission product临界criticality换料周期fuel cycle运行工况operating condition 停堆shutdown满功率运行full power operation 瞬态,瞬变transient衰变热decay heat余热residual heat厂用电house load次临界subcritical超临界supercritical慢化剂moderator冷却剂coolant溶剂solvent反射层reflector1.2.2.设备稳压器pressurizer (PRZ)蒸汽发生器Steam Generator (SG)屏蔽泵canned (motor) pump反应堆压力容器Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV)包壳cladding安全壳containment堆芯,活性区core燃料棒fuel rod燃料组件fuel assembly控制棒control rod控制棒组件Control Element Assembly (CEA)控制棒驱动机构Control Element Drive Mechanism (CEDM) 柴油发电机diesel generator1.3. 系统压水堆Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)反应堆冷却剂泵(主泵)Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP)反应堆冷却剂系统(一回路系统)Reactor Coolant System (RCS)一回路系统/主回路系统primary system一/二回路primary/secondary loop非能动余热导出系统passive decay heat removal system自动降压系统automatic depressurization system (ADS)化学与容积控制系统(化容系统)Chemical and V olume Control System 专设安全设施Engineered Safety Feature (ESF)余热排出系统Residual Heat-Removal System应急堆芯冷却系统Emergency Core Cooling System安注系统Safety Injection (SI) System非能动安全系统passive safety system设冷水component cooling water非能动堆芯冷却系统passive core cooling system1.4. 事故运行安全裕量operating margin冷却剂丧失事故(失水事故)Loss-of-coolant Accident (LOCA)假设始发事件postulated initiating events 事故工况accident condition单一故障准则single-failure criterion共因故障common cause failure纵深防御defense in depth 设计基准事故design basis accident 固有安全性inherent safety冗余性redundancy多样性diversity完整性integrity多层屏障multiple barrier放射性radioactivity海啸tsunami屏蔽shielding核安全准则nuclear safety criteria 1.5. 方向横向lateral纵向longitudinal 径向radial 垂直/立式安装vertically mounted 环向circumferential轴向axial1.6. 腐蚀腐蚀corrode, corrosion 气蚀cavitation点蚀/孔蚀pitting缝隙腐蚀crevice corrosion 冲蚀erosion老化ageing磨损wear蠕变creep 应力stress应变strain辐照肿胀irradiation swelling1.7. 阀门波动管surge line安全阀safety valve卸压阀relief valve爆破阀squib valve主蒸汽隔离阀main steam isolation valve。

蒸汽发生器水位控制失效原因及改进建议

蒸汽发生器水位控制失效原因及改进建议
⑶ 汽 机 冲 转 并 网 。汽机冲转阶段由于汽机调节系统阀 门丌启造成S G 水 位 剧 烈 波 动 ,操作时应重点关注宽「卩:程水 位计变化趋势。典型事件:2013年 0 2 月 2 4 日,某 电 厂 1 号机 并 网 操 作 后 汽 轮 发 电 机 组 所 带 负 荷 上 升 至 80MW,使一回路 过 冷 造 成 G C T c全 关 8 分 钟 ,1 号 S G 出现高高水位并叠加 P7 信号,反应堆自动停堆。
蒸汽发生器水位控制失效原因及改进建议
文 / 生态环境部东北核与辐射安全监督站李菲菲宋琼
摘要:本文介绍了压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器水位控制系 统 ,并以蒸汽发生器水位失控引发的跳堆事件为例,分析了 S G 水位失控的原因并提出了相应的改进建议。
关键词:蒸汽发生器水位控制控制失效
蒸 汽 发 生 器 (Steam Generator,SG) 是 核 电 厂 一 、二回路 的 热 交 换 设 备 ,它 将 一 回 路 冷 却 剂 中 的 热 丨 带 出 ,传给二回 路 给 水 ,使其产生饱和蒸汽推动汽轮机做功。S G 水位控制 系统是将S G 的水位维持在整定值附近,防止蒸汽湿度太大 或 堆 芯 冷 却 不 足 影 响 核 电 厂 安 全 、稳 定 运 行 。 — 、S G 水位控制系统介绍
参考文献: m 张波,张振华,陈方强,等.基于运行事件研究蒸汽发生器水 位异常的手动干预[)].科技视界,2〇18(28).
(上 接 第 1 1 5 页)
如 图 3 所 示 ,3 月 8 日无功波动有2 次 ,且 都 接 近 0,检 查脱网风机停机事件,也验证了猜想,如 表 2 所 示 。
表 2 脱网风机停机情况
SG 水位控制系统由给水阀水位Байду номын сангаас节系统和给水泵转 速调节系统共同组成。

核专业英语词汇

核专业英语词汇

核电厂专业英语词汇人工的artificial化学键chemical bond化合物compound上标superscript下标subscript放射性的radioactive加权平均weighted mean质量mass单位,机组unit质量亏损mass defect结合能binding energy动能kinetic energy势能potential, potential energy排斥repulsion吸引attraction轰击bombardment发射(出)emission (n.), emit (v.)能级energy level裂变fission 聚变fusion衰变decay核反应nuclear reaction链式反应chain reaction辐射,射线radiation可裂变的fissionable易裂变的fissile碎片fragment激发excite静电的electrostatic(二)放射性相互作用interaction摄入ingest吸入inhale动能kinetic energy势能potential (energy)量子quantum屏蔽shielding正电子positron加速器accelerator放射性radioactivity湮灭annihilation光电效应photoelectric effect(三)核反应衰减attenuation放大amplification弹性的elastic非弹性的inelastic宏观截面macroscopic cross section微观截面microscopic cross section转变,转化transmutation扩散diffusion热核反应堆thermonuclear reactor(四)核材料燃料fuel燃料芯块fuel pellet慢化剂moderator冷却剂coolant包壳cladding 控制棒control rod密度density热导率,传热系数thermal conductivity比热specific heat粘性viscosity饱和saturation热力性质,热物性thermodynamic property反应性reactivity升华sublime金属间化合物inter-metallic compound裂变产物fission product裂变碎片fission fragment腐蚀产物corrosion product冷轧cold pressing烧结sintering开裂crack蠕变creep高温气冷堆High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR)(中子)通量展平flux-shaping(五)核反应堆理论自持的链式反应self-sustaining chain reaction燃料循环fuel cycle临界(a) critical次临界(a) subcritical超临界(a) supercritical临界(n) criticality临界尺寸critical size共振resonance弹性散射碰撞elastic scattering collision热中子利用系数thermal utilization factor慢化slow down换料(v) refuel快中子增殖反应堆,快堆Fast Breeding Reactor (FBR)堆芯,活性区core再生区blanket半透膜semi-permeable membrane旋转spin (过去分词:spun)热中子反应堆,热堆thermal reactor快堆fast reactor(十)压水反应堆压水反应堆,压水堆Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)蒸汽发生器steam generator一次侧primary side二次侧secondary side发电机electrical generator, generator燃料芯块fuel pellet包壳cladding堆芯core给水泵feed(water) pump反应堆(压力)容器reactor vessel, pressure vessel硼酸boric acid化学补偿控制chemical shim control堆坑reactor pit气密的airtight再生区blanket用户,业主,业界utility卖主,供应商vendor, supplier制造商manufacturer 多重屏障multiple barriers纵深防御defense in depth冗余性redundancy多样性diversity独立性independence包容contain安全级safety class失效failure安全功能safety function反应堆冷却剂系统Reactor Coolant System (RCS)在役检查inservice inspection汽水分离器moisture separator干燥器steam dryer堆内构件reactor internals反应堆冷却剂泵,主泵reactor coolant pump (RCP), main pump稳压器pressurizer波动管surge line剖视图sectional view一次冷却剂primary coolant主蒸汽main steam反应性引入reactivity insertion浓度concentration信号调理signal conditioning反应堆紧急停堆reactor trip汽机脱扣turbine trip可靠性reliability 规范,法规code燃耗burnup(十一)反应堆容器与堆内构件监视surveillance样品,试样specimen安装mount临界值,限值threshold (机)接合,啮合,对位engage凸缘,凸起部,轮毂boss逐渐变细的tapered圆顶dome围板shroud(十二)反应堆堆芯与燃料可燃吸收棒burnable absorber rod固有安全性inherent safety非能动安全passive safety能动安全active safety套管,套筒sleeve定位格架spacer grid星形架,蜘蛛spider(十三)压水堆冷却剂系统主要设备U形管蒸汽发生器U-tube steam generator核供汽系统Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)一次系统primary system 二次系统secondary system主蒸汽main steam汽轮机,透平机械turbine给水与凝汽系统feed and condensate system热管段,热腿hot leg冷管段,冷腿cold leg堵管裕量tube plugging margin在¼¼情况下in the event of换热器heat exchanger (HX)节热器,省煤器economiz给水feedwater一次进口水室inlet plenum一次进口接管primary inlet nozzle一次出口水室outlet plenum一次出口接管primary outlet nozzle管板tubesheet喷放;(SG)排污blowdown上升段riser下降段downcomer满功率full power (FP)额定功率rated power额定负荷rated load化学和容积控制系统Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS)加热,升温heatup冷却,降温cooldown喷淋管线spray line辅助喷淋管线auxiliary spray line上充泵charging pump 上充charge下泄letdown水位water level, level备用的backup过压保护overpressure protection安全壳内换料水箱In-containment Refueling Water Storage Tank (IRWST)换料水箱Refueling Water Storage Tank (RWST)安全阀safety valve卸压阀relief valve全厂断电station blackout (SBO)(蒸汽)干度quality空泡份额void fraction热冲击thermal shock急冷,骤冷quench(十四)压水堆系统与安全壳裂变碎片fission fragment轻水反应堆Light Water Reactor (LWR)热机thermal engine原动机prime mover反馈feedback一(次)回路primary loop二(次)回路secondary loop核电厂配套子项Balance of Plant (BOP)一次压力边界primary pressure boundary隔离阀isolation valve失效failure故障fault, malfuction卡诺效率Carnot efficiency热机效率engine efficiency高温热源,热库hot reservoir低温热源cold reservoir摩擦friction余热排出系统ResidualHeat-Removal System (RHRS)换料(n) refueling应急堆芯冷却系统Emergency Core- Cooling System (ECCS)补水与排水feed and bleed专设安全设施Engineered Safety Feature (ESF)设备冷却水系统Component Cooling System止回阀non-return valve蓄压箱accumulator电动阀motor-driven valve气动阀pneumatic valve安注泵safety injection pump安全壳containment钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete英制压力单位psi = pounds per square inch 英制压力单位(表压)psig = pounds per square inch gauge环形的annular 潜热latent heat显热sensible heat启动startup飞射物,导弹missile蒸汽管线steamline安全壳地坑containment sump(十六)主蒸汽、给水与凝汽系统机组unit负荷load主蒸汽集管main steam header给水联箱feedwater header给水回热循环regenerative feed heating cycle磨损wear污垢,结垢fouling装量inventory蒸汽(旁路)排放steam dump冷凝器排放condenser steam dump大气排放atmospheric steam dump除氧器排放deoxidizer steam dump电缆electric cable辅助给水系统auxiliary feedwater system压差differential pressure, pressure differential, pressure difference增压泵booster pump增压boost pressure吸入口suction凝汽器condenser凝汽器热阱condenser hotwell给水流量调节阀feed regulating valve给水调节旁通阀feed regulating bypass valve疏水drain阶跃变化step change线性(斜坡)变化ramp change溢流阀overflow valve工艺汽process steam紧急停堆trip; scram停堆shutdown停堆,停堆期outrage手动地manually自动地automatically质量流率mass flow rate关断阀shutoff valve(十七)核电厂运行运行因子operation factor负荷因子load factor使用因子,运行因子service factor可利用因子availability技术规范technical specification稳压器汽空间建立draw a pressure steam bubble未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS)未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变Anticipated Transient Without Trip (ATWT)失电loss of power失流loss of flow辅助喷淋auxiliary spray采样sampling(十九)核安全核安全nuclear safety过热overheating破裂rupture置信度confidence负温度系数negative temperature coefficient 事故accident堆年reactor-year快堆fast reactor热堆thermal reactor失效安全fail safe三哩岛事故Three Mile Island accident (TMI accident)切尔诺贝利事故Chernobyl accident设计基准事故Design Basis Accident (DBA)严重事故severe accident熔融meltdown多普勒展宽Doppler broadening反应性引入事故Reactivity Insertion Accident (RIA)冷却剂丧失事故,失水事故Loss-Of-Coolant Accident (LOCA)自动保护系统Automatic Protective System (APS)瞬发临界prompt critical蒸汽发生器传热管破裂Steam Generator Tube Rapture (SGTR)确定性安全分析deterministic safety analysis概率安全分析Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA)。

核电专业英语词汇

核电专业英语词汇

1.1. 原子核、核子及相关术语质子proton中子neutron电子electron核子nucleon核nucleus (pl.)nuclei 原子atom光子photon正电子positron量子quantum, quanta (pl.) 电子伏特electron-volt (eV) 兆电子伏特mega electron-volt (MeV) 同位素isotope原子序数atomic number质量数mass number超铀元素transuranium element元素周期表periodic table热中子thermal neutron快中子fast neutron复合核compound nucleus1.2. 相关元素与材料1.2.1.核燃料与增殖材料铀uranium(U)钚plutonium(Pu)氘,重氢deuterium,heavy hydrogen氚tritium混合氧化物燃料(MOX燃料)Mixed (Uranium and Plutonium) OXide fuel二氧化铀uranium dioxide浓缩铀enriched uranium贫铀depleted uranium 碳化铀uranium carbide钍thorium锂lithium锕系元素actinide element易裂变的fissile可裂变的、可裂变物质fissionable 增殖同位素fertile isotope核嬗变nuclear transmutation转化conversion1.2.2.其它核材料及核电厂用材料慢化剂moderator轻水light water重水heavy water石墨graphite冷却剂coolant氦helium液态金属liquid metal钠sodium包壳cladding铝aluminium镁magnesium锆zirconium锆2/4合金zircaloy-2/4不锈钢stainless steel控制材料control material通量展平flux-shaping银silver铟indium镉cadmium可燃毒物burnable poison硼boron硼酸boric acid锂lithium铍beryllium乏燃料spent fuel因科镍,因康INCONEL不锈钢stainless steel 1.3. 核反应及相关术语decay衰变fission裂变fusion聚变nuclear reaction核反应chain reaction链式反应cross section截面microscopic cross section微观截面macroscopic cross section宏观截面absorbing cross section吸收截面scattering cross section散射截面barn靶恩delayed neutron缓发中子prompt neutron瞬发中子prompt criticality瞬发临界fissile易裂变的fissionab可裂变的lemorderate / slow down慢化breeding ratio增殖比burnup燃耗reactivity反应性neutron cycle中子循环fission product裂变产物criticality临界prompt critical瞬发临界flux通量xenon氙iodine碘actinide锕系(元素)reactivity worth反应性价值慢化剂温度系数 moderator temperature coefficient反应性系数 reactivity coefficient剩余反应性 excess reactivity燃料比功率 fuel specific power倍增因子multiplication factor有效增殖系数effective multiplication factor;effective multiplication constant无限介质增殖系数infinite multiplication factor;infinite multiplication constant快中子增殖系数fast fission factor热中子利用系数thermal utilization factor不泄漏几率nonleakage probability逃脱共振俘获几率resonance escape probability四因子公式four-factor formula多普勒增宽Doppler broadening*总集成中子通量/总积分中子通量Total Integrated Neutron Flux = Integrated Flux or Fluence (注量) = Neutron density ⨯ Velocity ⨯Time [单位:n/m3⋅ m/s ⋅ s = n/m2]1.4. 反应堆压水堆Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)沸水堆Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)加拿大重水铀反应堆(坎杜堆)CANadian Deuterium and Uranium reactor (CANDU) / pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)英国气冷堆(美诺克斯堆)British gas-cooled Magnox reactor高温气冷堆high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR)快中子增殖反应堆fast breeder reactor (FBR)轻水堆Light Water Reactor (LWR)先进反应堆advanced reactor超临界水反应堆supercritical water reactor欧洲压水堆(第三代反应堆之一)European Pressurized water Reactor (EPR) (美国)先进压水堆600/1000(第三代(+)反应堆之一)AP(WR)600 / 10001.5. 核电厂部件、设备与系统燃料芯块fuel pellet燃料元件fuel element燃料棒fuel rod燃料组件fuel assembly定位格架spacer grid法兰flange密封环seal ring阻力塞plug(上/下)腔室(upper / lower ) plenum堆芯,活性区core反应堆压力容器Reactor Pressure V essel (RPV)上封头upper closure head液压螺栓拉伸机(张紧机) hydraulic stud tensioner包覆层clad (碳钢表面的防腐蚀堆焊层) 控制棒control rod控制棒组件Control Element Assembly (CEA)可燃吸收棒burnable absorber rod控制棒驱动机构Control Element Drive Mechanism (CEDM)变送器transmitter信号调理signal regulation吊篮barrel进/出口接管inlet / outlet nozzle冷/热端,冷/热腿,冷/热管段cold / hot leg 反应堆堆内构件reactor vessel internals肿胀swelling腐蚀corrode, corrosion 侵蚀erode, erosion氧化oxidation, oxidize完整性integrity反应堆冷却剂泵(主泵)Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP)屏蔽泵canned (motor) pump轴封泵shaft seal pump反应堆冷却剂系统(一回路系统)Reactor Coolant System (RCS)核蒸汽供应系统Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)一回路primary loop/circuit一回路系统/主回路系统primary system二回路secondary loop稳压器pressurizer (PRZ)波动管surge line汽水分离器moisture separator干燥器(二/三级汽水分离器)steam dryer 安全阀safety valve卸压阀relief valve溢流阀overflow valve主蒸汽隔离阀main steam isolation valve单向阀check valve止回阀non-return valve主蒸汽联箱main steam header给水调节阀feed regulating valve蒸汽发生器Steam Generator (SG)主蒸汽管Main Steam Line (MSL)汽轮机steam turbine汽水分离再热器Moisture Separator Reheater (MSR)给水泵feed (water) pump上充泵charging pump凝汽器condenser发电机(electric) generator安全壳containment地基,基础foundation烟道stack贯穿件penetration核岛nuclear island常规岛conventional island核电厂配套子项Balance of Plant (BOP)一回路辅助系统auxiliary system for primary loop化学与容积控制系统(化容系统)Chemical and V olume Control System (CVCS)专设安全设施Engineered Safety Feature (ESF)余热排出系统Residual Heat-Removal System (RHRS)应急堆芯冷却系统Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS),安注系统Safety Injection (SI) System直接注射系统direct vessel injection (DVI) 换料水箱Refueling Water Storage Tank (IRWST) (乏)燃料贮存水池(spent) fuel storage pool 燃料装卸系统fuel handling system蓄压箱accumulator机组unit辅助喷淋auxiliary spray柴油发电机Diesel generator自动保护系统Automatic Protective System (APS)自动降压系统automatic depressurization system (ADS)仪控系统Instrumentation and Control System (I & C system)开关设备,开关柜switch gear蒸汽轴封系统,压盖蒸汽密封系统gland steam system汽轮机旁路管turbine bypass line辅助给水泵auxiliary feedwater pump汽动给水泵turbine driven feedwater pump 导管conduit冷凝水泵condensate pump冷凝水增压泵condensate booster pump水润滑轴承water lubricated bearing人孔man way检修孔accessory port1.6. 反应堆运行运行operation运行工况operating condition操纵员operator维护maintenance监督、监视surveillance监督试样surveillance specimen辐照监督管irradiation surveillance capsule 辐照监督试样盒surveillance specimen compartment 硼浓度boron concentration稀释dilution / dilute硼注入 boron injection停堆shutdown紧急停堆scram / trip停役outage换料停堆refueling outage / refueling shutdown换料refuel卸料 discharge倒料 shuffling满功率运行full power operation负荷跟踪load following甩负荷load shedding, load rejection(控制棒等的)插入insertion(控制棒等的)抽出withdrawal反应堆调节系统Reactor Regulating System (RRS)(蒸汽发生器)排污、下泄blowdown规程procedure技术规格technical specification瞬态,瞬变transient安装调试installation and commissioning 冷态试验 cold functional test热态试验 hot functional test(反应堆)启动试验(reactor) start up test退役decommissioning主控室main control room方位角偏差azimuthal tilt径向功率分布radial power distribution轴向功率分布axial power distribution燃料管理方案fuel management scheme燃料-包壳交互作用fuel-clad interaction effect芯块-包壳交互作用(PCI) pellet-clad interaction(燃料)栅格、晶格lattice1.7. 反应堆安全核安全nuclear safety安全功能 safety function衰变热decay heat余热residual heat空泡系数void coefficient法律law法规regulation / code联邦管理法规Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)法案(美)Act导则guidance安全1/2/3级safety class 1/2/3可靠性reliability容限,裕量,边界margin堆芯热裕量core thermal margin堵管裕量tube plugging margin运行安全裕量operating margin标准,准则criterion,复数形式: criteria概率安全分析Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA)概率风险分析Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA)确定论安全分析deterministic safety analysis初步安全分析报告Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)最终安全分析报告Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR)安全评价报告safety evaluation report事件incident事故accident后果consequence严重事故severe accident堆芯损毁core damage堆芯融化core meltdown全厂断电station blackout冷却剂丧失事故(失水事故)Loss-of-coolant Accident (LOCA)反应性引入事故Reactivity Insertion Accident (RIA)未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS)失电Loss of Power失流Loss of flow先漏后破leak before break (LBB)故障安全,失效保护fail-safe单一故障准则single-failure criterion共因故障common cause failure固有安全性inherent safety非能动安全passive safety冗余性redundancy多样性diversity多层屏障multiple barrier纵深防御defense in depth潜热latent heat焓,热函sensible heat, enthalpy定期安全检查periodic safety inspection许可证license监管regulation核安全准则nuclear safety criteria三哩岛事故Three Mile Island (TMI) accident切尔诺贝利事故Chernobyl accident 工作不正常,故障malfunction失效failure假设始发事件postulated initiating events 事故工况accident condition严重事故severe accident事故处理accident management设计基准事故design basis accident负荷丧失事故loss of electrical load accident主给水丧失事故loss of main feed water accident卡棒事故stuck rod accident弹棒事故rod ejection accident堵管裕量tube plugging margin管道甩摆限制pipe whip restraint在役检查inservice inspection承压热冲击pressurized thermal shock1.8. 放射性与辐射防护radioactivity放射性scatter散射deflect, deflection折射衍射diffraction穿透penetrate, penetration交互作用interact, interaction ionization电离湮灭annihilate (v.), annihilation (n.) 衰减attenuate(v.), attenuation(n.) projectile入射离子radiation protection辐射防护radiation, ray辐射,射线irradiation辐照,(向外)辐射internal exposure内照射external exposure外照射occupational dose职业照射(剂量)fluence注量cosmic ray宇宙射线x-ray X射线α/β/γ射线α/β/γrayhealth physics保健物理shielding屏蔽biological shield生物屏蔽剂量dosedose equivalent剂量当量collective dose集体剂量individual dose个人剂量ingest, ingestion摄入,摄取inhale, inhalation吸入coma昏迷cramp绞痛diarrhea腹泻tremor颤抖vomit呕吐somatic身体的somatic effect躯体反应radiation sickness辐照病变symptom征兆therapy治疗survivor幸存者activation product活化产物effluent废水natural background天然本底sivert希弗spectrum谱雷姆rem氡radon as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) 合理可行尽量低radioactive waste disposal放射性废物处理high-level (radioactive) waste高放废物low-level (radioactive) waste低放废物1.9. 有关机构International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 国际原子能机构American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 美国机械工程师学会Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC/USNRC) 美国核管会Department Of Energy (DOE) 美国能源部World Association of Nuclear Operators (W ANO) 世界核电运营者协会International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 国际辐射防护委员会China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA)中国国家原子能机构State Environment Protection Administration of China国家环保总局1.10. 其它术语1.10.1.表示方向lateral横向longitudinal纵向radial径向perpendicular to垂直于vertically mounted垂直/立式安装circumferential环向axial轴向periphery周边1.10.2.材料失效术语corrosion腐蚀stress corrosion cracking应力腐蚀开裂rapture, fracture, break断裂breach破口肿胀swellingcavitation气蚀pitting点蚀/孔蚀crevice corrosion缝隙腐蚀erosion冲蚀FAC flow accelerated corrosion流动加速腐蚀wastage耗蚀(SG tube) dent凹陷,凹痕fatigue疲劳ageing老化degradation降级wear磨损fretting wear微动磨损creep蠕变stress应力strain应变creep strength蠕变强度tensile strength抗拉强度yield strength屈服强度rapture strength断裂强度nil-ductility transition temperature零延性转变温度thermal stress热应力irradiation swelling辐照肿胀deposit welding, overlaying, build-up welding,surface welding堆焊seal weld密封焊heat affected zone (HAZ) 焊接热影响区1.10.3.核电工程术语procurement征购site厂址call for bid, call for tender招标commercial offer商务标technical offer技术标commencement开工contract合同firm contract不可更改的合同subcontract分包合同commitment承诺,任务job site工地,工作现场technical requirement 技术要求技术规格technical specificationnon-conformance不符合项delivery交货warehouse仓库construction schedule施工计划Free on Board (FOB) 离岸价格Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) 到岸价格Engineering, Procurement & Construction EPC合同-设计采购建造power grid电网distribution system输变电系统1.10.4.其它compound化合物mixture混合物mass质量momentum动量energy能量potential (energy) 势能kinetic energy动能inertia惯性half-life半衰期mean free path平均自由程fuel cycle燃料循环hot spot热点hot-channel factor热管因子departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR) 偏离泡核沸腾比heat transfer传热heat exchanger换热器heat conduction导热convection对流热辐射thermal / heat radiation干度quality蒸汽steam预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete / prestressed concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete铁钢沙混凝土Steel shot concret筋,钢筋束tendon流量分配flow distribution电网power grid业主utility承包商contractor分包商sub-contractor压降pressure drop压差differential pressure水位(water) level规定,条款;保障;装备provision地震earthquake地震的seismic飓风tornado暖通空调Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HV AC)热阱heat sink惰转coastdown惰转流量coastdown flow功率失常激增,功率漂移power excursion 减轻,缓解v. mitigate, n. mitigation公差、容差allowance间隙,公差clearance权重因子weighting factor 1.11. 有必要了解的词汇与短语as a rule of thumb根据经验by orders of magnitude以数量级incipient failure早期故障, 初期故障eliminate, elimination消除derive, derivation, deduce, deduction导出,起源mechanism, approach, principle, theory机理,原理susceptible敏感的susceptibility敏感性toxic有毒的acute急剧的inherit遗传hereditary遗传性的altitude高度postulate, postulation假定,假设permeable可渗透的, 有渗透性的impermeable不可渗透的brittle fracture脆性破裂embrittlement脆化toughness韧性ductility延展性第2章阅读理解题练习2.1. Passage 1As a result reactor designers have paid great attention to the inherent safety of reactors which can be achieved by negative temperature and power coefficients and fail-safe control systems. It can be said with some confidence that present-day thermal reactors are safe in the sense that under no conceivable circumstance can they explode like a bomb, and control systems have been designed which can, in the event of any malfunction on the part of the reactor or its associated plant, automatically and rapidly shut down the reactor, i.e. make it subcritical by a substantial amount, in a very few seconds.1. According to the paragraph, inherent safety of reactors can be achieved by . (C)A. the operators;B. positive temperature and positive power coefficients;C. negative temperature and negative power coefficients;D. passive safety system and positive power coefficients.2. The best title of the passage may probably be . (D)A. fail-safe control system;B. thermal reactor safety and operation;C. automatic protective system;D. inherent safety design of reactors.2.2. Passage IIThe biological shield should contain some hydrogen compound to slow down fast neutrons, and be dense enough to attenuate gamma radiation effectively. Concrete satisfies both these requirements fairly well and is suitable for landbase reactors. Barytes (重晶石) concrete, containing the heavy element barium, and steel-shot concrete have been used for biological shields. They are more dense than ordinary concrete, with improved shielding properties, however their higher cost offsets this advantage. The biological shield for a marine reactor, which is usually a fairly compact pressurized water reactor, must satisfy a minimum space and weight requirement. This leads to a shield design which consists typically of alternate layers of water (for fast neutron slowing) and steel (for gamma ray attenuation).3. According to the above passage, is not possible for constructing biological shield? (C)A. steel;B. concrete;C. graphite;D. paraffin wax.4. Which of the following sentences is not true? (D)A. The biological shield is designed mainly to slow down fast neutrons and attenuate gamma radiation.B. The marine reactor uses alternative steel and water layers as its biological shield.C. The combination of heavy element concrete and steel bars could improve the shielding properties.D. The biological shield should use hydrogen element to slow down fast neutron and attenuate gamma radiations.2.3. Passage IIIIn order to mitigate the effects of large release of steam (an potentially of radioactivity) in the containment, two full capacity independent safety systemsare provided; the reactor building spray system and the reactor building emergency coolers. The systems are designed to provide cool water to condense discharge steam and to prevent containment pressure from reaching its design limit. Individual systems differ considerably but a typical system may be described as follows; The initial capacity of the systems in removing heat from the containment atmosphere is typically 253GJ/hr.When a containment pressure of 4psig is reached, the emergency coolers of the reactor building are actuated. In their post accident mode, the system consists of three units each with a fan and an emergency cooler. As the reactor building air is circulated across a tubular heat exchanger, a portion of steam is condensed. These coolers alone would be capable of returning the containment pressure to near atmospheric within 24 hr after an accident. When the pressure reaches a level of 10 psig, the second safety system, the reactor building spray system, is automatically actuated. It consists of a pump, piping, headers, and spray nozzles arranged uniformly under the containment dome. It can spray borated water into the reactor building at a rate of 11.35m3/min. A sodium hydroxide additive is also provided in the spray water to increase the retention of iodine, and hence, to reduce its concentration in the containment atmosphere in the event of a sizable breach of fuel cladding.5. Two full capacity independent safety systems are provided for the design purpose of . (A)A. condensing the steam released into the containment when pressure exceeds design limit.B. maintaining the high pressure in the containmentC. discharging large amount of steamD. mitigating the effect of radiation hazard to the containment.6. The reactor building spray system will be actuated automatically . (C)A. after 24 hours after the accident;B. immediately after the accident;C. when the containment pressure reaches a level of design limit;D. when the air in the containment is circulated through the heat exchanger.7. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (B)A. The emergency cooler consists of fans and heat exchangers.B. The emergency cooler system can spray borated water into containment.C. All the two system are applied for returning the containment pressure tobe blow atmospheric after the accident.D. Sodium hydroxide additive is provided in the spray water to reduce the amount of radioactive fission produces.2.4. Passage IVMany reactor-years of operating experience have shown that it is not the fission chain reaction in the reactor core that is the most likely source of malfunction and accidents, but the “conventional”components of the power plant such as pumps, valves, switches, relays and parts under stress such as pressure vessel or pipework. Human error on the part of operating and maintenance staff has also proved to be a rather frequent source of trouble in nuclear power plant.These factors are not peculiar to nuclear power plant, but they assume great importance because of the hazardous nature of nuclear reactors. Designers have to ensure that all systems should as far as possible be fail-safe and redundant, i.e. if one system fails to function correctly, another is available to fulfill the same function.As stated above, nuclear reactors cannot explode like nuclear bombs. This primarily because of the fast acting negative thermal feedback due to Doppler broadening of the 238U absorption resonances. In addition in thermal reactors where neutrons are moderated, the prompt neutron lifetime Lp is the order of 10-4 second; in a bomb, since the neutrons are unmoderated, the prompt neuron lifetime is of the order of 10-8 seconds. Finally, reactor fuel consists typically of 2 to 3 percent 235U, where as nuclear weapons contain almost pure 239Pu. The net effect of these difference is that, even in a reactor which is totally out of control and gone prompt critical, the reactor period will not be much less than a second or so. In a nuclear bomb, the period is of the order of nanoseconds.(1)According to the text, the most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromA.Core of the reactorB.Conventional componentsC.Parts under stressD.Human error(2)The first sentence of second paragraph “These factors are not peculiar to …”,what does “These factors” mean?A.Human errorB.Malfunction of conventional componentsC.Fission chain reaction in the coreD.All of the above(3)What make the pressurized water reactors can not explode like a nuclear bomb?A.Doppler broadening of the 238U absorption resonancesB.The neutrons are moderatedC.PWR fuel contains much less fissile isotopes than nuclear bombD.All of the above(4)The last two sentences “The net effect of … is of the order of nanoseconds.” Givea comparison about the reactor period, what does the author most likely toexpress?A.The reactor period is too short comparing with a nuclear bombB.The 239Pu in a nuclear bomb is more easily to go prompt criticalityC.The nuclear reactor can not generate large amount of heat as a nuclear bombdoes within very short time, therefore nuclear reactor can not explode.D.The author wants to give us a reference about the data of the reactor periodtime.2.5. Passage VThe primary functions of the control rod drive mechanisms (CRDM) are to insert or withdraw rod cluster control assemblies and gray rod control assembles into or from the core to control average core temperature at a designed speed. A schematic diagram of CRDM is given in Fig 1. Control rod withdrawal one step involves six actions.1) Moveable Gripper Coil B-on.The latch-locking plunger rises andswings the movable gripper latchesinto the drive rod assembly groove. Asmall axial clearance exists betweenthe latch teeth and the drive rod.2) Stationary Gripper Coil A-off.The force of gravity, acting upon thedrive rod assembly and attachedcontrol rod, causes the stationarygripper and plunger to movedownward 1/16 inch, transferring theload of the drive rod assembly andattached control rod to the movablegripper latches. The plungerFig 1. Control rod drive mechanism continues to move downward andswings the stationary gripper latches out of the drive rod assembly groove.3) Lift Coil C-on. The 5/8-inch gap between the movable gripper pole and the lift pole closes, and the drive rod assembly rises one step length.4) Stationary Gripper Coil A-on. The plunger rises and rises the gap below the stationary gripper pole. The three links, pinned to the plunger, swing the stationary gripper latches into a drive rod assembly groove. The latches contact the drive rod assembly and lift it a small fraction of an inch. The small vertical drive rod assembly movement transfers the drive rod assembly load from the movable gripper latches to the stationary gripper latches.5) Movable Gripper Coil –off. The latch-locking plunger separates from the movable gripper pole under the force of a spring and gravity. Three links, pinned to the plunger, swing the three movable gripper latches out of the drive rod assembly groove.6) Lift Coil C –off. The gap between the movable gripper pole and the life pole opens. The movable gripper latches drop 5/8 inch to a position adjacent to a drive rod assemble groove.Repetition of the above six actions will make another step of withdrawal movement of control rod.(1)According to the text, the most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromA.Core of the reactorB.Conventional componentsC.Parts under stressD.Human error(2)According to the text, the most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromA.Core of the reactorB.Conventional componentsC.Parts under stressD.Human error第3章句子翻译-举例3.1. Which 从句(1)The atoms of all elements, which at one time were thought to be thefundamental particles of nature, consist of numbers of three more fundamental particles-protons, neutrons and electrons. 曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子的原子是由多个更基础的粒子组成-质子、中子和电子。

核电站水工况复习题最终定稿

核电站水工况复习题最终定稿

一、名词解释1、核电站一回路系统:反响堆一回路系统冷却剂系统又称为冷却剂系统,它是核电站的最重要的系统,主要包括蒸汽发生器、稳压器、主泵和堆芯,一回路系统将堆芯核裂变释放的热能带出反响堆并传递给二回路工质以产生蒸汽。

2、核电站二回路系统:核电站的二回路系统即以汽轮机发电机组设备为主的系统,在该系统中主要实现蒸汽获得、冲转汽轮机、带动发电以及对乏汽进展冷却等功能。

3、快中子增殖堆:是以快中子来产生和维持链式裂变反响的反响堆,以钚-239为裂变燃料,铀-238为增殖燃料,有可能实现燃料的增殖。

4.、蒸汽发生器:是核电站一回路和二回路的枢纽,它将反响堆产生的热量传给蒸汽发生器的二回路水侧,产生蒸汽推动汽轮机做功。

〔蒸汽发生器按工质流动方式分为:自然循环蒸汽发生器和直流〔强迫循环〕蒸汽发生器。

压水堆广泛使用的三种蒸汽发生器:U形管自然循环蒸汽发生器,卧式自然循环蒸汽发生器和立式直流蒸汽发生器。

〕反响堆:如需停止链式反响,就放入更多的吸收中子材料,如果要求释放更多的核能,可以移出一定的吸收中子材料。

这种能维持和控制核裂变,从而维持和控制核能-热能转换的装置,称为反响堆。

5 、反响性:反响性是反响堆中没有任何控制毒物下,反响堆超临界的正反响性系数,用以调节功率,补偿负的反响性系数,运行燃耗及裂变产物积累。

其大小与反响堆的类型、运行工况和换料周期有关放射性:大多数物质的原子核是稳定不变的,但是有些物质的原子核不稳定,会自发地发生某些变化,这些不稳定原子核在发生变化的同时会发射各种各样的射线,这种现象称之为“放射性〞。

6、剂量当量:就是用来度量不同类型的辐射所引起的不同生物学效应,其单位为雷姆〔rem〕或希沃特〔Sv〕。

1 Sv=100 rem。

7、慢化剂:慢化剂用于热中子反响堆,使裂变产生的快中子减速为热中子,从而提高裂变反响的几率。

对慢化剂的要对中子有较高的散射截面和低的吸收截面。

常用的慢化剂是轻水、重水和石墨。

核电站蒸汽发生器简介

核电站蒸汽发生器简介

福清核电工程蒸汽发生器设备监造技术培训教材苏州热工研究院有限公司目录第一章蒸汽发生器设备概述第二章蒸汽发生器材料采购第三章蒸汽发生器材料采购监造第四章蒸汽发生器的制造第五章蒸汽发生器焊接过程的监造第六章蒸汽发生器监造重点第七章蒸汽发生器监造的监督计划第一章蒸汽发生器设备概述1、蒸汽发生器设备简述核电站蒸汽发生器(简称SG)主要功能是作为热交换设备将一回路冷却剂中的热量传给二回路给水,使其产生饱和蒸汽供给二回路的动力装置。

1000MW核电机组有三个环路,每个环路装有一台蒸汽发生器,每台容量是按照满功率的三分之一的反应堆热功率设计。

蒸汽发生器是连接一回路与二回路的设备,在一、二回路之间构成防止放射性外泄的第二道屏障。

由于水受辐照后活化以及少量燃料包壳可能破损泄漏,流经堆芯的一回路冷却剂具有放射性,而压水堆核电站二回路设备不受到放射性污染,因此蒸汽发生器管板和倒置的U型管是反应堆冷却剂压力边界的组成部分,属于第二道放射性防护屏障之一。

蒸发器中的冷却剂压力边界的组成部分的部件安全等级1级,二次侧部件的安全等级是2级、抗震等级1I、质保等级1级、设计等级1级;每台核电机组有三台蒸汽发生器。

下图是1000MW核电站核岛主设备布置示意图。

核岛主设备连接示意图2 蒸汽发生器工作原理在大亚湾核电站、岭澳核电站均采用立式、自然循环、U型管式蒸汽发生器,其结构如上图。

从反应堆流出的冷却剂经一回路热管段由蒸汽发生器的下封头的进口接近进入水室,然后在倒U型管束内流动,倒U型管的外表面与二回路给水接触,传热给二回路水,并使其汽化,完成一、二回路间的热交换。

一回路冷却剂携带的热量传给二回路后,温度降低,再经过过下封头的出口水室和出口接管,流向一回路的过度管道然后进入主泵的吸入口。

二回路的给水由蒸汽发生器的给水接管进入给水环管,通过环管上的一组倒J形管进入下筒体与管束套筒之间的环状空间(即下降通道),与汽水分离器分离出的水混合后向下流动,直至底部管板,然后转向,沿着倒U型管束的管外(即上升通道)向上流动,被传热管内流动的一回路冷却剂加热,一部分水蒸发成蒸汽。

核工程中的主蒸汽发生器设计与优化

核工程中的主蒸汽发生器设计与优化

核工程中的主蒸汽发生器设计与优化核工程中的主蒸汽发生器设计与优化引言:核工程中的主蒸汽发生器(Main Steam Generator,简称MSG)是核电站的核能转化装置之一,起到将核反应堆中的核能转化为蒸汽能量的作用。

MSG的设计与优化对于核电站的安全和经济运行具有重要的影响,因此研究和探索MSG的设计与优化问题具有重要的意义。

一、主蒸汽发生器的基本原理主蒸汽发生器是核电站中的核能转化装置,它的基本原理是通过核反应堆中的核能转化为热能,进而将热能转化为蒸汽,为汽轮机提供动力。

MSG通常由水冷壳管结构组成,壳侧为冷却剂流动路径,管侧为蒸汽流动路径。

冷却剂从核反应堆中流过,吸收核能并升温,然后进入主蒸汽发生器,通过管子和壳体之间的传热作用,将热量传递给通过管侧流动的次级流体,使其加热为蒸汽。

蒸汽经过减压器后进入汽轮机,驱动汽轮机旋转,最终产生电能。

二、主蒸汽发生器设计的考虑因素1. 安全性:主蒸汽发生器是核电站系统中具有高辐射区域的设备之一,必须保证其结构的完整性和可靠性。

设计时需要考虑各种事故条件下的安全措施,如冷却剂泄漏、管道破裂等情况,确保能安全稳定运行。

2. 蒸汽质量:主蒸汽发生器产生的蒸汽质量对于汽轮机的运行和发电效率具有重要影响。

设计时需要考虑如何最大限度地提高蒸汽的干度,减少湿蒸汽对汽轮机叶片的损伤。

3. 传热效果:主蒸汽发生器的传热效果对于核反应堆的冷却剂温度控制和蒸汽产量有重要影响。

设计时需要考虑壳管传热器的结构和流体参数等因素,使得传热效果最佳。

4. 改进措施:主蒸汽发生器设计的优化还需要考虑如何改进结构和流体参数等因素,以提高蒸汽产量和热效率。

三、主蒸汽发生器设计与优化的方法1. 数值模拟:通过数值模拟的方法,可以对主蒸汽发生器的流体参数和传热性能进行研究和仿真分析。

通过改变管子的布置方式、管子的直径和长度等参数,优化主蒸汽发生器的传热效果。

2. 实验研究:通过在实验室里搭建小型主蒸汽发生器的设备,对不同的设计方案进行实际测试,评估其传热效果和蒸汽质量。

压水堆核电厂的工作原理

压水堆核电厂的工作原理

压水堆核电厂的工作原理压水堆(Pressurized Water Reactor,PWR)核电厂是一种常见的核电发电系统,其工作原理如下:1. 核燃料:压水堆核电厂使用铀(Uranium)燃料。

铀燃料通常以浓缩氧化铀(Uranium Dioxide)的形式呈现,如UO2。

2. 核反应:铀燃料中的铀-235核发生裂变反应。

裂变释放大量的能量,并产生了新的裂变产物或核中子。

3. 热交换:核反应释放的能量用于加热循环中的冷却剂,通常是水。

热交换器(Steam Generator)中的核反应区通过与循环中的水隔离,以避免辐射泄漏。

4. 主循环:加热的水蒸气离开热交换器并进入主循环,通过高压泵被重新压缩。

通过高温和高压,水将保持在液体状态,即使其温度超过了常规沸点。

5. 反应堆压力控制:循环中的水压力决定了水的沸点。

为了保持恒定的温度和压力,系统具备压力控制装置。

6. 蒸汽发电:在主循环中,压缩的冷却水进入蒸汽发生器(Steam Generator),再次加热潜藏在核反应中产生的热。

加热的水蒸气通过旋转的涡轮叶片,驱动发电机产生电能。

7. 冷却:离开蒸汽发生器后,剩余的水蒸气在冷凝器(Condenser)中冷却并转化为液体。

冷却水从冷却器中收集,并重新注入热交换器,以形成循环。

8. 辅助系统:核电厂还包括其他辅助系统,例如安全系统、应急供电系统和核废料处理系统等,以确保核电站的安全运行和辐射防护。

总体来说,压水堆核电厂利用铀燃料的核反应释放的热能,通过循环中的水冷却产生蒸汽,进而驱动发电机产生电能。

冷却水循环不断,使得反应堆保持在恒定的温度和压力条件下工作,确保核电厂的安全与稳定性。

核电站水化学工况考试题目

核电站水化学工况考试题目

一、十个概念:1. 核电站一回路系统:反应堆冷却剂系统又称为一回路系统,它是核电站的最重要的系统,也是核电站区别于其他类型电站的本质特征。

反应堆冷却系统使反应堆冷却剂在规定压力、温度的条件下正常进行循环、并载出堆芯热量的系统。

2. 核电站二回路系统:核电站的二回路系统即以汽轮机发电机组设备为主的系统,在该系统中主要实现蒸汽获得、冲转汽轮机、带动发电以及对乏汽进行冷却等功能。

由汽轮机,发电机,凝汽器,凝结水泵,给水加热器,除氧器,给水泵,蒸汽发生器,汽水分离再热器等设备组成。

3. 快中子增殖堆:由快中子引起裂变链式反应的反应堆。

其在运行时,能在消耗易裂变核素的同时生产易裂变核素,且能使所产多于所耗,实现易裂变核素的增殖。

4. 反应堆:核反应堆,又称为原子反应堆或反应堆,是装配了核燃料以实现大规模可控制裂变链式反应的装置。

5. 蒸汽发生器:是核电站一回路和二回路的枢纽,它将反应堆内产生的热量传给蒸汽发生器的二回路水侧,产生蒸汽推动汽轮机做功。

【采用间接循环的反应堆动力装置中把反应堆冷却剂从堆芯获得的热能传给二回路工质使其变为蒸汽的热交换设备。

有产生过热蒸汽的直流式蒸汽发生器和带汽水分离器、干燥器的饱和蒸汽发生器两类。

】6. 反应性:反应堆的中子有效增殖因数keff 与1之差相对keff 之比。

用此无量纲数(符号“ρ”)来衡量增殖介质系统偏离临界状态的程度。

单位可用百分数、pcm(1015);也可用缓发中子总份额;作单位,称“元($)”。

eff eff eff eff K K K K ∆=-=1ρ7. 剂量当量:就是用来度量不同类型的辐射所引起的不同生物效应,其单位为雷姆(rem )或希沃特(Sv )。

8. EPRI :(Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI )成立于1973年,是一个非赢利的能源和电力科研机构、协调组织,经费由美国主要的公用电力公司资助。

专业英语(电力)

专业英语(电力)

电力英语一、锅炉部分1.临界压力锅炉supercritical pressure boiler2. 亚临界压力锅炉subcritical pressure boiler3. 超高压锅炉super-high pressure boiler4. 蒸汽锅炉steam boiler5。

蒸汽发生器steam generator6. 液态排渣锅炉wet bottom boiler7。

固态排渣锅炉dry bottom boiler8。

燃煤锅炉coal-fired boiler9. 燃气锅炉Gas-fired boiler10.燃油锅炉oil-fired boiler11。

自然循环锅炉natural circulation boiler12。

汽包(锅筒)锅炉drum boiler13.强制循环锅炉controlled circulation boiler14。

直流锅炉once—through boiler15.复合循环锅炉combined circulation boiler16.旋风炉cyclone furnace boiler17.沸腾炉fluidized bed combustion(FBC)boiler18.循环硫化床circulating fluidized bed combustion(FBC)boiler19。

增压循环硫化床锅炉pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion(PCFBC)boiler20。

链条锅炉chain-grate boiler21.热水锅炉hot-water boiler22。

废热(余热)锅炉water—heat boiler,heat recover steam generator(HRSG)23.启动锅炉start-up boiler24.厂用锅炉auxiliary boiler25.垃圾焚烧锅炉refuse-fired boiler,refuse incinerator27.露天锅炉outdoor boiler28.单炉膛锅炉single furnace boiler29。

英汉核电站分类词汇

英汉核电站分类词汇

英汉核电站分类词汇(上海728工程研究设计院提供)江苏省技术资料翻译复制公司编印一九八四年四月目录一、规范及标准 (3)1. 技术文件名称 (3)2. 规范及标准用语 (4)二、系统及设备名称 (5)1. 一回路系统(主、辅) (5)2. 主系统设备 (7)3. 主系统设备的重要部件 (7)(1).反应堆容器(压力壳) (7)(2).蒸汽发生器 (8)(3).堆内构件 (10)(4).燃料组件及燃料 (10)(5).稳压器及卸压箱 (11)4. 辅助设备 (11)(1).阀门 (11)(2).管道和管件 (12)(3).容器和离子交换 (13)(4).热交换器 (14)(5).其它 (14)三、运行及安全分析 (15)1. 运行、操作 (15)2. 安全分析 (16)四、机械设备的材料、制造及检修 (18)1. 材料 (18)2. 检验方法及应用 (18)3. 缺陷名称 (19)4. 焊接及加工 (20)五、力学及强度 (21)六、物理,剂量及屏蔽 (22)七、电气及控制 (22)八、土建,结构及公用设施 (23)1. 土建 (23)2. 结构 (24)3. 给排水 (24)4. 暖通 (25)一、规范及标准1.技术文件名称applicable document 适用文件a p p l i e d d o c u m e n t应用文件active 能动(的)active component 能动设备(或部件)allowance 裕量(一般指尺寸、加工)ap p ro v e批准;审定;审核a u d i t审计code 规范(如ASME);程序(如计算机)code of Federal Regulation 联邦管理法规code of practice 实施法规(IAEA)code case 法规案例(ASME) criterion (criteria) 准则conceptual design 方案设计certification (合格)证(明)书check 校对;校核customer(user) 使用单位(用户)detail design 施工设计division 篇d i v ers i t y 多样性evaluation评定;评价,评估;计算ergonomics 人类工程学fin al des ign施工设计guide 导则guide drawing 指导图instruction 说明书identification 鉴定;鉴别;标志inactive 非能动(的);非活性的passive 非能动(的)inspection 在役检查location 部位;位置;地点measure 措施;设施;测量manufacturer 承造厂;制造厂margin 裕量(一般物理、热工);裕度(不宜称余量)manual 手册;说明书on site 现场observe 遵守;遵照preliminary design 初步设计program 大纲;规划;程序(计算机)part 部分public 公众provision 预防;措施(或设施);条款prepare 编制;制订purchaser 订货单位;买方qualification 评定(资格或质量);合格证明;资格审查rate 比率;流量;等;级rating 额定值;(额定)功率;特值regulating position (staff position) 管理机关观点revise 校核;审核review 复核;评论s t an d ard标准(A STM)single failure criteria 单一故障准则specifications 技术条件;说明书;(设备)规格section(volume) 卷subsection 分卷surveillance 监督s i t e厂址s i t i n g选址tolerance 公差;容差vender 供货单位;卖方verification 验证working drawing 施工图2.规范及标准用语accident 事故barrier 屏障basis of design 设计(或订货)依据class 级category 类别chemical(or mechanical) requirement 化学或机械性能要求component 设备;部件commissioning 调试运行;投入运行;入役design basis accident(or earthquake) (DBA、DBE)设计基准事故(或地震)是指LOCA+earthquake decommissioning 退役event 事件engineered safety features 专设安全设施failure 故障;事故;损坏function 功能;作用general requirement 总要求bid 招标tender 投标grade 等(级)isolation 隔离interface 交接(处),相互关系item 项目,物件,物项item important to safety 安全重要事项normal operating conditions 正常运行工况outage 停役philosophy 主导思想;原理principle 原则;原理protection 保护;防护physical separation 实体分隔performance 性能rule 规则reference 基准;参考safeguard 保卫(防止人为破坏)shield 屏蔽separation 分隔supplementary(or additional) requirement 补充(附加)要求structure 建筑物;构筑物scheme 方案;原理图;流程图;简图二、系统及设备名称1.一回路系统(主、辅)auxiliary feed water system 辅助给水系统auxiliary building 辅助厂房boron recycle (and water make-up ) system 硼回收系统;硼回系统circuit 回路(热工、水力、电路)cold leg 冷端chemical and volume control system(cvcs) 化学和容积控制系统;化容系统component cooling (water) system(cos) 设备冷却水系统containment spray system 安全壳喷淋系统containment dehydrogen recombiner system 安全壳消氢系统containment isolation system 安全壳隔离系统containment reactor coolant drain system 安全壳疏排水系统chemical laboratory 化学分析室charging 上充;充注charging pump 上充泵containment building 安全壳厂房decontamination system 排污系统excess letdown 过量下泄fuel handling building 燃料装卸厂房gaseous waste system 废气处理系统hot leg 热端inlet 入口independence between redundant standby(on site) power sources and between their distribution 多重备用(就地)电源之间和他们的配电系统之间的独立性liquid waste system 废液处理系统letdown 下泄loop 环路moderator 慢化剂nuclear island 核岛N S S S核蒸汽供应系统Outlet 出口shut down 停闭(电站);停堆(反应堆)preoperational testing of redundant on site electric power systems to verity power load group assignments 验证现场多重电力系统负荷适当分配的运行前试验reactor coolant 反应堆冷却剂reactor coolant system (RCS) 反应堆冷却及系统;主系统reactor coolant pump (RCP) 反应堆冷却剂泵;主泵RCP seal water injection system 主泵轴封水系统(简称轴封系统)residual heat removal system (RHRS) 停堆冷却系统redundancy 多重度;冗余removal from service 停役sampling system 取样系统spent fuel pool cooling (and treatment) system 乏燃料池冷却(净化)系统;乏燃料系统shutdown cooling system 停冷系统(简称)spray ring 喷淋环管spent resin collection system 废树脂收集系统steam generator (SG) 蒸汽发生器S.G blow down system 蒸汽发生器排污系统steam dump system 主蒸汽排放系统safety class 安全等级safety class Ⅰ安全一级safety classification 安全分级scram 事故停堆safety injection system (SIS) 安全注射系统(简称安注系统)the primary circuit 一回路;主回路the primary system 一回路系统2.主系统设备control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) 控制棒驱动机构containment liners 安全壳衬里in-core instrumentation 堆内测量pressurizer 稳压器pressure relief tank 卸压箱reactor pressure vessel (PV) 反应堆压力容器(简称压力壳)(不宜简称压力容器,以免与一般压力容器混淆)reactor coolant pump (RCP) 主泵reactor coolant pipe 反应堆冷却剂管道reactor internals (RI) 堆内构件steam generator 蒸汽发生器source (or power) range 源(或功率)量程system integrity 系统完整性3.主系统设备的重要部件(1).反应堆容器(压力壳)center disc 球冠closure head 顶盖;封头closure studs 顶盖螺丝core shell 筒身段;筒体irradiation surveillance capsule 辐照监督管inlet and outlet of coolant 冷却剂入口和出口lifting device 吊具lower plenum 下腔室lower head ,bottom head 下封头lower core support structure 堆芯下部支承结构moderator 慢化剂nozzle belt 接管带nozzle support ring, nozzle shell course 接管段o-ring O形(密封)环positioning pin, alignment pin 定位销reactor cavity 反应堆堆腔reactor pit 反应堆堆坑stud tensioner (双头)螺栓拉伸器seal ring 密封环shipping skid 运输托架Support ledge 支承台肩(或凸耳)Support ring 支承台Thermal shield 热屏(蔽)(堆内构件)thermal barrier 热屏(主泵)upper plenum 上腔室upper head , top head 下封头upper core support structure 堆芯上部支撑结构vessel shell ring , vessel shell course 容器筒体段(2).蒸汽发生器Anti-vibration bar 防振条(架) All volatile (water ) treatment (A VT) 全挥发(水)处理Broached hole 纹孔Channel head 水室(一回路封头) Chevron plate 波纹板Carryover (or entrainment) moisture 夹带水分Shroud 围筒; 套筒; 护环(汽轮机叶片) Crud 泥渣Crevice corrosion 缝隙腐蚀Corrosion inhibition 缓蚀剂D r y o u t烧干Down comer 下降通道Erosion 冲刷(腐蚀) Explosive plugging 爆炸堵管Egg crate grid 蛋框式(管子)支撑架Flow distribution baffle 流量分配挡板Flow distribution plate 流量分配板Fouling coefficient 污垢系数Feed water ring 给水环管Frottage 微振磨损Heat transfer tube 传热管Impurity concentration 杂质浓度Lattice, array 栅格(管棒布置) Lane block 夹道,堵塞块Magnetite 四氧化三铁Partition plate (水室)隔板Peening 喷丸(处理)Pitch 间距(管棒);节距(螺纹,齿轮)Pickling 酸洗Phosphate wastage 磷酸盐耗蚀Phosphate treatment 磷酸盐(水)处理Quarter foil 四叶型Rolling or expansion tube 胀管Roller expanded area 机械胀接区Steam or moisture separator 汽水分离器(一般指粗分离器)Swirl vane separator 旋叶式分离器;离心式分离器Steam drier 细分离器;(蒸汽)干燥器Steam quality 蒸汽干度Sludge ,slurry 淤渣,泥浆Slurry lancing 淤渣冲洗S c c应力腐蚀裂纹Secondary chemistry 二回路水质(处理)Tube sheet 管板Transition (cone) (锥形)过渡段Trunnion 吊耳;耳轴Tub e bundl e 管束Tube support plate 管子支撑板Tu b e t h i n n i n g管壁减薄Tube denting 传热管压凹Tu b e p l u g(g i n g)堵管u-t u b e U形传热管U-bend region U形弯曲管Wrapper 一次侧接管Sand blasting 分隔板A、primary side 一次侧1)channel head 水室2)tube sheet 管板3)primary nozzle 一次侧接管4)divider plate 分隔板5)primary nozzle safe ends 一次侧接管安全端B、secondary side 二次侧1)shell (barrels) 筒体2)transition cone 过渡段(过渡锥体)3)upper head 上封头4)nozzles 接管B、expansion 胀接1)mechanical expansion 机械胀接2)hydraulic expansion 液压胀接3)roller expansion 滚胀4)t ack ex p ans io n定位胀5)full depth tube expansion 管子全深度胀接(3).堆内构件Anchor ring 固定环Core barrel 堆芯吊蓝Core baffle 堆芯围板Hold down spring 压紧弹簧Thimble guide tube 导向套管(堆内测量)(4).燃料组件及燃料Clad , cladding (燃料棒)包壳;堆焊层(如control of stainless steel weld cladding of low-alloy steel components )Collapsing 倒塌End plug 端塞Fuel assembly 燃料组件Fuel element 燃料棒(不宜称燃料元件,因概念不明确,亦不宜称燃料组件)Fuel rod 燃料棒Fuel pellet 燃料芯块Fuel cladding 燃料包壳(第13页缺失)follower 随动器,随动件flaring and deflaring tool 扩口缩口工具(控制棒驱动机构内)lifting yoke 提升磁轭magnetic jack 磁力提升器pressure housing 承压(套)筒(或)壳protective sleeve 保护套筒rod withdrawal (or drop) 提(或落)棒rod travel housing 棒行程指示套管retainer sleeve 固定套;夹持套筒rod position indicating system 棒位指示系统spider assembly 星形架;蛛状架stepping drive 步进驱动stationary latch 保持钩爪ventilation shroud 通风罩(控制棒驱动机构内)(5).稳压器及卸压箱heating element 电加热器(棒)(不宜称“电热元件”)heater 加热器rupture disc(membrane) 爆破盘(膜)skirt support 筒式支座(不宜称“裙座”)sprayer 喷雾器surge line 波动管4.辅助设备(1).阀门atmospheric steam dump 蒸汽向空排放阀ball value 球阀check (or non-return) valve 止回阀cock 旋塞阀containment isolation valve 安全壳隔离阀diaphragm valve 隔离阀expansion bellow 波纹管(膨胀节)gate valve 闸阀globe valve 截止阀gasket 垫片(密封用)isolating valve 隔离阀needle valve 针阀open (or shut ) block 锁开(或关)pressure relief valve 卸压阀;释放阀pilot valve 导阀;副筏positioner 定位器;定位装置packing 填料(密封用)stop valve 切断阀safety valve 安全阀steam dump valve 蒸汽排放阀shim 调整垫片steam by-pass valve 蒸汽旁通阀steam relief valve 蒸汽释放阀safety valve 安全阀steam bubble 蒸汽腔valve disc 闸板(闸阀);阀盘(球阀)valve stem 阀杆valve seat 阀座valve bonnet 阀盖;阀帽(2).管道和管件blind flange 盲板(法篮)crossover 跨接管filter 过滤器(一般指细过滤器)hanger (支)吊架heat insulation 保温,隔热heat tracing ( 管道)保温加热incoming line 内流管线installation of a fuel flow condensate polishing system安装全流量冷凝水除盐系统instrument line 仪表管线line 小管道(设备上大管道用pipe)letdown orifice 下泄管线letdown crifice 下泄孔板outgoing line 外流管线piping 管道;管系pipe (line) 管道(管线)pipe whipping 管道甩动pipe 管子(一般圆形的)restraint 阻位器;阻挡器strainer 粗过滤器(一般指网式的)spray line 喷雾管surge line 波动管steam line 蒸汽管sensing line 脉冲管steam header 蒸汽总管steam-feedwater line 蒸汽给水管seal water return line 轴封水回流管sprayer pipe 喷雾管tube 管子,传热管throttling orifice 节流孔板tube 管子(各种形状)(3).容器和离子交换accumulator 安注箱anion bed 阴床batching 制备箱/计量箱chemical mixing tank 化学添加箱chemical additive tank 化学试剂箱concentrate tank 浓缩液箱condensate demineralizer 凝结水除盐装置condensate polisher 凝结水除盐装置cation bed 阳床demineralized water tank 除盐水箱deaerated (or deoxygenated) water tank 除氧水槽drain tank 疏水箱decontaminating tank 去污槽dosing tank 计量槽demineralizer 除盐装置;(水)软化器deborating demineralizer 除硼床free caustic 游离碱hydrazine 联氨N2H4 hold up tank 暂存箱monitor tank 检测槽make-up water tank 补水箱mud settler 澄清槽Mixed bed 混床nitrogen blanked 氮气覆盖surge tank 波动箱(液体);缓冲罐(气体)storage tank 贮槽(箱)sump 地坑;排水坑tank 箱;槽;罐volume control tank 容积控制箱volume reduction 减容;缩容(4).热交换器evaporator 蒸发器gas stripper 脱气塔gas stripped feed pump 脱气塔供料泵regenerative heat exchanger 再生热交换器(5).其它anchor bolt 地脚螺栓adapter 接合器admixture 添加剂anti-reverse device 防倒转机构air vent 放气booster pump 升压泵breathe pipe 呼吸气管controlled leakage 微漏;控制泄漏(柔轴密封)cartridge 滤芯diffuser 导叶(柔)eyebolt 吊环(螺栓)flame arrester 阻火器hood 通风柜header manifold 母管;联箱hanger 吊架muff joint 套管(筒)接头net positive suction head (HPSH) 净正吸入压头;汽蚀裕量positive displacement pump 正排量泵plunger 柱塞(泵)polar crane 环形吊车resin eductor 树脂喷射器screening 筛(选)skimming 撇(去表面浮)渣shut off head 关闭扬程spool (piece) 短轴(段)(主泵更换密封用)support 支架turning gear (or barring gear) 盘车装置vent drain pot 排气盒volute 蜗壳(泵)wet layup 湿保养dry layup 干保养三、运行及安全分析1.运行、操作availability 利用率actuation 触发acceptance run 验收试运burn-up 燃耗condition 工况、状态、条件critical heat flux 临界热负荷、临界热流量control band 调节带cold shutdown 冷停堆continuous duty(motor ) 连续运行(电动机)coolant flow coast down 冷却剂流量惯性下降deviation 偏离,偏差detect 探测d yn a mi c o v err at i n g动态超调departure from nucleate boiling rate(DNBR)烧毁比、偏离泡核沸腾通量比frequency 频率(电波、振动);频度(事故)feedback 反馈hot shutdown 热停堆heat sink 热阱inventory 装(载)量inactive loop 不工作环路idle operation 空载运行load 负荷(热、电);负载(力学)load following 负荷跟踪limit 限值(参数);限制(状态)loose part 松动零件load rejection 甩负荷monitoring 监测operation mode 运行方式operator 操作者offset 偏移over pressure relief 超压释放perturbation 扰动pressure retaining boundary 承压边界power peaking factor 功率不平均系数;功率峰值因子plant shutdown 电站停闭regime 工况state 状态;工况surge 波动shutdown margin 停堆深度(或裕量)threshold 阈(值)transient condition 瞬态工况;动态工况to actuate reactor trip 启堆tripped open set point 快速打开整定点void reactivity 空泡反应性2.安全分析as low as reasonably achievable(ALARA) 尽可能合理地少(或低)accident,incident 事故anticipated operational occurrence 预期运行(偶发)事件burn out 烧毁(燃料)blowdown 喷放,排double-ended break accident 管道双端破裂事故damage 损坏,损伤diversity 多样性DB A(d es i g n b as i s acci d en t) 设计基准事故event,occurance 事件core reflood 堆芯再淹没emergency core cooling system 应急堆芯冷却系统fault 事故,故障failure 故障,损坏,损伤flood 淹没(堆芯电加热器);洪水泛滥(用于安全分析)fuel mispositioning accident 燃料(组件)错位事故guillstine rupture 切断,破裂hypothetic accident 假想事故inadvertent (or accidental) depressurization 事故卸压incidents of moderate frequency 中等频率事故,一般事故(工况II)infrequent incidents 重大事故;稀有事故(工况III)loss of power (or supply) 断电loss of load 甩负荷loss of reactor coolant flow 反应堆冷却剂断流loss of coolant accident (LOCA) 失水事故limiting incidents 极限事故(工况Ⅳ) multiple failure 多重故障mismatching 失配;失调misoperation 误操作mock-up 全尺寸模型;1:1模型nomal operation 正常运行(工况Ⅰ) operationing transients 运行瞬态off-site power failure 厂外电源断电postulated initial event 假想始发事件power lump 功率骤降power excursion 功率(失控)激增pipe break (管道)破裂;断裂;破口pipe double end rupture 管道双端断裂projectile 飞射物postulated initiating event 假想始发事件reset 复位recriticality 重返临界return to power 重返功率rod ejection 弹棒rod stuck (in position) 卡棒rod uncontrolled withdrawal 失控提棒rod dropping 卡棒rod misalignment 控制棒失步load rejection capability 甩负荷能力redundancy 多重性;冗余度(电,控) RCP locked rotor 主泵转子卡位spurious operation (or action) 假信号动作;误动作SG tube rupture 蒸汽发生器传热管破裂SG tube damage 蒸汽发生器传热管损坏station block out 全厂断电trip 事故停堆;脱扣(汽轮机);跳闸(电) uncontrolled boron dilution 硼(失控)稀释四、机械设备的材料、制造及检修1.材料hardened steel 淬火钢heat(or ladle)analysis 熔炼(或炉前)分析killed steel 镇静钢、全脱氧钢auto clave 高压釜product (or check) analysis 产品(或校核)分析surface carburization 表面渗碳(处理)stress relief annealing 消除应力退火2.检验方法及应用air tightness test 气密性试验couplant 偶合剂contraction (断面)收缩率dye penetrant test 着色(渗透)检验distance-grain-size curve (DGS) 距离幅度曲线examination 检验elongation 延伸率fluorescent penetrating test 荧光(着色)检验flare test (管子)扩口试验flaw 缺陷grain size 晶粒度hydrostatic test; hydro test 水压试验inspection 检查,检验inspector 检验师,检查员(一般指检查的工作人员)indication (缺陷)信号inclusion 夹杂物leak (or leakage) test 检漏试验liquid penetrant test (PT) 着色检验,液体渗透检验magnetic particle test(ing) (MT) 磁粉试验pseudo-defect (or false indication) 伪缺陷radiographic testing (RT) 射线检验reference block 对比试块;基准试块surface inspection 表面检验straight (or angle) beam examination 直(或斜)束法检验scanning 扫描;扫查test coupon 试块test, testing 试验;检验ultrasonic test (UT) 超声(波)检验visual inspection 目视检验;外观检验volume inspection 全容积检验;深部检验3.缺陷名称attack 侵蚀burn through 焊穿;烧穿blow hole (or gas pocket) 气孔;气泡corrosion 腐蚀crevice corrosion 缝隙腐蚀couple corrosion 电偶腐蚀cold shut 冷疤;冷隔deterioration 劣化dimple 凹坑; 凹痕erosion 冲刷腐蚀fret (frettage) (微振)磨损flake (or snow flake) 鳞片发裂general corrosion 均匀腐蚀全面腐蚀galling 擦伤磨损intergranular corrosion 晶间腐蚀lap 折迭lamination 层迭夹层micro-crack(or micro-fissure ) 微裂纹porosity 多孔性孔隙率疏松度ripple 焊波strap inclusion 条状夹渣snake(or fish eye ) 白点spot defect 点状缺陷shrinkage(or shrink cavity) 缩孔transgranular corrosion 穿晶腐蚀underbead crack (焊接)热影响区裂缝;焊道下裂缝repair welding 补焊undercut 咬边uniform corrosion 均匀腐蚀weld tab 焊舌4.焊接及加工argon-arc welding 氩弧焊butt welding 对接焊brazing welding (硬)钎焊back running welding 封底焊built-up sequence 熔敖顺序base metal 基材;母材core wire 焊(条)芯crater 火口deposited metal 熔敖金属electrode 焊条fusion welding 熔焊fillet welding 角焊filler metal 熔敖金属f l u x焊剂groove (or preparation) 焊接破口heat affected zone (HAZ) 热影响区lap welding 搭接焊layer 焊层lift-off effect 提离效应manual welding 手工焊magnetic blow 磁偏吹plug welding 塞焊percussion welding 储能焊pass 焊道positioner 胎具post weld heat treatment (PWHT) 焊后热处理penetration 熔深,焊透repair welding 补焊root opening 焊根间隙run-out plate 引弧板spot welding 点焊soldering welding 软焊,钎焊seal welding 密封焊submerged arc welding 埋弧焊shielded-arc welding 气体保护焊speed of travel 焊接速度tack welding 点(固)焊,(定位)点焊throat thickness 焊缝厚度weld ability 可焊性weld 焊缝,焊接welding 焊接welding wire 焊丝welding condition 焊接规范weld metal 焊缝金属weld junction 熔合五、力学及强度allowable stress 许用应力buckling 屈曲,压曲,失稳loading 加载elastic-plastic analysis 弹塑性分析endurance limit 疲劳(或耐抗)极限circumferential stress 周向(环局)应力frequency spectrum analysis 频谱分析fracture toughness 断裂韧性factor of safety 安全系数load 负载membrane stress 膜应力meridional stress 经线应力non-ductile failure 非延性破坏,脆性破坏nil-ductility transition temperature (TNDT)无延性转变温度;脆性转变温度normal stress 法向应力;正应力principal stress 主应力personnel lock 人行通道residual stress 残余应力radial stress 径向应力shearing stress 剪向应力self-shielding 自屏蔽self-powered detector 自给能探测器switch yard 升压站switch over 切换;转换skin stress 表皮应力tensile strength 抗拉强度t en s i l e t est拉伸试验vibration mode 振型六、物理,剂量及屏蔽activity 活化air borne 空气载带的annihilation (电子)湮灭after power(or heat) 剩余功率(或释热)albedo 反照率attenuation 衰减capture 俘获contamination 污染物decay 衰变disintegration 蜕变、衰变daughter product 子体产物delayed(or prompt)neutron fraction 缓(或瞬)发中子份额dose 剂量(辐射防护);计量(液体,气体)decontamination 去污exposure 照射(量)(原稿32页重复,33页缺失)七、电气及控制Armature 电枢(电机)Accuracy 精度Annunciator 信号器Busbar 母线Calibration 标定;校准; 校验Cable tray 电缆盘(槽) Display 显示Energize 使……通电Electrical penetration 电气贯穿件Instrumentation (仪表)检测Mimic diagram 模拟图Mutual inductance 互感Orifice meter 孔板流量计Penetration 贯穿(件) Primary element 一次元件Pitot tube 皮托管Resistant element 电阻元件Sensor 传感器;探头Subassembly 元件组件Stoichiometry 化学计量法Transmitter 变送器Two-out-of-four logic 四取二逻辑八、土建,结构及公用设施1.土建Admixture 参合料Aggregate 骨料Buttress 扶壁Bulk head 护岸;隔板Breeze concrete 炉渣;焦渣混凝土Caisson 沉井;沉箱Caulk 堵缝;填实Damp proof course(dpc) 防潮层Drip 屋檐Fascia board 封檐板Form mortice for baluster 预留栏杆孔General layout 总图Quoin 突(屋)角;墙角Hot mixture 热铺混合材料Lintel 过梁Locker room , changing room 更衣室Masonry 砖石建筑Neoprene 氯丁橡胶Plinth 勒脚Relief 地形;浮雕Retaining wall 挡土墙Recess drawing 预留孔(洞)图Reeded tile for stairs 防滑踏步砖roof overhang 挑檐riprap (防冲)乳石subgrade 路基springing line 起拱线utensil 用具2.结构attachment 附件anchor head 锚板bedrock 基岩capable fault 可能活动断层concrete placement 混凝土浇灌embedment 预埋件earthquake magnitude 地震等级free field ground motion 自由场地面运动floor time history 楼面时程曲线floor respond spectrum 楼面响应谱form tie 模板支撑quadric stress 曲面应力intensity scale value 强度值mat foundation 席形基础multiple strand system 多股钢绞线系统out-to-out distance 外包尺寸post tensioning 后涨法pressure grout 压力灌浆reinforcing bars 钢筋stirrup 箍筋slope stability 边坡稳定性tectonic structure 大地构造truss 屋架ungrouted tendons 未灌浆钢筋束wobble coefficient 摇动系数3.给排水bulk head 堵水闸门;挡水墙;驳岸break water 防波堤check 节制闸design basis flood 设计基准洪水fire water 消防(用)水gridiron 格状(或)环状管网hydrosphere 水界offset pipe 偏置管riser pipe 立管;竖管run-off 逕流(量) run-up 波浪爬高revetment 护岸;披坡;砌石面riprap (防冲)抛石;乱石护坡surge 涌浪;涌潮;气象潮service water 生产用水4.暖通Aerosol (大气中)悬浮微粒,带悬浮微粒的气体,气溶胶Baffle 挡板canister (防毒面具用)滤毒器damper 风门;(通风)闸门deluge 洪水;大雨;大水量喷淋demister 除雾器dioctyl phthalate (D.O.P.) 邻苯二酸盐二辛酯filter bank 过滤(器)排架forced draft 强迫通风;鼓风high efficiency particulate air (filter) (HEPA) 高效粒子空气(过滤器)housing (通风)小室;柜架;骨架humidifier 调湿器heating ventilating and air conditioning (HV AC)(采)暖通(风)和空气调节induced draft 排气通风;吸气;引风kidney filtration system 内部循环过滤系统;肾式过滤系统plenum 充气压力通风;通风集管purge 清洗t r a i n序列第一课单词⏹Atom [ ✌♦☜❍], 原子⏹Nucleus [ ⏹◆●✋☜♦], 原子核⏹Nuclei [ ⏹◆●♓♋♓], nucleus 的复数形式⏹Nucleon [ ⏹◆●♓⏹], 核子⏹Electron [✋●♏♦❒⏹], 电子⏹Proton [ ☐❒☜☺♦⏹], 质子⏹Neutron [ ⏹◆♦❒⏹],中子⏹Neutrino [⏹◆♦❒♓⏹☜◆], 中微子⏹Orbital [ ♌✋♦☎☜✆●], 轨道的⏹⏹Element [ ♏●♓❍☜⏹♦], 元素⏹Isotope [ ♋♓♦☜◆♦☜◆☐],同位素⏹Hydrogen [ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆♎✞☜⏹], 氢⏹Deuterium [♎◆♦♓☜❒♓☜❍], 氘⏹Tritium [ ♦❒♓♦♓☜❍], 氚⏹Helium [ ♒♓●☜❍ ●♓☜❍], 氦⏹Barium [ ♌☪☜❒♓☜❍], 钡⏹Bismuth [ ♌♓❍☜], 铋⏹Boron [ ♌❒☜⏹], 硼⏹Lithium [ ●♓♓☜❍],锂⏹Plutonium [☐●◆♦☜◆⏹♓☜❍], 钚⏹Sodium [ ♦☜◆♎☜❍ ♎♓☜❍], 钠⏹Thorium [ ❒♓☜❍],钍⏹Uranium [ ◆☜❒♏♓⏹♓☜❍], 铀⏹Transuranium [ ♦❒✌⏹♦◆❒♏♓⏹☜❍] , 铀后元素⏹Radioactive [ ❒♏♓♎♓☜◆✌♦♓], adj.,放射性的⏹Fissile [ ♐♓♦♋♓●], adj.,易裂变的⏹Emission [♓❍♓☞☜⏹], n.发射⏹Decay [♎♓♏♓], v., n., 衰变⏹Electrostatic [ ♓●♏♦❒☜◆♦♦✌♦♓ ], adj., adj.,静电的⏹Momentum [❍☜◆❍♏⏹♦☜❍],n.,动量⏹Particle [ ☐♦♓●],n., 粒子⏹Radiation [ ❒♏♓♎♓♏♓☞☜⏹],n., 放射性,放射,射线⏹Repulsion [❒♓☐✈●☞☜⏹],n., 排斥⏹Constituent [ ☜⏹♦♦♓♦◆☜⏹♦], adj., 组成的⏹Violate [ ♋♓☜●♏♓♦], vt., 违反⏹Valid [ ✌●♓♎], adj., 有效的,正确的⏹Instantaneous [ ♓⏹♦♦☜⏹♦♏♓⏹☜♦], adj., 瞬时的⏹Disrupt [♎♓♦❒✈☐♦], v., 使分离⏹Unionized [✈⏹♋♓☜⏹♋♓♎], adj., 未电离的。

太阳能光热发电站术语

太阳能光热发电站术语

太阳能光热发电站术语太阳能光热发电站是利用太阳能热量进行发电的设施,涉及到多个关键术语和技术概念。

以下是关于太阳能光热发电站的常见术语及其解释:1. 集热器(Collector):集热器是用于捕获太阳能辐射并将其转换为热能的设备。

在光热发电站中,集热器有多种类型,包括线性聚光器、碟式集热器和抛物面反射器等。

2. 储热系统(Storage System):储热系统用于储存集热器收集的热能,以便在太阳光照不足时使用。

储热材料可以包括岩石、沙子、盐或其他热存储介质。

3. 熔盐(Molten Salt):在某些太阳能光热发电站中,熔盐被用作储热和传输介质。

熔盐能够存储大量的热能,并且在较高的温度下保持液态。

4. 蒸汽发生器(Steam Generator):蒸汽发生器是一个将热能转换为蒸汽的设备,用于驱动涡轮机并产生电力。

在太阳能光热发电站中,蒸汽发生器通常使用集热器产生的热能作为输入。

5. 塔式太阳能光热发电站(Tower Plant):塔式太阳能光热发电站是指使用一个高大的中央接收器(或“塔”)来捕获太阳辐射并将其转换为热能的电站。

这种类型的电站通常配备有定日镜场,将太阳光反射并聚焦到塔顶的集热器上。

6. 槽式太阳能光热发电站(Trough Plant):槽式太阳能光热发电站使用一组平行的槽形集热器来捕获太阳辐射并将其转换为热能。

这种类型的电站通常配备有线性跟踪器,以最大化太阳光的收集效率。

7. 线性聚光器(Linear Concentrator):线性聚光器是一种集热设备,它使用镜子或折射透镜将太阳光线聚焦在一个线性接收器上。

这种类型的集热器通常用于槽式太阳能光热发电站。

以上仅是太阳能光热发电站中的一些常见术语。

实际应用中可能还有其他的技术和设施需要考虑,每个术语背后都蕴藏着特定的技术原理和操作机制。

如需获取更多相关信息,建议请教太阳能专业技术人员或访问科技论坛。

核电站中的蒸汽发生器是如何工作的

核电站中的蒸汽发生器是如何工作的

核电站中的蒸汽发生器是如何工作的核电站中的蒸汽发生器是核电站的重要组成部分,它起着将核能转化为电能的关键作用。

本文将介绍核电站中蒸汽发生器的工作原理及其工作过程。

一、蒸汽发生器的功能及组成蒸汽发生器是核电站中的重要设备,其主要功能是将核能转化为蒸汽能,进而驱动涡轮发电机产生电能。

蒸汽发生器通常由管束、壳体、管板、进出口以及流体分布装置等组件组成。

二、核能转化为蒸汽能的过程核电站利用核裂变反应释放出的热能将水加热,产生高温高压蒸汽,而蒸汽发生器就是负责将高温高压的反应堆冷却剂(主要是水)中的热能转化为蒸汽能的设备。

核电站中的蒸汽发生器主要通过核反应堆中的燃料棒来产生热能,并将此热能传递给通过管束内的水,使水加热并转化为蒸汽。

三、蒸汽发生器的工作原理蒸汽发生器的工作原理是通过将冷却剂(水)从一侧的进口引入管束,然后由反应堆中的燃料棒释放出的热能将冷却剂加热,转化为蒸汽。

蒸汽在管束中形成,然后通过蒸汽发生器的出口进入进一步的能量转换系统。

四、蒸汽发生器的工作过程1. 冷却剂进入管束:冷却剂从反应堆中通过管束的进口进入蒸汽发生器;2. 加热过程:在管束中,冷却剂与燃料棒内的热能发生热交换,冷却剂被加热,燃料棒释放出的热能将冷却剂加热转化为蒸汽;3. 分离过程:热能转化为蒸汽后,蒸汽与冷却剂分离,蒸汽被送往进一步的能量转换系统,冷却剂则返回反应堆进行循环;4. 蒸汽利用:送往进一步的能量转换系统的蒸汽,驱动涡轮发电机产生电能。

五、蒸汽发生器的优势和挑战1. 优势:a. 高效能转换:蒸汽发生器能够高效地将核能转换为蒸汽能,实现能源的有效利用;b. 稳定可靠:蒸汽发生器采用复杂的结构和安全系统,能够稳定可靠地工作;c. 环保节能:核能转化为蒸汽能的过程无二氧化碳等有害气体的排放,对环境友好。

2. 挑战:a. 安全风险:核电站核反应堆和蒸汽发生器的高温高压工作环境带来潜在的安全风险,需要高度重视安全措施;b. 废弃物处理:蒸汽发生器的运行会产生一定量的放射性废弃物,需要进行安全处理和储存。

UNIT 16 STEAM GENETATOR 核电厂蒸汽发生器

UNIT 16 STEAM GENETATOR 核电厂蒸汽发生器

UNIT 16 STEAM GENETATOR蒸汽发生器1.The steam generators are vertical, shell and U-tube heat exchangers where energy from the hot pressurized reactor coolant is t ransferred to the secondary coolant to produce dry, saturated s team.蒸汽发生器为立式U型管热交换器。

在此,一回路高温高压的能量传递给二次侧的流体,产生干燥、饱和的蒸汽。

2.The dry saturated steam produced is used to operate the main turbine and auxiliaries in the production of electricity.干燥饱和的蒸汽用于汽机和辅助系统的用汽,最终产生电力。

3.The steam generator design requirements are to produce saturated steam with less than 0.5percent moisture by weight.SG设计要求其二次侧产生的蒸汽湿度小于0.5%。

4.The tubesheet and the heat transfer tubes form the boundary between the radioactive primary system and the non-radioactive se condary system.强放射性的一次侧和无放射性的二次侧的隔离是通过传热管和管板实现。

5.Reactor coolant enters the steam generator consists of the inlet nozzle. Flows through the inlet chamber, U tubes, outlet cham ber and leaves it from outlet nozzle.主冷却剂先流经入口管,然后进入到入口水室,经U型传热管到出口水室,最后通过出口管离开SG。

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UNIT 16 STEAM GENETATOR
蒸汽发生器
1.The steam generators are vertical, shell and U-tube heat exchan
gers where energy from the hot pressurized reactor coolant is t ransferred to the secondary coolant to produce dry, saturated s team.
蒸汽发生器为立式U型管热交换器。

在此,一回路高温高压的能量传递给二次侧的流体,产生干燥、饱和的蒸汽。

2.The dry saturated steam produced is used to operate the main t
urbine and auxiliaries in the production of electricity.
干燥饱和的蒸汽用于汽机和辅助系统的用汽,最终产生电力。

3.The steam generator design requirements are to produce saturat
ed steam with less than 0.5percent moisture by weight.
SG设计要求其二次侧产生的蒸汽湿度小于0.5%。

4.The tubesheet and the heat transfer tubes form the boundary be
tween the radioactive primary system and the non-radioactive se condary system.
强放射性的一次侧和无放射性的二次侧的隔离是通过传热管和管板实现。

5.Reactor coolant enters the steam generator consists of the inle
t nozzle. Flows through the inlet chamber, U tubes, outlet cham ber and leaves it from outlet nozzle.
主冷却剂先流经入口管,然后进入到入口水室,经U型传热管到出口水室,最后通过出口管离开SG。

6.The secondary side of the steam generator consists of the feed
water and steam nozzles, the tube bundle and supports, the tub
e bundle wrapper, primary and secondary moisture separators and
appropriate instrumentation and blowdown penetration.
二次侧由以下部件组成:给水和蒸汽管,传热管及其支撑件,管束围筒,
一、二级汽水分离器,相关的仪表,排污管组成。

7.The lower shell is the evaporator containing the tube bundle a
nd the upper shell is the steam drum containing the steam separ ating and drying equipment.
壳体的下部为含有传热管的蒸发器,上部是汽水分离和蒸汽干燥的蒸汽室。

8.The steam generator operates as a natural circulation boiler.
SG是自然循环式的锅炉。

9.In order to support and align the steam generator tubes and pr
event flow induced movement, tube support plates are provided.
为了固定SG传热管和防止流动导致的移动,安装有管子支撑板。

10.The blowdown line is provided to remove corrosion products whi
ch would concentrate at the tubesheet.
排污管线的设置用于排出腐蚀产物,腐蚀产物会在管板处沉积。

11.Nuclear power plants are equipped with N-16 detector on the st
eam line for indicating U-tube leakage.
在SG的二次侧主蒸汽管道旁设置有N-16放射性探测仪,用于检测U型管是否存在泄漏。

12.There are two types of steam generator level indication: wide r
ange and narrow range.
SG水位指示有两种类型:宽量程和窄量程。

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