)吉林大学 地质专业英语 第4课 翻译

LESSON 4 SOME VOLCANO HAZARDS
第四课一些火山灾害
1.Many kinds of volcanic activity can endanger the lives of people and property both close to and far away from a volcano.
许多种类的火山活动可能危及接近和远离火山的人民的生命和财产。

Some hazards are more severe than others depending on the size and extent of the event taking place and whether people or property are in the way.
有些灾害比其他依靠灾害发生的大小和范围更加严重，这些灾难取决于是否有人和财产在火山喷发物流经的路线上。

And although most volcano hazards are triggered directly by an eruption, some occur when a volcano is quiet.
尽管大多数火山灾害直被火山爆发触发,但有些发生时火山是安静的。

2.Volcanic eruptions are one of Earth's most dramatic and violent agents of change.
火山爆发是地球上最戏剧性和猛烈的变化因素之一。

Not only can powerful explosive eruptions drastically alter land and water for tens of kilometers around a volcano, but tiny liquid droplets of sulfuric acid erupted into the stratosphere can change our planet's climate temporarily.
不仅威力强大的爆炸喷发可以彻底改变山火山周围几十公里内的土地和水,而且喷发到平流层中的
微小硫酸液滴可以暂时改变我们这个星球的气候。

Eruptions often force people living near volcanoes to abandon their land and homes, sometimes forever.
火山喷发常常迫使生活在火山周围的人们放弃他们的土地和家园，有时候是永远。

Those living farther away are likely to avoid complete destruction, but their cities and towns, crops, industrial plants, transportation systems, and electrical grids can still be damaged by tephra, lahars, and flooding.
那些生活远离火山的有可能避免全毁了,但他们的城市和城镇,农作物、厂房、交通系统和电网仍然可以被火山灰、火山泥流、洪水破坏。

3.Volcanic activity since 1700 A.D. has killed more than 260,000 people, destroyed entire cities and forests, and severely disrupted local economies for months to years.
自公元1700年以来的火山活动已经导致超过260000人死亡,摧毁了整个城市和森林,严重破坏当地经济数月到数年。

Even with our improved ability to identify hazardous areas and warn of impending eruptions, increasing numbers of people face certain danger.
即使我们识别危险区域和预告即将（发生）爆发的火山的能力提高了,面临某些危险的人却越来越多。

Scientists have estimated that by the year 2000, the population at risk from volcanoes is likely to increase to at least 500 million, which is comparable to（比得上）the entire world's population at the beginning of the seventeenth century!
科学家们估计,到2000年,处在有火山危险的人口很可能增加到至少5亿,这是十七世纪开始整个世界
的人口！
Clearly, scientists face a formidable challenge in providing reliable and timely warnings of eruptions to so many people at risk.
很明显,科学家们面临着一个给如此多人提供关于好山喷发的可靠和及时的警告的艰巨的挑战。

4.Magma contains dissolved gases that are released into the atmosphere during eruptions.
岩浆里含有溶解的气体，这些气体在火山喷发的过程中释放到大气中。

Gases are also released from magma that either remains below ground (for example, as an intrusion) or is rising toward the surface.
气体从岩浆也得到了释放,要么仍低于地面(例如,作为一种入侵体)或者是上升到地面。

In such cases, gases may escape continuously into the atmosphere from the soil, volcanic vents, fumaroles and hydrothermal systems.
在这种情况下,气体可能不断从土壤、火山通道、火山喷气孔和热液系统逃向大气中。

5.At high pressures deep beneath the earth's surface, volcanic gases are dissolved in molten rock.
在地表下面深处高压的地方,火山气体溶解在熔化的岩石中。

But as magma rises toward the surface where the pressure is lower, gases held in the melt begin to form tiny bubbles.
但当岩浆向压力较低的地表运移时,保留在熔体中的气体开始形成微小气泡。

The increasing volume taken up by gas bubbles makes the magma less dense than the surrounding rock, which may allow the magma to continue its upward journey.
气泡不断增加的体积使岩浆密度小于周围的岩石,这可能让岩浆继续向上运移。

Closer to the surface, the bubbles increase in number and size so that the gas volume may exceed the melt volume in the magma, creating a magma foam.
靠近地面,气泡的大小和数量增加,气体体积可能超过岩浆中的熔体,形成一个岩浆泡沫。

The rapidly expanding gas bubbles of the foam can lead to explosive eruptions in which the melt is fragmented into pieces of volcanic rock, known as tephra
迅速扩张的泡沫的气泡会导致爆炸性喷发，熔体碎裂成成火山岩石碎片,称为火山碎屑。

If the molten rock is not fragmented by explosive activity, a lava flow will be generated.
如果熔融岩石没有因为喷发活动破碎,一个熔岩流将会形成。

6.Together with the tephra and entrained air, volcanic gases can rise tens of kilometers into Earth's atmosphere during large explosive eruptions.
连同火山碎屑和夹带的空气,在大爆发过程中，火山气体可以上升数十公里进入地球大气层。

Once airborne, the prevailing winds may blow the eruption cloud hundreds to thousands of kilometers from a volcano.
一旦进入空中,盛行风可能将喷发云吹离火山数百至数千公里。

The gases spread from an erupting vent primarily as acid aerosols (tiny acid droplets), compounds attached to tephra particles, and microscopic salt particles.
气体从火山口传播主要是酸气溶胶(小酸滴),化合物附属在火山灰粒子和微小的盐粒子上。

7.The most abundant gas typically released into the atmosphere from volcanic systems is water vapor (H20), followed by carbon dioxide (C02) and sulfur dioxide (S02).
通常从火山通道释放到大气圈中的最丰富的气体是水蒸气，其次是二氧化碳和二氧化硫。

Volcanoes also release smaller amounts of others gases, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen chloride (HCL), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and helium (He).
火山也释放少量的其他气体,包括硫化氢(H2S),氢气(H2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氢氯(HCL),氟化氢(HF),和氦(He)。

8.The volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture, and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride
火山气体对人类，动物，农业和财产造成潜在威胁最大的是二氧化硫，二氧化碳和氟化氢。

Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano.
在当地,从火山顺风飘出来的二氧化硫气体会导致酸雨和空气污染。

Globally, large explosive eruptions that inject a tremendous volume of sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere can lead to lower surface temperatures and promote depletion of the Earth's ozone layer.
在全球范围内,大的爆炸性喷发注入巨大体积的酸性溶液到平流层中会导致地表温度的降低和地球
臭氧层的消耗增加。

Because carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, the gas may flow into in low-lying areas and collect in the soil.
因为二氧化碳气体比空气重,气体会流入低洼地区和富集在土壤中。

The concentration of carbon dioxide gas in these areas can be lethal to people, animals, and vegetation.
二氧化碳气体在这些地区的富集对人类、动物和植物可以是致命的。

*A few historic eruptions have released sufficient fluorine-compounds to deform or kill animals that
们,;
har is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano and (or) river valleys.
火山泥流是一个印尼术语,描述了一个热或冷的水和从火山山坡和河谷流下的岩石碎片的混合物When moving, a lahar looks like a mass of wet concrete that carries rock debris ranging in size from clay to boulders more than 10 m in diameter.
当移动的时候,一个火山泥流看起来像一个大规模的湿混凝土,携带大小不等的从粘土到直径超过10米的巨卵石的岩石碎片。

Lahars vary in size and speed. Small lahars less than a few meters wide and several centimeters deep may flow a few meters per second.
火山泥流在大小和速度上有区别。

小于于几米宽和几厘米厚的小火山泥流每秒钟可能只能流几米。

Large lahars hundreds of meters wide and tens of meters deep can flow several tens of meters per second--much too fast for people to outrun.
数百米宽,数十公米深的大型火山泥流每秒能流几十米——比人跑得快得多。

10.As a lahar rushes downstream from a volcano, its size, speed, and the amount of water and rock debris it carries constantly change.
当火山泥流从火山冲到下游，它的大小、速度和水数量的和它携带的岩石碎片都在不断变化。

The beginning surge of water and rock debris often erodes rocks and vegetation from the side of a volcano and along the river valley it enters.
一开始激增的水和岩石碎片常常会侵蚀从火山的侧面和沿河谷进入地方的岩石和植被。

This initial flow can also incorporate water from melting snow and ice (if present) and the river it overruns.
这个初始的泥石流还可以混合从雪融化的水和冰(如果出现)，这条河就会泛滥。

By eroding rock debris and incorporating additional water, lahars can easily grow to more than 10 times their initial size.
通过侵蚀岩石碎片和混合附加水，它很容易发展为比它最初规模大10倍的火山泥流。

But as a lahar moves farther away from a volcano, it will eventually begin to lose its heavy load of sediment and decrease in size.
但是当火山泥流从火山流的很远时,它最终将开始失去它的沉积物的重负荷并且规模减小。

11.Eruptions may trigger one or more lahars directly by quickly melting snow and ice on a volcano or ejecting water from a crater lake.
火山爆发可能会直接触发一个或多个火山泥流直接通过快速融化的雪和火山上的冰在或排出（喷射）水从火山湖。

More often, lahars are formed by intense rainfall during or after an eruption--rainwater can easily erode loose volcanic rock and soil on hillsides and in river valleys.
更多的时候,火山泥流是正在喷发或喷发后的强降雨造成的——雨水可以很容易地侵蚀在山坡上和在河谷里的疏松的火山岩石和土壤。

Some of the largest lahars begin as landslides of saturated and hydrothermally altered rock on the flank of a volcano or adjacent hillslopes.
一些最大的火山泥流开始于饱和热液侵蚀火山一侧岩石或相邻山坡的滑坡。

Landslides are triggered by eruptions, earthquakes, precipitation, or the unceasing pull of gravity on the volcano.
山体滑坡是由火山爆发、地震、沉淀物或不断作用在火山的重力上所触发的。

hars racing down river valleys and spreading across flood plains tens of kilometers downstream from a volcano often cause serious economic and environmental damage.
火山泥流从火山顺着河谷和下游泛滥平原蔓延数万公里常常导致严重的经济和环境破坏。

**The direct impact of a lahar's turbulent flow front or from the boulders and logs carried by the lahar can easily crush, abrade, or shear off at ground level just about anything in the path of a lahar.
火山泥流的紊流前端或者火山泥流携带的巨砾和原木的直接影响能很容易的粉碎，磨圆，剪切在火山泥流路线上的任何地面的东西。

Even if not crushed or carried away by the force of a lahar, buildings and valuable land may become partially or completely buried by one or more cement-like（胶结的）layers of rock debris.
即使不碎或没有被火山泥流带走，建筑和有价值的土地可能会部分或完全被一个或多个成层的岩石
碎片掩埋。

By destroying bridges and key roads, lahars can also trap people in areas vulnerable to other hazardous volcanic activity, especially if the lahars leave deposits that are too deep, too soft, or too hot to cross.
通过摧毁桥梁和重要道路,火山泥流也可以让在脆弱地区生活的人受到其他火山活动的威胁,特别是如果火山泥流留下太深、太软或太热而难以过去的沉积物。

13.After a volcanic eruption, the erosion of new loose volcanic deposits in the headwaters of rivers can lead to severe flooding and extremely high rates of sedimentation in areas far downstream from a volcano.
火山喷发后,河流上游的松软的火山沉积物的侵蚀会导致严重的洪水的极其高的远离火山的下游的
区域沉降速率。

Over a period of weeks to years, post-eruption lahars and high-sediment discharges triggered by intense rainfall frequently deposit rock debris that can bury entire towns and valuable agricultural land.
几周到几年之间,喷发后的火山泥流和由于强烈降雨使火山碎屑频繁沉积引起的高泥沙流通量,可以埋葬整个城镇和有价值的农业土地。

Such lahar deposits may also block tributary stream valleys.
这样的火山泥沉积物可能也阻塞支流峡谷。

As the area behind the blockage fills with water, areas upstream become inundated.
当堵塞地方后面的区域充满水后,上游地区就被淹没了。

If the lake is large enough and it eventually overtops or breaks through the lahar blockage, a sudden flood or a lahar may bury even more communities and valuable property downstream from the tributary.
如果湖足够大,它最终超出或冲破了火山泥流阻塞,来自支流的突然洪水或火山泥流可能埋葬下游更多的社区和宝贵的财产。

14.Pyroclastic flows vary considerably in size and speed, but even relatively small flows that move <5 km from a volcano can destroy buildings, forests, and farmland.
火山碎屑流在大小和速度相差很大,但即使是从火山流出的流速< 5公里相对较小的碎屑流也可以摧毁建筑,森林和农田。

And on the margins of pyroclastic flows, death and serious injury to people and animals may result from burns and inhalation of hot ash and gases.
在火山碎屑流的边缘，人和动物的死亡和严重伤害可能由灼伤和吸入热的火山灰和气体造成。

15.Pyroclastic flows generally follow valleys or other low-lying areas and, depending on the volume of rock debris carried by the flow, they can deposit layers of loose rock fragments to depths ranging from less than one meter to more than 200 m.
火山碎屑流通常顺着山谷或其它低洼地区往下流,利用碎屑流携带的大量火山碎屑,它们可以沉积成层的的松散的岩石碎片,从不足1米200多米。

Word learning
Stratosphere['str✌tәusfiә]，n.[气]同温层, 最上层, 最高阶段
tephra ['tefrә]，[复]n.[用作单或复][地]火山灰
lahar [`l :h :(r)] n.[地]火山泥流
volcanic vent火山通道，火山颈
fumarole ['fju:mәrәul]，n.喷气孔
hydrothermal system热液系统
aerosol ['☪әrәs l]，n.浮质(气体中的悬浮微粒,如烟,雾等), [化]气溶胶, 气雾剂, 烟雾剂crater lake，火山湖
landslide ['l✌ndslaid]，n.[地]山崩, 崩塌的泥石
fragment n.岩石碎屑
Pyroclastic 火山碎屑流。