2004年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
南京师范大学考研复试真题_中外语言学史2007-2013年
2012年复试
中外语言学简史
一、名词解释（每小题5分）
1.构拟
2.替换
3.类推
4.《马氏文通》
5.《四声实验录》
二、简述题（每小题20分）
1．历史比较语言学产生的前提。
2．洪堡特对汉语有什么样的认识？
3. 20世纪上半叶的现代音韵学有哪些特点？
三、论述题（每小题25分）
1.谈谈你对青年语法学派的贡献和缺陷的认识
2.谈谈你对现代语文运动的认识
2013年中外语言学简史(回忆版)
1、青年语法学派(名词解释)
2、修辞学发凡(名词解释)
3、赵元任(名词解释)
4、语言学要处理哪十大关系？
5、历史语言学产生的前提条件？
6、音系学派？。
南京师范大学外国文学史2007-2016、2018年考研真题及答案解析
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)南京师范大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (2)南京师范大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (3)南京师范大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (4)南京师范大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (5)南京师范大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (6)南京师范大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (7)南京师范大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (8)南京师范大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (9)南京师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (10)南京师范大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (11)南京师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (12)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (13)南京师范大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (13)南京师范大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (21)南京师范大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (28)南京师范大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (35)南京师范大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (42)南京师范大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (49)南京师范大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (56)南京师范大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (63)南京师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (70)南京师范大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (77)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷南京师范大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷注意：所有答案必须写在专用答题纸上，写在本试题纸上无效。
语言学04-13年复试真题
语言学04-13年复试真题北京语言大学语言学、文字学专业历年复试完整版（04-13年）2013年语用、文字复试真题语言学（25分）一、举例对比说明汉语普通话和英语的音节结构特点。
（5分）二、什么是语法化？举例说明。
(5分)三、举例说明汉语借词的类型。
（7分）四、给出了汉语隋唐时期的几个音位，从中归纳出发生的变化。
并据此说明语音演变的特点。
（8分）就是辅音声母在轻音节中变成浊音的那几个音p-b 这些。
实际上就是考察浊音清化，然后说明语音演变的特点规律就是了。
现代汉语（50分）五、给出了几个词：饿姐每学本等而（跟08年复试真题一样）写出汉语拼音，列表分析音节结构。
然后，写出严式音标，根据其中的主要原因，结合音位归纳原则对主要元音进行音位归纳。
（10分）六、同义词辨析，并说明同义词辨析的方法和步骤（8分）生命-性命废除-解除-破除（这个直接跟08年复试真题一样）七、说明下列单位哪些是音节语素词短语？简单说明理由。
如果是合成词的话，说明词的类型。
（7分）奋忐鸳鸯白菜白布依靠银两管家（这个也是跟08年复试真题一样，多了几个而已）八、实词和虚词划分的标准？把实词又分为名词动词之类的，把虚词分为介词连词等，二者划分的一致性是什么？（这个跟07年复试真题基本一样）（5分）九、给出了几个“把”字句和“被”字句，然后回答问题，这个题目跟2010年文字初试真题一样，例子略有区别。
具体例子没记住，只是记住了题目的答案。
（10分）问题1：“把”字句和“被”字句中动词的区别。
问题2：解释造成这种动词区别的原因。
十、两个句子：（5分）看情况！我把东西放下，就回家了。
两个句子外观上没有主语，比较两个句子的不同。
十一、歧义分化的实质是什么？（01年就是这个题，郑贵有老师的讲义讲了）（5分）古代汉语（25分）十二、翻译一段文字，原文是没有标点的。
（10分）孟子曰：“桀纣之失天下也，失其民也；失其民者，失其心也。
得天下有道：得其民，斯得天下矣；得其民有道：得其心，斯得民矣；得其心有道：所欲与之聚之，所恶勿施尔也。
南师大英语语言学考试题目
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---初试一、单选题。
1.The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold ________.A) language acquisition is a process of “stimulus-response”.B) humans are predisposed to acquire a language.C) human’s linguistic potentiality must be combi ned with the environment.D) human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have languageacquisition device.2.American Black English is _______.A) a socialvariety B) a regional varietyC) a combination of social and regional dialect. D) a temporal dialect3.According to Basil Bernstein, elaborated code is extensively used by _________.A) middle class people and their children.B) working-class people and their children.C) both middle class and working class peopleD) parents of children without any distinction of social background.4. Read the following two sentences and decide what kind of error the learnercommits in the second sentence:He practiced English a lot last month. (1)*She comed back home early yesterday. (2)The error in the second sentence belongs to the category of ___________.A) mother tongue interference B) overgeneralizationC) cross-association D) performance error5.In the Semantic Triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought orreference” is ______.A) word, sentence B) the object C) concept D) symbol6.The word “laze” is an example of _______ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation7. Pragmatics is a study of ________.A) language learning B) language acquisitionC) language planning D) language in use8. A linguist is interested in _________.A) what is said B) what is right both in syntax and in semanticsC) what is grammatical D) what ought to be said9. In English elements in construction are generally _______.A) linear B) continuous C) discontinuous D) endocentric10. __________ is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contactwith the upper teeth to create the obstruction.A) An alveolar B) A bilabial C) A palatal D) A dental二、名词解释1.linguistic universalsnguage acquisition device:3.cultural diffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterance meaning:7.coinage 8.articulatory phonetics:9.endocentric construction 10.structural change:三、判断1.According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize grammatical sentences in his language.2.Eskimos have countless words for snow because snow is so common in their culture that they regard it far less important.3.Plato and Aristotle argued that the categories of thought determined the categories of language.4.Audiolingualism, contrary to American structuralism and behaviorist psychology, emphasizes the importance of regular patterns.5.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers.6.It is unlikely that there is a prelinguistic stage when babies just babble.7.When varieties are classified in terms of use, they are called registers.8.From sociological view we can derive meaning from context.9.The relationship between “alligator” and “reptile” is homonymy.10.Denotation id the additional meaning than an expression carries while often shows people’s attitudes or emotions towards the subjects being talked about.11.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice.12.A language is weakened when it borrows large numbers of words from other languages.13.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, informatives and declarations.14.There is a single cause of language change.15.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.16.Spoken utterances share some common linguistic features with written utterances.17.A small set of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, all of which are idiomatic.18.IC analysis shows linear relationship, so it helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.19.Linguists are interested in the sounds that convey meaning in human linguistic communication.20.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.四、问答1.Of all the theories you have learned on language acquisition, which one seemsto you most reasonable? Why?2.Point out the marked differences between sociolinguistic study andtraditional linguistic studies.3.How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the PolitenessPrinciple?A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t you?B: Well, we’ll miss BILL.4.What is the distinction between sense and reference?5.How do you tell compounds from the noncompounded word sequence?6.What are the two criteria suggested by Chomsky for judging grammar?2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is aninappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’sintention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of theutterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in thelate 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe;(a) “You are a terrible friend.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “You are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sen se.In the phrase inflecting language (“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term refers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indic ative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had motivated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater orlesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by usingisolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in thepreviously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal linguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s pe rsonal linguisticpattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument thatallows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determineslinguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlookare two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposesone’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle andthe politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinksought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” asan example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers ofthe Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.2004年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、单选题。
05,06南师范英语复试题
05,06南师范英语复试题2006年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题一、单选题。
1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A) Language is a system. B) Language is symbolC) Animals also have language. D) Language is arbitrary.2.The word “partner reduction” is an example o f _______ in word formation or use.A) acronym B) blending C) euphemism D) back formation3.All words contain a _______.A) root B) bound morpheme C) prefix D) suffix4.When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with another word or phrase, we are talking about ________ inside the sentence.A) syntactic relations B) paradigmatic relationsC) linear relations D) government5.Chomsky holds that the major task of linguists is to _______.A) tell people how to speak appropriately.B) study real “ facts” in daily settings.C) look for “the universal grammar”.D) tell people what is right in language use.6._______ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word.A) Collocation B) Idiom C) Semantic component D) synonym7.“We can do things with words”---- this is the main idea of ______.A) the Speech Act Theory B) the Cooperative PrincipleC) the Politeness Principle D) semantics8.Which of the following words is a derivational one ________?A) black board B) teaches C) consideration D) books9.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is _________.A) informative B) phatic C) directive D) performative10.________ is not a suprasegmental feature.A) Aspiration B) Intonation C) Stress D) Tone二、定义1.formality:2.constatives:3.illocutionary act:4.phoneme:5.resultative motivation:6.cognitive strategies:7.critical Period Hypothesis: 8.positive transfer:/doc/d715282457.html,prehensible input:10.priming effect:三、判断1.Simplification of grammar occurs, so does elaboration or complication.2.Five general types of speech acts share the same illocutionary point, but differ in strength.3.Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.4.Phonology is concerned with the abstract set if sounds in a language which allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hear.5.The analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how itshould be used. This is called the prescriptive approach.6.The term “learning”, when used of language, refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situation. The term “acquisition”, however, applied to a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of vocabulary and grammar of a language.7.Broad transcription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.8.Sense means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.9.The notion of context is essential to the semantic study of language./doc/d715282457.html,nguage is both arbitrary and non-arbitrary.四、问答1.Specify the cognitive factors in child language development.2.Draw the tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure. The boy who was sleeping was dreaming.3.Specify the five types of synonyms.4.What are the possible causes of language change?五、评论Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, pr of the dictionary-makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground.Walt WhitemanDo you share your opinions with Walt Whiteman or not? What’s your understanding of language?南京师范大学2006年英语语言学考研试题一、单选题1. Which of the following does not belong to the branches of phonetics?A) acoustic phonetics B) auditory phoneticsC) articulatory phonetics D) learning phonetics2. The word “partner reduction” is an example of _______ in word formation or use?A) acronym B) blending C) euphemism D) back formation3. ______ is the study of how language works in social interaction.A) Sociolinguistics B) PsycholinguisticsC) Cognitive linguistics D) Neurolinguistics4. The relationship between “tulip/ flower” is _______.A) relational opposites B) complementaryC) gradable opposites D) hyponymy5. ______ is the study of the linguistic meaning of words and sentences.A) Semantics B) Pragmatics C) Syntax D) Morphology6. ______ is one of the main features of interlanguage.A) Fossilization B) Utilization C) Assimilation D) Deletion7. Compared with “nurture” position, “nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with _______ in the process of second language acquisition.A) comprehensible input B) language acquisition deviceC) competence D) language transfer8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations form ________.A) minimal set B) minimal pairsC) phonemic contrast D) complementary distribution.9. The relationship between a speech sound and the meaningit represents is ________.A) natural B) arbitrary C) familiar D) non-arbitrary10. “Received Pronunciation” (RP) exemplifies ________.A) sociolect B) regional dialect C) ethnic dialect D) idiolect二、名词解释1.synchronic study and diachronic study :2.linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism :3.instrumental motivation and integrative motivation :4.phonetics and phonology :5.linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity:三、判断1). Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his/ her social and geographical backgrounds, his/ her gender and age.2). Closed class words are the content words of a language.3). Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentence.4). C ontexturalism attempts to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the speaker”.5). Odg en & Rechard’s semantic triangle exemplified contextualism.6). Language is culturally transmitted.7). Interlanguage is second language.8). X bar theory emphasizes the head-centered characteristic of phrase structure rules.9). When the notion of texture was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics.10). Prescriptiv e grammar refers to grammarian’s attemptto legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.四、问答1.Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure. He believes that she loves that cat.2.Summarize the individual differences in second language acquisition.Specify the six sense relations between sentences.南京师范大学2005年英语语言学考研复试试题一、单选。
南京师范大学考研真题清单
南京师范大学考研真题清单611汉语综合2017When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart. The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
2004考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析
13. Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________. [A] show the beauty of its own [B] develop more associations [C] lose the original meaning [D] help form the baby’s personality
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)
commit crimes in 大 24 家 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,
大 25 家 as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged
南师大英语语言学03-07复试题
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is an inappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in the late 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe;(a) “You are a terrible friend.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “You are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense.In the phrase inflecting language (“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term re fers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indicative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had moti vated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater or lesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by using isolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in the previously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal l inguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s personal linguistic pattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument that allows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determines linguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlook are two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposes one’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle and the politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” as an example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers of the Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.2004年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、单选题。
(完整word版)2004年考研英语真题及答案详解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解),推荐文档
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notific ation of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you e liminate a possibility,” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of thi s.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that i s added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in o ur traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation toarm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means.[A] advisory. [B] compensation.[C] interaction. [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (includ ing his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien an d Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stoppedshowing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if oth er clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predomina ntly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author istalking about _______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.34. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal w ith bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American In dian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned thatbecause it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46. Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing，2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。
2004年考研英语试题及答案
2004年考研英语试题及答案2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IListening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regionscoastal plaincentral plateau1Highest altitude of the coastal plain________m2Climate near the seaHumid3Particularly rainy months of the yearsApril4Average temperat ures in July in Brusselslow 13℃high________℃5Part BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 wordsfor each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points) What is Saffo according to himself?The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and ________.The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and________.What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only.(10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about namingnewborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11.What do we often do with the things we love?[A] Ask for their names.[B] Name babies after them.[C] Put down their names.[D] Choose names for them.12.The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.[A] the family tree is fairly limited[B] the family tie is strong enough[C] the name is commonly used[D] nobody in the family complains13.Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________.[A] show the beauty of its own[B] develop more associations[C] lose the original meaning[D] help form the baby’s personalityQuestions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?[A] 90[B] 108[C] 180[D] 66815.In 1964, Bobby Moore was made ________.[A] England’s footballer of the year[B] a soccer coach in West Germany[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire16.After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was ________.[A] editing Sunday Sport[B] working for Capital Radio[C] managing professional soccer teams[D] developing a sports marketing companyQuestions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for its ________.[A] oil refinery[B] linen textiles[C] food products[D] deepwater port18.Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?[A] Soap[B] Grain[C] Steel[D] Tobacco19.When was Belfast founded?[A] In 1177[B] In 1315[C] In the 16th century[D] In the 17th century20.What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?[A] French refugees arrived.[B] The harbor was destroyed.[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.[D] The city was taken by the English.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section IIUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories （21） on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior （22） they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through （23） with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in （24）to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, （25）as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, （26） the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes （27） lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are （28） to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly （29） juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that （30）to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （31） make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in （32） lead more youths int0 criminal behavior.Families have also （33） changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; （34）, children are likely to have less supervision at home （35） was common in the traditional family （36）. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other （37） causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased （38） of drugs and alcohol, and the growing （39） of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, （40） a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting22.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because23.[A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation24.[A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response25.[A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding27.[A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with28.[A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject29.[A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect30.[A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount31.[A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length32.[A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence33.[A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced34.[A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously35.[A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as36.[A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage37.[A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible38.[A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability39.[A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity40.[A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposingSection IIIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent.” It’s an interactive fea ture that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implic it in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have tovisit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41.How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful matches.43.The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] advisory[B] compensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.45.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But oneinsidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48.The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.50.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to asustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51.By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment54.Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economicslowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravi tch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools,concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and collegerecitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical[B] similar[C] complementary[D] opposite59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60.What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments int0 Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguistsin the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be knownas the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.61. ________62. ________63. ________64. ________65. ________Section IVWriting66.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning, and3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2004年考研英语真题答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. highlands2. 203. mild4. November5. 22Part B (5 points)6. A (technology) forecaster;7. government agencies;8. (A) meaningful (exercise);9. open to change;10. Trust and cooperation.Part C (10 points)11. [D]12. [B]13. [C]14. [D]15. [A]16. [C]17. [B]18. [A]19. [A]20. [C]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [C]22. [D]23. [A]24. [D]25. [A]26. [B]27. [C]28. [D]29. [A]30. [B]31. [A]32. [C]33. [D]34. [B]35. [A]36. [B]37. [B]38. [D]39. [A]40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [C]42. [A]43. [D]44. [B]45. [C]46. [A]47. [D]48. [C]49. [B]50. [D]51. [D]52. [A]53. [B]54. [A]55. [C]56. [C]57. [A]58. [D]59. [B]60. [C]Part B (10 points)61.希腊人认为, 语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。
2004年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
20041. The study of the way listeners perceive the sounds is called ______.A) acoustic phonetics B) auditory phoneticsC) articulatory phonetics D) phonology2. The word “FAQ” is an example of ________ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation3. _______ is a sound made by bringing the back of the tongue into contact the velum, or the soft pate.A) An alveolar B) A palatal C) A velar D) A glottal4. The relations between the words “animal” and “fox” are ________.A) hyponymy B) polysemy C) homonymy D) synonymypared with “nurture” position, “nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with _______ in the process of second language acquisition.A) comprehensible input B) language acquisition deviceC) competence D) language transfer6.Field of discourse, _________, and mode of discourse are the three social variables that determine the register.A) style of discourse B) formality of discourseC) tenor of discourse D) content of discourse7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A) Sense B) Reference C) Concept D) Symbol8.The relationship between “married/ single” is ________.A) relational opposites B) complementaryC) gradable opposites D) homonymy9._____ was built on American structuralism and behaviorist psychology.A) Audiolingualism B) Direct methodC) Situation language teaching D) Functional language teaching10.The sentence “The horse race past the barn fell” is an example of _________.A) simple sentence B) complex sentenceC) ambiguous sentence D) garden path sentence1.phoneme2.semantic features:3.idiolect:4.homonymy:5.code switching:6.Critical Period Hypothesis:7.displacement: 8.synchronicity:9.homonymy: 10.inflection:1.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Freeze!” is a warning.2. Since the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.Interlanguage is a second language.4.All languages change through time.5.All grammars contain rules for the formation of the words and sentences of a similar kind.6. G. Leech proposes the Cooperative Principle as a supplement to the Politeness Principle.7.The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning.8.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.9.Duality of language donates the spoken form and written form of language.10. Taboo refers to a descriptive term used in reference to words (or acts) that are not to be used (or performed) in “polite society”.11. Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism.12.Similar grammatical categories (for example, noun, verb) are found in almost every language in the world.13.There is no gender difference in the use of intonation and lexical choices.14.Such types of utterances like question-answer, greeting-greeting, apology- minimization are adjacency pairs.15.The meaning which the speaker doesn’t assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentence refers to the presupposed meaning.1. Discuss the relationship between thought and language.2. Draw a tree diagram for each of the following to show its syntactic structure.A. the man with the hatB. The child found the puppy.3. Give some examples to illustrate the error analysis.4. How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?A: How do you like my painting?B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I’m afraid.5. What is the distinction between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?6. Give examples to illustrate several different methods for addition of new words.。
2003年南师大英语语言学
2003年南师大英语语言学.txt为什么我们在讲故事的时候总要加上从前？开了一夏的花，终落得粉身碎骨，却还笑着说意义。
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---初试一、单选题。
1.The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold ________.A) language acquisition is a process of “stimulus-response”.B) humans are predisposed to acquire a language.C) human’s linguistic potentiality must be combined with the environment.D) human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have language acquisition device.2.American Black English is _______.A) a social variety B) a regional varietyC) a combination of social and regional dialect. D) a temporal dialect3.According to Basil Bernstein, elaborated code is extensively used by _________.A) middle class people and their children.B) working-class people and their children.C) both middle class and working class peopleD) parents of children without any distinction of social background.4. Read the following two sentences and decide what kind of error the learner commits in the second sentence:He practiced English a lot last month. (1)*She comed back home early yesterday. (2)The error in the second sentence belongs to the category of ___________.A) mother tongue interference B) overgeneralizationC) cross-association D) performance error5.In the Semantic Triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference”is ______.A) word, sentence B) the object C) concept D) symbol6.The word “laze” is an example of _______ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation7. Pragmatics is a study of ________.A) language learning B) language acquisitionC) language planning D) language in use8. A linguist is interested in _________.A) what is said B) what is right both in syntax and in semanticsC) what is grammatical D) what ought to be said9. In English elements in construction are generally _______.A) linear B) continuous C) discontinuous D) endocentric10. __________ is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction.A) An alveolar B) A bilabial C) A palatal D) A dental二、名词解释1.linguistic universalsnguage acquisition device:3.cultural diffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterance meaning:7.coinage 8.articulatory phonetics:9.endocentric construction 10.structural change:三、判断1.According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize grammatical sentences in his language.2.Eskimos have countless words for snow because snow is so common in their culture that they regard it far less important.3.Plato and Aristotle argued that the categories of thought determined the categories of language.4.Audiolingualism, contrary to American structuralism and behaviorist psychology, emphasizes the importance of regular patterns.5.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers.6.It is unlikely that there is a prelinguistic stage when babies just babble.7.When varieties are classified in terms of use, they are called registers.8.From sociological view we can derive meaning from context.9.The relationship between “alligator” and “reptile” is homonymy.10.Denotation id the additional meaning than an expression carries while often shows people’s attitudes or emotions towards the subjects being talked about.11.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice.12.A language is weakened when it borrows large numbers of words from other languages.13.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, informatives and declarations.14.There is a single cause of language change.15.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.16.Spoken utterances share some common linguistic features with written utterances.17.A small set of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, all of which are idiomatic.18.IC analysis shows linear relationship, so it helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.19.Linguists are interested in the sounds that convey meaning in human linguistic communication.20.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.四、问答1.Of all the theories you have learned on language acquisition, which one seems to you most reasonable? Why?2.Point out the marked differences between sociolinguistic study and traditional linguistic studies.3.How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t you?B: Well, we’ll miss BILL.4.What is the distinction between sense and reference?5.How do you tell compounds from the noncompounded word sequence?6.What are the two criteria suggested by Chomsky for judging grammar?。
语言学04-13年复试真题
北京语言大学语言学、文字学专业历年复试完整版（04-13年）2013年语用、文字复试真题语言学（25分）一、举例对比说明汉语普通话和英语的音节结构特点。
（5分）二、什么是语法化？举例说明。
(5分)三、举例说明汉语借词的类型。
（7分）四、给出了汉语隋唐时期的几个音位，从中归纳出发生的变化。
并据此说明语音演变的特点。
（8分）就是辅音声母在轻音节中变成浊音的那几个音p-b 这些。
实际上就是考察浊音清化，然后说明语音演变的特点规律就是了。
现代汉语（50分）五、给出了几个词：饿姐每学本等而（跟08年复试真题一样）写出汉语拼音，列表分析音节结构。
然后，写出严式音标，根据其中的主要原因，结合音位归纳原则对主要元音进行音位归纳。
（10分）六、同义词辨析，并说明同义词辨析的方法和步骤（8分）生命-性命废除-解除-破除（这个直接跟08年复试真题一样）七、说明下列单位哪些是音节语素词短语？简单说明理由。
如果是合成词的话，说明词的类型。
（7分）奋忐鸳鸯白菜白布依靠银两管家（这个也是跟08年复试真题一样，多了几个而已）八、实词和虚词划分的标准？把实词又分为名词动词之类的，把虚词分为介词连词等，二者划分的一致性是什么？（这个跟07年复试真题基本一样）（5分）九、给出了几个“把”字句和“被”字句，然后回答问题，这个题目跟2010年文字初试真题一样，例子略有区别。
具体例子没记住，只是记住了题目的答案。
（10分）问题1：“把”字句和“被”字句中动词的区别。
问题2：解释造成这种动词区别的原因。
十、两个句子：（5分）看情况！我把东西放下，就回家了。
两个句子外观上没有主语，比较两个句子的不同。
十一、歧义分化的实质是什么？（01年就是这个题，郑贵有老师的讲义讲了）（5分）古代汉语（25分）十二、翻译一段文字，原文是没有标点的。
（10分）孟子曰：“桀纣之失天下也，失其民也；失其民者，失其心也。
得天下有道：得其民，斯得天下矣；得其民有道：得其心，斯得民矣；得其心有道：所欲与之聚之，所恶勿施尔也。
2004年考研英语一真题答案解析
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语答案及解析第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章主要探讨青少年犯罪的原因。
一开始，文章从现有的理论出发，指出这些理论集中把个人或社会看作主要影响因素。
接着文章又进一步谈到，现有理论只关注来自贫穷家庭的孩子，而忽视了来自富有家庭的孩子也犯罪这一事实。
总之，这些理论都是不确定的，容易受到批评和攻击。
从第三段开始，文章提出了新的见解：社会结构的变化可能间接地影响了青少年犯罪率。
这其中包括经济结构和家庭结构的变化。
除此之外，也有其他一些原因造成了青少年的犯罪行为。
最后，文章就以上提到的众多原因作了一个总结：所有上述情形都有可能促使青少年犯罪，但它们与青少年犯罪是否存在直接的因果关系还没有确定。
二、试题具体解析1. [A] acting (on) 对……起作用[B]relying (on) 依靠，指望[C]centering (on) 以……为中心，围绕；集中于……[D]commenting (on) 对……做出评论[答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+分词短语辨析。
本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么分词与on搭配，构成分词短语。
从结构上看，文章第一段由三个平行结构的长句子构成，其主要结构为Many theories concerning…focus on；Theories 1 on the individual suggest that；Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that。
三个句子的主语都是 theories，并都接有分词作定语。
因此空格处填入的分词应和前一句中的concerning、后一句中的focusing on遥相呼应，都表示“关于…的理论”的含义，从文意方面看，第一句话总述到，关于（concerning）青少年犯罪原由的理论集中研究两个方面，即个人因素和社会因素。
2006年南京师范大学英语语言学考研初试试题
2006年南京师范大学英语语言学考研初试试题一、单选题1. Which of the following does not belong to the branches of phonetics?A) acoustic phonetics B) auditory phoneticsC) articulatory phonetics D) learning phonetics2. The word “partner reduction” is an exa mple of _______ in word formation or use?A) acronym B) blending C) euphemism D) back formation3. ______ is the study of how language works in social interaction.A) Sociolinguistics B) PsycholinguisticsC) Cognitive linguistics D) Neurolinguistics4. The relationship between “tulip/ flower” is _______.A) relational opposites B) complementaryC) gradable opposites D) hyponymy5. ______ is the study of the linguistic meaning of words and sentences.A) Semantics B) Pragmatics C) Syntax D) Morphology6. ______ is one of the main features of interlanguage.A) Fossilization B) Utilization C) Assimilation D) Deletion7. Compared with “nurture” position, “nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with _______ in the process of second language acquisition.A) comprehensible input B) language acquisition deviceC) competence D) language transfer8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations form ________.A) minimal set B) minimal pairsC) phonemic contrast D) complementary distribution.9. The relationship between a speech sound and the meaning it represents is ________.A) natural B) arbitrary C) familiar D) non-arbitrary10. “Received Pronunciation” (RP) exemplifies ________.A) sociolect B) regional dialect C) ethnic dialect D) idiolect二、名词解释1.synchronic study and diachronic study :2.linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism :3.instrumental motivation and integrative motivation :4.phonetics and phonology :5.linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity:三、判断1). Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his/ her social and geographical backgrounds, his/ her gender and age.2). Closed class words are the content words of a language.3). Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentence.4). Contexturalism attempts to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the speaker”.5). Odgen & Rechard’s semantic triangle exemplified contextualism.6). Language is culturally transmitted.7). Interlanguage is second language.8). X bar theory emphasizes the head-centered characteristic of phrase structure rules.9). When the notion of texture was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics.10). Prescriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.四、问答1.Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure.He believes that she loves that cat.2.Summarize the individual differences in second language acquisition.Specify the six sense relations between sentences.。
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4. The relations between the words “animal” and “fox” are ________.
A) hyponymy B) polysemy C) homonymy D) synonymy
A) Sense B) Reference C) Concept D) Symbol
8.The relationship between “married/ single” is ________.
A) relational opposites B) complementary
7.displacement: 8.synchronicity:
9.homonymy: 10.inflection:
三、判断
1.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Freeze!” is a warning.
2. Since the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.
pared with “nurture” position, “nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with _______ in the process of second language acquisition.
B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I’m afraid.
5. What is the distinction between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?
6. Give examples to illustrate several different methods for addition of new words.
A) style of discourse B) formality of discourse
C) tenor of discourse D) content of discourse
7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A) comprehensible input B) language acquisition device
C) competence D) language transfer
6.Field of discourse, _________, and mode of discourse are the three social variables that determine the register.
C) ambiguous sentence D) garden path sentence
二、定义
1.phoneme 2.semantic features:
3.idiolect: 4.homonymy:
5.code switching: 6.Critical Period Hypothesis:
2. The word “FAQ” is an example of ________ in word formation.
A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation
3. _______ is a sound made by bringing the back of the tongue into contact the velum, or the soft pate.
四、问答
1. Discuss the relationship between thought and language.
2. Draw a tree diagram for each of the following to show its syntactic structure.A. the man with the hatB. The child found the puppy.
3. Give some examples to illustrate the error analysis.
4. How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?
A: How do you like my painting?
一、单选题
1. The study of the way listeners perceive the sounds is called ______.
A) acoustic phonetics B) auditory phonetics
C) articulatory phonetics D) phonology
3.Interlanguage is a second language.
4.All languages change through time.
5.All grammars contain rules for the formation of the words and sentences of a similar kind.
10. Taboo refers to a descriptive term used in reference to words (or acts) that are not to be used (or performed) in “polite society”.
11. Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism.
6. G. Leech proposes the Cooperative Principle as a supplement to the Politeness Principle.
7.The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning.
12.Similar grammatical categories (for example, noun, verb) are found in almost every language in the world.
13.There is no gender difference in the use of intonation and lexical choices.
8.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.
9.Duality of language donates the spoken form and written form of language.
C) gradable opposites D) homonymy
9._____ was built on American structuralism and behaviorist psychology.
A) Audiolingualism B) Direct method
C) Situation language teaching D) Functional language teaching
10.The sentence “The horse race past the barn fell” is an example of _________.
A) simple sentence B) coபைடு நூலகம்plex sentence
14.Such types of utterances like question-answer, greeting-greeting, apology- minimization are adjacency pairs.
15.The meaning which the speaker doesn’t assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentence refers to the presupposed meaning.