CATTI三级笔译实务练习题：气候变化对家畜的影响.doc

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2018年下半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题 (1)

2018年下半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：50.00)1.passage 1试题来源：英国《卫报》（The Guardian）于2018年1月18日发表的文章Antarctica: plastic contamination reaches Earth's last wilderness（南极洲：塑料污染“到达”地球最后一片荒野）。

Traces of microplastics and hazardous chemicals found in majority of snow and ice samples taken earlier this year.Plastic and traces of hazardous chemicals have been found in Antarctica, one of the world’s last great wildernesses, according to a new study.Researchers spent three months taking water and snow samples from remote areas of the continent earlier this year.These have now been analysed and researchers have confirmed the majority contained “persistent hazardous chemicals” or microplastics.The findings come amid growing concern about the extent of the plastic pollution crisis which scientists have warned risks “permanent contamination” of the planet.Earlier this week, the UN warned it is one of the world’s biggest environmental threats and said although 60 countries were taking urgent action more needed to be done.The new report by researchers at Greenpeace is part of global campaign to create the world’s biggest ocean sanctuary in the seas around Antarctica to protect the fragile ecosystem from industrial fishing and climate change.Frida Bengtsson, of Greenpeace’s Protect the Antarctic campaign, said the findings proved that even the most remote areas of the planet were not immune from the impact of manmade pollution.“We need action at source,to stop these pollutants ending up in the Antarctic in the first place, and we need an Antarctic ocean sanctuary to give space for penguins, whales and the entire ecosystem to recover from the pressures they’re facing,” she said.Seven of the eight sea-surface water samples tested contained microplastics such as microfibres. Seven of the nine snow samples tested contained detectable concentrations of the persistent hazardous chemicals – polyfluorinated alkylated substances, or PFAS.Researchers said the chemicals are widely used in many industrial processes and consumer products and have been linked to reproductive and developmental issues in wildlife. They said the snowsamples gathered included freshly fallen snow, suggesting the hazardous chemicals had come from contaminated rain or snowfall.Prof Alex Rogers, a specialist in sustainable oceans at the Oxford Martin school, Oxford University, said the discovery of plastics and chemicals in Antarctica confirmed that manmade pollutants were now affecting ecosystems in every corner of the world.And he warned the consequences of this pervasive contamination remained largely unknown.“The big question now is what are the actual consequences of finding this stuff here? Many of these chemicals are pretty nasty and as they move up the food chain they may be having serious consequences for the health of wildlife, and ultimately humans. The effects of microplastics on marine life, likewise, are largely not understood,” he said.There is relatively little data on the extent of microplastics in Antarctic waters, and researchers said they hoped this new study would lead to a greater understanding of the global extent of plastic and chemical pollutants.Bengtsson said: “Plastic has now been found in all corners of our oce ans, from the Antarctic to the Arctic and at the deepest point of the ocean, the Mariana trench. We need urgent action to reduce the flow of plastic into our seas and we need large-scale marine reserves – like a huge Antarctic ocean sanctuary which over 1.6m people are calling for – to protect marine life and our oceans for future generations.”（分数：50.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(在今年早些时候采集的大部分冰雪样本中发现了微量塑料和有害化学物质。

CATTI三级笔译实务模拟题2020年(2)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

CATTI三级笔译实务模拟题2020年(2)(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)English-Chinese Translation1.It is more than a quarter of a century since the leaders of the world, gathered in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, committed their countries to avoiding "dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system" by signing the UN convention on climate change. The case for living up to their words has only become stronger. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere grows unremittingly. Average global temperatures have risen, t oo, to about 1°C above those of the pre-industrial era. The science that links the two is incontestable. Recent extreme-weather events, from floods in Hanoi to fires in California, were made more likely by the change that the climate has already undergone. Things will only get worse — perhaps catastrophically so.In a sense the world is already equipped for the task at hand. Wind and solar power have, after huge subsidies, joined nuclear reactors and dams as affordable ways of generating gigawatts of electricity without burning fossil fuels. As our Technology Quarterly this week shows, parts of the energy system not easily electrified—some forms of transport, industrial processes like making steel and cement, heating offices and homes—could also be decarbonized **ing technologies. And policymakers have tools to bring about change, including carbon taxes, regulation, subsidies and, if they choose, command and control.Yet when the parties to the convention on climate change meet again in Katowice, Poland, on December 2nd, it will be against a backdrop not just of rising temperatures but also of rising despair. The problem is obvious: the stakes are huge; solutions are within reach. So why is the response inadequate?The chief reason is that the world has no history of dealing with such a difficult problem, nor the institutions to do so. The harm done by climate change is not visited on the people, or the generations, that have the best chance of acting against it. Those who suffer most harm are and will be predominantly poor and in poor countries. The people called on to pay the costs of reducing that harm are and will be mostly much better off.The better off are more able to adapt to climate change than the poor, and thus have less cause to avoid change. And making the poor wealthy enough to adapt involves economic growth that is still mostly powered by fossil fuels. Although no one should be asked to forgothat growth, it has consequences.What might produce a moment of clarity to break this impasse? Onepossibility is the sheer impact of climate change. Geophysical features of Earth are already being redrawn. The dry edges of the tropics are heading pole wards at about 50km a decade. The line of aridity defining the American West has moved roughly 230km east since 1980. The sea ice in the Arctic is a shadow of its former self. Nobody can know whether the world will one day wake up and cut emissions to zero. Even if it does, the main problem — the stock of greenhouse gases already emitted — will remain. A crash programme to suck carbon dioxide out of the air would take vast resources and years to make a difference.Another spur might be innovation. The world would have many fewer firms developing electric cars were it not for Elon Musk and Tesla. But without policies to spread innovation, such as a carbon tax or subsidy and regulation, inventiveness alone is insufficient. The technology that matters is the technology being used.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 50答案:1992年，世界各国领导人齐聚里约热内卢，签署了一项有关气候变化的联合国公约，承诺避免“气候系统受到危险的人为干扰”。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响草原畜牧业是我国重要的支柱产业之一，但近年来，随着气候变化的影响逐渐凸显，草原畜牧业也面临着前所未有的挑战。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的牧草和家畜产生了深远的影响，本文将深入探讨这些影响并提出相应的对策。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的牧草产生了直接的影响。

气候变暖导致草原地区的降水分布不均，一些地区降水少，干旱频发，而一些地区降雨量过多，洪涝灾害较为突出。

这使得牧草的生长周期和产量都受到了一定程度的影响。

干旱地区的牧草生长缓慢，甚至有的地方甚至还需要进行人工灌溉才能保证牧草的生长，而降雨过多的地区则容易出现水草过剩的情况，影响了牧草的品质。

这对畜牧业的发展产生了直接的制约作用。

长期气候变化对牲畜的饲养管理产生了一定的影响。

气候变暖导致草原地区的草原植被发生了明显的变化，草原退化、沙漠化等问题愈发严重，使得牧草的品质和数量都受到了一定程度的影响。

饲草供应不足的情况下，牲畜的生长周期和生长速度受到限制，影响了畜牧业的养殖效率。

气候变化还使得一些疾病传播的速度加快，使得牲畜的健康状况受到了一定的威胁。

针对上述问题，我们可以采取以下措施来减缓气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响：1. 加强草原保护和恢复工作。

通过相关政策和措施，加大对草原生态系统的保护力度，减少草原退化和沙漠化的程度，从根本上改善草原植被的状态，提高牧草的数量和质量。

2. 强化畜牧业的科技支持。

加大对畜牧业科技研发的投入力度，积极推广先进的养殖技术和管理方法，提高畜牧业养殖的效率和品质。

3. 加强畜牧业的疾病防控。

建立健全的畜牧业疫病监测和防控体系，及时发现和控制畜牧业疾病的传播，保障畜牧业的健康发展。

4. 推进草原畜牧业的可持续发展。

积极开展草原畜牧业的现代化建设，推广生态畜牧业的理念，制定相关政策，推动草原畜牧业的可持续发展。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的牧草和家畜产生了深远的影响，但只要我们采取有效的措施，就能够减缓这些影响，推动草原畜牧业的健康发展。

家畜饲养中的气候变化对养殖的影响

家畜饲养中的气候变化对养殖的影响随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，家畜饲养业也面临着一系列的挑战和变化。

饲养环境的温度、湿度、降水量等方面的变化，对家畜的健康和生产力产生着直接影响。

本文将探讨气候变化对家畜饲养的影响，并提出应对措施。

一、饲养环境温度变化对家畜的影响在气候变化下，饲养环境的温度波动越来越大，极端高温天气的出现频率也在增加。

高温对家畜的影响主要表现在以下几个方面：1.1 生产性能下降高温环境下，家畜的采食量和饲料消化利用率都会降低。

这会导致家畜体重增长速度减慢，生产性能下降，从而影响到养殖业的经济效益。

1.2 繁殖障碍高温环境下，家畜的繁殖能力容易受到影响。

雌性动物的生殖周期可能会延长，受孕率和胚胎成活率可能降低。

这对于家畜饲养业来说是一个严重的问题，因为繁殖是家畜饲养业的关键环节。

1.3 疾病易发高温环境下，家畜的免疫力下降，容易受到疾病的侵袭。

一些传染性疾病如热应激、热衰竭等，在高温环境下传播速度加快，疾病发生率增加，对家畜健康造成威胁。

二、饲养环境湿度变化对家畜的影响气候变化还会导致饲养环境湿度的变化，湿度的增加对家畜健康和生产力也带来了一系列问题：2.1 呼吸道疾病增加湿度过高的饲养环境容易造成家畜呼吸道疾病的发生。

湿度过高会增加细菌、真菌等病原体的滋生，使家畜易感染呼吸道疾病，影响其正常生长发育。

2.2 毛发质量下降湿度高会导致家畜毛发长期处于湿润状态，易导致细菌滋生和感染。

这会使家畜的毛发质量下降，影响其抵御寒冷和饲养环境卫生的能力。

2.3 饲料变质湿度高会导致饲养环境中饲料的变质，增加了家畜对营养的需求。

食用变质饲料会增加家畜的消化系统负担，降低其饲料利用率，影响生产性能。

三、降水量变化对家畜的影响气候变化还会导致降水量的不确定性，这对家畜饲养业造成了以下影响：3.1 饲料供应不稳定降水量的变化会直接影响农作物的生长和收量，进而影响饲料的供应。

降雨不足会导致饲料短缺，增加饲养成本；而降雨过多则会导致饲料储存困难和饲料霉变等问题。

CATTI人事部翻译考试三级笔译实务真题及答案2006.5

2006.5Section 1： English-Chinese Translation (50 points)Freed by warming, waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle.In Bykovsky, a village of 457 residents at the tip of a fin-shaped peninsula on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil，at a rate of 15 to 18 feet, or 5 to 6 meters, a year. Eventually, homes will be lost as more ice melts each summer, and maybe all of Bykovsky, too.“It is practically all ice — permafrost — and it is thawing. ” The 4 million Russian people who live north of the Arctic Circle are feeling the effects of warming in many ways. A changing climate presents new opportunities, but it also threatens their environment, the stability of their homes, and，for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture.A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. Discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil or liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed for the eager markets of Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by air and water pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, forcing the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit coastal villages at a projected cost of US $ 100 million or more for each one.Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with cultural traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt, but it can be confounding.In Finnmark, the northernmost province of Norway, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them.A changing Arctic is felt there, too, though in another way. "The reindeer are becoming unhappy," said Issat Eira, a 31-year-old reindeer herder.Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and as a result Sami culture has enjoyed something of a renaissance. And yet no amount of government support can convince Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman he keeps the size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring are melting the top layers of snow，which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat."The people who are making the decisions, they are living in the south and they are living in towns，”said Eira, sitting beside a birch fire inside his lavvu, a home made of reindeer hides. "They don't mark the change of weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it. ”Section 2： Chinese-English Translation (50 points)维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。

2017年下半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题

2017年下半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：50.00)汉译英气候变化已不是单纯的环境保护问题，而成为人类生存与发展问题。

中国需要改变以煤为主的能源结构和高污染、高能耗的产业结构，以治理环境和应对全球气候变化。

同时，积极应对气候变化也是中国参与全球治理的责任，也是实现可持续发展的迫切需要。

中国作为世界最大的发展中国家，需要积极推动经济与能源的转型，以推动全球可持续发展。

长期以来，中国高度重视气候变化问题，把积极应对气候变化作为国家经济社会发展的重大战略，把绿色低碳发展作为生态文明建设的重要内容，采取了一系列行动，为应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。

2009年向国际社会宣布：到2020年单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%－45%，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到15%左右，森林面积比2005年增加4000万公顷，森林蓄积量比2005年增加13亿立方米。

中国还将继续主动适应气候变化，在农业、林业、水资源等重点领域和城市、沿海、生态脆弱地区形成有效抵御气候变化风险的机制和能力，逐步完善预测预警和防灾减灾体系。

（分数：50.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(To address climate change, more than an environmental protection issue, but one of subsistence and development of mankind, it is imperative for China to change its carbon-oriented energy mix and the industrial structure featuring heavy pollution and high energy consumption, in an attempt to govern the environment and address global climate change. Meanwhile, it’s both an international duty for China to take a positive approach in combating climate change and an urgent need to render sustainable development a reality. As the largest developing around the globe, China is impelled to spur the transformation of economy and energy, thereby promoting global sustainable development.China attaches great importance to addressing climate change since long, making it a significant national strategy for its social and economic development and promoting green and low-carbon development as important component of the ecological civilization process. It has already taken a series of climate actions which represent a significant contribution to combating the global climate change.In 2009, China announced internationally that by 2020 it will lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40% to 45% from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to about 15% and increase the forested area by 40 million hectares and the forest stock volume by 1.3 billion cubic meters compared to the 2005 levels.China will continue to proactively adapt to climate change by enhancing mechanisms and capacities to effectively defend against climate change risks in key areas such as agriculture, forestry and water resources, as well as in cities, coastal and ecologically vulnerable areas and to progressively strengthen early warning and emergency response systems and disaster prevention and reduction mechanisms.)解析：二、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：50.00)英译汉It was just one word in one email, but it triggered huge financial losses for a multinational company.The message, written in English, was sent by a native speaker to a colleague for whom English was a second language. Unsure of the word, the recipient found two contradictory meanings in his dictionary. He acted on the wrong one.Months later, senior management investigated why the project had flopped, costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. “It all traced back to this one word,” says Chia Suan Chong, a UK-based communications skills and intercultural trainer, who didn't reveal the tricky word because it is highly industry-specific and possibly identifiable. “Things spiralled out of control because both parties were thinking the opposite.”When such misunderstandings happen, it’s usually the native speakers who are to blame. Ironically, they are worse at delivering their message than people who speak English as a second or third language, according to Chong.A lot of native speakers are happy that English has become the world’s glo bal language. They feel they don’t have to spend time learning another language,” says Chong.The non-native speakers, it turns out, speak more purposefully and carefully, typical of someone speaking a second or third language. Anglophones, on the other hand, often talk too fast for others to follow, and use jokes, slang and references specific to their own culture, says Chong.“The native English speaker is the only one who might not feel the need to accommodate or adapt to the others,” she adds.With non-native English speakers in the majority worldwide, it’s Anglophones who may need to up their game.“Native speakers are at a disadvantage when you are in a lingua franca situation,” where English is being used as a common denominator, says Jennifer Jenkins, professor of global Englishes at the UK’s University of Southampton. “It’s the native English speakers that are having difficulty understanding and making themselves understood.”Non-native speakers generally use more limited vocabulary and simpler expressions, without flowery language or slang. And then there’s cultural style, Blattner says. When a Brit reacts to a proposal by saying, “That’s interesting” a fellow Brit might recog nise this as understatement for, “That’s rubbish.” But other nationalities would take the word “interesting” on face value, he says.“English speakers with no other language often have a lack of awareness of how to speak English internationally.”In Berlin, Coulter saw German staff of a Fortune 500 company being briefed from their Californian HQ via video link. Despite being competent in English, the Germans gleaned only the gist of what their American project leader said. So among themselves they came up with an agreed version, which might or might not have been what was intended by the California staff.“Too many non-Anglophones, especially the Asians and the French, are too concerned about not ‘losing face’ — and nod approvingly while not getting the mess age at all,” he says.That’s why Nerriere devised Globish —a distilled form of English, stripped down to 1,500 words and simple but standard grammar. “It’s not a language, it’s a tool,” he says. Since launching Globish in 2004 he’s sold more than 200,000 Globish text books in 18 languages.“If you can communicate efficiently with limited, simple language you save time, avoid misinterpretation and you don’t have errors in communication,” Nerriere says.When trying to communicate in English with a group of p eople with varying levels of fluency, it’s important to be receptive and adaptable, tuning your ears into a whole range of different ways of using English, Jenkins says.“People who’ve learned other languages are good at doing that, but native speakers of English generally are monolingual and not very good at tuning in to language variation,” she says.In meetings, Anglophones tend to speed along at what they consider a normal pace, and also rush to fill gaps in conversation, according to Steggles.He recommends making the same point in a couple of different ways and asking for some acknowledgement, reaction or action.（分数：50.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(邮件里的一个小小单词，却导致一家跨国公司蒙受了巨额经济损失。

气候变化对畜牧业的影响

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03.
CO2浓度增加还可以减少气孔传导和蒸腾以及整个植物的呼吸 , 从而提高植物水分利用率和氮肥利用率
温度和降水对草地产量及牲畜负载力的影响
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在气候变量中水分供应和水分平衡是影响草地生产力和草地分布的最重要的因子
在未来降水增加不多的气候条件下 ,由于温度升高、蒸散量增大 ,牧草的产量将随有效水分的减少而降低
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气候变化对草地产量和牲畜负载力的影响
畜牧业
气候变化对草场和饲料作物的影响
Effects of climate change on pasture and forage crops
气候变化对草地生态系统和草地面积的影响
草地植被类型、草地生态系草地生态系统中禾本和木本植物统随气候的变化而发生变化。的数量易受气候的影响 ( Parton, et al. , 1994)。在一作为非平衡系统 ,草地受气些地区 ,气温和夏季降雨的增加、候变化的影响可能发生结构霜冻日数的减少 ,将促进一年生变化 ,某一品种的分布发生或多年生亚热带植物向温带草本变化 ,但不太可能是整个植植被区推进 ,这可能会引起饲料被带的同步移动。质量下降、热季生物质产量增加。
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气候变化对畜牧业的影响
The impact of climate change on animal husbandry
汇报人：王超
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畜牧
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气温对产乳有直接影响，气候变暖将降低热带和亚热带家畜的日增重、产奶量和饲料转化率。对温带地区的寒冷季节 ,气候变暖对家畜生产有利 ,其原因是减少了对饲料的需求 , 增加幼小家畜的成活率和降低能源消耗

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，各地区的气候也发生了很大的变化。

气候变化对于农业和畜牧业产生了深远的影响，尤其是草原畜牧业。

草原畜牧业是我国重要的支柱产业之一，而草原上的牧草和家畜也是这一产业的重要组成部分。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响成为了一个备受关注的话题。

本文将就这一问题展开讨论。

长期气候变化对草原牧草的生长和质量产生了影响。

由于温度和降水的波动，草原上的牧草生长季节和生长速度发生了变化。

在气候变暖和降水量减少的情况下，草原上的牧草生长季节会向前移动，生长速度加快，但由于水分的不足，牧草的质量会受到一定的影响。

在气候变冷和降水量增加的情况下，草原上的牧草生长季节会延长，但生长速度可能减慢，同时降水量的增加也会影响牧草的质量。

长期气候变化对草原牧草的生长和质量都会产生一定的影响，从而直接影响到草原畜牧业的生产和发展。

长期气候变化还会对草原畜牧业的疾病防控和管理产生影响。

由于气候变暖和降水量减少会使得草原上的病原菌和害虫的数量增加，可能会导致草原上的家畜出现更多的疾病。

而气候变冷和降水量增加则会增加家畜因患疾病而死亡的风险。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的疾病防控和管理都会产生一定的影响，需要有针对性地进行应对和处理。

为了应对长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响，我们需要采取一系列的措施。

应加强草原的生态保护和恢复工作，提高草原的生态系统弹性，增强草原对气候变化的适应能力。

应加强草原畜牧业的科学管理和技术研发，提高牧草的生长和质量，改善家畜的饲养环境，从而增强草原畜牧业对气候变化的抵御能力。

还需要加强疫病防控和管理工作，保障草原畜牧业的健康和可持续发展。

CATTI人事部翻译考试三级笔译实务真题及答案2010.5

2010.5Section 1：English-Chinese Translation (50 points)LECCO, Italy — Each morning, about 450 students travel along 17 school bus routes to 10 elementary schools in this lakeside city at the southern tip of Lake Como. There are zero school buses.In 2003, to confront the triple threats of childhood obesity, local traffic jams and —most important —a rise in global greenhouse gases abetted by car emissions, an environmental group here proposed a retro-radical concept: children should walk to school.They set up a piedibus (literally foot-bus in Italian) — a bus route with a driver but no vehicle. Each morning a mix of paid staff members and parental volunteers in fluorescent yellow vests lead lines of walking students along Lecco’s twisting streets to t he schools’ gates, Pied Piper-style, stopping here and there as their flock expands.At the Carducci School, 100 children, or more than half of the students, now take walking buses. Many of them were previously driven in cars. Giulio·Greppi, a 9-year-old with shaggy blond hair, said he had been driven about a third of a mile each way until he started taking the piedibus. “I get to see my friends and we feel special because we know it’s good for the environment,” he said.Although the routes are each gene rally less than a mile, the town’s piedibuses have so far eliminated more than 100,000 miles of car travel and, in principle, prevented thousands of tons of greenhouse gases from entering the air, Dario Pesenti, the town’s environment auditor, estimates.The number of children who are driven to school over all is rising in the United States and Europe, experts on both continents say, making up a sizable chunk of transportation’s contribution to greenhouse-gas emissions. The “school run” made up 18 percent of car trips by urban residents of Britain last year, a national survey showed.In 1969, 40 percent of students in the United States walked to school; in 2001, the most recent year data was collected, 13 percent did, according to the federal government’s National Household Travel Survey. Lecco’s walking bus was the first in Italy, but hundreds have cropped up elsewhere in Europe and, more recently, in North America to combat the trend.Towns in France, Britain and elsewhere in Italy have created such routes, although few are as extensive and long-lasting as Lecco’s.Section 2：Chinese-English Translation (50 points)全球气候变化深刻影响着人类生存和发展，是各国共同面临的重大挑战。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响
草原是我国重要的畜牧业生产区，草原畜牧业是中国重要的农业生产方式之一，也是我国西部地区的主要经济收入来源之一。

随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响逐渐显现出来，特别是对牧草及家畜的影响更加显著。

本文将探讨长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响，并提出相应的应对措施。

长期气候变化对草原牧草的影响主要表现在降水和温度变化上。

随着气候变暖，草原地区的降水模式可能发生变化，降水量和分布可能出现不规律的情况。

这将直接影响到草原牧草的生长情况，使得牧草的生长周期和产量发生变化。

气温的升高也会导致草原植被的生长期缩短，造成牧草的枯黄和牧草种类结构的改变。

这些都将对草原畜牧业产生重大影响，使得草原牧草的供给出现不确定性。

长期气候变化也会对草原畜牧业的家畜养殖产生直接影响。

气候变化会导致草原地区的草场资源变化，可能导致牧场的产草量减少、质量降低，进而影响家畜的生长发育和体重增长。

气候变化也可能导致草原地区的草场草种结构的改变，有些优质牧草可能因气候适应性不强而减少，进而导致家畜的饲料资源减少，影响家畜的生长发育和养殖效益。

针对长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响，我们需要采取一系列的措施来应对。

加强草原生态保护和恢复工作，保护好草原的植被和水源资源，推动草原生态环境的持续改善。

加强对草原畜牧业的管理和政策支持，推动畜牧业生产方式的转变，鼓励畜牧业适应气候变化的发展。

还应加强科研力量，推动畜牧业生产方式的改革和创新，提高畜牧业的适应能力。

气候变化对畜牧业发展的影响

气候变化对畜牧业发展的影响近年来，气候变化不可避免地成为了全球关注的焦点。

伴随着气温升高、极端天气频繁等诸多影响，畜牧业也在不断发生变化。

本文将探讨气候变化对畜牧业发展的影响，并探讨适应措施。

一、畜牧业的现状畜牧业一直是人类生活的重要组成部分。

据《联合国粮食与农业组织（FAO）》数据显示，全球畜牧业产值已经达到1.7万亿美元，其中奶制品和肉类是世界人类的主要蛋白质来源之一。

在中国的农业经济中，畜牧业也是重要的组成部分。

农村牧民和农业合作社养殖的猪、牛、羊等畜禽产品供应了城市人们的日常需求。

同时，畜牧业也为农民提供了重要的收入来源。

二、气候变化对畜牧业的影响1.水源供应不足气候变化导致了干旱和洪涝等极端气候的出现，这会直接影响草原草场水源的供应。

缺乏水源使得畜牧业的生产效率受到了很大的影响。

2.动物健康受影响气候变化对动物的健康和生理状况也会带来影响。

比如在高温天气中，牲畜的消化系统和免疫系统都会受到影响。

而在极端低温天气下，一些畜禽也难以生存。

3.饲料供应不足气候变化会对植物生长带来影响，可能导致干旱和洪涝等极端气候。

这会导致植物生长受到抑制，给畜牧业的饲料供应带来威胁，这也会直接影响到畜牧业的生产效率。

4.疫病蔓延气候变化的影响还可能引发一些新的、难以预测的动植物疾病，例如蜂群崩溃、家畜禽流感等。

这些疫病对于整个畜牧业生产链的正常运转可能带来灾难性影响。

5.生产成本增加气候变化的影响使得畜牧业的生产成本不断上升。

比如，在极端气温下，畜牧场需要采用一些控制温度的措施，而这些措施成本往往较高。

三、适应措施1.推行畜牧和用水的合理联动在畜牧业生产中，水是不可或缺的资源。

因此推行畜牧和用水的合理联动，实施水源保护，合理利用水资源是气候变化下畜牧业生产的关键。

比如要注重收集雨水、提高水资源利用效率，同时加强对饮水保护设施的维护和管理，以便更好地支持畜牧业的正常进行。

2.改进畜牧品种和品质为了适应气候变化的影响，可以改善畜牧品种和品质。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响草原畜牧业是我国重要的农业产业之一，是我国西部地区非常重要的经济支柱。

但近年来，由于全球变暖等因素的影响，草原气候变化趋势日趋明显，对草原畜牧业的影响也越来越大。

本文将从草原牧草和家畜两方面来探讨长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响。

气候变化对草原牧草的影响主要体现在草原植被的类型、数量和生长季节上。

气候变暖会导致草原干旱化程度加剧，降雨量减少，日照时间变长，这些因素都将直接影响草原植被的分布和数量。

具体表现为：首先，草原植被类型发生了改变。

草原主要分为草原、荒漠和沙漠三种，其中以草原土地面积占据最大。

但是，由于气候变化，草原逐渐变得干燥，有些地区的草原会向荒漠和沙漠方向转化，这就导致了草原植被类型的改变，对牧草的生长和质量产生了很大影响。

其次，草原牧草的数量受到了影响。

气候变暖会导致草原干旱化，草原植被生长周期变短，影响牧草的生成量。

并且，随着草原地区草原变干燥，一些低产牧草或不耐旱的草种会逐渐减少，导致牧草数量减少、品质下降，农民的收益也会受到一定的影响。

最后，草原牧草的生长季节发生了改变。

气候变化还会影响草原牧草的生长季节，并且使生长季节与畜牧的季节发生偏差，导致草料质量下降。

例如，长时间的干旱和缺水可能导致植物的生长停滞，延长草原牧草的生长周期，影响摄入牧草的数量和质量。

首先，气候变暖会导致气温上升，高温天气放牧量或肉牛存放密度逐渐下降，饲料需求量会逐渐增加，牛的精神状态和储存肌肉量会下降。

这将导致牛蛋白质和脂肪质量下降，从而影响肉质品质。

其次，气候变化还影响了畜禽疾病的发生频率。

研究表明，气候变化会使毒虫和寄生虫的分布范围扩大，引发畜禽疾病爆发。

同时，气温波动频繁，畜禽的压力增加，免疫力下降易感病，疾病死亡率可能会上升，从而影响草原畜牧业的发展。

最后，由于草原植被和牧草数量减少，饲料不足将导致畜牧业的生产成本上升，这将影响畜牧业的收益和发展。

如果失去的天然草场不能很快找到替代草场，家畜会受到营养不良的影响，甚至会因饥饿而死亡。

2017年11月和5月英语三级笔译真题及答案大师兄版

2017年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语三级《笔译实务》试卷Section1:English-Chinese Translation(50points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.It was just one word in one email,but it triggered huge financial losses for a multinational company.The message,written in English,was sent by a native speaker to a colleague for whom English was a second language.Unsure of the word,the recipient found two contradictory meanings in his dictionary.He acted on the wrong one.Months later,senior management investigated why the project had flopped,costing hundreds of thousands of dollars.“It all traced back to this one word,”says Chia Suan Chong,a UK-based communications skills and intercultural trainer,who didn't reveal the tricky word because it is highly industry-specific and possibly identifiable.“Things spiralled out of control because both parties were thinking the opposite.”When such misunderstandings happen,it’s usually the native speakers who are to blame.Ironically,they are worse at delivering their message than people who speak English as a second or third language,according to Chong.The non-native speakers,it turns out,speak more purposefully and carefully,typical of someone speaking a second or third language.Anglophones,on the other hand,often talk too fast for others to follow,and use jokes,slang and references specific to their own culture,says Chong.“The native English speaker is the only one who might not feel the need to accommodate or adapt to the others,”she adds.Non-native speakers generally use more limited vocabulary and simpler expressions,without flowery language or slang.And then there’s cultural style,Zurich-based Michael Blattner says.When a Brit reacts to a proposal by saying“That’s interesting”,a fellow Brit might recognise this as understatement for,“That’s rubbish.”But other nationalities would take the word“interesting”on face value,he says.In Berlin,Dale Coulter,head of English at one language course provider,saw German staff of a Fortune 500company being briefed from their Californian HQ via video link.Despite being competent in English,the Germans gleaned only the gist of what their American project leader said.So among themselves they came up with an agreed version,which might or might not have been what was intended by the California staff.It’s the native speaker who often risks missing out on closing a deal,warns Frenchman Jean-Paul Nerriere, formerly a senior international marketing executive at IBM.“Too many non-Anglophones,especially the Asians and the French,are too concerned about not‘losing face’—and nod approvingly while not getting the message at all,”he says.“When trying to communicate in English with a group of people with varying levels of fluency,it’s important to be receptive and adaptable,tuning your ears into a whole range of different ways of using English”, says Jenkins,professor of global Englishes at the UK’s University of Southampton.“People who’ve learned other languages are good at doing that,but native speakers of English generally are monolingual and not very good at tuning in to language variation,”she says.In meetings,Anglophones tend to speed along at what they consider a normal pace,and also rush to fill gaps in conversation,according to Rob Steggles,senior marketing director for Europe at a telecommunicationscompany.He recommends making the same point in a couple of different ways and asking for some acknowledg-ement,reaction or action.Section2:Chinese-English Translation(50points)Translate the following passage into English.气候变化已不是单纯的环境保护问题，而成为人类生存与发展问题。

气候变化对全球畜牧业的潜在影响

气候变化对全球畜牧业的潜在影响气候变化是当今全球面临的重大挑战之一。

随着全球气温上升、极端天气事件增多，气候变化对各个行业都带来了深远的影响。

其中，畜牧业作为全球重要的食品生产部门，也不可避免地面临着潜在的影响。

首先，气候变化对畜牧业的影响体现在饲料供应方面。

气候变暖导致干旱和洪涝等极端天气事件频繁发生，这对饲料作物的生长和产量造成了不利影响。

例如，研究表明，气候变暖导致草地的水分蒸发增加，草原干旱程度加剧，使得牧草的生长受到限制。

这将直接影响到畜牧业的饲料供应，可能导致饲料短缺和价格上涨。

此外，气候变化还可能导致一些地区的饲料作物的生长季节变短，进一步加剧饲料供应的不稳定性。

其次，气候变化对畜牧业的影响还体现在动物健康方面。

气候变暖导致气温升高和湿度增加，这为疾病传播提供了更有利的条件。

例如，研究发现，气候变化可能导致某些疾病传播媒介（如蚊子、跳蚤）的分布范围扩大，从而增加了畜禽感染疾病的风险。

此外，气候变化还可能导致畜禽的热应激增加，影响它们的生长和繁殖能力。

这将对畜牧业的生产效益产生负面影响。

此外，气候变化还可能对畜牧业的可持续发展产生潜在影响。

随着全球气温上升，温室气体排放问题日益突出，畜牧业作为排放温室气体的重要行业，受到了更多的关注。

畜牧业的温室气体排放主要来自动物的消化过程和粪便管理等环节。

因此，减少温室气体排放成为畜牧业可持续发展的重要课题。

然而，由于气候变化带来的极端天气事件增多，畜牧业的粪便管理可能面临更大的困难，这将对减排措施的实施带来挑战。

然而，尽管气候变化对全球畜牧业带来了潜在影响，但也存在一些应对措施。

首先，科学家们正在努力培育适应气候变化的饲料作物品种，以提高饲料供应的稳定性。

其次，畜牧业生产者可以采取一些措施来应对气候变化对动物健康的影响，如改善栏舍条件、提供适宜的饲料和饮水等。

此外，加强畜牧业的管理和监测，及时发现和控制疾病传播，也是应对气候变化的重要手段。

最后，减少温室气体排放是实现畜牧业可持续发展的关键。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响随着全球气候变化的日益加剧，草原地区的气候也出现了明显的变化，这对于草原畜牧业的发展以及牧草的生长和家畜的生存都带来了一系列的影响。

长期气候变化导致草原畜牧业面临更加严峻的挑战，而牧草和家畜也难以适应气候变化带来的不利影响。

我们有必要深入了解长期气候变化对草原畜牧业、牧草和家畜的影响，并积极采取措施加以应对。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草的影响是明显的。

气候变暖导致草原降水不足、土壤干旱等问题日益突出，这些对于牧草的生长都产生了不利影响。

很多地区的常年牧草面积和产量都在减少，这给草原畜民提供牧草带来了巨大的困难。

气候变化还会导致草原的生态系统发生较大的变化，草原环境和生态结构被破坏，一些原本适宜牧草生长的地区逐渐丧失了这一特性。

这些都给牧草的生长带来了不小的困难，给草原畜牧业带来了一定的影响。

长期气候变化对家畜的生存和生长也带来了一系列的影响。

气候的变暖使得许多地区的草原逐渐变得干燥，水资源日益匮乏，家畜的生存环境日益恶劣。

这让家畜的生长和繁殖都面临一定的困难，特别是在干旱的气候条件下，草原畜牧业的发展遇到了严峻的挑战。

而且，气候变化还会导致一些新的传染病和寄生虫的传播，对家畜的健康造成了一定的危害，使得畜牧业的生产成本增加，甚至降低了家畜的存活率。

这也给草原畜牧业的发展带来了不小的压力。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响是全方位的，不仅在牧草和家畜方面有所表现，在畜牧产业链上的其他环节也有所反映。

气候的变暖使得一些传统的畜牧业模式逐渐失效，畜牧民的生产方式和生活习惯都面临着较大的变化。

气候变化还会导致一些畜牧业用地的减少，而使得畜牧业的用地成本增加。

气候变化还会导致一些畜牧业产品的质量和产量不断下降，使得畜牧业的经济效益大为降低。

长期气候变化的影响已经逐渐渗透到了草原畜牧业的方方面面，给草原畜牧业的可持续发展带来了一系列的挑战。

针对长期气候变化对草原畜牧业、牧草和家畜的影响，我们需要采取一系列的措施来加以应对。

2016.5 catti英语笔译三级实务真题及答案

2016.5英语三级笔译实务真题及答案【Section 1】English-Chinese Translation (50 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region. “The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,”Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall. First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,”Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,”the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer. There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the UniversitéBlaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,”Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,”he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,”Mr. Boetsch said.The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.【参考译文】在蒂昂戈利(Thiengoly)，老人们常说起过去树木繁多、遮天蔽日的景象。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业牧草及家畜的影响长期气候变化对草原畜牧业扮演着重要的角色，既影响了牧草的生长和质量，也对家畜的生产和生长产生了一定的影响。

长期气候变化会影响草原牧草的生长和产量。

草原生态系统是一个非常敏感的生态系统，它对温度、降水和光照等环境因素非常敏感。

长期气候变化会导致气温的升高、降水的减少或不稳定等环境变化，从而直接影响草原牧草的生长和产量。

气温升高会导致草原植被进一步退化和气候由温带转向亚热带，降水减少则会使得植被干燥、水分蒸发增加，导致牧草的生长难度加大，降低了牧草的产量。

长期气候变化还会影响牧草的质量。

草原牧草的质量是指其营养成分含量、饲用价值和牲畜对其的摄食选择程度等因素。

长期气候变化会影响草原牧草的营养成分含量，气候变暖会导致牧草的碳氮比增加，从而降低其蛋白质含量。

而且，湿润和温度适宜的气候条件有利于牧草的生长和养分吸收，从而提高牧草的品质。

气候变化对牧草的生长季节、生长速度和营养物质的积累都会产生影响，进而影响牧草的质量。

长期气候变化还会对家畜的生产和生长产生影响。

气候变化会直接影响家畜的饲料供应和水资源，进而影响其生长和生产。

牧草减少会导致家畜饲料匮乏，从而影响其生长速度和体重增长率；旱灾和水资源短缺会导致饮水困难，进而影响家畜的饮水习惯和健康状况。

长期气候变化还可能导致牲畜疾病的爆发和传播，进一步影响家畜的健康状况。

长期气候变化对草原畜牧业的影响是多方面的，既包括影响牧草的生长和产量，也包括影响牧草的质量以及影响家畜的生产和生长。

为了适应长期气候变化，需要采取相应的措施，如改变牲畜的饲养模式、调整牧草的种植和管理方法，以及合理管理水资源等，从而减轻气候变化对草原畜牧业的不利影响。

畜牧业气候适应性养殖考核试卷

畜牧业气候适应性养殖考核试卷
考生姓名：__________答题日期：__________得分：__________判卷人：__________
一、单项选择题（本题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）
1.以下哪种措施能提高畜牧业应对气候变化的能力？（）
2.提高饲料蛋白含量可以降低畜牧业对气候变化的敏感性。（）
3.畜舍遮阳设施可以有效地降低畜舍内温度。（）
4.在气候变化背景下，所有饲料作物的适应性都会降低。（）
5.气候变化对畜牧业的影响主要体现在畜产品的市场需求上。（）
6.畜牧业适应气候变化只需关注畜舍建设和饲料供应。（）
7.降水量增加会降低畜牧业疫病风险。（）
3.为了降低畜舍内温度，可以采取________和________等措施。
4.适应气候变化的饲料作物应具备________和________等特点。
5.畜牧业适应气候变化的关键在于________和________的改善。
6.提高畜牧业水资源利用效率的方法包括________和________。
7.降低畜牧业碳排放的有效措施有________和________。
8.畜牧业生产效率的提高与气候变化适应能力无关。（）
9.畜牧业生产成本的上升主要与饲料价格波动有关。（）
10.气候变化不会影响畜产品的品质。（）
五、主观题（本题共4小题，每题5分，共20分）
1.请简述气候变化对畜牧业生产的具体影响，并提出三项应对措施。
2.论述畜牧业在适应气候变化过程中，如何提高饲料作物的适应性和水资源利用效率。
18. ABC
19. ABC
20. ABCD
三、填空题
1.适应性

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