认知语言学

The face/ vase illusion
Figure
Ground
1. Shaped 2. More prominent 3. More likely to be identified & remembered
1. Unstructured 2. Shapeless 3. Uniform
The principle of Pragnanz “普雷格郎茨原则”
Attention: the expression of motion event-frames is language-specific.
script
Knowledge structures that are particularly designed for frequently recurring event sequences.
2. John went into a restaurant. He saw a waitress. He got up and went home.
construction
example Frame structure Syntactic structure The draught blew CAUSE subject verb the pencil object off PATH adverbial the table GROUND
MOTION FIGURE
The fact that there is a very close correspondence between frame components and syntactic constituents has led cognitive linguists to the idea that the syntactic pattern itself may have a share in the encoding of the particular type of experience. Constructions are pairings of meanings and forms that are stored in long-term memory and specified with regard to their semantic and syntactic structure as well as their pragmatic applicability.
When we produce or listen to language we unconsciously fill in an incredible amount of information taken from frames and scripts. Without supplying this information we would certainly not be able to understand even the most simple pieces of discourse. 1. John went into a restaurant. He asked the waitress for coq an vin. He paid the bill and left.
The linguistic expressions such as prepositions that can be explained in terms of figure and ground, that has caught the attention of cognitive linguists.
It is easy to see that in this sentence all four components of the [BUY] frame are rendered linguistically, each in a different syntactic slot: the BUYER (David) as subject, the GOODS (an old skirt) as direct object, the SELLER (john) as the first adverbial and the MONEY (ten pounds) as second adverbial. This assignment of syntactic roles, which is of course to a large extent governed by the choice of the verb BUY, the syntactic perspective of the sentence.
※ Landmark: It refers to the other entity in a relation. ※ Schema images represent cognitive configurations consisting of three elements and their interrelations, namely: a trajector, which moves along a path, and is seen as being related to a landmark.
5. Frames & constructions
key
words:
frame (Fillmore, Talmy, Slobin) （框架） script theory (R. Schank & R. P. Abelson) （图样理论） construction (A. E. Goldberg) （构式）
The Principle of Pragnanz is a guiding which reflects the way that people choose something as figure. An object is more likely to be chosen as figure if it is a small or moved object, or has gestalt features.
The restaurant script:
Roles: customer, waiter, cook, cashier, owner. Props: restaurant, tables, menu, food, bill, money. Events: 1. the customer enters the restaurant. 2. the customer sits down on a chair. 3. the waiter brings the menu to the customer. 4. the customer orders the food. 5. the food arrives. 6. the customer has his meal. 7. the waiter sends a bill. 8. the customer leaves a tip. 9. the customer pays for his meal. 10. the customer exits the restaurant.
Central image schema for ‘out’
Elaborations: Elaborations are such variants which only specify certain components of a schema, but do not diverge from its general configuration.
eg: 1.The balloon is flying over the house. 2.The book is on the table. 3.The boy climbed up the wall. 4.She went out of the room. ……
※ Trajector: It stands for the figure or most prominent elements in any relational structure.
Another examples: 1. John sold an old shirt to David for ten pounds. 2. John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt. 3. David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt.
4. Figure & ground
Key words:
figure/ ground segregation (Rubin)（图形-背景分离）
the principle of Pragnanz （普雷格郎茨原则）
trajector, landmark, path (Langacher)（射体，界标，路径） schema image （意象图式） elaboration （细化）
frame
It is to be seen as a type of cognitive model which represents the knowledge and beliefs pertaining to specific and frequently recurring situations.
An Introduction to cognitive Linguistics
Edition 2
4. Figure & ground
5.Frames & constructions 6. Blending & relevance
7. Iconicity & lexical change & grammaticalization
① commercial event-frame For example, the action category BUY includes a reference to at least four other categories, namely to a BUYER, a SELLER, GOODS and MONEY.
百度文库
The four diagrams show that the two verbs buy and pay describe the commercial event from the BUYER’s perspective, while sell and charge perspective the situation from the SELLER’s point of view.
P202
A simple clause normally consists of three key elements: a subject, a verb element and a complement. Linguistically, the way to manifest prominence is to put the preferred elements into subject position. In a simple transitive clause, the subject corresponds to the figure, the object to the ground, and the verb expresses the relationship between figure and ground.
② motion event-frame
figure The pencil The pencil motion, Manner or cause rolled blew path off off ground The table The table
Louis Bleriot
flew
across
the English Channel