马王堆英文介绍
湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词解说导游
湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词解说导游Welcome to the Han Tomb of Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan! My name is [Your Name], and I will be your guide today.The Mawangdui Han Tomb is one of the most significant archaeological finds in China. It was discovered in 1972 and is believed to date back to the Western Han Dynasty, around 2,100 years ago. Inside the tomb, three beautifully preserved female corpses were found, making it a truly remarkable archaeological discovery.Let's start our tour with the first female corpse, known as Lady Day, who was believed to be the wife of the Marquis of Dai. She was found wearing an exquisite silk burial suit, adorned with intricate patterns and designs. This burial suit is a testament to the advanced skills of silk weaving during that time.Moving on to the second female corpse, known as Lady Night, she was believed to be a concubine. She was found wearing a silk burial suit decorated with a night sky motif, complete with stars, galaxies, and constellations. This exquisite piece not only showcases the artistic and technical capabilities of ancient craftsmen but also provides valuable insights into the astronomical knowledge of the time.Lastly, we have the third female corpse, known as Lady X. She was believed to be the wife of the Marquis of Dai's son. What sets her apart is the fact that her body was remarkably well-preserved. Through advanced scientific techniques, archaeologists were able to determine her cause of death, which was likely due to a heart attack or a stroke.Aside from the female corpses, the Han Tomb of Mawangdui also yielded a vast array of cultural relics, including lacquerware, silk paintings, musical instruments, and ancient medical texts. These artifacts offer us a glimpse into the sophisticated and diverse cultural practices of the Han Dynasty.As we conclude our tour, I hope you have gained a deeper understanding and appreciation for the historical and cultural significance of the Mawangdui Han Tomb. Thank you for joining me today, and I hope you enjoy the rest of your visit to Changsha!。
湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词_1
( 英文导游词)姓名：____________________单位：____________________日期：____________________编号：YB-BH-009525湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文An English Guide to the female corpse of Han Dynasty tomb in湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about4km from downtown changsha,in the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name "mawangdui"formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.from 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2"chancellor to the prince to changsha","seal of the marquis of dai"we know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to behis son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads"the first day of the second month in the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang ' wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that "tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century b,ca little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into three categories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a t- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, pared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrowscould travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and graceful.lines with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate thehighly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.可以在这输入你的名字You Can Enter Your Name Here.。
旅游英语 马王堆汉墓介绍
鎏金嵌玉铜卮（zhī） 通高18厘米、口径9.7厘米 二号墓出土 酒器。
云纹漆鼎Lacquer Tripud with Cloud Design
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The primary non-staple foods in Hunan area at that time were fish, meat, vegetables, fruits and so on. Abundant samples of these foods were dug out from the Mawangdui Tombs. The vegetables have been carbonized completely. But we can still get the original forms of some. Much to our amazement, on opening the lacquer tripod with cloud design form Tomb No.1, we found soup made over two thousand and one hundred years ago with a contact layer of sliced lotus root floating on its surface. But it’s regretful to see the speedy disappearance of them due to chemical reactions in the air and unavoidable vibration. Experts in seismology said this phenomenon proved that no serious and destructive earthquake had ever taken place in Changsha area in the last 2100 years.
马王堆汉墓英文导游词Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb
马王堆汉墓英文导游词Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb各位朋友大家好，欢迎参观长沙马王堆汉墓出土文物陈列馆。
马王堆汉墓位于长沙市东部地区原来的马王堆乡，距市中心大约有4千米。
1971年底，我们对此进行了考古发掘，这才揭开了这座千年地宫的神秘面纱。
Hello, everyone, welcome to visit Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb. Mawangdui HanTomb is located in the eastern of Changsha, about four kilometers from the center of the city, at the end of 1971, Chinese archaeological workers excavated and unveiled the mystery of this tomb with thousands of years.经过考古发掘，我们发现马王堆是西汉初期軑侯家族的墓地，马王堆共有三座墓，其中一号墓中出土各类文物1800余件以及一具保存得十分完整的女尸。
一号墓之所以保存得如此完整，主要原因在于采取了深埋密封的筑墓方式。
加上2000多年以来长沙地区没有发生大的地震，因此一号墓中的尸体以及大量的随葬器物才能够完整地保存下来。
大家看到的这件衣服可是我们陈列馆的镇馆之宝了。
After archaeological workers excavation, we have found Mawangdui is the tomb of Tuohou family of early Han, there are three tombs at Mawangdui, more than1,800 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse unearthed from No.1 tomb, it preserved so well mainly due to its closed sealing and deep buried, and there’s no big earthquake in Changsha area for 2000 years, so the corpse in Tomb No. 1 and a l arge amount of remains was preserved completely. Now let’s see this clothes, it’s our museum’s representative piece of the collection.它的名字叫素纱襌衣，素纱是指没有染色的纱，襌衣是指没有衬里的衣服。
马王堆西湖岳阳楼岳麓书院英文导游词
湖南岳阳楼英文导游词Good morning! Ladies and gentlemen:Today we will go and visit the Yueyang Tower, Yueyang Tower lies in the west of Yueyang city, nearby the Dongting Lake, it is listed as three famous towers in the south of Yangtze River, together with Yellow Crane Tower at Wuhan, Hubei province and Tengwang Tower at Nanchang, Jiangxi province.Yueyang Tower was originally built for soldiers to rest on and watch out. In the Three kingdoms Period, Lusu, General of Wu State, trained his soldiers here and then rebuilt it as a tower to review his troops.In the forth year (716 A.C) of Kaiyuan of Tang Dynasty, General Zhangshuo was dispatched to defend at yuezhou and he rebuilt it into a Tower named South Tower, and then Yueyang Tower. In the forth year (1044 A.C) of Qingli of Song Dynasty, Teng Zijing was stationed at Baling Jun, the ancient name of Yueyang city. In the second year, he had the Yueyang Tower repaired and had poems by previous poets inscribed on the walls of the Tower. Fan Zhongyan, a great artist and poet, was invited to write the well-known poem about Yueyang Tower, in his essay which entitled《A Panegyric of the Yueyang Tower》, the two sentences Fan writes :“ Be the first to worry about the troubles across the land, the last to enjoy universal happiness” have for thousands of years been a well-quoted dictum and made the tower even better known then before.The architectural style of Yueyang Tower is quite unique. The main tower is 21.35 meters high with 4 columns, 3 stories, flying eave, helmet roof and wood construction, the helmet-roof of such a large dimension is a rarity among the ancient architectures in China.Entering the tower, you"ll pass the famous couplet: "Dongting is the water of the world, Yueyang is the tower of the world." Moving on, there is a platform (Dianjiang tai) that once functioned as the training ground for the navy of Three-Kingdom period general Lusu. To its south is the Huaifu Pavilion in memory of Dufu (712-770AD), who was the famous poet during the Tang dynasty and wrote the famous poem <> and later died in the city. Stepping out of the Xiaoxiang Door, the Saint Plum Pavilion (Xianmei ting) and the Three Drunkards Pavilion (Sanzui ting) can be seen standing on two sides. In the garden to the north of the tower is the tomb of Xiaoqiao, the wife of Zhouyu, another famous Three-Kingdom general.M awangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of Changsha，about 4kms from downtown Changsha. In thepreceeding centuries，it was bured here，hence the name "Mawangdui" formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.From 1972 to early 1974，chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2"chancellor to the prince to changsha"，"seal of the marquis of dai"We know that the Mawangdui was burial ground of Li Cang，Chancellor to the prince of Changsha state in the early western Han dynasty and his family.According to the historical records，Li Cang died in the secong year of the reign of Empress Lu. The occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. Unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate，which reads"the first day of the second month in the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor Wen Ci. The corpse in tomb no1 is that of Licang…s wife，whose personal name，according to an unearthed seal，was Xing Zhui，a study of conclusion that "tomb no:1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century BC.A little later than tomb no:3，tomb no:1 is the best preserved，and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.Now，I will introduce this thing to you one by one:These are figurines. 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no:3. They fall into three categories:attendants，musicians and odd-jobservants. No doubt，they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the Marquis of Dai，which reveal the parasitic life of the family.Now，pls look at these instuments，an intact zither with 25 strings，pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no:1. In addition，a zither，a T- stringed harp，pipes andbamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no:3. Strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside the pipes found in tomb no:3. There is a silvery point on each reed，which controls the pitch. This is the material evidence of the earliest reeds，ever used in wind instruments in the world.These are weapons. They were excavated from tomb no3. There are 38 weapons altogether，including bows，a crossbow，arrows，an arrow seabbard，a weapon stand，halberds，pared with the weapon of the warring state period，the bow，the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrows could travel futher，along with the garrison map. They help us to get an idea of the military situation in Chansha state.We know that china is a very big agricultural state，and long long ago，when people lived in western han period，there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. Look，all these things were excavated from the tombs. The agricultural produce includes rice，wheat，barley，soybean，red peas，hemp seeds，vegetable;The animal produce includes deer，oxen，goats，sheep，pigs，bares，chickens，fishes and even chicken eggs.Well，lacquer ware，so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no:3. They includ tripods vases，square vases，boxes，toilet boxes，pitchers，ladles，cups，caved cup - containers，an armreat，a screen，a game tool and a dustpam. Most of them are made of a wood base coated in lacquer，and some of a bamboo or hemp base，the designs，either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes，were done in smooth and graceful.Lines with gorgeous color，the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. Now，we have seen the areound parts of the first hall，pls follow me to the central past. Here you can see the silk fabrics.湖南岳麓书院英文导游词Good morning! Ladies and Gentlemen：Today we will go and visit the Yuelu Academy! Yuelu Academy is one of the four famous academies in China, and it was established by Zhudong, magistrate of Tanzhou prefecture in 976A.D at the time of Northern Song Dynasty. The academy accepted disciples throughout the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was only in 1903 that the academy was transformed from a school of traditional Confucian learning to an insitute of higher learning and in 1926 it was officially named Hunan University.Early in 1015, Emperor Zhen Zong of the Song Dynasty awarded the academy hid Majesty‟s own handwriting “Yuelu Academy” on a tablet. Form then on many famous scholars and great thinkers gave lectures here, among them were Zhangshi, Zhuxi and WangYangming, thus making a gr eat impact on the province‟s culture and education. Most of the existing buildings here were constructions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the bulk of the engraved stone plates and inscribed tablets have all been kept intact, In 1956 the academy was listed as a historical site at the provincial level and later, in 1988 it became a historical site at the state level. The last restoration project started in 1981 and the major part was completed in 1987.Now, here we are at the “He Xi Platform”, “He Xi” means the “the splendour of the sunrise”, It was named by Zhuxi, a great idealist philosopher of the Confucian school during the Song Dynasty, The platform was first built on the top of Yuelu hill, by Zhanshi, and later in 1528, a pavilion was built on it, But it became deserted with the passing time. In 1790 Luodian, the master of the academy, built a platform at the present site, In 1820, the succeeding master, Ouyang Houjun, renamed it “He Xi Platform” in order to memory Zhuxi and Zhanshi. It was restored in 1868.On the inner walls of the platform are two big Chinese characters “Fu” and “Shuo”, which mean “blessing” and “longevity” respectively. Legend has it that the Character “Shuo ”was written with a broom soaked in yellow mud by a Taoist master at the time Master Luodian was attending a banquet in honour of the examination officials and those dispels who had passed the civil exam Hence it has been regarded as having “celestial touch” The character “Fu” was written by Luodian, the master himself.This gate in front of us is the Main Gate, the gate was formerly built at the time of the Song Dynasty, and was then called “Central Gate”. The main gate underwent both destruction and recon struction in the course of time.The present structure was once thoroughly renovated in 1868.The characters “Yuelu Academy” on the horizontal tablet were inscribed by Emperor Zhen Zong of the Song Dynasty. It was presented as an award to Zhoushi, the master of the academy, when he was summoned to the emperor‟s presence. On both door posts are couplets which read “The kingdom of Chu, unique home of the talents, The Academy of Yuelu, the very cradle of all ”.It was composed in the Qing Dynasty by the mas ter of the academy, Yuan Jiangang and his disciple Zhang Renjie.This gate was the Second Gate, It was first built in 1527 during the Ming Dynasty. It underwent repairs and restoration many times .It was completely devastated during the Anti-Japanese War .In 1984, the gate was restored to its former state.This is the Lecture Hall, where the students had lessons here, it was first built at the time of the Song Dynasty and was once named “Jing Yi Hall”. Now, it has a more elaborate name “The Hall of the Loyalty, Filiality Honesty and Integrity”, because on the inner walls of the hall are engraved four big Chinese Characters:“ loyalty, filiality, honesty and integrity. They were handwriting by the great scholar, Zhuxi, who once lectured here. Others, such as the School Regulations, the Administrations and Way to Read were masterpieces of the masters of the academy. On the two horizontal tablets hanging on top were written:“Learn before you can probe the infiniteness of the universe.”“The doct rines taught here in the south ar e genuine Confucian doctrines.”They were inscribed by the emperor Kangxi and Qianlong respectively during the Qing Dynasty.The building in front of us is the Yushu Library, “yushu” literally means “imperial books”, so Yushu Library ,built in 999A.D in the early Song Dynasty, was a place to keep imperial books. Books were continuously sent here during the succeeding dynasties. The library was first named “Classics Treasuring House” in the Song Dynasty, “Classic Venerating House” in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and finally “Yushu Library” in the Qing Dynasty,. It had been repaired and expanded many times, and now it has a collection of over twenty thousand Chinese classics. This building was rebuilt on its original site in 1986.The two small pavilions Xi Quan and Ni Lan , built during the Song and Ming Dynasties, were restored to the right and left of the compound galleries in order to display cultural relics.西湖英文导游词介绍The famous West Lake is like a brilliant pearl embedded in the beautiful and fertile shores of the East China Sea near the mouth of the Hangzhou Bay. The lake covers an area of 5.6 square kilometers. The view of the West Lake is simply enchanting, which offers many attractions for tourists at home and abroad.Tiger-running SpringThe legend goes that two tights ran there and made a hole where a spring gushed out. The Longjing Tea and the Tiger-running Spring water are always reputed as the "Two Wonders of the West Lake".The Lingyin MonasteryThe Lingyin Monastery, or the Monastery of Soul‟s Retreat, is a famous historical site of the West Lake. Here exists the Lingyin Monastery, a famous ancient temple in China, in front of which there are Feilai Peak, Cold Spring, Longhong Cave and precious rock cave arts and queer and varied natural caves and gullies.Spring Dawn at Su CausewayIt‟s a 2.8 km. long boulevard cutting across the south-north scenic area, and lined with trees and flowering plants. When Spring comes with crimson peach blossoms and green willows; the scenery is all the more charming. Strolling along the boulevard, one feels as if the West Lake were wakening in dawn mist. Young willows were ethereal, spring breeze so caressing, and birds were chirping in unison.The Moon Reflected in Three Pools"There are islands in the lake and three are lake on the islands." The three stone towers were first built in Yuanyou 4th year (1089) of the Song Dynasty, with the wonderful scenery of "one moon in the sky having three reflection in the lake", it is one of the wonderful scenes of the West Lake.Notes: 1. West Lake 西湖2. Tiger-running Spring 虎跑泉 3. The Lingyin Monastery 灵隐寺4. Spring Dawn at Su Causeway 苏堤春晓5. The Moon Reflected in Three Pools 三潭印月。
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【最新文档】马王堆汉墓古尸英文导游词-精选word文档本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==马王堆汉墓古尸英文导游词马王堆汉墓古尸是指1972年湖南省长沙市东郊一座汉朝墓葬的横空出世。
有人把它誉为汉民族的地下文化宝库，西方人称之为东方的“庞贝城”。
尽管地下文物不断面世，但马王堆的文化光芒依然丝毫不减，它在诸多领域的“独一无二”使它成为当之无愧的国之瑰宝 !以下是小编带来的马王堆汉墓古尸英文导游词，欢迎阅读。
Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about4km from downtown changsha,In the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name "mawangdui"formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.From 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tombno2"chancellor to the prince to changsha","seal of the marquis of dai"We know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.According to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of Empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads"the first day of the second monthin the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang ' wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that "tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century B,CA little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb. now , i。
马王堆英文介绍
Mawangdui Han TombWe all know that China has a long history of 5000 years, but how can we learn our extensive and profound history? There are two main ways. One way is by reading historical documents. The other way is by the exploring of ancient tombs. Therefore, in order to let us know more about our history, I will introduce a tomb called Mawangdui Han Tomb. First，I will give you a brief introduction of this tomb. Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in Changsha Hunan Province in the middle of China, which belongs to the Prime Minister Li Cang and his family members in Changsha State of the early Western Han Dynasty. From 1972 to 1974, archaeologists have excavated 3 tombs of Western Han Dynasty. The structure of the tomb is magnificent and complex. Coffin chamber is at the bottom of the tomb which is composed of outer coffins, inner coffins and crosser. Around and above the wooden coffin filled with charcoal and white plaster. The burial objects are very precious which contain silk manuscripts, silk painting, lacquer, traditional Chinese medicine and other things more than 3000 sets. It also unearthed a well preserved woman’s body and the earliest prescription books copied on silk- "52 sick parties".Then, let us see some details of the tomb.After cleaned up the tomb, people found the coffin. The coffin is actually a huge suite with four layers. The outermost is a solemn plainblack coffin, without any decoration. The second layer is a black lacquer coffin full of mysterious atmosphere, which paints complex cloud scrolls with golden color on a black base, and intersperses with 111 monsters or immortals. The third layer is a vermilion lacquer coffin, which depicts many auspicious patterns with green, brown, yellow and other colors on a red base. There are six dragons, three tigers, three deer, a phoenix and an immortal. Compared with other coffins, this coffin looks more magnificent. The inner coffin is a black lacquer coffin, which is decorated with silk and brocade and the owner’s body is placed in this coffin.Although the 4 layers of coffin are very exquisite, it is not the most exciting thing. When people opened the lid of the inner coffin, all archaeologists were stunned. One woman’s body unearthed from the tomb, which looked like a fresh corpse. Although it has been more than2100 years, the body is still integrity, part of joints is flexible, and soft tissue is elastic. This is not only the wonder in the archaeological history of the world, but also a miracle of human history. Later, when people dissected the woman’s body, they found some melon seeds in her gut, which revealed the real cause of her death - eating too much melon caused a variety of complications, and eventually led to angina. People discovered a seal with the inscription words -" Xinzhui", indicating that the owner's name of this tomb is Xinzhui. After the processing of computer technology, we recovered the appearance of her young age, andit is easy to find that she is a beauty.Mawangdui Tomb has never been stolen and preserved well. Therefore, a large number of cultural relics were unearthed.Now I will say something about them.Lacquer漆器The number of lacquer unearthed in Mawangdui Tomb is total about 500 sets, which have the largest quantity and best preserved of all tombs we have found until now. The decorative patterns are mostly painted in red, black, and gray-green and other colors. Most of the patterns are geometric patterns. Dragon-phoenix and grass patterns are supplementary.Silk Painting帛画Xinzhui’s inner coffin covered an exquisite painting on silk of T-type. The silk painting contains 3 parts, which respectively show us the scene of heaven, earth and underground. Some scholars think it might be made according to local traditions and customs of evocation ceremony, which hopes the deceased soul will not disappear.Textile and Clothes 纺织品和衣物Mawangdui Tomb unearthed a variety of silk and clothing that enriched the historical data of ancient Chinese textile technology. There are 15 fairly complete clothes, and 46 single roll of silk, yarn and embroidery. This clothes is called “the garment of plain silk gauze”素纱禅衣. The length of the clothes is 1.28 meters and it has long sleeves. But the weight is just 49 grams. People cannot copy a same one until today.The excavation of Mawangdui Tomb shocked the world. It not only shows us the wisdom of the ancient people, but also helps us to understand the social life of the early Western Han Dynasty, and our history。
给外国人推荐长沙的旅游景点英文作文
给外国人推荐长沙的旅游景点英文作文Welcome to Changsha, a vibrant city in central China with a rich history and modern attractions that make it a must-visit destination for travelers from around the world.Changsha is the capital of Hunan Province and is known for its stunning natural scenery, delicious cuisine, and fascinating cultural heritage. Here are some recommendations for must-visit tourist attractions in Changsha:1. Orange Isle (橘子洲头)Orange Isle is a scenic island located in the middle of the Xiang River, offering stunning views of the city skyline and the surrounding mountains. It is a popular spot for locals and tourists alike to relax, exercise, and enjoy the beautiful natural surroundings.2. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山)Yuelu Mountain is a famous scenic spot in Changsha, known for its ancient temples, lush forests, and panoramic views of the city. Visitors can hike to the mountain peak or take a cable car for a more leisurely experience.3. Tianxin Pavilion (天心阁)Tianxin Pavilion is a historic building located in the heart of Changsha, offering a glimpse into the city's rich cultural heritage. It is a popular spot for tourists to learn about Changsha's history and enjoy the peaceful surroundings.4. Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tombs (马王堆汉墓)The Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tombs are a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Changsha, offering a fascinating glimpse into the ancient history of the region. Visitors can explore the well-preserved tombs and learn about the customs and traditions of the Han Dynasty.5. Hunan Provincial Museum (湖南省博物馆)The Hunan Provincial Museum is a must-visit for history buffs, with its extensive collection of artifacts dating back to ancient times. Visitors can learn about the culture and history of Hunan Province through exhibits on archaeology, art, and folklore.6. Changsha Bamboo Slips Museum (长沙简牍博物馆)The Changsha Bamboo Slips Museum is a unique attraction that showcases a collection of ancient bamboo slips, which were used for writing in China over 2,000 years ago. Visitors can learnabout the history of bamboo slips and their significance in Chinese culture.7. Orange Island Firework Show (橘子洲头烟花)If you're visiting Changsha in the summer, don't miss the Orange Island Firework Show, a spectacular event that lights up the night sky with dazzling fireworks displays. It is a popular attraction for locals and tourists alike and offers a great way to experience the city's festive atmosphere.In addition to these attractions, Changsha is also known for its delicious cuisine, including spicy Hunan cuisine and street food specialties. Be sure to try local dishes like stinky tofu, steamed fish head, and Changsha-style rice noodles for a taste of authentic Hunan flavors.Whether you're interested in history, nature, or food, Changsha has something to offer for every type of traveler. Come visit Changsha and explore all that this vibrant city has to offer!。
马王堆汉墓英文导游词_0
马王堆汉墓英文导游词篇一：湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词mawangduiislocatedintheeasternoutskirtsofchangsha,about4kmfromdown townchangsha,inthepreceedingcenturies,itwasburedhere,hencethename”m awangdui”formerlythereweretwoeasternmoundsherecloselylinkedtogether .????From1972toearly1974,chinesearchacologicalworkersunearthedthreet ombsofthewesterhandynastyhereandachievedtremendousresultsthatattract edwideattentionathomeandabroad.theyexcavatedmorethan3000culturalreli edandawell-preservedfemalecorpsefromthetombs.accordingtosealsunearth edfr omtombno2”chancellortotheprincetochangsha”,”sealofthemarquisofd ai”????weknowthatthemawangduiwasburialgroundoflicang,chancellortothep rinceofchangshastatteandmqrquisofdaiintheearlywesternhandynastyandhi sfamily.????accordingtothehistoricalrecords,licangdiedinthesecongyearofthereign ofEmpresslu.theoccupantsintombno3werebelievedtobehisson.unearthedfr omthetombwasawoodentabletwiththeburialbate,whichreads”thefirstdayoft hesecondmonthinthetwelfthyear”aftercarefultextualresearchthiswasindent ifiedasthetwelfthyearofreignofthehanemperorwenci.thecorpseintombno1isthatoflicang'wife,whosepersonalname,accordingtoanunearthedseal, wasxingzhui,astudyofconclusionthat”tombno1datesfromaboutthe6thdacad eofthe2ndcenturyB,c????alittlelaterthantombno3tombno1isthebestpreserved,andmostoftherelie sshowedherewereexcavatedfromthistomb.????now,iwillintroducethisthing toyouonebyone:????thesearefigurines162woodenfigurineswereunearthedfromtombno1and 104formtombno3,theyfallintothreecategories:attendants,musiciansandodd -jobservants.nodoubt,theyrepresentthenumerousservantsenslavedbythema rquisofdai,whichrevealtheparasiticlifeofthefamily.????now,plslookattheseinstuments,anintactzitherwith25strings,pipescomp osedof22piercedbamboosticksandasetofpitchpipeswerefoundintombno1,i naddition,azither,aT-stringedharp,pipesandbamboofluteswereexcavatedfro mtonbno3.strinkinglybambooreadswerefoundinside.thepipesfoundintomb no3,thereisasilverypointoneachreed,whichcontrolsthepitch,thisisthemateri alevidenceoftheearliestreeds,everusedinwindinstrumentsintheworld. ????theseareweapons:theywreexcavatedfromtombno3,thereare38weapons altogether,includingbowsacrossbow,arrows,anarrowseabbard,aweaponstand,halberds,spears.etc.co mparedwiththeweaponofthewarringstateperiod,thebow,thecrossbowandarrowsweresome whatimprovedsothatarrows????couldtravelfuther,alongwiththegarrisonmap.theyhelpustogetanideaoft hemilitarysituationinchanshastate.????weknowthatchinaisaverybigagriculturalstate,andlonglongago,whenpe oplelivedinwesternhanperiod,therehadcomeintobeingsomewhatdeveloped cultivationandanimalhusbandry.look,allthesethingswereexcavatedfromthe tombs.theagriculturalproduceincludesrice,wheat,barley,soybean,redpeas,h empseeds,vegetable;theanimalproduceincludesdeer,oxen,goats,sheep,pigs ,bares,chickens,fishesandevenchickeneggs.????cquerware,sobeautiful!184piecesoflacquerwarewereunearthedf romtombno1and316piecesfromtombno3,theyincludtripodsvases,squareva ses,boxes,toiletboxes,pitchers,ladles,cups,cavedcup-containers,anarmreat, ascreen,agametoolandadustpam,mostofthemrmadeofawoodbasecoatedinla cquer,andsomeofabambooorhempbase,thedesigns,eitherpaintedinlacquero rpastedorincisedwithveryfinestrokes,weredoneinsmoothandgraceful.lines withgorgeouscolor,theexquisitelywroughtlacquerwaresindicatethehighlyd evelopedstateoflacquercrafts-manshipandasidelightontheeconomicsituatio noftheearlyhandynasty.now,wehaveseentheareoundpartsofthefirsthall,plsf ollowmetothecentralpast.hereyoucanseethesilkfabrics.篇二：马王堆导游词马王堆各位朋友：大家好，欢迎参观长沙马王堆汉墓出土文物陈列馆。
湖南省博物馆马王堆英文讲解词
An Introduction to Mawangdui Han TombsHistoric relics unearthed from Han Tombs at Mawangdui are relevant to many legendary and touching stories, therefore it’s not easy to introduce them thoroughly to our reverend visitors. But we can still enjoy the deli cate articles of ancient civilization to our eyes’ content as well as to our heart’s content. Next, we are to explore the historical and artistic wonders made by ancient Chinese people more than 2100 years ago.This picture shows the outside scene of Han Tombs at Mawangdui. The Han Tombs are located at Wulipai in the eastern suburb of Changsha. They are about 4 kilometers from the downtown area. In the flat extending fields are two mounds of tombs. They are of similar size and are linked to form the shape of a saddle. It was recorded that this site was once the family graveyard for Ma Yin, King of the Chu State during the Five Dynasties Period, and therefore acquired the name Mawangdui meaning Mound of King Ma. But according to Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji’s recordi ng about Changsha, Mawangdui was the graveyard of Lady Cheng and Lady Tang, two concubines of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty. They were buried by Liu Fa, Prince of the Changsha State. Thus this graveyard was called “Shuang Nv Zhong” meaning the Tomb of Two Ladies. The authentic owner of this mysterious graveyard has been uncertain before Mawangdui Tombs were unearthed.At the end of 1971, No.366 Hospital of Hunan Provincial Military Region was to construct underground wards and storerooms at Mawangdui. Before the construction, Hunan Provincial Museum excavated these tombs, revealing the myths buried in this thousand-year underground palace.Here are Models of Tomb pits of the three Han Tombs at Mawangdui. They are numbered in the sequence of excavation. Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.2 lie aside from east to west. Tomb No.3 is located to the south of Tomb No.1. The opening of Tomb No.1 is of square shape, measuring 19.5 meters by 17.8 meters, with a dipper-shaped pit underneath. It is typical of western Han period. The pit measured from the sealing soil is 20.5 meters deep with 4 steps extending downward from the opening. A slope tomb channel leads directly from the ground to the pit bottom at the north of the tomb chamber. Over 1800 cultural relics of lacquer wares, textiles and paintings on silk as well as a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed. The opening and middle layer of Tomb No.2 are of round shape. Due to the fact that the tomb was not compactly sealed, it had been robbed several times and the outer coffin chamber had collapsed. Only around 200 cultural relics were left behind. Tomb No.3 is similar in shape with Tomb 1. It is well preserved with more than 1,000 cultural relics of inscriptions and paintings on silk, inscribed on bamboo slips, lacque r wares and textiles unearthed. The corpse in this tomb, however, was only a skeleton. It’s identified that the corpse belongs to a man who died in his early thirties. He was 1.85 meters tall.Model of Filling Materials in Tomb No.1Tomb No.1 is well-preserved due to several reasons. At the bottom of the tomb is a 15cm-thick layer of white filling clay. Covering the whole outer coffin chamber is a layer of 40cm thick charcoal weighing more than 5 tons. On top of the charcoal is a 1.3cm thick layer of white filling clay. Then earth is rammed every 0.5 meter on its top. Charcoal serves as a moisture-proof substance. It takes in the small amount of water in the chamber. White filling clay is termed montmorillenite, a material for porcelains. It has high plasticity and low permeability. Thus with effective burying and sealing, the corpse, coffins and abundant burial objects are kept impact in the tomb.Wooden Tablet with Burial DateThe inscription on the wooden tablet unearthed from Tomb No.3 reads, “On the f irst wu-chen day of yi-si, the second month of the twelfth year, the chamberlain in charge of funeral service, on holding a memorial with funeral articles, presents a list of the delivery for inspection.” Accordingly the date inscribed on the tablet is equ ivalent to the twenty-fourth of lunar February of the twelfth year in the reign of Emperor Wendi of Han, or 168 B.C. It is the exact burial date of the tomb-owner.Part II: Walking into the Family of the Marquis of DaiLi Cang’s Jade SealIt’s archeologically established that Mawangdui was the family graveyard of the Marquis of Dai in the early Western Han Dynasty. Based on the unearthed jade seals inscribed with “Li Cang”, the bronze seals with Seal of theMarquis of Dai” and “Prime Minister of Changsha State”, we conclude that the owner of Tomb No.2 is the first generation Marquis of Dai and the Prime Minister of Changsha State—Li Cang. He was born in the later years of the Warning States period and died in 186B.C. or the second year of the reign of Empress Gaohou. In his youth, he participated in the Peasants’ Revolution against the Qin Monarch and also in the warfare between Chu and Han. Due to his outstanding contribution to the western Han, he was appointed Prime Minister of Changsha State in the beginning years of the Western Han. He continued his efforts in consolidating the central government’s ruling and keeping unification of the country. It’s recorded in Shi Ji and Han Shu that he was conferred the rank Marquis of Dai in the fourt h lunar month of the second year of Emperor Hudi’s reign or in 193B.C. Dai is the name of his fief which is located between Luoshan county and Guangsha county in present-day Henan Province. He had 700 families under his jurisdiction in his fief. Compared with marquises with a fief of 10,000 families like Chen Ping and Zhang Liang, Marquis of Dai was not of the highest rank. However, owing to the peculiar location of his Changsha State, his family had sumptuous means and clothes, leading a life of extravagance. Even after their demise, they were buried with lavish funerals.Seal with the legend “Qie Xin Zhui”Xin Zhui buried in Tomb No.1 was Li Cang’s wife. Her name is known to us because of a seal unearthed from her tomb. Though she was a woman of prominent status, she saw the death of her husband in her youth and the death of her son in her later years, which must have greatly pained her. She died in the first year of Houyuan reign of Emperor Wendi or 163 B.C. at the age of 50 or so. Hunan Provincial Museum made a wax figure of Xin Zhui to show her graceful bearing with the help of Xi’an Superman Sculpture Research Institute, on the basis of her corpse and her painting on a piece of T-shaped silkBoxwood CombsXin Zhui enjoyed high position and lived in comfort before her death. She cared much about her making up. In the two-tiered lacquer cosmetic box with nine smaller boxes and the single-tiered one with five smaller boxes were found rouge, oil paint, white powder and other cosmetics as well as utensils for making up, such as bronze mirror, mirror polisher, powder puff, combs, wooden tweezers, brush, horn knives with ring-ended handle, etc. The wooden tweezers were used for shaving brows and the brush for applying powder to the face. The hair of the brush on excavation was partly reddish, which might be left by rouge. The boxwood comb is worth observing. It is finely polished and the tooth gaps are fine and even. Within a length of 5 centimeters, the comb has 74 teeth. It is much delicate than the general co mbs used nowadays. It’s still amazing how it could be made so fine.Map of GarrisonThe owner of Tomb No.3 was Li Cang’s son, the Marquis of Dai of the second generation. According to the unearthed wooden tablet, he died in the twelfth year of Emperor Wen di’s reign, i.e., 168B.C. in his early thirties. From Tomb No.3 were found 38 weapons as well as a Map of Garrison. During the last years of the reign of Empress Gaohou, Zhao Tuo, King of the Nanyue Kingdom who set up a separatist region to the south of the Southern Ridges, launched an attack on the southern part of the Changsha State. In response, the Han Court and the Changsha State immediately sent troops on a punitive expedition. The war continued until the early years of the reign of Emperor Wendi. This map of garrison in his tomb revealed to us that the tomb owner was once a key military officer of Changsha State. He participated and even was in command of the campaign. Contrary to a modern map, the south is shown at the top of this map and the south a t the bottom. The circles on the map identify the villages, called “Li” then, while the squares stand for the county sites. The barracks are indicated in irregular shapes. The headquarters represented by a triangle is located at the center of the garrison area where several rivers or brooks meet. Within the garrison area, 6 troops are allocated to the front, the left and the right of the headquarters along 2 lines guarding 3 valleys that lead from Nanyue Kingdom to Changsha State. It’s obvious that Changsha State took advantage of preferential geographic sites to defend itself. The distribution of troops shown on the map was proof for the rather high level of military thoughts and commanding art at the early period of Han.Millet CakesA large quantity of food as well as eating and drinking utensils was unearthed from Tomb No1 and No.3. They are enough to prove that high ranking officials and aristocracy of the Western Han led a life of great extravagance. Besides, a total of 11 bags of ice, wheat, barley and other grains as well as various cakes were discovered from the tombs. The millet cakes found in the painted pottery box from Tomb No.1 were made by steaming the paste of ground or pounded millet powder. Ciba and ci-fantuan that are popular today in the south of China may have developed from the millet cakes.Remaining Slices of Locus Root in the Lacquer Tripod with Cloud Design from Tomb No.1 The primary non-staple foods in Hunan area at that time were fish, meat, vegetables, fruits and so on. Abundant samples of these foods were dug out from the Mawangdui Tombs. The vegetables have been carbonized completely. But we can still get the original forms of some. Much to our amazement, on opening the lacquer tripod with cloud design form Tomb No.1, we found soup made over two thousand and one hundred years ago with a contact layer of sliced lotus root floating on its surface. But it’s regretful to see the speedy disappearance of them due to chemical reactions in the air and unavoidable vibration. Experts in seismology said this phenomenon proved that no serious and destructive earthquake had ever taken place in Changsha area in the last 2100 years.Bones of Wild GeeseMeat consumed by the family of the Marquis of Dai came from a variety of animals. From the buried meat in Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.3, we see they ate not only the meat of domestic fowls and animals but also the meat of wild ones. According to the inventory of burial objects, the buried animals included the commonly seen ones like pigs, goats, oxen, chicken, carps and crucian carps and rare animals such as sika deer, cranes, golden pheasants, turtledoves, wild geese, and mandarin fish. In a way, they range from the flying birds to swimming fish to reptile animals. The coverage of the food is really astonishing.Drawing of Daoyin, the Physical Exercise ChartThis physical exercise chart found in Tomb No.3 is the most ancient one in the world on health care and physical exercise. “Dao Yin” means promoting flowing of qi and blood, and stretching the limbs. It is a treatment of therapeutic physical education combining movements of limbs and respiratory movement. On the chart, 44 Daoyin positions are illustrated. Judging from the remaining characters, they are of 3 categories: the movements of a body, the initiated movements of certain animal and the function of such a movement. If you are interested in this exercise, why not have a try with this ancient treatment?“Guan Ren” Male FigurineOver 300 wooden figurines, substitutes of the household servants in the afterlife, were unearthed from Tomb No.1 and No.3. This figurine has a strong built body and is wearing a tall hat and a silk gown. One of its shoe-soles is caved with “Guan Ren” in Chinese characters, meaning male servant. On excavation, there were sc ores of painted wooden figurines behind him in his command. Therefore, he should be the butler of the Marquis of Dai’s family. The maid figurines are crafted with excellent workmanship and extravagantly dressed in laced embroidery gowns. They should be the Maids of Honor attending the Marquise of Dai. Figurines with painted design are a share contrast to the above mentioned ones. They are of large quantity but the smallest in size. Their facial expressions are of unanimous sadness. They represent the servants of the lowest rank engaged in sundry duties in the household of the Marquis of Dai. We’ll see later on wooden figurines of singers, dancers and musicians. Their existence tells us the great variety of them.Wooden Figurines of MusiciansFive figurines of musicians were discovered from the tombs. Two are in the posture of playing the Yu, a wind instrument and the others playing the Se, a string instrument, forming a family orchestra. You can see they are in gowns and seriously preparing for their performance.The figurines of singers have handsome faces. They are also in long robes and seating on the floor, seemingly producing melodious tunes. Figurines of dancers have round faces with rouge and powder. Their bodies are leaningforward with knees slightly bending, seemingly dancing to the music and songs. The Marquise of Dai led a life of comfort and extravagance during her life time and continued to enjoy it after her death with so many figurines buried with her.Yu: An InstrumentEight kinds of instruments were found from Tomb No.1 and No.3 including Qin, Se, Zhu, Di, Yu, Xulv, Bian-Zhong (chimes) and Bian-Qing(stone chimes). They are of great value in Chinese history of music, offering precious materials for the study on Western Han’s music. There was once a story about an incompetent musician named Nanguo. He passed himself as one of the Yu players in an assembly. Thus came into being the Chinese idiom: “Lan Yu Chong Shu”, which means being there just to make up the number. The instrument “Yu” in this story is like what you see now. This Yu was unearthed from Tomb No.1. Well-preserved, it has the whole set of 22 tubes. But it is of no practical use, for it is just a model.A Set of Liubo ChessA set of game utensils was unearthed from Tomb No.3. It consists of a chessboard, 6 black chessmen and 6 white ones, 20 chess pieces, 42 counting chips and a dice. A special lacquer box is made to hold these utensils. The rules of this game are shown on the carved stones. Two players sitting opposite each other would choose black or white chessmen, and put them accordingly along twelve L-shaped and T-shaped tracks. They would alternately cast the dice, on two sides of which are carved “Jiao” meaning beneficial movement and on the opposite side, meaning disadvantageous movement. On the other sides of the dice are carved cardinals from 1 to 16. One moved his chessman according to the number he got and the one who obtained more chips would be the winner. Liubo chess was a fashionable game during the Han Dynasty at the Court or among civilians. But its popularity waned after the Jin Dynasty and after Tang it became the now popular Chinese chess.The Beauty of Lacquer waresLacquer Tray with Cloud DesignThe tray was designed for passing food. It’s in rectangle shape wi th 4 curved short feet under each corner. Ancient Chinese used the expression “Ju An Qi Men”—holding the tray level with the brows to show that husband and wife are treating each other with courtesy. On the exterior bottom are carved “Household of the Marquis of Dai”, proving the ownership of the tray. On excavation, the tray carried 5 small lacquer dishes containing remnant of beef and thin bamboo strips, two lacquer goblets and one flanged cup with a pair of bamboo chopsticks placed on top of it. The meal set on this tray reveals that the nobles of the Han Dynasty were served meals in individual sets.Lacquer Flanged Cup with Inscription “Jun Xing Shi”The flanged cup was used to hold food, wine, soup or porridge. It is named “Flanged Cup” due to the two handles for holding. During the Warring States Period, the two handles were seen as the two swings of a bird, so they called the vessel “Swung Cup”. The inscriptions in official script on the inside bottom “Jun Xing Shi” means “Help Yourself to some food”.Rectangular Lacquer Cosmetic Box with Raised DecorationThis kind of box was exclusively designed for precious things; therefore its shape and decorations are more exquisite and tasteful. The cover is in peculiar shape. The exterior is painted with black lacquer while the interior with red lacquer. The designs on this box are outlined with bulging white lines between which are filled with scrolled cloud in red, green and yellow. The rich colors in several layers present a three-dimensional effect. This method of painting is named “raised lacquer decoration” in documents. A black lacquer gauze hat was found in the box when unearthed.Lacquer Cosmetic Box with Incised DesignIncised design or the incising technique is to incise, with an awl or a needle, patterns on the lacquer coating when it is not yet thoroughly dried. The incised lines on the box are finer than hair and they can only be seen in bright light. On the cover and the bottom are incised running rabbits, swimming fishes, flying birds and crouching squirrels surrounded by cloud and mist and several sets of cloud and phoenix patterns. On the exterior surface of thebox are incised cloud, an immortal on a dragon’s back, flying birds and a hunting scene. The hunting scene is a vivid presentation: a hunter is running after two deer, holding a long spear in his hand. One deer is just running for life, while the other has leapt into air.Two-tiered Lacquer Cosmetic Box with Painted Design and Nine Small BoxesIt is an ancient cosmetic box with two tiers. The lacquer on the exterior surface is finely painted in dark brown, to which is applied a film of gold powder, mixed with little amount of silver powder. Finally, cloud and mist patterns are painted in yellow, white and red on the surface, which shines brightly with magnificent decorations. The upper layer of the box contains mitts, silk scarf, mirror bag and so on. The bottom of the lower layer is thicker, with nine concaves of various shapes carved in it. Smaller boxes of different shapes are inserted into the concaves. In these delicate boxes we found perfume, a powder puff, combs, a brush, rouge, powder, a wig and so on.Lacquer Tripod with Cloud DesignThe tripod called “Ding” in Chinese is a sacrificial utensil for holding food. It had been adopt ed as symbols of a state’s power and a person’s authority from the Xia Dynasty to the Han Dynasty. There was a set of rigid rules for the using of Ding: the emperor used 9 Ding, dukes or princes used 7 while general officials used only 5. From Mawangdui Tomb No.1 were discovered 7 Ding, which embodies the social status of the tomb owner. Well-preserved, each Ding was shaped by rotating a single piece of wood against a knife. They have grave shapes with black lacquer painted on the exterior surface. On the brim of the mouth of each Ding you can find a band of lozenge pattern. Red and gray green whorl and connected squares form geometric cloud on the surface of the cover and the body. On the feet are painted red beast mask and the handles are decorated with cloud. The interior surface is in red lacquer and has “Er Dou” inscribed on it indicating its capacity.Lacquer Ji-table with a Dragon DesignIn ancient times, people used to sit on the floor and used the Ji-table to support their hand for comfort or to support things they need for convenience. This Ji-table has a flat surface in black lacquer on which is patched a dragon souring among the cloud and mist. The Ji has a pair of fixed short legs and a pair of long moveable legs that can be folded up to the underside of the table. To raise the table higher, unfold the long legs and fasten the thatches; to lean on the table, the person just need fold up the long legs and put the short ones on the ground. The design of this Ji-table is really unique and practical.The Brilliance of the Silk Country“Xin Qi Embroidery” on Damask with Lozenge DesignThe amount of Xin Qi embroidery is the largest among the unearthed pieces. Twenty of its kinds were unearthed from just Tomb No.1. Damask with lozenge design is a light textile woven with interwove warps of different thickness. The patterns are clear and elegantly simple. The embroidery on such light damask shows superior workmanship. This kind of embroidery has reasons to be named “Xin Qi Embroidery”. “Xin Qi” in Chines e means “at fixed time”. The motif of the embroidery is the swallow, which is a kind of migratory bird that come in spring and leaves in fall. You see here on the textile are embroidered stylized swallows with long tails flying among clouds. They have bright red head and beak and brown or deep green swings.Brocade with Piled Circles in Geometric PatternBrocade is a kind of textile with a raised pattern achieved by weaving several warps of different colors. The brocade with piled circles is of the most complex technique among the pieces of textiles from Tomb NO.1. It is obtained by weaving warps of different colors and wefts of single color. The circles on its surface pile in geometric pattern. They vary in size and length and therefore form layers of texture. This kind of brocade looks bright and well-developed, providing a three-dimensional effect. If we cut the circles open and let the threads of the circles spread, we get velvet with raised pattern of later periods. The unearthed textiles at Mawangdui Han Tombs pushed China’s history in making velvet back about three hundred years.Gauze Gown with Printed and Color Painted DesignThis finding is the first ancient silk textile with printed design. It has a surface layer of printed and color paintedgauze, a lining of gauze in a plain color and is padded with silk wadding in between the two layers. The design is stylized climbing plant. The stem and tendrils are finely printed and harmoniously distributed. The connecting area of the stem and tendrils has traces of the printing technique with wooden blocks carved in openwork. The flower buds, petals and leaves are in different patterns and various thicknesses of colors which can not be achieved by printing. Therefore, it is concluded that the color of various thickness were painted by hand after the stem and tendrils were printed. It took great pain to print and paint such a wide gown. The combination of printing and color painting was a breakthrough in technique as well as a masterpiece of ancient Chinese people in printing and painting.Gauze Gown in Plain ColorGauze in plain color needs neither printing nor painting. The gauze gown consisting of a jacket and a skirt has no lining.The two parts weigh respectively 48 grams and 49 grams. The gown has been described “as thin as a cicada’s wing and as light as mist”. Compared with the most light fiber we have nowadays—georgette whose fiber number is 14, the fiber number of this gauze is just between 10.5 and 11.3, which means it is much finer and lighter. In the Han Dynasty, gauze gown of plain color was put on the bright colorful gown to make the magnificent patterns under the thin gauze partly hidden and partly visible.Treasures on Silk and Inscribed SlipsThe ancient nobles hoped to continue their extravagant life after death, for they believed they had an after life. Therefore, innumerous burial projects were buried with their bodies on their death. Before the tombs were sealed inventories of the objects and furnishings were made and put in the tombs. On the day of funeral, the person in charge would read the inventory, telling the dead the listed things were to arrive.Prescriptions for Fifty-two Diseases on SilkIt is the earliest and most complete manuscript on medical prescriptions, involving 103 diseases in various fields of modern medicine such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics, etc. It also includes 283 prescriptions and 254 kinds of medicine. In one prescription, a complete surgery on internal piles was recorded.A dog’s urinary bladder was inserted into the patient’s rectum through anus. Then the bladder was inflated to force the piles out, which was then cut. Then pain-killing and antiphlogistic Chinese medicine---the powder of the root of large flowered skullcap was applied to the cut. But at times the rectum could not draw back to its position. First, lubricating medicine paste was applied to the rectum. Then the patient was hung upside down and cold water was splashed to his belly to make it contract. As a result, the rectum drew back automatically.Divination by Astrological and Meteorological Phenomena or Tian Wen Qi Xiang Za Zhan on Silk About 250 drawings of clouds, mirages, rainbows, stars and comets are contained in this book, which tended to divine catastrophes or results in wars through the interpretation of astrological and metrological phenomena. The most wonderful part of the book is the 29 drawings of comets. Except the last one, each comet was drawn with a head and a tail. The head of the comets was represented with a tiny circle or a dot and inside some heads were found tinier circle or dot, showing the comet core had been found in the head by that time. The tails of the comets were in different lengths and widths. The book is the most ancient work on forms of comets, revealing ancient Chinese people’s outstanding achievement in observing and studying astrological phenomena.Divination by Five Stars on SilkIt should be the earliest writing on astrology in the world. With 8,000 Chinese characters, it made recordings in sections. The first section recorded the movements of five planets: Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars and Saturn, and divined luck through the forms or positions of the constellation.The second section included diagrams about the positions of Jupiter, Saturn and Venues in a period of 70 years from 246 B.C., the first year of the reign of the First Emperor of Qin to 177 B.C., the third year of the reign of the Han Emperor Wendi. It also recorded the period of revolution of the planets through calculation. The recorded results are quite close to those of today. For example, it estimated that it would take the Venus 584.4 days to complete a periodic motion so as to be in line with the Earth and the Sun. That is only 0.4 day in excess of the present dayevaluation of 583.92 days. To our admiration, ancient people got such concrete and exact data without the help of precision instruments we nowadays adopt.Topographic Map on SilkTopographic Map of Southern Changsha State is the earliest map adopting scale in the world. It is on a scale of 1:180,000 with standard legend, but has the south at the top and the north at the bottom. The area covers the southern area of the Changsha State, approximately encompassing the present day Jiuyi Maintain and South Ranges. On the left of the map, scale-like whirl pools were painted to indicate Jiuyi Maintain and 9 columns to indicate its nine peaks. Altogether over 30 rivers including the Xiangjiang River, Zhujiang River and so on were clearly shown on the map. The wide dark lines represent the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River, called Xiaoshui River. Along the waterways are more than 80 counties and villages indicated by squares and circles, which are connected by dark lines representing roads. The map drawn on the basis of range estimation and rough measuring can not be as precise as those drawn today with the help of aerial photography and advanced measuring tools. But some of its indications can still lead us to several counties. We have to admit the technology in drawing maps during the Han Dynasty had advanced to a rather high level.Drawing of Guard of HonorThis drawing was found on the western wall of the coffin chamber in Tomb No.3. It can be divided in to 4 parts: at top left are two lines of people headed by one in the first line with a high hat and a sword. This man should be the tomb owner, a then military officer of the Changsha State; at bottom left is a phalanx of over a hundred guards, some of which are beating drums and striking bells; at top right there are chariots drawn up in a battle formation. Among them, about 40 chariots drawn by four horses are easily distinguished. At bottom right, there are columns of horsemen forming a grand troop of chariots and horsemen. The drawing presents to us a vivid scene before a war, telling us the troops of the Changsha State are ready to march to the front. Characterized by a strong sense of realism, it is regarded as the earliest-known painting in realistic style.T-shaped Painting on Silk from Tomb No.1This painting is named after its shape by us, but it was called “Non-Garment” in the inventory of burial objects. On excavation, it was found covering the coffin with the painted side downward. Across its top side is a bamboo pole and to the lower side are attached tapes in silk or hemp cloth. It is believed to be a banner carried in the funeral procession to send the death’s soul to the Heaven.The painting has a full length of 205cm and contains three sections from top to bottom, depicting scenes of the heavenly world, the human world and the underworld. At the upper middle of the painting is an immortal in serpent’s shape but with a long-haired human head. According to Shan Hai Jing, it is the immense candlelight dragon, which is in charge of the changes of weather and the shifting of night and day. On the right are painted 9 reddish suns looming among blue Fusang trees. Fusnag trees are legendary mulberry trees located at the extreme eastern limits of the world, from which the sum is supposed to rise. In this painting, it is from these Fusang trees that the ten suns take turns to be on duty. The absent sun may be the one on its shift. In the largest sun is painted a black bird, called Jinwu in ancient times. It reflects actually the observation of sunspots by ancient people. On the left is a crescent moon, under which a beauty in elegant robes is dancing. Some say she’s Goddess of the Moon, and is raising the moon with her hand; others believe she is Chang’er who is fleeing to the Moon Palace after st ealing the pills of immortality. With the lines of the moon, there is a little white rabbit and a round toad with a magic fungus in its mouth. These two animals form a sharp contrast in shape. Two heavenly guardians are making a slight bow to the Marquise of Dai with their hands folded in front at the gate to the heavenly world. In the human world, canopies serve as roofs of houses with rose finches decorated on the tops. Beneath the canopies, the Marquise of Dai extravagantly attired is moving forward with the help of her stick. Three maids of honor are attending her. In front of her, there stand 3 alchemists presenting to her pills of immortality. On both sides of the human images are double dragons symbolizing honorability and fortune. At the lower part of the painting, the scene is probably on the vigil kept by her family, whose facial expressions are of sadness and gloom. In the underworld, God of the Earth—Gun, holds up the earth and tramples on。
湖南-长沙马王堆汉墓遗址英文导游词
湖南-长沙马王堆汉墓遗址英文导游词From 1972 to early 1974, Chinese archaeological workers excavated three tombs of the Western Han Dynasty at Mawangdui and achieved tremendous results which attracted attention at home and abroad. The more than3,000 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse unearthed from the tombs are of great value in studying the politics, economy, military, affairs, culture, science and technology of the early Western Han period.Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of Changsha, about four kilometers from the center of the city. For centuries it was said that King Mayin of Chu of the Five Dynasties period was buried here and hence the name “Mawangdui”. Formerly there were two earthen mounds closely linked together in the shape of a horse saddle, thus it also called “Maandui”. In some historical documents it was called “Erfeimu”, and “Shuangnvfen”. It was said that Lady Tang, the mother of Liufa, Prince Din of Changsha in the early Han, and another imperial concubine, Lady Cheng, were buried here. Yet another record said that these were the tombs of Prince Liufa and his mother Lady Tang.The opinions about who was buried here varied widely and the truth did not e out until the excavations began in 1792. It turned out that there were three tombs at Mawangdui. The eastern mound was known as Tomb , and the western mound as Tomb The third Tomb was located to the south of Tomb and covered up by the sealing soil of the latter so there was no visible trace of its existence. The three seal s unearthed from Tomb “Chancellor to the prince of Changsha”, “State the Marquis of the Dai”, and “Licang” indicate that Mawangdui was the burial ground of Licang, chancellor to the prince of Changsha Stare and Marquis of Dai in the early Western Han dynasty, and his family. The historical records give Licang ‘s death as occurring in the second year of the reign of Empress Dowager Liu. He occupant in Tom is believed to be his son. Unearthed [1] [2] 下一页。
湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词-导游词模板
湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about 4km from downtown changsha,In the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name “mawangdui”formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.From 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the to seals unearthed from tomb no2”chancellor to the prince to changsha”,”seal of the marquis of dai”we know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of Empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads”the first day of the second month in the twelfth year” after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang ‘ wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that “tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century B,Ca little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into three categories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings,pipes posed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a T- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrows could travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had e into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.。
介绍长沙省博物馆作文英语
介绍长沙省博物馆作文英语Today, I came to Hunan Provincial Museum to visit the exhibition. Founded in the early 1950s, Hunan Provincial Museum is located next to the west gate of Martyr Park, covering an area of 5. Ten thousand square meters. The museum has a rich collection of cultural relics, with Ma Wangdui Han tomb relics, Shang and Zhou bronzes, Chu relics, ceramics, paintings and calligraphy, modern cultural relics and so on the most distinctive.First of all, we went to the exhibition of Mawangdui Han Tomb. Walking through the corridor, we were greeted by books and several pictures, which vividly reproduced the excavation site of Mawangdui Han tomb more than 30 years ago. From which we can see three tombs. Buried respectively are the lady Xinzui, and the son of Licao. One of the most famous is Xin Zhu, whose tomb is 20 meters long from north to south, 17 meters long from east to west, and 20 meters deep. In the exhibition hall I saw the restoration of the burial pit. This is really big! How deep! "I exclaimed. The burial pit was funnel-shaped and gradually narrowed from top to bottom until the bottom chamber was more than 4 metershigh and 15 meters high. What the archaeological team and we did not expect was that there were four layers of coffins inside, with exquisite patterns that shocked people. In particular, the painted coffin was covered with gods and beasts and clouds. It's so lifelike, it looks like it's gonna pop out. The coffin was also covered with two giant T-shaped paintings with mysterious designs.Before long, we finally reached the place where the body of Mrs. Xinzhu was presented. He surprised me. After more than two thousand years, the body had not decomposed. She was 154 centimeters long, complete in appearance, with some hair still remaining and some joints moving, making her the oldest wet corpse found in the world. I looked at the restored wax figure of Xin Zhuan again. The woman was very lifelike, as if talking with us right in front of us. Although we can see Mawangdui Han Tomb directly from the roof of our house, we have never seen it so closely and never sighed so much.We also visited other pavilions, which brought me back to the abyss of history, felt the greatness of history, and also told us to cherish these cultural relics, so that they can be preserved for a long time.翻译：今天，我来到了湖南省博物馆参观展览。
英语作文介绍长沙
英语作文介绍长沙英文回答：Changsha, the capital city of Hunan Province, is a bustling metropolis renowned for its rich history, vibrant culture, and delectable cuisine. As I navigate through this captivating city, I am struck by its unique fusion of old-world charm and modern urbanity.At the heart of Changsha lies Yuelu Mountain, a scenic sanctuary that offers breathtaking panoramic views of the city. Ascending the mountain's winding paths, I am rewarded with lush greenery, ancient temples, and the iconic Yuelu Academy, one of the oldest and most prestigious educational institutions in China.Delving into the city's vibrant history, I visit the Hunan Provincial Museum, home to an astounding collection of cultural artifacts and archaeological treasures. I am particularly captivated by the Mawangdui Han Tombs, whichhave yielded a wealth of well-preserved relics, providing invaluable insights into the lives of ancient Chinese people.No exploration of Changsha would be complete without savoring the city's tantalizing culinary delights. From the spicy kick of "stinky tofu" to the heartwarming flavors of "Chairman Mao's Braised Pork," Changsha's cuisine is a culinary symphony that awakens all the senses. I indulge in these gastronomic wonders at local street food stalls, immersing myself in the city's energetic and convivial atmosphere.Beyond its cultural and culinary attractions, Changsha boasts a thriving modern metropolis. I marvel at the city's towering skyscrapers and modern infrastructure, symbols of its economic vitality. The bustling pedestrian streets of Pozi Street and Huangxing Road teem with life, offering an eclectic mix of shopping, dining, and entertainment options for locals and visitors alike.As I bid farewell to this captivating city, I am filledwith a deep appreciation for its rich tapestry of history, culture, and cuisine. Changsha has left an unforgettable mark on my memory, and I am eager to return and further explore its many hidden gems.中文回答：长沙，湖南省省会，是一座繁华的大都市，以其悠久的历史、鲜明的文化和美味的菜肴而闻名。
马王堆汉墓英文讲解词
The exhibition of cultural relics from MawangduiGood morning/afternoon everyone. Welcome to the exhibition of the Han dynasty at Mawangdui in Changsha.There are three tombs at Mawangdui. They were excavated from 1972 to 1974; it marks one of the major archaeological discoveries in the twentieth century. Over 3000 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed, they attracting wide attention both at home and abroad.First of all, let’s have a look at the location of Mawangdui. Mawangdui is located in the eastern of Changsha, about 4 kilometers to the center of Changsha. And this is the model of tomb pits. It is copied on the order of the excavation. But who are the owners of the tombs? Xinzhui, the female corpse is the owner of Tomb No.1, Xinzhui’s husband Licang is the owner of Tomb No.2, he is the chancellor of the prince of Changsha State, and their son is the owner of Tomb No.3.Now, we can turn back to see the scene of the Han tombs at Mawangdui. The two mounds are the Tombs No.1 and No.2. They are linked from east to west in the shape of saddle, thus Mawangdui has also been called “Ma an dui”. (Saddle mound)This is the illustration of the interruption between Tombs No.1 and No.3. The vertical line shows the sealing soil of Tomb No.3, and the parallel line shows the sealing soil of Tomb No.1. You can see, that of Tomb No.1 covered the sealing soil of Tomb No.3. This should serve as evidence that the burial date of Tomb No.1 was later than that of Tomb No.3.This is a photograph taken on the spot during excavation. Over 1000 cultural relics, such as lacquer wares, textiles, painting on silks and a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed. This is the most well preserved tomb in the three tombs. Why the tomb can be preserved so well? Because the way of the burial was very special. At the bottom of the coffin, there were 15cm deep of white filling clay. The white filling clay is a kind of kaolin clay with impurities. It is an excellent sealant，has high plasticity and low permeability. At the top of the coffin and around the coffin, there were over 5000kg (40cm deep) charcoal. It can stop the moisture into the coffin.The picture here shows excavation works in progress at Tomb No.2. This tomb had been robbed several times. Only around 200 cultural relics were left behind. This is a bamboo basket unearthed.Just now we know the burial date of Tomb No.3 was earlier than that of Tomb No.1. But what was the burial date of the Tomb No.3? We had this wooden tablet unearthed with the burial date on it.And this is a wooden spade; it was a tool for building the tomb.We all know, Mawangdui is the family graveyard of the Marquis of Dai of the Western Han dynasty. Let’s walk into the family of the Marqui s of Dai and to know some other things about them.There are three seals here unearthed from Tomb No.2. From the left to the right, the first is a bronze seal with the legend “Seal of the Marquis of Dai”, the second is a jade seal with the legend “Li Cang”, and the third is a bronze seal with the legend “Prime minister of Changsha State”. These seals should serve as evidence of Li Cang’s identity. This is a gold inlaid bronze crossbow trigger. It is one part of crossbow. It might have been used by Li Cang in the Peasant Revolution and the wars between the Chu and the Han.The owner of Tomb No.1 is Xinzhui. From this tomb, there also had a seal with the “Qie Xinzhui” unearthed. “Qie” was a self-depreciatory term that a woman in ancient times used to refer to herself when speaking to her husband. Because of this seal, we know that Li Cang’s wife named Xinzhui. Before Xinzhui’s death, she liked dressing and making up very much. All these cosmeticsare the proof of that. We can see, the first is a mirror polisher, the second is a powder puff. The third is a knife, it is used for peel nail, the fourth one is a brush, the brush is used for applying powder to the face. The fifth one is a wooden tweezers. It could be used as a hairpin, and also for shaving eyebrows. The next two are hairpins. And the last two are the boxwood combs. Especially the one on the right, it is only 5.2cm wild, but it has 74 teeth.This is a bronze mirror with dragon design and this is wig.According to the female corpse and the related materials, we had restituted the statue here. She is 38 years old, and 158cm high. Very beautiful, isn’t she?The owner of Tomb No.3 is Li Cang’s son. There were 38 weapons unearthed from Tomb No.3, the most noteworthy weapon is the crossbow. This is a kind of long-range weapon in the Han dynasty. And we can see this map of garrison. It is unlike a modern map, the south is shown at the top of this map and the north at the bottom.Then, we’ll learn some other things about the food and drink of the Marquis of Dai. Firstly, we can see some staple-food. The variety of grains of the Han dynasty is similar to that of nowadays. A total of 11 bags of rice, wheat, barley and so on unearthed from the Tombs No.1 and No.3. There are some samples of staple-food.This is a bamboo case, and these are wooden tablets. There are some characters on the tablets. In the ancient times, these tablets were originally attached to the bamboo cases. Then people could know what food was inside it. This is a painted pottery box with millet cakes, which were unearthed.Also a large number of meat products were buried in the Tombs No.1 and No.3. The things, which are displayed in this cabinet, are the animals’ bones, such as swan skeleton, duck bones, hare bones and so on.At the household of Marquis of Dai’s leisure, the also eat some fruits and vegetables. We can see some red bayberries in the third bottle. When they unearthed, their colour was fresh. One of our archaeologists was very surprised, so he picked one and had a taste of it, but it was bitter. And please look at the photo on the wall. We had a tripod unearthed, when it unearthed, it contained some slices of lotus root floating in water. But what a pity! When the slices of lotus root touched with the air, they disappeared immediately.Besides the food and drink, we also had some flavoring unearthed. This is the ginger with fermented soybeans.From Tombs No.1 and No. 3，a number of Chinese medicinal herbs and a drawing of Qigong movements were unearthed. It reflects that the household of the Marquis of Dai paid much attention to keeping in good health in daily life. This is a physical exercise chart from the Tomb No.1, we call it “drawing of Daoyin”. According to this drawing, we copied a relief sculpture here. You can see, there are 44 persons on it. Maybe, if you do this excises everyday, you can keep in good health.There were many servants in the household of the Marquis of Dai. Over 300 wooden figurines substitutes of the household servants in the afterlife. The first is a male figurine wearing a hat. One of its shoes carved with “guan ren”. He might be the head servant in the household of the Marquis of Dai, but the figurine’s clothing is a replica. These two are the maid figurines with clothings. They might be the maids of the Marquis of Dai. The third kinds are the maid figurines with carved garments. And the last kinds are the figurines with painted design. They were the lowest rank engaged.These are two bamboo fans.From the tombs, over 10 kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs were unearthed. These are thesamples. And this is a painted pottery brazier. It would have contained some medicinal herbs, they were burnt to purity the air. And the bamboo brazier netting was placed on top of the brazier.There are the funerary money buried in the tombs. They prove that the household of the Marquis of Dai lived an extravagant and wealthy life.These are the wooden figurine of dancers, singers and musicians.From the tombs, we also had some kinds of musical instruments unearthed. The first is the Se with 25 strings. It has 25 strings, each string is made up of silks, but it is only a funerary object.This is a seven-string qin. There some marks on the top surface of the Qin, they can indicate that it might have been used by the tomb owner.This is Yu, but it’s a funerary object. And these are the pitch pipes, they were turning instruments in ancient times. This is a bamboo flute, it is the earliest example of bamboo flute in China.This is a set of wooden bells, and this is a set of wooden chimes.Then, we’ll see a set of liubo chess. It was a fashionable game during the Han dynasty, but it no longer exists. A liubo chess set consists of a chessboard, 20 chess pieces, 42 counting chips, 6 black chessmen, 6 white chessmen, and an ivory scraper, a knife and a dice. The dice has eighteen sides, each is inscribed respectively with the numbers 1 to 16,and two other characters. While played, two players would alternately cast the dice and move the chessman, and then the one who obtained more chips would be the winner.Lacquer ware was one of ancient China’s great inventions. From the three tombs, over 700 pieces of lacquer wares were recovered. Next, we’ll have a look at the lacquer wares.The first one is a lacquer dish with wildcat design. We can see the design, there are 4 wildcats on it. It is a vessel for containing food.These two are the lacquer ladles with cloud design and dragon design. In this hall, except this longer ladle is a funerary object, the others were all unearthed from the tombs.This is a lacquer tray with cloud design. You can see, there are 5 small dishes and 2 cups on it. It likes the self-food in nowadays, is n’t it?These are some cups and dishes. Please look them carefully, do you see some words in the middle of them? Yes, these dishes and cups all have inscription “Jun Xing Shi”, it means, “please have food”, and these cups also have some characters “Jun Xing Jiu”, means “please drin k wine”. It can prove that people in ancient times were very polite.Goblet, is a vessel for wine drinking.This is a lacquer box. When unearthed, it contained a black lacquer gauze hat.This is a lacquer cosmetic box. We saw some cosmetics just now, some of them were put in it when unearthed.This is a pitcher, named Yi. It was a vessel used by the nobles for washing hands.This is a screen. A screen is used as a partition for dividing a room or for keeping the wind off. But it is only a funerary object.These objects are called Ji-table. Especially this Ji, it has fixed short legs and long legs. The long legs can be folded up to the underside of the table. During the Han dynasty, people used to sit on the ground and with their knees under table. When they were tired, they could put their arms on the Ji-table, so it likes the armrest of sofa in nowadays.China was the first country to engage in sericulture, silk reeling and silk weaving. The more than 100 pieces of textiles, embroideries and clothing unearthed from the tombs. These pieces clearly attest to the accomplishments in textile technology of the early Han dynasty.First, we’ll see the embroideries. A total of 50 pieces of embroider ies on clothing and other articles were unearthed from the tombs.This embroidery named “chenyun” embroidery. It with the cloud design. And there are some eyes of phoenix in the red cloud.On this embroidery, there also have some design of birds’ eyes. The bird is a symbol of long-life.This is another kind of embroidery with the tails of swallow design. Do you know swallow? It is a kind of birds.Then, you can see some other embroideries.OK, after see the embroideries, let’s go to see some clothes, which were well preserved. This is a damask g own with “Xinqi embroidery”. It is very large, please look at the photo on the wall, it was worn from body to earth.These are the shoes, the socks and the gloves.This is a gauze gown with printed and colour painted design.The most noteworthy clothes is the gauze gown in plain colour. It is 128cm overall, and the length of sleeves is 190cm, but it only weighs 49g. But you can guess how to wear this clothes? In ancient times, women worn a gown first, then covered this clothes on; the pattern of the gown would penetrate this clothes. Isn’t it fashionable? Or sexy?The manuscripts and paintings on silk, and the inscriptions on bamboo and wooden slips, were among the most prominent treasures recovered from the Han tombs at Mawangdui. Unearthed from the Tombs No.1 and No.3, there were around 40 manuscripts on silk, written in about 100,000 words. In this exhibition hall, you can see some manuscripts and paintings on silk.First, let’s have a look at this wooden slips. These three are about medicine, and so me good ways of sex.These are the manuscripts on sick.And the T-shaped painting on silk is the most important. Then let’s go to have a look at them.This is the T-shaped painting on silk from Tomb No.1. This was a banner carried in the funeral procession, and it was then laid on the innermost coffin at the burial. The painting has three sections from the top to the bottom, the heaven world, the human world and the underworld (lower world).First, we see the heaven world section . On the top of it, there is a man with snake tail, his name is candlelight dragon. He can control the whole world. When he closes his eyes, the world is night; when he opens his eyes, it is day. Maybe he is the god in your mind. On the top left corner, there is a moon, and a huge toad stand on it, you can see there is a special grass in its mouth, and it can cure all the diseases. On the toad, there is a small rabbit. And under the moon, you can see a beautiful woman, she is dancing, maybe she is the owner of the moon. On the right corner, there is a big sun with a black bird in it. You know, China was the first country to discover the sunspot. Maybe it is the symbol of the sun. Under the biggest sun, there are other 8 suns. It said, there are ten suns in the sky during the ancient times. They were on duty by terns. But why are we seeing only 9 suns here? Because the other one was on duty at that time, and the biggest one was waiting for its coming. And can you see two upside-down letters “T” at the bottom of the heaven world? The y are the gatesof the heaven world. And the two men sit on the gates are the heavenly guardians. They were waiting for the old woman Xin Zhui’s ascending. Because the ancients thought, when people died, they would rise to the heavenly world.Then we’ll se e the human world. The woman who holds a crutch is the owner of Tomb No.1. Three maids follow her, they ascending slowly to the heaven. When she was dead, her family members were offering sacrifices. And you can see, there are two dragons through a jade. Somebody thought, it was the symbol of the Marquis of Dai probably. It means, people ascending to the heaven by the dragons.At last, we’ll see the bottom of the painting, the underworld part, there is a giant was holding up the earth, and he is standing on two crossed fishes. It said, the two fishes might cause earthquake. Only the giant could control them.These are the mainly meaning of the T-shaped painting on silk. It is very beautiful, imaginable and romantic, do you think so?There is another T-shap ed painting on silk from Tomb No.3 over there. Let’s have a look at it. The content roughly resembles that from Tomb No.1，only with minor differences in composition. Of course, Xinzhui is instead of his son.OK, now please take this way, we’ll go downstair s to see the coffins and the female corpse.This is the huge outer coffin, we’ll see the whole visage of it on the second floor in a while, first, let’s go to see the innermost coffin.This is the innermost coffin, the female corpse was inside this coffin. Then put this coffin in that bigger coffin, and then put it in the biggest coffin. Around this there was another coffin, but we haven’t displayed here. And at last, put all the four innermost coffins in the huge outer coffin.OK，now let’s go to see the female corpse on the other side immediately.The female corpse of Xinzhui has found in the innermost coffin of Tomb No.1. When unearthed, it measured 154cm and it weighed 34.3kg. Do you know, this female corpse is not the mummy, because, the mummy has a mask on its face, and it has no visceral organs in the body. But the female corpse was found to remain intact and retain a certain degree of moisture. And all the organs were well preserved.An analysis of the anatomy shows that the visceral organs were well preserved. And according to pathological inspection, Xinzhui had suffered from various diseases, including a coronary heart attack, general arteriosclerosis and cholelithiasis. In her esophagus, stomach and intestines, there are 138.5 muskmelon seeds were found. This reveals that she might have died shortly after eating melon. Her sudden death was most probably caused by an acute episode of cholelithiasis, and then triggered a coronary heart attack. She died at the age of around fifty.This female corpse was preserved for over 2000 years, it is a marvel in the history of antiseptic. The excellent preservation could be attributed to the airtight sealing and the deep burial. And it created a low-temperature, anoxic and germ-free environment. In addition, the 80 liters of fluid inside the innermost coffin might have served to inhibit the action of proteolysis enzymes.OK, at last, please follow me to see the huge outer coffin on second floor.Now, you see, this is a replication of the No.1 tomb pit. It has been made according to the original size. The three coffins were put in the middle of it, and the around four boxes were put the cultural relics in it.。
马王堆汉墓英文详细版导览词
An Introduction to Mawangdui Han T ombsHistoric relics unearthed from Han Tombs at Mawangdui are relevant to many legendary and touching stories, therefore it’s not easy to introduce them thoroughly to our reverend visitors. But we can still enjoy the de licate articles of ancient civilization to our eyes’ content as well as to our heart’s content. Next, we are to explore the historical and artistic wonders made by ancient Chinese people more than 2100 years ago.This picture shows the outside scene of Han Tombs at Mawangdui. The Han Tombs are located at Wulipai in the eastern suburb of Changsha. They are about 4 kilometers from the downtown area. In the flat extending fields are two mounds of tombs. They are of similar size and are linked to form the shape of a saddle. It was recorded that this site was once the family graveyard for Ma Y in, King of the Chu State during the Five Dynasties Period, and therefore acquired the name Mawangdui meaning Mound of King Ma. But according to Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji’s recor ding about Changsha, Mawangdui was the graveyard of Lady Cheng and Lady Tang, two concubines of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty. They were buried by Liu Fa, Prince of the Changsha State. Thus this graveyard was called “Shuang Nv Zhong” meaning the Tomb o f Two Ladies. The authentic owner of this mysterious graveyard has been uncertain before Mawangdui Tombs were unearthed.At the end of 1971, No.366 Hospital of Hunan Provincial Military Region was to construct underground wards and storerooms at Mawangdui. Before the construction, Hunan Provincial Museum excavated these tombs, revealing the myths buried in this thousand-year underground palace.Here are Models of Tomb pits of the three Han Tombs at Mawangdui. They are numbered in the sequence of excavation. Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.2 lie aside from east to west. Tomb No.3 is located to the south of Tomb No.1. The opening of Tomb No.1 is of square shape, measuring 19.5 meters by 17.8 meters, with a dipper-shaped pit underneath. It is typical of western Han period. The pit measured from the sealing soil is 20.5 meters deep with 4 steps extending downward from the opening. A slope tomb channel leads directly from the ground to the pit bottom at the north of the tomb chamber. Over 1800 cultural relics of lacquer wares, textiles and paintings on silk as well as a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed. The opening and middle layer of Tomb No.2 are of round shape. Due to the fact that the tomb was not compactly sealed, it had been robbed several times and the outer coffin chamber had collapsed. Only around 200 culturalrelics were left behind. Tomb No.3 is similar in shape with Tomb 1. It is well preserved with more than 1,000 cultural relics of inscriptions and paintings on silk, inscribed on bamboo slips, lacq uer wares and textiles unearthed. The corpse in this tomb, however, was only a skeleton. It’s identified that the corpse belongs to a man who died in his early thirties. He was 1.85 meters tall. Model of Filling Materials in Tomb No.1Tomb No.1 is well-preserved due to several reasons. At the bottom of the tomb is a 15cm-thick layer of white filling clay. Covering the whole outer coffin chamber is a layer of 40cm thick charcoal weighing more than 5 tons. On top of the charcoal is a 1.3cm thick layer of white filling clay. Then earth is rammed every 0.5 meter on its top. Charcoal serves as a moisture-proof substance. It takes in the small amount of water in the chamber. White filling clay is termed montmorillenite, a material for porcelains. It has high plasticity and low permeability. Thus with effective burying and sealing, the corpse, coffins and abundant burial objects are kept impact in the tomb.W ooden Tablet with Burial DateThe inscription on the wooden tablet unearthed from Tomb No.3 reads, “On the first wu-chen day of yi-si, the second month of the twelfth year, the chamberlain in charge of funeral service, on holding a memorial with funeral articles, presents a list of the delivery for inspection.” Accordingly the date inscribed on the tablet is e quivalent to the twenty-fourth of lunar February of the twelfth year in the reign of Emperor W endi of Han, or 168 B.C. It is the exact burial date of the tomb-owner.Part 错误！未找到引用源。
马王堆汉墓英文导游词怎么写
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湖南马王堆汉墓英文导游词From 1972 to early 1974, Chinese archaeological workers excavated three tombs of the Western Han Dynasty at Mawangdui and achieved tremendous results which attracted attention at home and abroad. The more than3,000 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse unearthed from the tombs are of great value in studying the politics, economy, military, affairs, culture, science and technology of the early Western Han period.Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of Changsha, about four kilometers from the center of the city. For centuries it was said that King Mayin of Chu of the Five Dynasties period was buried here and hence the name "Mawangdui'. Formerly there were two earthen mounds closely linked together in the shape of a horse saddle, thus it also called "Maandui'. In some historical documents it was called "Erfeimu', and "Shuangnvfen'. It was said that Lady Tang, the mother of Liufa, Prince Din of Changsha in the early Han, and another imperial concubine, Lady Cheng, were buried here. Yet another record said that these were the tombs of Prince Liufa and his mother Lady Tang.The opinions about who was buried here varied widely and the truth did not come out until the excavations began in 1792. It turned out that there were three tombs at Mawangdui. The eastern mound was known as Tomb No.1, and the western mound as Tomb No.2. The third Tomb was located to the south of Tomb No.1 and covered up by the sealing soil of the latter so there was no visible trace of its existence. The three seals unearthed from Tomb No.2 "Chancellor to the prince of Changsha', "State the Marquis of the Dai', and "Licang' indicate that Mawangdui was the burial ground of Licang, chancellor to the prince of Changsha Stare and Marquis of Dai in the early Western Han dynasty, and his family. The historical records give Licangs death as occurring in the second year of the reign of Empress Dowager Liu. He occupant in Tom No.3 is believed to be his son. Unearthed form the tomb was a wooden tablet inscribed with the burial date.After careful textual research this was identified as the twelfth year of the reign of the Han emperor Wen Di. The corpse in Tomb No.1 is that of Licangs wife, whose personal name, according to an unearthed seal, was Xingzhui. A study of the stratigraphical relation of the tombs and the burial objects led to conclusion that Tomb No.1 date from about the sixth decade of the second century B.C, a little later than Tomb No.3.The three Han tombs were immense. Tomb No.1 preserved very well. Tomb No.2 the coffins were mostly rotted. Most of the funeralobjects were damaged and the corpse was totally decomposed because the tomb had been robbed in the past. The construction of Tomb No.3 remained that of Tomb No.1 but it was slightly smaller in size and there were only three steps at the mouth of the pit. There were three coffins in the wooden chamber but only a skeleton remained in the in the innermost coffin because the sealing was not tight enough. The funeral objects unearthed are abundant. There are paintings, books, maps, weapons, musical instrument, silk fabrics and so on. Both the innermost coffins of tombs No.1 and No.3 were covered by a T-shaped.Color painting on silk. The two paintings are of similar subjects. The heavenly world, human society and the nether world are depicted. The top section portrays the sun, moon, stars, a big tree of a mythic island, celestial beings, heavenly gate guards, etc. The middle section depicts a scene of the tomb occupant offering sacrifices to gods. The bottom section represents a giant standing on the back of a pair of big mythical fish, holding up the earth. Well balanced and ingeniously composed, the paintings harmoniously interweave fairy tales with reality. The artistic skill of the paintings makes them masterpieces of ancient art. Judging from the shape, content, and the positions where the paintings were placed in the tombs, we know that they were a kind of funeral banner called "Mingjing'. These banners were used in funeral ceremonies to usher the spirit up to heaven, reflecting the superstitious thinking of thefeudal rulers.马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about4km from downtown changsha,In the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name mawangduiformerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.From 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2chancellor to the prince to changsha,seal of the marquis of daiwe know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of Empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which readsthe first day of the second month in the twelfth year after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, wasxingzhui, a study of conclusion that tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century B,Ca little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into threecategories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a T- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, pared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrowswere somewhat improved so that arrowscould travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and graceful.lines with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.。
《马王堆汉墓帛书》英文版
The Han Tombs are located in the east suburb of Changsha City. in The Annals of Changsha County , the tombs were connected with Ma Yin, , which might be the burial ground of King Ma and his sons, hence the name "Mawangdui". However, through the later excavation and further archaeological research from 1972 to 1974, we discovered that Mawangdui was actually the burial ground of an early Western Han Dynasty Marquis Dai's family, Meanwhile, more than 3,000 precious cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed here.Next let's walk into Marquis Dai’s home to pursue the magic and glory of Chinese civilization over 2000 years ago!The lacquer wares unearthed from the three Han tombs of Mawangdui are unprecedented in their large number or the well-preserved condition, or their exquiste craft.such as the moire lacquer tripod, the moirélacquer tray, the moire lacquer cup box, the oblong embossed lacquer cap box and the needle-carved lacquer cosmetic box. Look, this is a two-tiered color-painted lacquer cosmetic box with nine smaller boxes. It is just like the multi-layer cosmetic box that girls use today.China is recognized as the cradle of silk. The two white-yarn gowns excavated from Tomb No.1 really amaze us. The white-yarn is the undyed yarn and a gown is a dress without liner. These two dresses weigh only 48 and 49 grams respectively,.They are really as light as the smoke, andas thin as a cicada wing. So far the white-yarn gowns are the oldest and best-preserved as well as the most refined dresses existing in the world. At the same time, they are also among the thinnest clothes. People at that time wore such light and thin gowns on the bright and beautiful silk cotton-padded robes, displaying a dim beauty.About 120,000 words of silk books were also unearthed from Tomb No. 3. This piece of silk book Divining Five Planets reveals the astronomical observation and it is the oldest astronomical works existing in the world. Up to now this piece of silk book Fifty-two Prescriptions is the earliest and most complete ancient medical book that records the detailed medical treatment involving medicine and surgery.Among the silk paintings unearthed from the Han tombs at Mawangdui, this T-shape silk painting is the most eye-catching one. According to archaeological research, in funeral rites, it was used to guiding the spirit to heaven, much like a funeral streamer.The whole painting is over 205 centimeters long and can be artistically divided into three parts the heaven world, the human world and the nether world. Look, over the top section of the painting is a god with man’s head and snake’s body, which resembles the images of gods such as Nv Wa, Fu Xi and Zhu Long in the myth. On the right , there is a black bird in the middle of the biggest sun, which was called Jinwu inancient times. In fact, it was the observation result of the sunspot by ancient people. On the left is a picture about the moon,there is a toad and a jade hare.The human world takes the aureole as the roof and it describes an outing scene of the Marchioness and her two alchemists presenting their elixir to her.The painting below may be the scene of mourning after the Marchioness’death. In the nether world,god-Gun is supporting the flat earth with his hands and his feet pressing down on two huge legendary turtles. This is a life masterpiece of perfect unity, integrating myth, imagination and real life. Every part of it reflects the ancient conception of heaven and desire for immortality.The female corpse now you see was unearthed from Tomb No. 1, which is more than 2100 years old. She was the wife of Li Cang, the first marquis and prime minister of Changsha State during the early Western Han Dynasty, and her name was Xin Zhui. When excavated, she was about 1.54 meters tall, weighed 34.3 kilograms, and had type A blood.As we can see, her head, neck, trunk and limbs all maintain their intact forms. When unearthed, her skin was wet and covered her whole body. It was fawn and felt greasy. But the corpse now you see has stretched-out eyeballs, opening mouth, protruding tongue and prolapsed rectum, which are the early signs of corpse decay. But owing to the excellent sealing of Tomb No.1, this decay ceased shortly after thecorpse was buried. It is very rare in the world corpse preserving records that this female corpse should have been saved so long and so well.It is obviously different from dried mummies and waxed adipocere. It is also different from peat-panned cadavers which are easily broken due to the skeleton softening from calcium loss. So it has been internationally accepted that in the corpse classification, such wet corpses as the one unearthed from Mawangdui should be named Mawangdui Corpses, which are characterized by long preservation time, elastic tissues and presence of internal organs.Archaeologists found 138 sweet melon seeds in the esophagus and stomach of the corpse, indicating that she died in the melon season. According to pathological examination, she suffered from various diseases, such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, multiple gallstones and also infected by pinworms and whipworms. After the anatomy on the body, it is concluded that Marchioness Xin Zhui suffered acute attacks of biliary colic after eating melon, which was most likely to have caused her sudden death from acute myocardial ischemia, and she died at about 50.。
湖南长沙马王堆英语介绍
湖南长沙马王堆英语介绍下面是店铺整理的湖南长沙马王堆英语介绍，欢迎大家阅读!mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about 4km from downtown changsha,in the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name "mawangdui"formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.from 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2"chancellor to the prince to changsha","seal of the marquis of dai"we know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads"the first day of the second month in the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang ' wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that "tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century b,ca little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from thistomb.now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into three categories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a t- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, pared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrowscould travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and evenchicken eggs.well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and graceful.lines with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.。
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Mawangdui Han TombWe all know that China has a long history of 5000 years, but how can we learn our extensive and profound history? There are two main ways. One way is by reading historical documents. The other way is by the exploring of ancient tombs. Therefore, in order to let us know more about our history, I will introduce a tomb called Mawangdui Han Tomb. First，I will give you a brief introduction of this tomb. Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in Changsha Hunan Province in the middle of China, which belongs to the Prime Minister Li Cang and his family members in Changsha State of the early Western Han Dynasty. From 1972 to 1974, archaeologists have excavated 3 tombs of Western Han Dynasty. The structure of the tomb is magnificent and complex. Coffin chamber is at the bottom of the tomb which is composed of outer coffins, inner coffins and crosser. Around and above the wooden coffin filled with charcoal and white plaster. The burial objects are very precious which contain silk manuscripts, silk painting, lacquer, traditional Chinese medicine and other things more than 3000 sets. It also unearthed a well preserved woman’s body and the earliest prescription books copied on silk- "52 sick parties".Then, let us see some details of the tomb.After cleaned up the tomb, people found the coffin. The coffin is actually a huge suite with four layers. The outermost is a solemn plainblack coffin, without any decoration. The second layer is a black lacquer coffin full of mysterious atmosphere, which paints complex cloud scrolls with golden color on a black base, and intersperses with 111 monsters or immortals. The third layer is a vermilion lacquer coffin, which depicts many auspicious patterns with green, brown, yellow and other colors on a red base. There are six dragons, three tigers, three deer, a phoenix and an immortal. Compared with other coffins, this coffin looks more magnificent. The inner coffin is a black lacquer coffin, which is decorated with silk and brocade and the owner’s body is placed in this coffin.Although the 4 layers of coffin are very exquisite, it is not the most exciting thing. When people opened the lid of the inner coffin, all archaeologists were stunned. One woman’s body unearthed from the tomb, which looked like a fresh corpse. Although it has been more than2100 years, the body is still integrity, part of joints is flexible, and soft tissue is elastic. This is not only the wonder in the archaeological history of the world, but also a miracle of human history. Later, when people dissected the woman’s body, they found some melon seeds in her gut, which revealed the real cause of her death - eating too much melon caused a variety of complications, and eventually led to angina. People discovered a seal with the inscription words -" Xinzhui", indicating that the owner's name of this tomb is Xinzhui. After the processing of computer technology, we recovered the appearance of her young age, andit is easy to find that she is a beauty.Mawangdui Tomb has never been stolen and preserved well. Therefore, a large number of cultural relics were unearthed.Now I will say something about them.Lacquer漆器The number of lacquer unearthed in Mawangdui Tomb is total about 500 sets, which have the largest quantity and best preserved of all tombs we have found until now. The decorative patterns are mostly painted in red, black, and gray-green and other colors. Most of the patterns are geometric patterns. Dragon-phoenix and grass patterns are supplementary.Silk Painting帛画Xinzhui’s inner coffin covered an exquisite painting on silk of T-type. The silk painting contains 3 parts, which respectively show us the scene of heaven, earth and underground. Some scholars think it might be made according to local traditions and customs of evocation ceremony, which hopes the deceased soul will not disappear.Textile and Clothes 纺织品和衣物Mawangdui Tomb unearthed a variety of silk and clothing that enriched the historical data of ancient Chinese textile technology. There are 15 fairly complete clothes, and 46 single roll of silk, yarn and embroidery. This clothes is called “the garment of plain silk gauze”素纱禅衣. The length of the clothes is 1.28 meters and it has long sleeves. But the weight is just 49 grams. People cannot copy a same one until today.The excavation of Mawangdui Tomb shocked the world. It not only shows us the wisdom of the ancient people, but also helps us to understand the social life of the early Western Han Dynasty, and our history。