英语语言学试题9
(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))
I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular lan guage, not lan guages in gen eral.3. A scie ntific study of lan guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks.4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on lan guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of lan guage as a whole.6. Gen eral li nguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and me thods applicable in any lin guistic study.7. Pho netics is differe nt from pho no logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be comb ined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syn tax is differe nt from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in lan guage is known as sema ntics.12. Both sema ntics and pragmatics study meanin gs.13. Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolati on, but in con text.14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about lan guage cha nges.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar.18. A diachro nic study of lan guage is the descripti on of lan guage at s ome point in time.19. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as primary, not the writte n lan guage.20. The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was propo sed by F. de Saussure.n . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee as the ideal user ' ___________of the rules of his lan guage.22. Lan gue refers to the a ________ lin guistic system shared by allthe members of a speech commu nity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D ________ is one of the desig n features of huma n lan guage which refers to the phe nomenon that lan guage con sists of two levels: alower level of mea nin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of me anin gful un its.24. Lan guage is a system of a ________ v ocal symbols used for human com muni cati on.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of w ords into permissible senten ces in lan guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for lan guage has a g ____ basis, but the details of lan guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ______ refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use.28. Findings in lin guistic studies can ofte n be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gene rally known as a __________ lin guistics.29. Lan guage is p _________ in that it makes possible the con struction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, th ey can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentenc es which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s _____ study of lan guage.ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:31. If a lin guistic study describes and an alyzes the lan guage people a ctually use, it is said to be _______ .A. prescriptiveB. an alyticC. descriptiveD. li nguistic32. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n lan guage ?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as ____ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______ .A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount ofin formati on con veyedC. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires h ismother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a ______ study of Ian guage.A. syn chro nicB. diachro nicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) ______ view of Ian guage, while Chomsky lo oks at Ian guage from a ______ point of view.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological …sociologicalC. applied …pragmaticD. semantic …linguistic37. Accord ing to F. de Saussure, ______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech com muni ty.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Language38. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne eti on betwee n _____ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the im mediate situati ons of the speaker. This feature is called ______ ,A. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any lan guage system is passed on from one gener ati on to the n ext through _____ , rather tha n by in st in ct.A. learni ngB. teachi ngC. booksD. both A and BIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics42. Phon ology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholi nguistics46. Language47. Pho netics48. Morphology49. Sema ntics50. Socioli nguistics51. Applied Lin guistics52. Arbitrari ness53. Productivity54. Displaceme nt55. Duality56. Desig n Features57. Compete nee58. Performa nee59. Lan gue60. ParoleSuggested an swers to suppleme ntary exercises:I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. FII. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. Fn . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. kno wledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.42. Phono logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n com muni cati on is called pho no logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined t o form senten ces is called syn tax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholi nguistics.46. Lan guage: Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm uni cati on is called phon etics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arra n ged to form words is called morphology.49. Sema ntics: The study of meaning in lan guage is called sema ntics.50. Socioli nguistics: The study of lan guage with reference to society i s called socioli nguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to the applicati on of lin guistic prin ciples and theories to lan guage teach ing and lear ning, especially the teach ing of foreig n and sec ond langu ages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicati on of lin guistic finding s to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of lan guage. It mea ns that there is no logical conn ecti on betwee n meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-structi on and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users.54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that lan guage can be used to refer to thi ngs which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined m atters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the i mmediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality n ature of lan guage means that lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of huma n lan guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on57. Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user 'n owledge of the rules of his lan guage,58. Performanee: performanee is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. la ngue: Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven tions and rules which lan guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge freque ntly60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use; pa role is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules; parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situati on to situ atio n.。
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
英语语言学单选
9.1. Displcement means that human languages enable their users to _____ .A. symbolize objects, events and concepts that are presentB. communicate in an arbitrary mannerB. SociolinguisticsD. Pragmatics3. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his _____ . And _____ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.A. intercultural communicative comp etence ….. performance4. All monomophemic words are ______ . And polymorphemic words are called _____.pounds …… free compoundsC. stems and prefixesD. words formation and backformation6. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words andB. propositionD. configuration7. Which of the following pairs is NOT an example of converse antonymy?A. buy, sellC. uncle, nephew-formation”.B. edit →editorD. possible →impossible9. /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning. Therefore they are ___ .B. in complementary distributionD. allophonesB. IntonationC. StressD. ToneA. become, run, feelC. clever, green, beautiful12. The word “politician” differs from the word “statesman” in its _______ .A. conceptual meaningC. referential meaningB. The Philosophy of GrammarD. Language----- this is the main idea of _____ .C. the Politeness PrincipleD. semantics15. In order to red uce the ambiguity of the term “word”, the term _____ is postulated as the ____ unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language.。
英语专业语言学历年真题试卷汇编9_真题-无答案
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编9(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)A. synonymyB. antonymyC. entailment2. Conceptual meaning is not______A. affectiveB. cognitiveC. logicD. denotative3. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word______A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word "in the minds of speakers".D. is the image it is represented in the mind.4. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or______which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymy5. The speech act theory was developed by______.(对外经贸2006研)A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech6. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of illo-cutionary act)(南京大学2007研)A. threatenB. adviseC. beseechD. urge7. ______is using a sentence to perform a function.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. A perlocutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A locutionary actD. Speech act8. By saying "You have left the door wide open," a speaker might be performing the three acts; locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______.(西安交大2008研)A. at the same timeB. one after anotherC. two first and then the otherD. one first and then the other two9. The Illocutionary Act was developed by______.(西安交大2008研)A. John AustinB. LevinsonC. John LyonsD. John Searle10. According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. quantityB. qualityC. relevanceD. manner11. Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?(对外经贸2006研)A. the maxim of quantityB. the maxim of qualityC. the maxim of mannerD. the maxim of strength12. ______variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal13. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending14. ______are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.A. SlangB. Address termsC. RegistersD. Education varieties15. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is______.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian English16. ______refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language17. ______is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition18. ______is the study of psychological aspect of language.A. language acquisitionB. applied linguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. pragmatics19. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: ______, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering20. In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?A. The sax has the flu today.B. Watergate changed American politics.C. Wall Street is in a panic.D. She is the apple in her parents" eyes.21. Which is not a type of iconicity?A. Iconicity of distanceB. Iconicity of complexityC. Iconicity of intimacyD. Iconicity of order22. In Krashen" s monitor theory, "i" in "i +1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______.(对外经贸2006研)A. interactionB. interferenceC. inputD. intake23. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation24. ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrastive analysisD. discourse analysis2. 名词解释1. arbitrariness（四川大学2006研)。
英语语言学-练习题（含答案））
英语语言学-练习题（含答案））Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmaticsstudiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not t he written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word whi ch begi ns with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k_____ _____ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by a ll the members of a speech community while the parole is the c oncrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two l evels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a high er level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used forh uman communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s____ ____.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but thed etails of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the sett lement of some practical problems. The study of such applicatio ns is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the constr uction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other w ords, they can produce and understand an infinitely large numb er of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of lang uage.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark thec hoice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language peo ple actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human lan guage?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amou nt of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquir es his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky l ooks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociologic al…psychologicalB. psychologica l…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech commu nity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is nological c onnection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called ____ ___,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or F alse:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begi ns with the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific ( or systematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark thec hoice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific st udy of language.。
英语语言学练习题含答案
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not t he written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychologica l…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community. A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined m atters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com munication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s kn owledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowle dge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conven tions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.11 / 1111 / 11。
语言学试题及答案英文
语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。
答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。
3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。
答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。
6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。
答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。
8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题(3)Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题(5)五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分,第43小题6分,共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题(6)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题(7)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题(8)语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in differentregional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of theSapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existedin Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialectsof English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted inits Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准:满分为10分,总论及四小点各占2分。
(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’ｓof the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used torefer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com municationkn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’ｓowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.。
英语语言学linian试题及答案
英语语言学linian试题及答案英语语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？答案：语言学的主要分支包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学等。
2. 请解释“语言习得”和“语言学习”的区别。
答案：语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中自然掌握母语的能力，而语言学习则是指在学校或其他正式环境中有意识地学习第二语言或外语。
3. 什么是语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”？答案：深层结构是指句子的内在意义和逻辑关系，而表层结构则是指句子的外在形式，即我们实际听到或说出的句子。
4. 请列举至少三种不同的语言变异现象。
答案：语言变异现象包括地域变异（方言）、社会变异（社会方言）、时间变异（历史方言）等。
5. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为所有人类语言都遵循一套普遍的语法规则，而这些规则可以通过转换规则从深层结构转换到表层结构。
6. 请解释“语码转换”和“语码混合”的概念。
答案：语码转换是指在不同语言或方言之间切换使用，而语码混合则是指在同一句话中混合使用两种或两种以上的语言或方言。
7. 语言学中“语料库”的作用是什么？答案：语料库是语言学研究中用来收集和分析自然语言数据的大型数据库，它可以帮助研究者进行语言模式、语言变化和语言使用等方面的研究。
8. 请简述“语言相对性假设”。
答案：语言相对性假设，也称为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，认为一个人的思维方式受到其母语的影响，即语言的结构决定了思维的结构。
9. 什么是“语言的普遍语法”？答案：语言的普遍语法是指所有人类语言共有的一套基本语法规则，这些规则是语言能力的基础，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。
10. 请解释“语境”在语言交际中的作用。
答案：语境是指语言交际发生的环境，包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境等。
语境对语言的理解和使用有重要影响，它可以帮助解释语言的模糊性，提供语言交流的背景信息。
英语语言学试题(9)
英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regardthought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition ofa second language.参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B 10、C二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、 facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、（T）22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、（T）25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26、（T）27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires littleconscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY).39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies.A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
英语语言学PAPER 97.9 Paper 9
PAPER (9)I. Multiple Choice (20%)Directions:In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human ______.A.contact C.relationmunication munity2. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A.minimal pairs C.phonesB.allomorphs D.allophones3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes a (n) ______.A.constative C.utteranceB.directive D. expressive4. ______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntacticconstructions and in terms of certain category.A.Concord C.BindingB. Government D.C-command5. The sentence “John gave Mary a present” contains ______ arguments.A.no C.twoB.one D.three6. ______ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A.Pragmatics C.Sense relationB.Semantics D.Concept7. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _______ construction.A.endocentric C. subordinateB. exocentric D. coordinate8. The classic semantic triangle reflects the _____.A. naming theory C.contextualismB.conceptual view D.behaviorist theory9. Bull: [BOVINE][MALE][ADULT] is an example of _______.ponential analysis positionalityB. predication analysis D. selection restriction10. Y’s utterance in the following conversa tion exchange violates the maxim of _______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A.quality C.relationB.quantity D.manner11. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation? ______A. [z] C.[]B. [w] D.[v]12. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is ______.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative13. is not a distinctive feature in English phonology.A. NasalityB. VoicingC. AspirationD. Rounding14. According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, contain all theinformation necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.A. deep structures C. transformational rulesB. surface structures D.PS-rules15. An illocutionary act is identical with .A. sentence meaning C. language understandingB. the speaker’s intention D. the speaker’s competence16. _______ refers to the extent to which the test adequately covers the syllabusarea to be tested.A. Face validity C. Construct validityB. Empirical validity D. Content validity17. Velar refers to .A. larynxB. soft palateC. alveolarD. pharynx18. has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons19. When the word “root” means “part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil andabsorbs water and food from the soil”, the meaning is meaning.A. connotativeB. conceptualC. reflectedD. affective20. “Radar” is a/an .A. acronymB. blendingC. coinageD. clippingⅡTrue or False Questions (10%)Directions:Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.21.( ) Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary.22.( ) In Chinese, the assimilation rule also works as in the words “奔” and “宾”.23.( ) A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.24.( ) Grammatical sentences are formed by following a set of unlimited syntacticrules.25.( ) The superordinate tern is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.26.( ) Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivationalmorphemes.27.( ) Speech Act Theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.28.( ) We use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, wecan think about “thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function.29.( ) The word “modernizations” is made up of three morphemes.30.( ) In English, pill and bill from a minimal pair, and so do life and knife, pin andping.ⅢWord Completion (20%)Directions: Fill in each blank with the most suitable word.31.In modern linguistics, ________ study seems to enjoy priority over _______ study.The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are embedded in three importantcavities. These three cavities are _________ _______ and _______ cavity.33.In English, the study of phonology has so far mainly found three phonologicalrules. They are _______ _________ and ________ rules.34.The ______ structure rules allow us to better understand how phrases and clausesare generated.35.There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of _______antonyms.36.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription andnarrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without _______.37.IC analysis emphasizes the _______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consistingof word groups first.38.The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must firstof all be willing to _________; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the ____________ ___________. 39.Underline the words that contain a sound as required.1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3)an approximant: lucky, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quickIV Define the Following Terms (15%)40. diphthong41. negative transfer42. sense43. deep structure44. morphemeⅤShort Essay Questions (35%)45. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kindof relationships hold between two.46. Illustrate the difference between root and stem.47. What are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”?KEYS TO PAPER（9）I. Multiple Choices (20%)1-5 BDCBD 6-10ABBAC 11-15BCCAB 16-20DBBBAII. True or False Questions (10%)21-25TTFFT 26-30 FFTFTIII. Word Completion (20%)31. synchronic, diachronic 32. pharyngeal, oral, nasal33. sequential, assimilation, deletion34. phrase 35. gradable 36. diacritics 37. hierarchical38. cooperate, Cooperative, Principle39. 1) gather, article 2) leap, bomb, push 3) lucky, word, once table4) neat, pit 5) god, lake, quickIV. Define the Following Terms. (15%)40. Diphthong are also called gliding vowels, as in contrast to pure vowels ormonophthongs. They are produced by moving from one vowel position toanother through intervening positions. The diphthongs in English include [ei, ai, i, au, u, ou, i, e].41. In learning a second language learners will subconsciously use their mothertongue knowledge. This is known as language transfer. When the structures of the two languages are different, negative transfer or interference occurs andresults in errors.42. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract andde-contextualized.43. Deep structure refers to the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of aconstruction, i.e., the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, ora verb and its object.44 . Morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expressions andcontent, a unit cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.IV. Define the Following Terms. (15%)45. (1) “Phonology” is the study of sound systems--- the invention of distinctivespeech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns wherein they fall.Minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.(2) Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speechsounds provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.(3) A phonetist is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speechsounds, whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic, morphological features, and the way they areconceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permitsa speaker to produce sounds, which form meaningful utterances, to recognize aforeign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phoneticsegments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language.46. (1) A root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without totalloss of identity. That is, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes areremoved. In the word internationalism, after the removal of inter-, -al and–ism, what is left is the root nation. All words contain a root morpheme. A root may be free or bound. Free root morphemes are those that can stand by themselves, such as “black” in black, blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith. Morphemes of this type are potentially unlimited in a number in a language. Bound root morphemes,however, are relatively few in English, such as “-mit” in remit, permit, commit, submit. A few English roots may have both bound and free variants. For example, “sleep” and “child” are free morphemes, whereas “slep-” in the past tense of the former form “slept” and “child-” in the plural form of the latter “children” cannot exist by themselves.(2) A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added, “friend-” in “friends”, and “friendship-” in“friendships” are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent toa root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivationalaffix. In the word “internationalism”, nation is a root and a stem as well. All the rest national, international, internationalism are stems.47. (1) This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of theTheory of Syntax. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.(2) Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinitenumber of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speake r’s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced bypsychological and social factors. For example, a speaker’s competence is stable but on certain occasions he may not perform very well due to various factors such as pressure, distress, anxiety or embarrassment. Slips of the tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, among other things, all belong to the imperfection ofperformance. A person may make grammatical mistakes in speech, but that does not mean that he does not know the rule. If he is given an ungrammatical sentence, he can recognize it as ungrammatical. The point is that a speaker’s performance does not always match his competence.(3) Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, because the speak er’s performance is too haphazard to be studied. The task of the linguists is to discover and specify the speaker’s internalized rules.(4) Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and considers linguistic competence as a property of the mind of a speaker.。
语言学试题(9)
英语语言学试题（9）英语语言学试题（9）I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizingexperiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes 35. syntax 36. language transfer37. hyponymy 38. sentence meaning 39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.一、1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C二、11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、21、（T）22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification. 23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、（T）25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 26、（T）27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.四、31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g./pit/ and /bit/.34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY).39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.五、论述题41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。
资料] 英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案 - 副本
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资料] 英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案 -副本B。
but the details of any language system are learned through experienceC。
and the details of any language system are XXXD。
but the details of any language system are XXX4.The study of language in its social context is known as____________.A。
linguisticsB。
psycholinguisticsXXX linguistics5.The smallest unit of sound in a language is called a____________.A。
XXXXXX XXX6.The study of the meaning of words and phrases is known as ____________.A。
XXXXXX7.The study of the structure of words is known as____________.A。
XXXXXX8.The study of the structure of sentences is known as ____________.A。
XXXXXX9.The idea that language shapes the way we think and perceive the world is known as ____________.A。
XXXC。
cognitive linguisticsD。
XXX linguistics10.The theory that language is XXX ____________.A。
XXXC。
Edward SapirD。
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英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement andput the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2% x 10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ________ .A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as havingthe following phonetic features: _________ .A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed"in the word "learned" is known as a(n) _________ .A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S f NP VP", the arrow can be read asA. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" _________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _________ .X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _______________ , words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common ____________ a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? ___________ .A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the ________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordn . Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% 10=10%) x11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f __________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.川.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2% 10=20%) x21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encouragepeople to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.IV . Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%x 10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortexV . Answer the following questions. （10% 2=20%）41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10 小题，每小题2分，共20分）1 、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C二、填空题（本大题共10 小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15 、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10 小题，每小题2分，共20分）21 、（T）22 、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23 、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24 、（T）25 、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26 、（T）27 、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammarnever models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28 、（T）29 、（T）30 、（F ）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.四、名词解释题(本大题共10 小题，每小题3分，共30分)31 、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.32 、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and evenwhat we imagine.33 、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.34 、Affixes added to an existing form to create a newword ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36 、Languagetransfer is a phenomenonthat L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37 、Hyponymyrefers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example,a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY).39、 A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.五、论述题(本大题共 2 小题，每小题10分，共20 分)41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准：满分10 分，其中定义占 3 分，典型例子占 5 分，例词占 2 分。