内科学名词解释英文

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.

Upper respiratory tract infections are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.

Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the alveoli, pulmonary interstitial and final airway. It is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes such as immune injury, allergy, drugs and so on.

Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi and their around tissues. It is defined clinically as a persistent cough with or not with sputum and mucus, for at least three months per year in two consecutive years without any indication of other lung and heart diseases.

Cor pulmonale is changes of the structure or function of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs which is caused by pulmonary vascular disease, chest deformity and bronchus-lung diseases. （chronic pulmonary heart disease在which is caused by

后面加慢性病变）

Horner's syndrome is the combination of drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) and constriction of the pupil (miosis), sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side; redness of the conjunctiva of the eye is often also present. It indicates a problem with the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system.

Respiratory failure, in medicine, is used to describe inadequate gas exchange and/or pulmonary ventilation by the respiratory system, with the result that arterial oxygen and/or carbon dioxide levels cannot be maintained within their normal ranges.

Heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow or ventricular filling caused by various diseases in cardiac structure and/or function. The blood flow can’t meet the needs of the body due to the disorder of the ventricular systole. It can caused congestion in pulmonary circulation and/or systemic circulation. Sometimes the disorder of ventricular diastole function can also congestion in pulmonary circulation.

Cardiac arrhythmia 是指心脏冲动的频率（rate）、节律（rhythm）、起源部位（primary pacemaker）、传导速度（speed of the conduction）或激动次序的异常。

Sick sinus syndrome, also called sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker.

Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which slow arrhythmias and fast arrhythmias alternate.

Preexcitation syndrome Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is a disorder of the heart in which the ventricles of the heart contract prematurely due to an accessory pathway which is mainly the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway is an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles.

Primary hypertension is the form of hypertension that by definition, has no identifiable cause. Systolic