经典与解释论文和译文格式规范

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论文格式：解读论文格式要求

论文格式：解读论文格式要求一、页面布局说明：页面大小采用标准A4纸张大小，（210mm×297mm），页边距上、下、左、右各25mm。

二、题名按照已发表论文如实填写。

三、作者中国作者姓名的汉语拼音采用如下写法：姓前名后，中间为空格。

姓氏的全部字母和名的第一个字母大写，复姓连写，姓名均不缩写。

示例：ZHANG Aixin(张爱新)，ZHENG Ting(郑挺)，ZHUGE Hua(诸葛华)。

外国作者的姓名写法遵从国际惯例。

多个作者之间用空格隔开。

作者单位(中文，英文) 加圆括号置于署名下方。

包括单位学校、学院、邮编3项。

四、内容摘要要求：英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应。

中文摘要前加“摘要：”作为标识；英文摘要前加“Abstract:”作为标识。

五、关键词关键词以分号隔开。

中、英文关键词应一一对应。

中文关键词前冠以“关键词：” 作为标识，英文关键词前冠以“Key words：”作为标识。

例如：关键词：汽油机；燃爆控制；电子点火；模糊逻辑六、参考文献（一）文献类型及载体类型标识（二）文后参考文献表的编排格式七、论文字体字号规范（一）中文部分标题：黑体，小二，加粗；副标题：仿宋－GB2312，小三，加粗；作者名：楷体－GB2312，四号；作者单位：仿宋－GB2312，小五；“ 摘要：”“关键词：”：宋体，五号，加粗，内容用楷体－GB 2312，五号；“文献标识码:”：宋体，五号，加粗，内容用Times New Roman，五号，加粗；“作者简介：”宋体，小五，加粗，内容用宋体，小五；正文内容：宋体，五号；2次级标题：序号：Times New Roman，小四，加粗；内容：黑体，小四；脚注内容：宋体，小五；“[参考文献]”：宋体，小五，加粗；参考文献内容：宋体，小五。

（二）英文部分标题：Times New Roman，四号，加粗；副标题：Times New Roman，小四，加粗；作者姓名及单位：Times New Roman，小四；“Biography”、“Abstract”、“Key words”：Times New Roman，小四，加粗；英文正文：Times New Roman，五号；【References】：Times New Roman，小五，加粗；参考文献内容：Times New Roman，小五。

论文格式要求及范例讲解

附件9华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范毕业设计/论文是学生在教师的指导下经过调查研究、科学实验或工程设计，对所取得成果的科学表述，是学生毕业及学位资格认定的重要依据。

其撰写在参照国家、各专业部门制定的有关标准及语法规范的同时，应遵照本规范：1 结构及写作要求毕业设计/论文应包括题目(中、外文)、摘要与关键词（中、外文）目录、正文、致谢、参考文献和附录等部分。

1.1 题目1.1.1 题目题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。

毕业设计/论文题目包括中文题目和外文题目，毕业设计/论文题目一般中文字数不超过25个字，不使用标点符号，中外文题名内容应一致。

题目中若需使用英文缩写词时，应使用本行业通用英文缩写词。

毕业设计/论文封面上题目用一号黑体字，其它用三号黑体字，英文标题用一号Times New Roman字体（加粗），英文标题中的实词首字母一律大写。

毕业设计/论文封面要求统一使用本校特制的毕业设计/论文封面纸打印。

1.2 摘要与关键词1.2.1 摘要摘要包括中文摘要与外文摘要。

摘要是对毕业设计/论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要说明研究工作的目的、主要材料和方法、研究结果、结论、科学意义或应用价值等，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。

摘要中不宜使用公式、图表以及非公知公用的符号和术语，不标注引用文献编号。

中文摘要350字左右，特殊情况字数可以略多；外文摘要应与中文摘要内容一致。

中、外文摘要与关键词分别单独成页置于目录前，编排上中文在前，外文在后。

1.2.2 关键词关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。

应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用词条（参照相应的专业术语标准），一般列3～8个，按词条的外延层次从大到小排列，应在摘要中出现。

1.2.3 格式要求中文题头摘要用三号黑体字居中排写，隔一行书写具体内容，内容文字用小四号宋体字。

空一行后书写关键词。

顶格用四号黑体字书写关键词，紧接着用小四号宋体字书写词条，各词条间空一个汉字间格隔开。

学术论文引言正文致谢参考文献附录和注释格式规范标准

学术论文引言、正文、致谢、参考文献、附录的写作规范1 引言1.1 定义国家标准GB7713-87规定：“引言(或绪论)简要说明研究工作的目的、范围、相关领域的前人工作和知识空白、理论基础和分析、研究设想、研究方法和实验设计、预期结果和意义等。

引言应言简意赅，不要与摘要雷同，不要成为摘要的注释。

一般教科书中已有的知识，在引言中不必赘述。

比较短的论文可以只用小段文字起着引言的效用。

学位论文为了需要反映作者已掌握了坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识，具有开阔的科学视野，对研究方案作了充分论证，因此有关历史回顾和前人工作的综合评述，以及理论分析等，可以单独成章，用足够的文字叙述”。

引言的目的是给出作者进行本项工作的原因,企图达到的目的。

因此应给出必要的背景材料,让对这一领域并不特别熟悉的读者能够了解进行这方面研究的意义,前人已达到的水平,已解决和尚待解决的问题,最后应用一两句话说明本文的目的和主要创新之处。

引言最基本一点是介绍主要研究成果。

有的作者常常不在引言中指明他们的重要发现，或从摘要中删除那些重要的研究成果，而到论文的后部分才指明。

对科技论文而言，是一种写作错误，可能使读者在了解到那些重要的研究成果之前已停止了阅读。

引言应避免过分强调一个十分重要而涉及面广的领域，而自己仅完成了其中有限的一小部分工作。

1.2 构成与写作要求引言的构成及写作要求见表1。

2 正文正文部分是科技论文的核心，是体现研究工作成果和学术水平的主要部分。

国家标准GB7713-87对科技论文正文部分的编写格式没有明确要求和规定。

科技论文的结构形式取决于科研成果的内容。

不同的科研成果，需要用不同结构形式的科技论文来反映。

因为不同学科领域的科研成果，在研究方法、实验观察过程、逻辑推理、结果表现形式等方面不同。

一般来说，科技论文的内容包括：引言、原理、实验和观察方法、仪器设备、材料原料、调研对象、实验和观察的数据资料结果、观点和结论等。

其观点和结论是将获得的数据资料通过数理统计和技术处理，绘图列表等表达实验结果，再经过判断、归纳、推理和抽象等导出的。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求(模板)

成都东软学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印，幅面A4。

外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后，于左侧装订。

二、具体要求1、至少翻译一篇内容与所选课题相关的外文文献。

2、译文汉字字数不少于4000字。

3、正文格式要求：宋体五号字。

译文格式参见《译文格式要求》，宋体五号字，单倍行距。

纸张纸张为A4纸，页边距上2.54cm、下2.54cm、左3.17cm、右3.17cm。

装订外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后封面封面的专业、班级、姓名、学号等信息要全部填写正确。

封面指导教师必须为讲师以上职称，若助教则需要配备一名讲师协助指导。

讲师在前，助教在后。

指导教师姓名后面空一个中文空格，加职称。

页眉页眉说明宋体小五，左端“XX学院毕业设计（论文）”，右端“译文”。

页眉中的学院名称要与封面学院名称一致。

字数本科4000字。

附：外文资料和译文封面、空白页成都东软学院外文资料和译文专业：软件工程移动互联网应用开发班级：2班姓名：罗荣昆学号：12310420216指导教师：2015年 12月 8日Android page layoutUsing XML-Based LayoutsW hile it is technically possible to create and attach widgets to our activity purely through Java code, the way we did in Chapter 4, the more common approach is to use an XML-based layout file. Dynamic instantiation of widgets is reserved for more complicated scenarios, where the widgets are not known at compile-time (e g., populating a column of radio buttons based on data retrieved off the Internet).With that in mind, it’s time to break out the XML and learn how to lay out Android activities that way.What Is an XML-Based Layout?As the name suggests, an XML-based layout is a specification of widgets’ relationships to each other—and to their containers (more on this in Chapter 7)—encoded in XML format. Specifi cally, Android considers XML-based layouts to be resources, and as such layout files are stored in the res/layout directory inside your Android project.Each XML file contains a tree of elements specifying a layout of widgets and their containers that make up one view hierarchy. The attributes of the XML elements are properties, describing how a widget should look or how a container should behave. For example, if a Button element has an attribute value of android:textStyle = "bold", that means that the text appearing on the face of the button should be rendered in a boldface font style.Android’s SDK ships with a tool (aapt) which uses the layouts. This tool should be automatically invoked by your Android tool chain (e.g., Eclipse, Ant’s build.xml). Of particular importance to you as a developer is that aapt generates the R.java source file within your project, allowing you to access layouts and widgets within those layouts directly from your Java code. Why Use XML-Based Layouts?Most everything you do using XML layout files can be achieved through Java code. For example, you could use setTypeface() to have a button render its textin bold, instead of using a property in an XML layout. Since XML layouts are yet another file for you to keep track of, we need good reasons for using such files.Perhaps the biggest reason is to assist in the creation of tools for view definition, such as a GUI builder in an IDE like Eclipse or a dedicated Android GUI designer like DroidDraw1. Such GUI builders could, in principle, generate Java code instead of XML. The challenge is re-reading the UI definition to support edits—that is far simpler if the data is in a structured format like XML than in a programming language. Moreover, keeping generated XML definitions separated from hand-written Java code makes it less likely that somebody’s custom-crafted source will get clobbered by accident when the generated bits get re-generated. XML forms a nice middle ground between something that is easy for tool-writers to use and easy for programmers to work with by hand as needed.Also, XML as a GUI definition format is becoming more commonplace. Microsoft’s XAML2, Adobe’s Flex3, and Mozilla’s XUL4 all take a similar approach to that of Android: put layout details in an XML file and put programming smarts in source files (e.g., JavaScript for XUL). Many less-well-known GUI frameworks, such as ZK5, also use XML for view definition. While “following the herd” is not necessarily the best policy, it does have the advantage of helping to ease the transition into Android from any other XML-centered view description language. OK, So What Does It Look Like?Here is the Button from the previous chapter’s sample application, converted into an XMLlayout file, found in the Layouts/NowRedux sample project. This code sample along with all others in this chapter can be found in the Source Code area of .<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><Button xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/button"android:text=""android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"/>The class name of the widget—Button—forms the name of the XML element. Since Button is an Android-supplied widget, we can just use the bare class name. If you create your own widgets as subclasses of android.view.View, you would need to provide a full package declara tion as well.The root element needs to declare the Android XML namespace:xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"All other elements will be children of the root and will inherit that namespace declaration.Because we want to reference this button from our Java code, we need to give it an identifier via the android:id attribute. We will cover this concept in greater detail later in this chapter.The remaining attributes are properties of this Button instance:• android:text indicates the initial text to be displayed on the button face (in this case, an empty string)• android:layout_width and android:layout_height tell Android to have the button’swidth and height fill the “parent”, in this case the entire screen—these attributes will be covered in greater detail in Chapter 7.Since this single widget is the only content in our activity, we only need this single element. Complex UIs will require a whole tree of elements, representing the widgets and containers that control their positioning. All the remaining chapters of this book will use the XML layout form whenever practical, so there are dozens of other examples of more complex layouts for you to peruse from Chapter 7 onward.What’s with the @ Signs?Many widgets and containers only need to appear in the XML layout file and do not need to be referenced in your Java code. For example, a static label (TextView) frequently only needs to be in the layout file to indicate where it should appear. These sorts of elements in the XML file do not need to have the android:id attribute to give them a name.Anything you do want to use in your Java source, though, needs an android:id.The convention is to use @+id/... as the id value, where the ... represents your locally unique name for the widget in question. In the XML layout example in the preceding section, @+id/button is the identifier for the Button widget.Android provides a few special android:id values, of the form @android:id/.... We will see some of these in various chapters of this book, such as Chapters 8 and 10.We Attach These to the Java How?Given that you have painstakingly set up the widgets and containers in an XML layout filenamed main.xml stored in res/layout, all you need is one statement in your activity’s onCreate() callback to use that layout:setContentView(yout.main);This is the same setContentView() we used earlier, passing it an instance of a View subclass (in that case, a Button). The Android-built view, constructed from our layout, is accessed from that code-generated R class. All of the layouts are accessible under yout, keyed by the base name of the layout file—main.xml results in yout.main.To access our identified widgets, use findViewById(), passing in the numeric identifier of the widget in question. That numeric identifier was generated by Android in the R class asR.id.something (where something is the specific widget you are seeking). Those widgets are simply subclasses of View, just like the Button instance we created in Chapter 4.The Rest of the StoryIn the original Now demo, the button’s face would show the current time, which would reflect when the button was last pushed (or when the activity was first shown, if the button had not yet been pushed).Most of that logic still works, even in this revised demo (NowRedux). However,rather than instantiating the Button in our activity’s onCreate() callback, we can reference the one from the XML layout:package youts;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.view.View;import android.widget.Button; import java.util.Date;public class NowRedux extends Activity implements View.OnClickListener { Button btn;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);btn=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);btn.setOnClickListener(this);upd ateTime();}public void onClick(View view) { updateTime();}private void updateTime() {btn.setText(new Date().toString()); }}The first difference is that rather than setting the content view to be a view we created in Java code, we set it to reference the XML layout (setContentView(yout.main)). The R.java source file will be updated when we rebuild this project to include a reference to our layout file (stored as main.xml in our project’s res/l ayout directory).The other difference is that we need to get our hands on our Button instance, for which we use the findViewById() call. Since we identified our button as @+id/button, we can reference the button’s identifier as R.id.button. Now, with the Button instance in hand, we can set the callback and set the label as needed.As you can see in Figure 5-1, the results look the same as with the originalNow demo.Figure 5-1. The NowRedux sample activity Employing Basic WidgetsE very GUI toolkit has some basic widgets: fields, labels, buttons, etc. Android’s toolkit is no different in scope, and the basic widgets will provide a good introduction as to how widgets work in Android activities.Assigning LabelsThe simplest widget is the label, referred to in Android as a TextView. Like in most GUI toolkits, labels are bits of text not editable directly by users. Typically, they are used to identify adjacent widgets (e.g., a “Name:” label before a field where one fills in a name).In Java, you can create a label by creating a TextView instance. More commonly, though, you will create labels in XML layout files by adding a TextView element to the layout, with an android:text property to set the value of the label itself. If you need to swap labels based on certain criteria, such as internationalization, you may wish to use a resource reference in the XML instead, as will be described in Chapter 9. TextView has numerous other properties of relevance for labels, such as:• android:typeface to set the typeface to use for the label (e.g., monospace) • android:textStyle to indicate that the typeface should be made bold (bold), italic (italic),or bold and italic (bold_italic)• android:textColor to set the color of the label’s text, in RGB hex format (e.g., #FF0000 for red)For example, in the Basic/Label project, you will find the following layout file:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><TextView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="You were expecting something profound?" />As you can see in Figure 6-1, just that layout alone, with the stub Java source provided by Android’s p roject builder (e.g., activityCreator), gives you the application.Figure 6-1. The LabelDemo sample applicationButton, Button, Who’s Got the Button?We’ve already seen the use of the Button widget in Chapters 4 and 5. As it turns out, Button is a subclass of TextView, so everything discussed in the preceding section in terms of formatting the face of the button still holds. Fleeting ImagesAndroid has two widgets to help you embed images in your activities: ImageView and ImageButton. As the names suggest, they are image-based analogues to TextView and Button, respectively.Each widget takes an android:src attribute (in an XML layout) to specify what picture to use. These usually reference a drawable resource, described in greater detail in the chapter on resources. You can also set the image content based on a Uri from a content provider via setImageURI().ImageButton, a subclass of ImageView, mixes in the standard Button behaviors, for responding to clicks and whatnot.For example, take a peek at the main.xml layout from the Basic/ImageView sample project which is found along with all other code samples at : <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><ImageView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/icon"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:adjustViewBounds="true"android:src="@drawable/molecule" />The result, just using the code-generated activity, is shown in Figure 6-2.Figure 6-2. The ImageViewDemo sample applicationFields of Green. Or Other Colors.Along with buttons and labels, fields are the third “anchor” of most GUI toolkits. In Android, they are implemented via the EditText widget, which is a subclass of the TextView used for labels.Along with the standard TextView properties (e.g., android:textStyle), EditText has many others that will be useful for you in constructing fields, including:• android:autoText, to control if the fie ld should provide automatic spelling assistance• android:capitalize, to control if the field should automatically capitalize the first letter of entered text (e.g., first name, city) • android:digits, to configure the field to accept only certain digi ts • android:singleLine, to control if the field is for single-line input or multiple-line input (e.g., does <Enter> move you to the next widget or add a newline?)Beyond those, you can configure fields to use specialized input methods, such asandroid:numeric for numeric-only input, android:password for shrouded password input,and android:phoneNumber for entering in phone numbers. If you want to create your own input method scheme (e.g., postal codes, Social Security numbers), you need to create your own implementation of the InputMethod interface, then configure the field to use it via android: inputMethod.For example, from the Basic/Field project, here is an XML layout file showing an EditText:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><EditTextxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/field"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:singleLine="false" />Note that android:singleLine is false, so users will be able to enter in several lines of text. For this project, the FieldDemo.java file populates the input field with some prose:package monsware.android.basic;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.widget.EditText;public class FieldDemo extends Activity { @Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);EditText fld=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.field);fld.setText("Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 " + "(the \"License\"); you may not use this file " + "except in compliance with the License. You may " + "obtain a copy of the License at " +"/licenses/LICENSE-2.0");}}The result, once built and installed into the emulator, is shown in Figure 6-3.Figure 6-3. The FieldDemo sample applicationNote Android’s emulator only allows one application in the launcher per unique Java package. Since all the demos in this chapter share the monsware.android.basic package, you will only see one of these demos in your emulator’s launcher at any one time.Another flavor of field is one that offers auto-completion, to help users supply a value without typing in the whole text. That is provided in Android as the AutoCompleteTextView widget and is discussed in Chapter 8.Just Another Box to CheckThe classic checkbox has two states: checked and unchecked. Clicking the checkbox toggles between those states to indicate a choice (e.g., “Ad d rush delivery to my order”). In Android, there is a CheckBox widget to meet this need. It has TextView as an ancestor, so you can use TextView properties likeandroid:textColor to format the widget. Within Java, you can invoke: • isChecked() to determi ne if the checkbox has been checked• setChecked() to force the checkbox into a checked or unchecked state • toggle() to toggle the checkbox as if the user checked itAlso, you can register a listener object (in this case, an instance of OnCheckedChangeListener) to be notified when the state of the checkbox changes.For example, from the Basic/CheckBox project, here is a simple checkbox layout:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><CheckBox xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/check"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="This checkbox is: unchecked" />The corresponding CheckBoxDemo.java retrieves and configures the behavior of the checkbox:public class CheckBoxDemo extends Activityimplements CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener { CheckBox cb;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);cb=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.check);cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this);}public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView,boolean isChecked) {if (isChecked) {cb.setText("This checkbox is: checked");}else {cb.setText("This checkbox is: unchecked");}}}Note that the activity serves as its own listener for checkbox state changes since it imple ments the OnCheckedChangeListener interface (via cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this)). The callback for the listener is onCheckedChanged(), which receives the checkbox whose state has changed and what the new state is. In this case, we update the text of the checkbox to reflect what the actual box contains.The result? Clicking the checkbox immediately updates its text, as you can see in Figures 6-4 and 6-5.Figure 6-4. The CheckBoxDemo sample application, with the checkbox uncheckedFigure 6-5. The same application, now with the checkbox checkedTurn the Radio UpAs with other implementations of radio buttons in other toolkits, Android’s radio buttons are two-state, like checkboxes, but can be grouped such that only one radio button in the group can be checked at any time.Like CheckBox, RadioButton inherits from CompoundButton, which in turn inherits fromTextView. Hence, all the standard TextView properties for font face, style, color, etc., are available for controlling the look of radio buttons. Similarly, you can call isChecked() on a RadioButton to see if it is selected, toggle() to select it, and so on, like you can with a CheckBox.Most times, you will want to put your RadioButton widgets inside of aRadioGroup. The RadioGroup indicates a set of radio buttons whose state is tied, meaning only one button out of the group can be selected at any time. If you assign an android:id to your RadioGroup in your XML layout, you can access the group from your Java code and invoke:• check() to check a specific radio button via its ID (e.g., group.check(R.id.radio1))• clearCheck() to clear all radio buttons, so none in the group are checked• getCheckedRadioButtonId() to get the ID of the currently-checked radio button (or -1 if none are checked)For example, from the Basic/RadioButton sample application, here is an XML layout showing a RadioGroup wrapping a set of RadioButton widgets: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <RadioGroupxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:orientation="vertical"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent" ><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio1"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Rock" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio2"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Scissors" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio3"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Paper" /></RadioGroup>Figure 6-6 shows the result using the stock Android-generated Java forthe project and this layout.Figure 6-6. The RadioButtonDemo sample application Note that the radio button group is initially set to be completely unchecked at the outset. To pre-set one of the radio buttons to be checked, use either setChecked() on the RadioButton or check() on the RadioGroup from within your onCreate() callback in your activity.It’s Quite a ViewAll widgets, including the ones previously shown, extend View, and as such give all widgets an array of useful properties and methods beyond those already described.Useful PropertiesSome of the properties on View most likely to be used include:• Controls the focus sequence:• android:nextFocusDown• android:nextFocusLeft• android:nextFocusRight• android:nextFocusUp• android:visibility, which controls wheth er the widget is initially visible• android:background, which typically provides an RGB color value (e.g., #00FF00 for green) to serve as the background for the widgetUseful MethodsYou can toggle whether or not a widget is enabled via setEnabled() and see if it is enabled via isEnabled(). One common use pattern for this is to disable some widgets based on a CheckBox or RadioButton selection.You can give a widget focus via requestFocus() and see if it is focused via isFocused(). You might use this in concert with disabling widgets as previously mentioned, to ensure the proper widget has the focus once your disabling operation is complete.To help navigate the tree of widgets and containers that make up an activity’s overall view, you can use:• get Parent() to find the parent widget or container• findViewById() to find a child widget with a certain ID• getRootView() to get the root of the tree (e.g., what you provided to the activity via setContentView())Android 页面布局使用XML进行布局虽然纯粹通过Java代码在activity上创建和添加部件，在技术上是可行的，我们在第4章中做的一样，更常见的方法是使用一种基于XML的布局文件。

毕业论文外文翻译格式

毕业论文外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式在如今全球化的时代，学术研究的国际交流变得越来越重要。

而对于毕业论文来说，外文翻译是一个必不可少的环节。

毕业论文外文翻译格式的正确与否，不仅关系到论文的质量，还直接影响到读者对论文内容的理解和接受程度。

因此，本文将探讨毕业论文外文翻译的格式要求，以帮助学生们更好地完成这一环节。

首先，毕业论文外文翻译的格式应该与原文一致。

这意味着学生需要尽可能地保留原文的结构、段落和标点符号等要素。

这样做的目的是为了让读者能够更好地理解原文的内容，同时也方便学术界对研究成果进行评估和交流。

当然，在保持原文结构的基础上，学生也可以适当地进行调整和修饰，以使翻译更加流畅和易读。

其次，毕业论文外文翻译的格式还应包括适当的引用和注释。

在翻译过程中，学生可能会遇到一些特定的术语、名词或引文，这时需要在翻译文中进行相应的注释或解释。

这不仅有助于读者对论文内容的理解，还能提高论文的可信度和学术价值。

同时，在引用他人研究成果时，学生也需要按照学术规范进行引用，包括作者姓名、出版年份、文章标题等信息，并在文末提供详细的参考文献列表。

另外，毕业论文外文翻译的格式还应注意语言风格的统一和准确。

学生在翻译过程中应尽量使用专业术语和学术语言，以确保翻译的准确性和学术性。

同时，还需要注意语言风格的统一，避免在翻译中出现过多的个人化表达和口语化用语。

这样可以使翻译更加规范和正式，符合学术写作的要求。

此外，毕业论文外文翻译的格式还应注意排版和格式要求。

学生需要将翻译文与原文进行对照排列，以便读者对照阅读。

同时，还需要注意字体、字号、行距等排版要求，使翻译文看起来整洁、清晰。

另外，学生还可以根据需要在翻译文中加入图表、图像或表格等辅助材料，以更好地展示研究结果和论证过程。

最后，毕业论文外文翻译的格式还应注意语法和语义的准确性。

学生在翻译过程中需要注意语法结构的正确性，避免出现句子不通顺或语义不清的情况。

同时，还需要准确理解原文的意思，并用恰当的词语和表达方式进行翻译。

经典与解释论文和译文格式规范

经典与解释论文和译文格式规范“经典与解释”论文和译文格式规范古典文明研究工作坊2018.08目录目录 (3)标题 (3)正文 (4)字体 (4)人名、地名、书名 (5)标点符号 (6)独立引文段落 (7)注释 (8)附录和索引 (11)其他 (11)一般正文用五号宋体，独立引文段落用五号仿宋_GB2312（“仿宋”亦可，以下皆同，不再另注），脚注用小五号宋体。

更多细节以下另述。

全篇/全书行距（包括正文、脚注、附录均如此）均为1.25，设置方式如下：编辑―全选―单击右键―段落―多倍行距―设置值调为1.25。

文档的段前、段后间距都调为“0行”目录此条适用于论著或译著。

1. 若只有一级目录（章），则采用宋体五号，若有两级目录，则第一级目录（章）宋体五号加粗，第二级目录（节）宋体五号，不加粗。

不设第三级目录。

2. 制作章节目录采用Word文档的目录插入功能，页码数字采Times New Roman字体。

标题1. 论文、译文篇名标题，以及论著和译著的各章标题，采用宋体四号加粗，居中，标题中不应出现西文；副标题宋体五号，不加粗，位置偏右；标题起首前空一行。

2. 论文、译文内的小标题和论著各节标题，采宋体五号，加粗，居中，也不宜出现西文；如仍有次一级的标题，则应居中，采楷体五号，不加粗。

3. 篇名标题下空一行，列原作者姓名和译者姓名；原作者只译出姓，采用楷体_GB2312（“楷体”亦可，以下皆同，不另注）五号字体，并以宋体圆括号附上作者原名，原名采Times new roman字体，其后空一格，加一“撰”字（“撰”字用宋体）；译者姓名亦以楷体_GB2312标出，后空一格加“译”字（“译”字用宋体）；译者姓名下空一行，开始正文。

4. 无论是文章标题，还是次级标题，后面都不带注号。

若有内容需要说明，方法是：作者译者名那一行下空一行，用宋体中括号[ ]放入说明文字,中文用仿宋_GB2312字体，缩进方式同正文，如：普遍历史的诸起源莫米利亚诺（Arnaldo D. Momigliano）撰杨志城译陈颖园校[原标题为The Origins of Universal History，莫米里亚诺于1981年2月2日在伦敦大学的克莱顿讲座（Creighton Lecture）上宣读，后收入Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa，Serie III，vol. XII，fasc. 2，1982，页533–560。

毕业论文写作体例及注释、参考文献规范

毕业论文写作体例及注释、参考文献规范一、书写格式标题采用三级标题形式。

一级标题：宋体五号字加黑，一、……;二、……;三、……二级标题：楷体五号字，(一)……;(二)……;(三)……三级标题：宋体五号字，1、……;2、……;3、……在末级标题下，标号的顺序依次为：(1) ① 第一例：一、 X X X X(左对齐)(一)X X X X(左对齐)1、 X X X X(左对齐)(1)(3)页码：宋体六号字。

从“正文”数(包括引文、正文、结论、参考文献、附录、后记)，用阿拉伯数字按自然数升序编排，居于页面底端右侧。

(4)图、表：所有图、表应按章编号排序，图、表中的内容用宋体五号字。

图、表均应有标题(图、表说明)，图、表的左下方注明资料来源，使用他人的图、表必须在左下方注明出处。

如：资料来源：国家统计局《统计年鉴1997》，本人编制应注明，如：作者。

图号及标题应在图下方居中标明(黑体五号字);表号及标题应在表上方居中标明(黑体五号字)，例：图1.1 图1.2 图1.3 图2.1 图2.2 (图下方居中标明)表1.1 表1.2 表1.3 表2.1 表2.2 (表上方居中标明)二、注释及引用(一)注释注释不同于参考文献。

参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。

而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②……标识序号。

注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，比如：①关于平城人口数量问题，李凭认为道武帝时期迁入雁北的人口有150万，在以后的一个世纪里，“总量并无增长，一直处于动态的平衡状况”(《北魏平城时代》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2019年，第364页)。

(二)引用1、引用是对某一问题论述时，引用他人观点来佐证、强化己方论证，或者对某一问题需要另外交待，可以在页下附着说明，引用以小五号宋体标注。

2、引用以简明为要，引用他人说法力求准确，忠实原文本意，不可断章取义，并要和论文内容相关。

论文及外文翻译格式(标准)

职称副教授（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）
负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）
（空7行）
沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）
2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）
附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）
摘要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）
（空1行）
我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。
附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例
附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）
我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究
（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）
The ResearchonStatus and Future of Inhabitants’ Investment and Financial Management inChina
关键词：（宋体，小四，加粗，左缩进：0）投资理财资理财工具通货膨胀（宋体，小四，每个关键词之间空两格，关键词的个数在3到5个之间）
（空2行）
Abstract（Time New Roman体，三号，加粗，居中）
（空1行）
Our country has already entered into The Economic Globalization Development’ 21st century. Along with the fast growth of our country economy and opening to the outside world furthermore, our country finance market has had the hugely changed. On one hand, the investment and financial management involve in more and more fields.Not only governments, enterprises and social organizations carry on the investing to make money, but also the inhabitants start investing in the finance market, who make money by all kinds of investment tools for spending, caring for the aged and so on. On the other hand, the idea of our country inhabitants for investment and financial management has becoming mature and rational; At the same time, their investment tools as well as the methods for investment and financial management tend to more and more multiplication and consummation.

翻译佳作赏析论文格式

3. 1.25倍行距；
三、A4纸张，双面打印；
有自己的观察与思考，有启发；
８０~９０分：
真正理会课程核心精神，论说内容深入，有明确的个人独立观察与思考；
９０~１００：
有深入的思考，有独到的见解，有质疑精神，有批判意识，体现了一定的学术研究的潜质。
正文说明：
一、论文书写语言为中文；
二、文字要求是：
1.默认宋字体；
2.正文5号字，两端对齐；标题3号字，居中。
学号
姓名
得分
诗史上，一部洋洋洒洒上千行长诗可以随似水流年埋没于无情的历史沉积中，而某些玲珑之短诗，却能够经历史年代之久而独放异彩。这首两段十行的小诗，在现代诗歌长廊中，应堪称别备一格之作。
评分参照标准
维度
描述语
６０分以下：
全文抄袭，或未按时交文；
６０~７０分：
有整段内容抄袭；但论说浅显；
７０~８０分：

常见论文注释规范要求与解释[技巧]

常见论文注释规范要求与解释[技巧] 南开大学研究生学位论文写作规范目录第1章内容要求 .......................... 1 第2章格式要求 (1)2(1 中文封面 (2)2(2 学位论文版权使用授权书 (2)2(3 学位论文原创性声明 (2)2(4 中文摘要 (3)2(5 Abstract (3)2(6 目录 (3)2(7 符号说明 (3)2(8 正文 (3)2(9 致谢 (4)2(10 参考文献 (4)2(11 附录 ...................................... 4 2(12 个人简历在学期间发表的学术论文与研究成果 . 5第3章书写要求 .......................... 5 3(1 文字、标点符号和数字 ....................... 6 3(2 密级 ....................................... 6 3(3 层次标题 ................................... 6 3(4 篇眉和页码 ................................. 7 3(5 有关图、表、表达式 (7)3.5.1 图 (7)3.5.2 表 (7)3.5.3 表达式 .......................................8 3(6 参考文献 ................................... 8 3(7 量和单位 (9)第4章排版及印刷要求 .................... 11 4(1 纸张要求及页面设置 ........................ 11 4(2 中文封面 .................................. 11 4(3 书脊 ...................................... 11 4(4 中、英文摘要 .............................. 12 4(5 目录 ...................................... 12 4(6 正文 ...................................... 12 4(7 其它 ...................................... 13 4(8 印刷及装订要求 (13)第1章内容要求研究生学位论文使用汉字(除外国语言文学专业要求用其它文字外)撰写。

译文+格式+及+评语+要求

毕业设计（论文）译文题目名称：（写译文题目）院系名称：班级：学号：学生姓名：指导教师：200×年×月指导教师批改要求：1．译文工作是把外文翻译为中文，选题必须与论文方向一致，外文作者应为外国作者，中英文内容相互对应。

2．在中英文结尾处均标明原文出处，标注方法见附例。

3．字数要求：3000汉字或15000个印刷符号。

4．排版要求：按照毕业论文正文要求格式排版。

5．装订顺序：汉语翻译在前，英文原文在后，英文部分也可以是原文复印件。

6．教师应根据译文内容是否与毕业论文相关、翻译是否准确、语言是否通顺、逻辑是否合理等方面对毕业生的翻译工作质量给出评价，写出100字左右的评语，并签名。

请用红笔书写。

7.译文不单独计分，与毕业论文（设计）一并综合评分。

附例：风险导向审计研究Pie Pierce, B., Sweeney, B.近几年来，审计行业面临的风险正在日益增大，国内外相继出现了一些会计舞弊事件，如：美国的“安然”、“施乐”，国内的“原野”、“琼民源”、“红光”等，审计人员由此涉及的案件也成千上万，赔偿的金额更难以估计，甚至有人称审计职业界进入了“诉讼爆炸”时代，一些会计师事务所因诉讼而倒闭或陷入困境，这使审计人员清醒地认识到，在商业竞争十分激烈的市场经济中，审计职业界所面临的商业风险已越来越大，审计职业必须设法降低这种商业风险水平。

为此，以美国为首的西方国家从20世纪80年代开始大规模地修订审计准则，在实践中产生了一种以风险评价为中心的审计模式，并在实务中得到广泛应用。

一、风险导向审计产生的社会基础（一）高风险的审计执业环境是风险导向审计产生的直接原因。

众多企业的倒闭，已审报表的使用者将经营失败等同于审计失败。

他们认为企业濒临破产，注册会计师进行财务报表审计时就应提前发出警告，这样审计人员与公众期望的差距越来越大。

期望差距的加大，表明社会公众对审计的需求日益增加，为弥补审计期望差距就得寻找途径，主动出击，迎合这种需求，须承担一定的法律责任——即承担更大的查错防弊责任。

本科毕业论文英译中格式规定

为确保各位本科生外文翻译质量，实现学位论文的规范化，特制定本规定，请大师仔细阅读，严格按照以下标准参考执行，否则后果自负。

以下分别从“标题问题、摘要和关键词、正文、参考文献、具体注意事项”等方面详述格式规范。

格式模板（没标注的格式可进行格式仿照）一、标题问题如：中文翻译题目：电气石陶瓷球促进三种发酵微生物的发育和代谢He Ni Æ Ling Li Æ Hai-Hang Li二、摘要和关键词例如：摘要：电气石陶瓷球对酿酒酵母，乳杆菌和米曲霉的发展发育的影响情况进行了研究。

在50毫升的培养液中，分别经过3，6，9或12克的电气石陶瓷球处理明显显示了促进三种微生物的发展。

在12克的最优电气石球处理后，酿酒酵母，嗜酸乳杆菌和米曲霉的增长率分别提高了34%，32%和10％，经过72小时在酿酒酵母发酵培养液中的总糖含量下降了65％，乙醇产量增加了150％。

发酵72小时后，由于在含嗜酸乳杆菌的培养液中有机酸的产生，总糖含量下降了80％，pH 值下降了0.3。

在米曲霉发酵96小时后，其蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性分别提高了90%和31%。

结果表白，电气石促进发展发育开始于初期阶段，增加代谢产物的产量在发酵的后期阶段。

在这三种微生物中，底物的利用和代谢产物的量表白了电气石的强大促进这三种微生物的发育发展感化，表白了电气石在发酵行业中的一个潜在的应用前景。

关键词：电气石；发展；代谢；酿酒酵母；嗜酸乳杆菌；米曲霉三、正文正文除小标题、图表、图表内容、图表内容用五号字外，其余正文书写一律采用小四字号。

正文模板：四、参考文献：参考文献（四号、黑体、顶格）[1]王传昌. 高分子化工的研究对象. 天津大学学报[J].1997，53（3）：1～7[2]王连芬. 层次分析法引论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.1990:23～26[3] Joe Tidd[×]，陈劲译. 创新办理——技术、市场与组织变化的集成[D]. 清华大学出版社，2002.原著者姓名国别翻译者姓名书名出版者[4]姚光起. 一种痒化锆材料的制备方式. 中国专利，891056088，1980-07-03申请者专利名国家专利号授权日期[5]Pamela M.Franklin, Catherine P.Koshland, Donald Lucas, et al, Evaluation of combustion byproducts of MTBE as a component of reformulated gasoline [J].Chemosphere:2001. 42:86-872（以上文献，如果需要两行的，第二行文字要位于序号的后边，与第一行文字对齐。

论文标准格式及案例讲解说明.docx

论文标准格式及案例讲解说明论文的标准格式撰写是体现作者对科学的严谨态度。

学习论文的标准格式是每个毕业生都应该要重视的，很多同学刚接触论文不知道论文的格式是什么样的，今天小编就来和大家讲解一下论文的标准格式，欢迎大家阅读借鉴。

一：标准论文格式1、题目。

应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。

论文摘要和关键词。

2、论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。

说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。

尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。

而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。

摘要以500字左右为宜。

(论文格式)关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。

3、目录。

既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。

4、引言(或序言)。

内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。

5、正文。

是毕业论文的主体。

6、结论。

论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。

7、参考文献和注释。

按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。

图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。

(参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。

参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。

)8、附录。

包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。

二：本科毕业论文格式要求：1、装订顺序：目录--内容提要--正文--参考文献--写作过程情况表--指导教师评议表参考文献应另起一页。

纸张型号：A4纸。

A4210×297毫米论文份数：一式三份。

其他(调查报告、学习心得)：一律要求打印。

论文及英文翻译格式[推荐阅读]

论文及英文翻译格式[推荐阅读]第一篇：论文及英文翻译格式六、毕业设计(论文)的撰写1、内容与要求毕业设计(论文)的内容一般依次由以下部分组成：封面、任务书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、(符号说明)、前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢、(附录)、外文资料译文、外文原文。

毕业设计(论文)应采用汉语(外语专业用外语)撰写。

要求内容层次分明、文理通顺、数据可靠、文字简练、说明透彻、立论正确、推理严谨。

2、毕业设计(论文)的格式及规范毕业设计(论文)的格式、图纸绘制、实验数据、各种标准的运用和引用都要符合各学科、各专业国家标准的规定。

毕业设计(论文)一律使用计算机编辑，用A4规格纸输出，页面设置上、下页边距2.54厘米，左、右页边距2.5厘米，装订线1厘米，文档网格设为小四号宋体，指定行网格和字符网格，每行33个字符，每页31行，栏数为1。

外文资料译文页面设置、格式规范及字体同正文要求一样，装订时外文资料译文在前，外文原文在后。

除封面、任务书、外文资料译文、外文原文外，毕业设计(论文)其余部分均设置页眉，页眉为“河南科技大学毕业设计(论文)”五号宋体居中。

毕业设计(论文)正文页码用“1、2、3……”小五号宋体居中设置，封面、任务书、外文原文及外文资料译文不设页码，目录及中、英文摘要的页码用“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ……”小五号宋体居中设置。

各部分的具体要求如下：(1)封面：由学校统一印制；封面填写课题名称，作者姓名，指导教师姓名，院系专业等内容；题目不得超过36个汉字。

学院统一填写全称：材料科学与工程学院；专业填写全称，专业方向统一规范，如材料成型及控制工程（铸造）。

(2)毕业设计任务书(3)中英文摘要① 毕业设计(论文)中文题目为三号黑体字，可以分成1或2行居中打印。

② 题目下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(三号黑体)，字间空一格。

③ “摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(小四号宋体)。

每段开头空二格。

④ 中文摘要内容下空一行打印“关键词”三字(小四号黑体)，其后为关键词(小四号宋体)。

论文及英文翻译格式

电气与信息工程学院计算机系本科生毕业设计论文文本结构及写作规范2005年10月1 论文结构概述毕业设计论文文字数为1～3万字，须包含以下内容，并依序装订。

(1)毕业设计(论文)任务书(2)中文摘要（不低于300字，含关键词3～7个）(3)Abstract （含Keywords）(4)论文目录(5)论文正文(6)致谢(7)参考文献(8)附录论文用A4纸打印。

2 毕业设计(论文)任务书指导教师填写“毕业设计(论文)任务书”中的指定项目，如课题名称、课题内容、课题任务要求、同组设计者、主要参考文献等。

3 中文摘要中文摘要是对论文正文内容的高度概括。

用精练的语言概述本论文的主要研究内容、目的意义、设计过程、实验手段及取得的成果等。

注意摘要中不得出现“本文共有X章，第一章…，第二章…”之类的表述。

中文摘要须另起一页。

关键词与摘要在同一页，数量3～7个，以“关键词：”另行顶左开始。

中文关键词须用汉字，不得使用英文单词或其缩写，例如“DBMS”不能作为中文关键词，必须用对应的中文表述：“数据库管理系统”。

关键词之间用“,”隔开，最后一个关键词后不用加任何标点符号。

4 AbstractAbstract是论文的英文摘要，一般对照中文摘要翻译，要求另起一页。

Keywords对照中文关键词翻译，与英文摘要在同一页，以“Keywords：”另行顶左开始。

Keywords之间用“,”隔开，最后一个Keyword后不用加任何标点符号。

中文摘要、Abstract、论文正文的各级标题（一般最多取三级）、致谢、参考文献、附录等都应编入目录，标注其页码对照关系，但目录本身不出现在其中。

中文摘要、Abstract、目录等使用希腊数字“I、II、…”编连续页码；论文正文、致谢、参考文献、附录等使用“1，2，3，… ”编连续页码。

页码应标在论文文本的右下角。

目录要求另起一页，目录页装订在英文摘要（Abstract）之后，论文正文之前。

译文模板及格式说明(2014.3)

关于译文的格式说明1．译文封面：要同时写外文题目及中文题目，英文题目在上、中文题目在下。

其中英文单词首个字母大写，连接词必须小写。

2．标题：小三号宋体。

3．译文：小四号宋体。

4．译文装订顺序：（1）封面（2）英文原文（3）中文。

5．译文正文：章标题（一级标题），小三号宋体居中，以下空两行。

节标题（二级标题），顶格写，四号宋体，上下空一行。

节标题（三级标题），顶格写，小四宋体，上下内容不空行。

6.译文对应的中文不少于3000汉字。

7.译文部分的页码单独编排。

8.译文的样式如下：序号（学号）：041140601长春光华学院毕业设计（论文）译文Integration of shortwave narrowband FMreceiver design集成短波窄带调频接收机设计姓名李伟业教学院电气信息学院专业通信工程系班级通信 10402指导教师李广军教授2014 年 5 月26 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Integration of shortwave narrowband FM receiver designIn this desing of a SW-FM receiver,a single chip FM receiver IC MC3362 servers as the core,a frequency syn- thesizer is employed to impleoyed local oscillator with high stability and a single chip processor actsas the main controller to perform in collaboration with the fr- equency synthesizer,multiple functions,such as manu-al,automatic radio station searching and the carrier fr- equency displaying.Aserial E2PROM is used to storethe data of radio stations permanently.With a digital adju- stable resistance,the digital volume adjustment is acc- omplished.Owing to a capacitor distributing filter at the input of the antenna,the improvement of mirror res- training rato and the optimal match between the antenna and receiver are achieved.MC3362 is the MOTOROLA company produces the monolithic NFM receiving circuit, mainly used in voice communication and data transmission of wireless receiver. On chip contains oscillation circuit, mixing circuit, limiting amplifier, integral frequency discriminator, field strength indicator drive and carrier frequency detection circuit from the antenna input to the audio output of all the secondary inverter circuit, also includes the mixing with an output buffer, FSK detection data limit comparator. With low voltage, low power consumption, high sensitivity and SNR, widely used in the voice and digital communications receiving equipment. Its main features are as follows:Secondary all inverter circuit·Low operating voltage: 2.0-6.0 V·low power consumption (Vcc = 3.0 V, power typical values only 3.6 mA, except for high power pipes)·Extreme sensitivity: 0.6 uV (typical values, 12 db SINAD) ·Adjustable, carrier frequency detection• data plastic comparator• receiving field strength indicator• a small number of ext ernal components• manufactured MOTOROLA "MOSAIC" technology┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊• DIP24 and SO - 24 two packaging forms• MC13135 to new models of choiceCarrier frequency signal from MC3363 Pin2 input, high by the internalpipes by Pin4 after high frequency amplifier output, connected to thePin4 is a LC resonance high-frequency transformer, center frequency forRF carrier frequency, the T1 is coupled to the Pin1 and Pin2 to enterthe first level mixing. Internal oscillation circuit and the Pin25 andPin26 LC components of the first magnitude of vibration, and the carrierfrequency RF input signal in internal mixer, the difference frequency10.7 MHz first intermediate frequency signal after amplification by Pin23output, after 10.7 ceramic filter frequency selective level by the secondpin21 to internal mixing. Internal oscillation circuit and Pin5 and Pin6external crystal and capacitance constitutes the second vibration level,frequency selection is lower than the first intermediate frequency anintermediate frequency (i.e. frequency of 455 KHZ) of 10.245 MHz. 10.7MHz first intermediate frequency signal and the second vibrationfrequency mixing, the difference frequency is: 10.700-10.245 = 10.700MHz, namely 455 KHZ second intermediate frequency signal.The second intermediate frequency signal output by the Pin7 by 455 KHZ frequency selective ceramic filter, then through Pin9 into MC3363 limiting amplifier with high gain amplifier, limiting amplifier stage is the main gain of the circuit. Pin13 external LC components of 455 KHZ frequency resonant circuit, after amplification of the intermediate frequency signal in internal frequency demodulation, and after the audio level voltage amplification by Pin19 output audio signal.Pin12 and Pin13 field indicates the external drive circuit element, adjust the Pin12 200 k resistor can change the field indicates the gain drive circuit. MC3363 internal also have primary data signal amplifier stage, Pin17 for input, Pin18 for output. Can undertake plastic and magnified the data waveform. Pin10 and Pin11 as the second level into the decoupling capacitor. To guarantee the stability of circuit to work.System introductionThe system consists of a receiver, frequency synthesizer, single-chip microcomputer system of three parts. The system block diagram as shown in figure 3-1. From the antenna input signals through 8 to 10┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊MHz bandpass filter filter, 10.7 MH. Trap trap (intermediate frequency interference suppression), after into MC3362 secondary mixing, frequency processing, reduction of the audio signal. MC3362 this vibration frequency generated by the frequency synthesizer, and provide single chip lock level, and single chip microcomputer system according to the different search patterns to produce the corresponding parallel code sent to the frequency synthesizer, produce different frequency of the vibration signals, and on the digital tube display the corresponding information.Phase-locked frequency synthesis circuit and analysisPhase-locked loop (PLL: Phase locked loops) is a kind of using Feedback (Feedback) control principle of frequency and Phase synch- ronization technology, its role is the output clock circuit and its external reference clock in sync. When the reference clock frequency or Phase change, the phase-locked loop will detect this change, and through its internal feedback system to adjust output frequency, until both to resynchronize, this synchronization is also known as the "lock" (Phase - locked).It is used in the receiver of communication, its role is the received signal processing, and extracted from the phase information of a clock. Or, for the received signal, the generic a clock signal, make the two signals from a certain perspective is synchronous (or, coherent). Because the lock case (i.e., after finishing the capture), the imitation of the clock signal relative to the clock signal in the received signal has a certain difference, so it is vividly called the phase locking device.Phase-locked loop consists of phase discriminator, loop filter and the voltage-controlled oscillator. Phase detector is used to identify the input signal of the phase difference between the Ui and the output signal Uo and output error voltage Ud. Ud the noise and interference elements are low connectivity loop filter filter, form a voltage-controlled os- cillator (VCO) the control voltage of Uc. Uc ACTS on thevoltage-controlled oscillator is the result of the pull it the output of the oscillation frequency fo to loop the input signal frequency fi, when two equal, the loop is locked, is called into the lock. Maintain lock control dc voltage is provided by phase discriminator and therefore phase discriminator retain certain phase difference between the two input signals.Direct Digital Frequency Synthesis (DDS - Digital Direct Frequency short) technology is a new method of Frequency Synthesis, Frequency Synthesis┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊technology is a revolution, JOSEPH TIERNEY and so on 3 people in 1971, puts forward the idea of Direct Digital Frequency Synthesis, but due to the microelectronics technology and Digital signal processing technology, DDS technology can't be said often enough, with the actual needs in the field of electrical engineering and the development of Digital integrated circuit and microelectronic technology, DDS technology is increasingly showing its superiority.DDS is A kind of fully digital frequency synthesizer, the phase accumulator, waveform ROM, D/A converter and low pass filter. After A given clock frequency, the output signal frequency depends on the fre- quency of the controller, the frequency resolution depends on the acc- umulator digits, phase resolution depends on the ROM address line number, amplitude quantization noise depends on the ROM data word length and D/A converter digits.DDS has the following advantages:More than (1) high frequency resolution, output frequency points, can be up to N frequency phase accumulator (N digits);（2） frequency switching speed, can reach us mass;(3) frequency switch phase continuous;(4) can output broadband orthogonal signal;（5）output phase noise is low, could improve the phase noise of reference frequency source;（6）can generate arbitrary waveform;Once fully digital implementation, facilitate integration, small volume, light weight, so all countries since the eighty s in their respective DDS product research and development, such as the United States QUALCOMM Q2334, Q2220; STANFORD firm STEL - 1175, STEL - 1175. The AD company AD7008, AD9850, AD9854, etc. The DDS chip clock frequency range from A few MHZ to several hundred MHZ, from general function to the integrated chip have A D/A converter and quadrature modulator.PLL: Phase Locked Logic Phase synchronization LogicPhase-locked loop is the purpose of the establish carrier synchronization in charge, both communication and synchronization. Because it is the working process of an automatic frequency (phase) adjustment of the closed loop, so called ring. Phase-locked loop analog phase-locked loop and digital phase-locked loop.The basic principle of workVoltage-controlled oscillator is given a signal, one part as the output, the other part by frequency division and PLL IC this vibration signals generated by the phase comparison, in order to keep the same┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊frequency, requires phase difference do not change, if there is the change of the phase difference, the PLL IC voltage changes, the output voltage to control the VCO, until phase recovery! To achieve the purpose of locking frequency! Can make the controlled oscillator frequency and phase are to keep with the input signal to determine the relationship between closed-loop electronic circuit.1) to simulate the working principle of the phase-locked loopAnalog phase locked loop is mainly composed of phase reference extraction circuit, voltage controlled oscillator, phase comparator, control circuit, etc. Output of the voltage-controlled oscillator is and requires continuous signals frequency is very close, and by the phase reference extract extracted from signal circuit reference signal is sent to the phase comparator at the same time, with the comparative form of error by control circuit to reduce the frequency of the vco direction error of the absolute value of continuous change, achieve phase locked, so as to achieve synchronization.2) working principle of the digital phase-locked loopDigital phase-locked loop is mainly composed of reference phase ext- raction circuit, crystal oscillator, frequency divider, phase comparator, pulse wipe door, etc. Frequency divider output signal frequency and the frequency is very close to it and extracted from signal phase reference signal is sent to the phase comparator at the same time, the comparison results shows high frequency when the local by covering with door erase an input pulse frequency divider, equivalent to the local oscillation frequency; If, on the other hand, shows the local frequency low in fre- quency divider when inserted between two input pulses at the input a pulse, equivalent to the local oscillation frequency goes up, so as to achieve synchronization.Phase-locked frequency synthesis circuit phase-locked frequency syn- thesis unit is a key part of the machine work. System structure as shown in figure ⅣD-2-7, circuit as shown in figure lVD- 2-8. Acc- ording to the topic request and design, the reference frequency fr set to 5 kHz output frequency fo 18.7-20.7 MHz, can use direct frequency division, loop programmable divider frequency division than Ⅳ cal- culated by type:rffN/=Calculate the minimum points frequency ratio3740min=N, maximumfrequency division ratio4140max=N.Currently on the market of the frequency synthesizer integrated circuit a lot, we choose MC145151 of MOTOROLA. The chip is a piece of l4 the single mode of parallel code input, monolithic PLL frequency┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊集成短波窄带调频接收机设计本短波调频接收机的设计是以单片机 FM 接收芯片MC3362 为核心，采用频率合成器实现高稳定度的本振；利用单片机作为主控器与频率合成器配合完成手动、自动搜台、载频显示等功能；采用串行 E2PROM 实现电台数据存储并永久保存；数字电位器的引入实现了数字音量调节；天线输入端采用电容分压式滤波器，即可提高镜像抑制比，又可使天线与接收机达到最佳匹配。

常见论文注释规范要求与解释

常见论⽂注释规范要求与解释⽬录南开⼤学研究⽣学位论⽂写作规范⽬录第1章内容要求 (1)第2章格式要求 (2)2．1 中⽂封⾯ (2)2．2 学位论⽂版权使⽤授权书 (2)2．3 学位论⽂原创性声明 (2)2．4 中⽂摘要 (3)2．5 Abstract (3)2．6 ⽬录 (3)2．7 符号说明 (3)2．8 正⽂ (3)2．9 致谢 (4)2．10 参考⽂献 (4)2．11 附录 (4)2．12 个⼈简历在学期间发表的学术论⽂与研究成果 (5)第3章书写要求 (6)3．1 ⽂字、标点符号和数字 (6)3．2 密级 (6)3．3 层次标题 (6)3．4 篇眉和页码 (7)3．5 有关图、表、表达式 (7)3.5.1 图 (7)3.5.2 表 (7)⽬录3.5.3 表达式 (8)3．6 参考⽂献 (8)3．7 量和单位 (9)第4章排版及印刷要求 (11)4．1 纸张要求及页⾯设置 (11)4．2 中⽂封⾯ (11)4．3 书脊 (11)4．4 中、英⽂摘要 (12)4．5 ⽬录 (12)4．6 正⽂ (12)4．7 其它 (13)4．8 印刷及装订要求 (13)第1章内容要求第1章内容要求研究⽣学位论⽂使⽤汉字（除外国语⾔⽂学专业要求⽤其它⽂字外）撰写。

学位论⽂⼀般由⼗⼆部分组成，依次为：1．中⽂封⾯；2．学位论⽂版权使⽤授权书；3．学位论⽂原创性声明；4．中⽂摘要； 5．Abstract； 6．⽬录； 7．符号说明； 8．正⽂（第1章，第2章……）； 9．致谢； 10．参考⽂献； 11．附录； 12．个⼈简历、在学期间发表的学术论⽂及研究成果。

1第2章格式要求第2章格式要求学位论⽂每部分从新的⼀页开始，各部分要求如下：2．1 中⽂封⾯分类号：暂空密级：⾮涉密（公开）论⽂不需标注密级，涉密论⽂须标注论⽂的密级（内部、秘密、或机密），同时还应注明相应的保密年限。

论⽂题⽬：应简明扼要地概括和反映出论⽂的核⼼内容，⼀般不宜超过25字，必要时可加副标题（如本论⽂为国家⾃然基⾦等资助项⽬可在题⽬下⼀⾏⽤宋体12磅居中注明）。

译文标准格式模板

切记：1、原文在前、译文在后合订后放入资料袋。

2、译文的排版规范同毕业论文一致译文要求：1、不少于3000汉字的译文；2、选取的外文文献内容必须与课题内容相关，原则上应来源于最新专业期刊，并说明出处（参照”参考文献的著录”要求）；3、译文应于毕业设计中期完成，交指导教师（或评阅人）批阅、签字。

最后存档译文不应有老师批改的痕迹。

4、译文要求文字通顺，语言流畅，无错别字，统一用A4纸打印，且按教务处印制的统一格式封皮左侧装订。

同时上交电子文档（word）由各学院存档。

版面要求：页码：居中、底部；行距：固定值20；页边距：上2.5cm，下2.5cm，左3cm、右2.5cm；在LSGM体系中掺杂SiO2对其晶界电导率的影响(译文题目，小三黑体，段前段后各空一行)（全文字体要求：中文选择宋体，西文选择Times New Roman)SiO2-Tolerant Grain-Boundary Conduction (原文题目，五号，Times New Roman)Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2014，13 (3)：B28-B31(原文出处，五号斜体，Times New Roman)王娜译长春工业大学化学与生命科学学院(译者信息，五号，宋体)摘要：研究了在La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ体系中掺杂SiO2杂质对其晶界电导率的影响。

结果表明：即使增加了500-2000 ppm SiO2，LSGM的晶界传导率仅受到轻微的影响。

然而在氧化铈基体中掺杂500-2000 ppm SiO2其晶界电阻率明显的增加至大约780倍，通过SrO基质附近聚集的酸性硅质相来解释在LSGM样品中晶界传导对硅质杂质具有较高容忍性。

(小四；“摘要：”加粗；段前段后各空一行,行距：固定值20；)关键词：氧化铈晶界电阻率(小四；关键词之间空2格；“关键词：”加粗；段前段后各空一行)1. 简介/前言(小四；加粗；段前段后各空一行)稳定氧化锆的晶界电阻通常是晶粒电阻的102–104倍[1,2]，在高纯度样品中，在晶界附近氧空位的消耗是主要的[1,3]，在某种程度上SiO2 杂质甚至在几百ppm较低的浓度下对晶界传导有非常不利的作用[4-6]，SiO2杂质是普遍存在的，在陶瓷的加工、烧结和燃料电池操作方面很容易将其引入[7]。

经典与解释论文和译文格式规范

论文格式：解读论文格式要求

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学术论文引言正文致谢参考文献附录和注释格式规范标准

毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求(模板)

毕业论文外文翻译格式

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常见论文注释规范要求与解释[技巧]

译文+格式+及+评语+要求

本科毕业论文英译中格式规定

论文 标准格式及案例讲解说明.docx

论文及英文翻译格式[推荐阅读]

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常见论文注释规范要求与解释

译文标准格式模板

论文标准格式及案例讲解说明.docx