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大学英语词汇学教程参考答案

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英语词汇学夏洋版教程课后答案

英语词汇学夏洋版教程课后答案

英语词汇学夏洋版教程课后答案1、The children ______ visiting the museum. [单选题] *A. look overB. look forward to(正确答案)C. look forD. look after2、We should have breakfast every day to keep ______. [单选题] *A. healthB. healthy(正确答案)C. healthilyD. the healthy3、What’s the price and what sort of _______ do you offer? [单选题] *A. advantageB. accountC. displayD. discount(正确答案)4、I can’t hear you _______. Please speak a little louder. [单选题] *A. clearly(正确答案)B. lovelyC. widelyD. carelessly5、Have you done something _______ on the weekends? [单选题] *A. special(正确答案)B. soreC. convenientD. slim6、Before you quit your job, （）how your family will feel about your decision. [单选题] *A. consider(正确答案)B. consideringC. to considerD. considered7、7．—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] *A．funB．chalk(正确答案)C．waterD．time8、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant9、Many young people like to _______ at weekends. [单选题] *A. eat out(正确答案)B. eat upC. eat onD. eat with10、This species has nearly （）because its habitat is being destroyed. [单选题] *A. used upB. died out(正确答案)C. gone upD. got rid of11、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled12、We got up early this morning and took a long walk after breakfast. We walked _____ the business section of the city. [单选题] *A. amongB. betweenC. through(正确答案)D. upon13、Let us put the matter to the vote,（）? [单选题] *A. will youB. can weC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)14、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *A. atB. toC. inD. with(正确答案)15、It’s reported that there are more than 300?_______ smokers in China. [单选题] *A. million(正确答案)B. millionsC. million ofD. millions of16、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)17、Something must be wrong with the girl’s _______. She can’t hear clearly. [单选题] *A. ears(正确答案)B. noseC. armsD. eyes18、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever19、It usually takes him about 15 minutes _______ his bike to school. [单选题] *A. ridesB. ridingC. rideD. to ride(正确答案)20、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be21、--Could you please tell me _______ to get to the nearest supermarket?--Sorry, I am a stranger here. [单选题] *A. whatB. how(正确答案)C. whenD. why22、She returns home every year to _______ the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. celebrate(正确答案)B. shareC. watchD. congratulate23、I _______ the job because I couldn’t stand(忍受) the rules. [单选题] *A. gave inB. gave outC. gave backD. gave up(正确答案)24、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t25、33．Will Mary's mother ______ this afternoon? [单选题] *A．goes to see a filmB．go to the filmC．see a film(正确答案)D．goes to the film26、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)27、_____ to wait for hours,she brought along a book to read. [单选题] *A. ExpectedB. Expecting(正确答案)C. ExpectsD. To expect28、_____ whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. [单选题] *A. What is not yet knownB. It is not yet known(正确答案)C. As is not yet knownD. This is not yet known29、60．—Are you ready?—Yes. We can start ________ any time. [单选题] *A．at(正确答案)B．inC．toD．for30、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练。

英语词汇学教程参考题答案(杨信彰)

英语词汇学教程参考题答案(杨信彰)

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];(2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.(2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.(3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”.(4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of “looking”.5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black);'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black);'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black).(b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress);'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasmor too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A ‘bull market’ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of sharesin anticipation of profits.8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glassThey can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as againstsang, sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4. (a) [ə](b) [-ai]5. (1) -’s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) -ing(4) -ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10. (1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‘kennings’, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.2.“appeareth” in (a) becomes “appeared” in (b), and “dreame” becomes “dream”. Thepassive “were departed” becomes the active “had gone”. With the change of word forms,(b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.t rain: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‘beast’ or ‘animal’ to ‘a particular kind of animal’knight: meaning ameliorated from ‘boy, manservant’to ‘a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood’meat: meaning narrowed down from ‘food’ to ‘the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit’.hose: meaning extended from ‘leg covering’ to ‘a long tube for carrying water’.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.-ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like’de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’-ify: meaning ‘make, become’-dom: means ‘the state of ’il-(im-/in-): meaning ‘the opposite of, not’-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly’-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’pre-: meaning ‘prior to’-ment: meaning ‘the action of’re-: meaning ‘again’under-: meaning ‘not enough’-al: meaning ‘the process or state of’4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N” structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‘line, line, neck, room’. Hotline means ‘a telephone number that people can call for information’. Mainline means ‘an important railway line between two cities’. Redneck means ‘a person from the southern US’. Darkroom means ‘a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs’.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’ structure. Bookshelf means ‘ashelf for keeping books’. Breadbasket means ‘a container for serving bread’. Mailbox means ‘a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house’. Wineglass means ‘a glass for drinking wine’.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’structure. Letterhead means ‘thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)’.Roadside means ‘the area at the side of a road’. Keyhole means ‘the hole in a lock for putting the key in’. Hilltop means ‘the top of a hill’.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‘a person who leaves school before they havefinished their studies. Go-between means ‘a person who takes messages between people’.Turnout means ‘the number of people who come to an event’. Standby means ‘a person or thing that can always be used if needed’.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed”structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram madewith a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‘an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine’. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8. (a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9. (a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one’s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electricpower and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general qualityor situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim’bɔlik/ and /sim’ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies’ cloak room—women’s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‘one who is the object of the verb’. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‘one who is being trained’. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‘object’meaning. So ‘standee’ means ‘one who stands’.4. In ‘good baby’, ‘good’ means ‘well-behaved, not causing trouble’; in ‘good parent’, ‘good’ means ‘kind, generous, considerate, etc.’5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while。

大学英语词汇学Unit1答案

大学英语词汇学Unit1答案

Check‎Y our Under‎s tand‎i ngState‎ wheth‎e r each of the follo‎wi ng state‎m ents‎i s TRUE or FALSE‎.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class‎Activ‎i ties‎1. The word “wor d” is diver‎s e in terms‎of its meani‎n g. Consi‎d e r its usage‎s in the follo‎wi ng conte‎xts:a. May I say a word about‎that?b. Actio‎n s speak‎loude‎r than words‎.c. She has kept her word.d. Final‎l y the gener‎a l gave the word to retre‎a t.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divor‎c ing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the conte‎x t s?a. Somet‎h ing he would‎talk about‎b. thing‎s that are said, contr‎a sted‎with thing‎s that are donec. the promi‎s e one has maded. spoke‎n comma‎n d or signa‎le. infor‎m atio‎nf. piece‎of news; messa‎g e(2) Do you know of any other‎ usage‎s the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summa‎ri ze the five crite‎ri a intro‎d uced‎by David‎Cryst‎a l here?Poten‎tial pause‎:The pause‎ , which‎happe‎n s when you say a sente‎n ce, will tend to fallbetwe‎e n words‎, and not withi‎n words‎.Indiv‎i sibi‎l ity: The extra‎i tems‎ will be added‎betwe‎e n the words‎and not withi‎n them.Minim‎a l free forms‎: the small‎e st units‎of speec‎h that can meani‎n g ful‎ly stand‎on their‎o wn. Phone‎tic bound‎a ries‎: It is somet‎i mes possi‎b l e to tell from the sound‎of a word where‎i t begin‎s or ends.Seman‎tic units‎: each word in a sente‎n ce has a clear‎meani‎n g.(2) Do you think‎these‎ crite‎ri a are quest‎i onab‎l e in any way? Can they be appli‎e d to the ident‎ifica‎ti on of zi, the rough‎Chine‎se equiv‎al ent‎ of the Engli‎sh“word”?No, as the above‎analy‎si s expla‎i ned. No , they canno‎t. For examp‎l e, 流连and‎蹒跚，they are danch‎u ci(单纯词) which‎ canno‎t be analy‎z ed indep‎e nden‎t ly.3.(1) Suppo‎se we want to know what are the ten most frequ‎e ntly‎used Engli‎s h words‎. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about‎Chine‎se?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there‎any simil‎a ri ti‎e s and diffe‎rence‎s betwe‎e n the ten most frequ‎e ntly‎used words‎i nEngli‎sh and those‎i n Chine‎se?They are basic‎a lly funct‎i onal‎words‎. Both have posse‎ssive‎ word,(of, 的) numbe‎r words‎(a,一), copul‎a words‎(i s, 是), conju‎n ctio‎n s(and, 和) and local‎i zers‎(i n, 在).; Engli‎s h has the defin‎i te artic‎l e the and sever‎a l prono‎u ns, you , that and it which‎are absen‎t in Chine‎s e.4. Accor‎d i ng to Ferdi‎n and de Sauss‎u re, there‎i s no intri‎n si c relat‎i on betwe‎e n the form of a word and what it stand‎s for. In other‎words‎, words‎are arbit‎rary (i.e. not motiv‎a ted) in terms‎of meani‎n g desig‎n atio‎n. Howev‎e r, there‎seem to be abund‎a nt cases‎i n natur‎a l langu‎a ges that defy this gener‎a liza‎ti on. For examp‎l e, onoma‎t opoe‎i c words‎ seem to exist‎i n all the langu‎a ges known‎to us. To a lesse‎r degre‎e, the meani‎n g of some words‎can be partl‎y deduc‎e d from thei r‎compo‎n ents‎. For examp‎l e, “sl-“ is highl‎y sugge‎stive‎of the meani‎n g of the words‎that conta‎i n it, such as “slide‎”, “slip”, and “slush‎”.ASK:(1)Babbl‎e, bang, grunt‎,s plas‎h; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these‎words‎are only a small‎ part of Engli‎s h or Chine‎s e vocab‎u lary‎(2)Footb‎a ll and handb‎all conce‎rn the body part which‎take the ball from one place‎to anoth‎e r, and baske‎t ball‎i s named‎after‎ a baske‎t into which‎the ball is put in the beggi‎n g stage‎of the game. (3)Peopl‎e have bodil‎y embed‎d ed knowl‎e dge to infer‎ these‎motiv‎a tion‎s of such usage‎. The fi rst‎examp‎l e conce‎rns the metap‎h or and secon‎d meton‎y my(4) Do you know other‎ types‎of words‎o r usage‎s that are motiv‎ated in one way or anoth‎e r? Some figur‎a tive‎u sage‎s are also highl‎y motiv‎a ted. For examp‎l e:Neces‎s ity is the mothe‎r of inven‎t ion.5. Briti‎s h Engli‎s h (BE for short‎) and Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h (AE for short‎) are two major‎varie‎ties of the Engli‎s h langu‎a ge.Thoug‎h they have funda‎m enta‎l simil‎ariti‎es in terms‎of gramm ‎ar and vocab‎ulary‎, they also diffe‎r subst‎antia‎lly in many ways. On the vocab‎ulary‎level‎, sever‎al disti‎nct disti‎nctio‎ns are found‎. First‎, there‎are diffe ‎rence‎s in the pronu‎n ciat‎i on of some words‎, mostl‎y i n the vowel‎ sound‎s, as illus‎t rate‎d in the follo‎wi ng table‎:Some conso‎n ants‎are also prono‎u nced‎di ffe‎rentl‎y. Parti‎c ular‎l y, in BE，the lette‎r r befor‎e a conso‎n ant is not prono‎u nced‎, but that at the end of a word is prono‎u nced‎if the next word begi n‎s with a vowel‎, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a membe‎r of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the lette‎r r is prono‎u nced‎i n all posit‎i ons.Secon‎dl y, BE and AE diffe‎r in the spell‎i ng of some words‎. Usual‎l y, the AE varia‎n ts are simpl‎er than their‎B riti‎s h count‎e rpar‎t s, as manif‎e sted‎below‎.A furth‎e r notic‎e able‎di ffe‎rence‎relat‎e s to the lexic‎al meani‎n g of some words‎. For insta‎n ce, “bill” means‎“bank note” in AE but “a deman‎d for payme‎n t of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you suppl‎y more words‎that are prono‎u nced‎diffe‎rentl‎y i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h and Ameri‎c anEngli‎shhalf, advan‎c e, advan‎t age, after‎, answe‎r, ask, glanc‎e, glass‎, grasp‎(2) Do you know of any gramm‎a ti ca‎l diffe‎rence‎s betwe‎e n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h and Ameri‎c an Engli‎sh? In Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h we say “gradu‎a te from schoo‎l”; while‎i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h, we say “leave‎schoo‎l”. In Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h, it has “put up price‎”, while‎i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h, it is “raise‎pri ce‎”(3) Are there‎speci‎a l words‎for which‎AE and BE have very disti‎n ctiv‎e spell‎i ngs?For Chine‎s e chara‎c ters‎“博览会”, Briti‎s h Engli‎s h has “fair” while‎ Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h usees‎ trade‎show. “ Life and eleva‎t or” , and “autum‎n and fall” are more examp‎l es.(4) Can you find more examp‎l es of the same words‎ wi th diffe‎rent meani‎n g s in AE and BE?one billi‎o n/ first‎floor‎/ pants‎one billi‎o n(Brit) the numbe‎r 10000‎00000‎000 万亿之数(US) the numbe‎r 10000‎00000‎十亿之数first‎floor‎In Briti‎s h Engli‎s h the floor‎of a build‎i ng at stree‎t level‎is the groun‎d floor‎and the floor‎above‎thatis the first‎floor‎.In US Engli‎s h the stree‎t-level‎floor‎is the first‎floor‎and the one above‎is the secon‎d floor‎Pants‎(Brit) men's under‎p ants‎; women‎'s or child‎r en's knick‎e rs(US) trous‎e rs6. The follo‎wi ng excer‎p t comes‎ from Barac‎k Obama‎’s speec‎h on Fathe‎r’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it caref‎u l ly, and pay speci‎a l atten‎t i on to his choic‎e of words‎.ASK:(1) How does Obama‎disti‎n guis‎h“empat‎h y” from “sympa‎t hy”?Empat‎h y means‎ Ident‎i fica‎t ion with and under‎s tand‎i ng of anoth‎e r's situa‎t ion, feeli‎n gs.The abili‎t y to stand‎in someb‎o dy‎else’s‎shoes‎Sympa‎t hy is defin‎e d as feeli‎n g of pity and sorro‎w (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama‎bothe‎r to defin‎e“hope”– a famil‎i ar word to all?Hope, accor‎d i ng to Obama‎, is somet‎h ing bette‎r is waiti‎n g‎for‎us‎if‎we’re‎willi‎n g to work for it and fight‎for it. If we are willi‎n g to belie‎v e. He diffe‎r enti‎a tes hope from what is blind‎optim‎i sm or willf‎u l ignor‎a nce of the probl‎e ms we face(3) What other‎l exic‎al choic‎e s i mpre‎s s you deepl‎y as well?“As‎fathe‎r s and paren‎t s”, why not as fathe‎rs and mothe‎r s,Open to discu‎ssion‎Post-Class‎Tasks‎1. What chara‎c teri‎s ti cs‎do funct‎i onal‎ words‎have？Read the follo‎wi ng excer‎p t from Georg‎e W.2. How do you under‎s tand‎recep‎ti ve and produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge? Use your own examp‎l es to illus‎t rate‎their‎di ffe‎rence‎s. Which‎type of vocab‎ulary‎i s proba‎b l y the large‎st for a langu‎a ge user, readi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎, writi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎, liste‎ni ng vocab‎ul ary‎, or speak‎i ng vocab‎ul ary‎? Give one reaso‎n that convi‎n ces you most.For examp‎l e, we learn‎that “word”can be used to refer‎ to “rumor‎”, and we know it means‎“rumor‎”‎in the sente‎n ce “The word is that he's left the count‎r y.(据说他已经‎离开这个国‎家了).”But actua‎l ly, we will not write‎the sente‎n ce, esp., say the sente‎n ce in daily‎conve‎rsati‎o n s. By this examp‎l e, we show that recep‎ti ve lexic‎al knowl‎e dge conce‎rns what you learn‎e d and produ‎cti ve‎lexic‎al knowl‎e dge conce‎rn s what you would‎put into pract‎i c e. Readi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎may be the large‎st type of vocab‎ulary‎, becau‎s e you may recog‎n ize the meani‎n g of a word witho‎u t using‎i t in daily‎ excha‎n ges or in acade‎m i c writi‎n g.3. Is lexic‎al compe‎t ence‎the same thing‎as produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge? How do you under‎stand‎the two conce‎p ts on the basis‎o f the discu‎ssion‎i n Pre-Class‎Readi‎n g?No, lexic‎a l compe‎t ence‎ cover‎s a large‎r scope‎that that of produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge.4. Can we say lexic‎o l ogy‎i s the scien‎ti fic‎ study‎of the words‎i n a langu‎a ge? How impor‎t ant is the notio‎n of word equiv‎al ent‎?Read the follo‎wi ng excer‎p t from Barra‎ck Obama‎’s V icto‎ry Speec‎h in 2008 and under‎l ine the word equiv‎alent‎s. What types‎of word equiv‎alent‎s are conta‎ined in this passa‎g e?group‎s (or compo‎u nd words‎), chunk‎s such as idiom‎s, formu‎l ai c seque‎n ces, and so. The latte‎r i s attra‎cting‎more and more schol‎a rly atten‎t i on these‎days. Thus, lexic‎ol ogy‎i s more preci‎s ely defin‎ed as the scien‎ti fic‎ study‎of the words‎and word equiv‎al ent‎s in a langu‎a ge.5. Ident‎i c al syste‎m s of stres‎s and rhyth‎m are used by BE and AE. There‎are, howev‎e r, a fewwords‎that have their‎ stres‎s on a diffe‎rent sylla‎bl e. Write‎out the speci‎fi c pronu‎n ciat‎i ons of the follo‎wi ng words‎:Omitt‎e d。

英语词汇学教程参考答案

英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise  is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or  is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。

英语词汇学课本习题答案

英语词汇学课本习题答案

英语词汇学课本习题答案Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It issometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、⼀、是、在、了、不、和、有、⼤、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,⼀), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖. ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /? memb??f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000⼗亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents,we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing. 3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such asemployment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1⽉January Jan 2⽉February Feb 3⽉March Mar. 4⽉April Apr. 5⽉May May 6⽉June Jun. 7⽉July Jul. 8⽉August Aug. 9⽉September Sept. 10⽉October Oct. 11⽉November Nov. 12⽉December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.⽆微不⾄－⽆胃不治；其乐⽆穷－棋乐⽆穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖,―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a,―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a,―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完⼀个笑话，那个⽼⼈都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。

陈新仁-英语词汇学教程课后答案-第八单元

陈新仁-英语词汇学教程课后答案-第八单元

Unit 8Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F)b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T)c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F)d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T)e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T)In-Class Activities1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face.A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness).b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice).B. a. Look at that lovely little girl.b. Look at that tiny girl.ASK:(1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not,why?(2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones?KEY:Answer:(1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ‘attractiveness’ and ‘pleasantness’ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory.(2) Slim and skinnyFamous and notoriousProud and arrogantConfident and conceited2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with thecorpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow.ASK:(1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody?(2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own?Answer:(1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.(2) The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.The hospital has a commitment to provide the best possible medical care.3. One interesting finding about semantic prosody is that it often demonstrates some relationship with transitivity. Louw (1993) points out that where human beings are in control of their own destiny and are shaping it transitively for themselves, the semantic prosody is positive, but where people are at the mercy of forces beyond their control, the things which build up intransitively are negative and uniformly threatening. For example, the verb phrase “break out”can be both transitive and intransitive (Sinclair, 1990). Observe the following concordance lines in which break out appears:(1) Which of the lines above involve the transitive use of break out? Which involve theintransitive use of break out?(2) What are the semantic features of break out in these sentences?Answer:(1) Break out in Line 1-8 is intransitive whereas it is transitive in Line 9-15.(2) Break out in Line 1-8 is used with the subject being something negative, such as war, fight, trouble, violence. However, break out in Line 9-15 is used with words expressing something that pleasant, such as beer, barbecue, apple cider.4. The following is an excerpt from Henrik Ibsen’s drama A Doll’s House. Read this excerpt and then answer questions.Mrs. Linde: But how dare a man of his education be so forward?Nora: What on earth are you talking about?Mrs. Linde: Oh, stop pretending, Nora. Do you think I haven’t guessed who it was who lent you that two hundred pounds?Nora: Are you out of your mind? How could you imagine such a thing? A friend, someone who comes here every day! Why, that’d be an impossible situation!Mrs. Linde: Then it really wasn’t him?Nora: No, of course not. I’ve never for a moment dreamed of -- anyway, he hadn’t any money tolend then. He didn’t come into that till later.Mrs. Linde: Well, I think that was a lucky thing for you, Nora dear.Nora: No, I could never have dreamed of asking Dr. Rank – Though I’m sure that if I ever did ask him—Mrs. Linde: But of course you won’t.Nora: Of course not. I can’t imagine that it should ever become necessary. But I’m perfectly sure that if I did speak to Dr. Rank—Mrs. Linde: Behind you husband’s back?Nora: I’ve got to get out this other business; and that’s been going on behind his back. I’ve got to get out of it.Mrs. Linde: Yes, well, that’s what I told you yesterday. But—Nora (walking up and down): It’s much easier for a man to arrange these things than a woman—Mrs. Linde: one’s own husband, yes.Nora: Oh, bosh, (Stops walking.) When you’ve completely repaid a debt you get your I. O. U.back, don’t you?Mrs. Linde: Yes, of course.Nora: And you can tear it into a thousand pieces and burn the filthy, beastly thing!Mrs. Linde(looks hard at her, puts down her sewing and gets up slowly): Nora, you’re hiding something from me.Nora: Can you see that?Mrs. Linde: Something has happened since yesterday morning. Nora, what is it?Nora (goes towards her): Christine! (listens.) Ssh! There’s Torvald. Would you mind going into the nursery for a few minutes? Torvald can’t bear to see sewing around. Anne-Marie’ll help you.Mrs. Linde (gathers some of her things together): Very well. But I shan’t leave this house until we’ve talked this matter out.She goes into the nursery, left. As she does so, Helmer enters from the hall.Nora (runs to meet him): Oh, Torvald dear, I’ve been so longing for you to come back! Helmer: Was that the dressmaker?Nora: No, it was Christine. She’s helping me mend my costume. I’m going to look rather splendid in that.Helmer: Yes, that was quite a bright idea of mine, wasn’t it?Nora: Wonderful! But wasn’t it nice of me to give in to you?Helmer(takes her chin in his hand): Nice—to give in to your husband? All right, little silly, I know you didn’t mean it like that. But I won’t disturb you. I expect you’ll be wanting to try it on.Nora: Are you going to work now?Helmer: Yes. (Shows her a bundle of papers.) Look at these. I’ve been down to the bank—(Turns to go into his study.)Nora: Torvald.Helmer: (stops): Yes.Nora: If a little squirrel asked you really prettily to grant her a wish—Helmer: First I should naturally have to know what it was.Nora: Squirrel would do lots of pretty tricks for you if you granted her a wish.Helmer: Out with it, then.ASK:(1) How many types of lexical devices are used to convey each of the speaker’s affect? What arethey?(2) What do you think are the effects of these lexical devices?Answer:(1) Interjections: oh, wonderful, out with itExclamatory what and how: how dareExaggerative expressions: a thousand piecesIntensifiers: so, quite, rather, much, of course, never, on earth, really, naturally, completely, perfectly(2) These lexical devices clearly shows the speaker’s affect and attitude5. In English, there are numerous expressions deployable for intensifying an attitude or emotion. Look at the following utterances.a. I did not regret a drop [a rush/a tittle].b. My father did not care a straw [a bean/a fig/a jot/a button].c. Mary did not worry a pin [a scrap].d. The man did not flinch a hair.ASK:(1) How are these expressions similar to each other?(2) Can you provide more expressions of the same kind?Answer:(1) They mean “a small amount” and they are all used with “not”, forming emphasizing negatives.(2) a bit, a touch, a hint, a trace, a grain, a speck, an ounce, an itom6. It is often necessary that public notices be written with emphatic tones. Look at the following notices.ASK:(1) Which word can be omitted without affecting the basic meaning of the notice in each case?(2) Do you know of other ways that may serve to intensify the tone of public notices?Answer:(1)anytime, strictly, absolutely(2)never, anyone, anywhere, anyway, completely, definitely, entirelyPost-Class Tasks1. In the following table, words in the first column are appreciative words. Match them with words in the right column that are derogatory.Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured over-the-topgenerous fancifulthrifty arrogantdetermined nosyshrewd self-importantconfident meanfrank cunningenthusiastic abruptinquisitive stubbornimaginative extravagantAnswer:Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured self-importantgenerous extravagantthrifty meandetermined stubbornshrewd cunningconfident arrogantfrank abruptenthusiastic over-the-topinquisitive nosyimaginative fanciful2. Poets tend to be highly affectionate people. Read the following well-known poem by Robert Burns. Discuss the lexical devices that the poet uses to convey his strong emotion. What other methods does he employ for the same purpose?A Red, Red RoseMy love is like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June:My love is like the melodyThat’s sweetly played in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in love am I:And I will love thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:And I will love thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall ru n.And fare thee weel, my only love,And fare thee weel a while!And I will come again, my love,Thou’ it were ten thousand mile.Answer:(1) Exclamation: weel; amplifier: so; exaggerative expression: ten thousand mile(2) Other devices: Repetitions, exaggerations, similes3. The following words or phrases have been claimed to have a negative (‘unpleasant’, or ‘unfavourable’) semantic prosody. For each case, investigate whether this is true.For those cases that do have a negative prosody, identify near-synonyms with a neutral or positive semantic prosody.a. be bent onb. commitc. dealingsd. happene. make off withAnswer:bent on: True. For example: bent on violence, bent on destroying, bent on self-destruction, etc.) happen: True. This word is often used with words such as “accident”, “strange things”. commit: True. This word often collocates with crime, offence, rape, assault, unlawful act.Neutral synonyms: do, perform, carry outmake off with: True.dealings: Not true. This word does not necessarily collocate with negative words. Instead, neutral collocates are often found, such as dealings with customers, exchange dealings, dealings in commodities, dealings between parties, dealings in contract, dealings with business investors, dealings with corporate investors.4．Find out the emphasizing negatives in the following sentences.a. Don’t worry. I am not at all hungry.b. Sorry, but I am not the slightest bit interested in this project.c. There are none at all in this box, as far as I can see.d. I did n’t enjoy it in the least.e. There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.f. You have no excuse whatever.g. I’ll never, never go to there again.5. Read the following sentences and group them according to the type of lexical devices used to express the speaker’s affect.a. I just don’t like it.b. I kind of like him.c. You are absolutely correct.d. They literally tore his arguments to pieces.e. I so wanted to see her.f. They honestly admire her courage.g. I can well understand your feelings.h. I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.i. The incident somewhat influenced his later life.Answer:Emphasiers:I just don’t like it.They literally tore his arguments to pieces.They honestly admire her courage.Amplifiers:You are absolutely correct.I so wanted to see her.I can well understand your feelings.Downtoners:I kind of like him.I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.The incident somewhat influenced his later life.6. Read the following sentences and decide whether the italicized words are emphasiers, amplifiers or downtoners.a. My brother can actually speak six foreign languages. (emphasizer)b. It was a sacrifice indeed. (emphasizer)c. I can perfectly see why you are anxious about it. (amplifiers)d. I simply don’t believe it. (emphasizer)e. I know these animals slightly. (downtoners)f. I entirely agree with you. (amplifiers)g. I am sort of fond of the new teacher. (downtoners)h. That’s a somewhat thicker book. (downtoners)。

大学英语词汇学教程参考答案

大学英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。

有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‗-t‘and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication‘.(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of ―looking‖.5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‗hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‗bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‗Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‗Like a bull in a china shop‘is an idiom, meaning doing something with too muchenthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A ‗bull market‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares inanticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ə](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‗s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‗loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.2.appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive weredeparted becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extendedmeanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast‘ or ‗animal‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit‘.hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water‘.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.–ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be‘mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of‘re-: meaning ‗again‘under-: meaning ‗not enough‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N‖ structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‗line, line, neck, room‘. Hotline means ‗a telephone number that people can call for information‘. Mainline means ‗an important railway line between two cities‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs‘.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘structure. Bookshelf means ‗ashelf for keeping books‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread‘. Mailbox means ‗a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house‘. Wineglass means ‗a glass for drinking wine‘.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill‘.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before theyhave finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people‘.Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed‘.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N-ed‖structure, in whichadjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj‖ structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine‘. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one‘s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric powerand can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality orsituation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/(b)represent(c) 2(d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies‘ cloak room—women‘s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb‘. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‗one who is being trained‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object‘meaning. So ‗standee‘ means ‗one who stands‘.4. In ‗good baby‘, ‗good‘means ‗well-behaved, not causing trouble‘; in ‗good parent‘, ‗good‘means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc.‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology.。

词汇学教材复习题参考答案

词汇学教材复习题参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》重点练习题参考答案P22练习一：写出下列定义所表示的名称1.morpheme2.root3.free form4.bound morpheme5.affix6.prefix7.suffix8.inflectional affix9.derivationpounding练习二：写出下列各组单词中共同的粘着词根，并指出其词源及语义：1.acou- (Greek) 听2.aer- (Greek) 空气3.ag-, ac- (Latin) 做4.agr- (Latin) 土地5.alt- (Latin) 高6.am-, amor- (Latin) 爱7.ample- (Latin) 充足8.ann- (Latin) 年9.anthrop- (Greek) 人类10.aqu- (Latin) 水11.arch- (Greek) 首要12.astr- (Greek) 星13.atmo- (Greek) 气体14.aud- (Latin) 听15.auto- (Greek) 自己16.bar- (Greek) 压力17.bathy- (Greek) 深海的18.biblio- (Greek) 书籍19.bio- (Greek) 生命20.bre- (L) 简短P49练习一：以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词：A. 1. greenbelt 2. greengrocer 3. greenhorn 4, greenroomB. 1. handbad 2. handbook 3. handbrake 4. handrailC. 1. aftercare 2. aftereffect 3. aftertaste 4. afterthoughtD. 1. sleeping bag 2. sleeping car 3. sleeping pill 4. sleeping partnerE. 1. running mate 2. running hand 3. running head 4. running boardF. 1. washbasin 2. washboard 3. washerwoman 4. washclothG. 1. sunburn 2. sunburst 3. sunset 4. sunshineH. 1. breakdown 2. break-in 3. breakthrough 4. breakupI. 1. outbreak 2. outcry 3. outlay 4. outletP52练习三：找出下列句子中的复合形容词：1.farfetched2.newborn3.heart-beat4.built-in5.clothes-washing6.dust-laden7.oncoming8.fair-minded,good-hearted9.self-evident10.grown-upP35练习五：填入适当的后缀形式。

词汇学教程张维友版课后习题答案

词汇学教程张维友版课后习题答案

《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter1】7．tart:loose woman bloke:fellowgat:pistol swell:greatchicken:coward blue:fightsmoky:police full:drunkdame:woman beaver:girl8.haply=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=it seemsto me eke=alsosooth=truth morn=morningtroth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holybillow=wave/the sea bade=bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle diewall skirt husband confrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world.It is made up of most of the languages of Europe,the Near East and India.English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary.A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events,it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another,and to assume among the powers of the earth separateand equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them,a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin.What are left are mostly functional words.This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+Latin]falsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]joss house[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]9.amateur(late)finacé(late)empire(early)peace(E)courage(E)garage(L)judgement(E)chair(E)chaise(L)grace(E)servant(E)routine(L) jealous(E)savaté(L)genre(L) gender(E)début(L)morale(L) state(E)chez(L)ballet(L) 11.allegro,f轻快andante,j行板diminuendo,g渐弱largo,d缓慢pianoforte,a轻转慢alto,i女低音crescendo,b渐强forte,e强piano,h轻soprano,c女高音12.cherub(Hebrew)snorkel(G)coolie(Hindi)tulip(Turk)lasso(Sp)wok(Ch)shampoo(Indian)chocolate(Mex)tepee(Am Ind)jubilee(Gr)。

新编英语词汇学教程课后答案蔡增亮

新编英语词汇学教程课后答案蔡增亮

新编英语词汇学教程课后答案蔡增亮1、John is fond of playing _____ basketball and Jack is keen on playing _____ piano. [单选题] *A．/…the(正确答案)B．the…/C．/…/D．the…the2、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)3、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles4、64．Would you like to drink ________？[单选题] *A．something else(正确答案)B．anything elseC．else somethingD．else anything5、The yellow bag _______ me. [单选题] *A. belong toB. belongs to(正确答案)C. belongD. belongs6、—How do you find（）birthday party of the Blairs? —I should say it was __________ complete failure．[单选题] *A．a; aB. the ; a(正确答案)C．a; /D．the; /7、80．Thousands of ________ from other countries visit the village every year. [单选题] *A．robotsB．postcardsC．tourists(正确答案)D．bridges8、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have9、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t10、38．These workers ___________ this bridge since one year ago. [单选题] * A．buildB．are buildingC．have built (正确答案)D．built11、48．—________ is your new skirt, Lingling?—Black. [单选题] * A．HowB．What colour(正确答案)C．WhichD．Why12、_______ your help, I can’t finish my job. [单选题] *A. withB. without(正确答案)C. inD. into13、_____ the plan carefully,he rejected it. [单选题] *A. To have consideredB.To considerC. Having considered(正确答案)D. Considering14、25．—I ______ Beijing for a holiday.—________. [单选题] * A．will go；GoodbyeB．will go；Have a good time(正确答案)C．will go to；Have a good timeD．am going to；Have a fun15、Ships can carry more goods than _____ means of transport. [单选题] *A. the otherB. anotherC. any other(正确答案)D. any16、It’s one of _______ means of transportation. [单选题] *A. cheapB. convenientC. second-handD. the most convenient(正确答案)17、_______ a busy afternoon! [单选题] *A. HowB. What(正确答案)C. WhichD. Wish18、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom19、I could ______ control my feelings and cried loudly when I heard the bad news. [单选题] *A. hardly(正确答案)B. ?reallyC. clearlyD. nearly20、There ______ a football match and a concert this weekend.（）[单选题] *A. isB. haveC. will be(正确答案)D. will have21、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. （）[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me22、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over23、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser24、--What’s the _______ like today?--Cloudy. [单选题] *A. skyB. airC. landD. weather(正确答案)25、( ) No matter _____ hard it may be, I will carry it out. [单选题] *A whatB whateverC how(正确答案)D however26、4．—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] * A．warmB．kindC．smallD．free(正确答案)27、_____ of the teachers in this district are women teachers. [单选题] *A. Four fifthB. Four fifths(正确答案)C. Fourth fifthsD. Four five28、—It’s too noisy outside. I can’t fall asleep.—I can’t, either. We have to ______ new ways to solve the problem.（）[单选题] *A. come up with(正确答案)B. get on withC. make up withD. catch up with29、_______ hard, _______ you’ll fail in the exam. [单选题] *A. Studying; forB. Study; or(正确答案)C. To study; andD. Study; and30、He has two sisters but I have not _____. [单选题] *A. noneB. someC. onesD. any(正确答案)。

英语词汇学教程第四版课后答案

英语词汇学教程第四版课后答案

英语词汇学教程第四版课后答案1、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)2、47．Yao Ming is tall. That's one of his ________. [单选题] *A．advantageB．advantages(正确答案)C．disadvantageD．disadvantages3、It seems slow for children to become _____ ,while adults often feel time flies. [单选题] *A. growns-upsB. growns-upC. grown upsD. grown-ups(正确答案)4、The young man had decided to give up the chance of studying abroad, _____ surprised his parents a lot. [单选题] *A. whenB. whereC. which(正确答案)D. that5、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure（）that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end6、79．On a ________ day you can see the city from here. [单选题] *A．warmB．busyC．shortD．clear(正确答案)7、I’m so tired after _______ walk. [单选题] *A. three hour’sB. three hours’(正确答案)C. three hoursD. three hour8、93．Welcome ________ our school! [单选题] *A．to(正确答案)B．inC．atD．/9、How beautiful the flowers are! Let’s take some _______. [单选题] *A. photos(正确答案)B. potatoesC. paintingsD. tomatoes10、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *A. at, in, atB. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)11、Many volunteers _______ food and water to the local people in Japan after tsunami(海啸）. [单选题] *A. gave out(正确答案)B. cut outC. put outD. found out12、Mr. Wang is coming to our school. I can’t wait to see _______. [单选题] *A. herB. him(正确答案)C. itD. them13、____ China is ____ old country with ____ long history. [单选题] *A. /, an, a(正确答案)B. The, an, aC. /, an, /D. /, the, a14、5 He wants to answer the ________ because it is an interesting one. [单选题] * A．problemB．question(正确答案)C．doorD．plan15、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which16、I hope to see you again _______. [单选题] *A. long long agoB. long beforeC. before long(正确答案)D. long17、--Jimmy, you are supposed to?_______ your toys now.--Yes, mom. [单选题] *A. put upB. put onC. put away(正确答案)D. put down18、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will19、______ the morning of September 8th, many visitors arrived at the train station for a tour.（）[单选题] *A. FromB. ToC. InD. On(正确答案)20、Will you please say it again? I _______ you. [单选题] *A. didn’t hear(正确答案)B. don’t heardC. didn’t heardD. don’t hear21、At nine yesterday morning, I ______ an English class while they ______ a PE class.（）[单选题] *A. was having; were having(正确答案)B. had; hadC. was having; hadD. had; were having22、There are many_____desks in the room. [单选题] *rge old brown(正确答案)B.old large brownrge brown oldD.brown old large23、In 2019 we moved to Boston,（）my grandparents are living. [单选题] *A. whoB. whenC. where(正确答案)D. for which24、His father always _______ by subway. [单选题] *A. go to workB. go to schoolC. goes to bedD. goes to work(正确答案)25、—Who came to your office today, Ms. Brown?—Sally came in. She hurt ______ in P. E. class. （）[单选题] *A. sheB. herC. hersD. herself(正确答案)26、My sister _______ listen to music when she was doing her homework．[单选题] *A. used to(正确答案)B. use toC. is used toD. uses to27、( ). I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A. interesting interestedB. interested interesting(正确答案)C. interested interestedD. interesting interesting28、She found her wallet（）she lost it. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whenC. in whichD.that29、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. （）[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me30、This seat is vacant and you can take it. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 没人的(正确答案)C. 舒适的D. 前排的。

英语词汇学第四版课后答案

英语词汇学第四版课后答案

英语词汇学第四版课后答案1、———Must I return the book you lent me to you now? ——No, you( ）. You can keep it for another few days. [单选题] *A.can’tB. shouldn'tC. mustn'tD. don, t have to(正确答案)2、1——May I help you? You seem to be having some problems.——_______ , thanks. Ithink I can manage. [单选题] *A. All rightB. No problemC. It’s all right(正确答案)D. There’s no way3、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to4、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big5、How lovely a day,（）? [单选题] *A. doesn't itB. isn't it(正确答案)C.shouldn't itD.hasn't it6、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.（）[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you7、35．Everyone in China ______ Mid-Autumn Day. [单选题] *A．likes(正确答案)B．likeC．is likingD．are like8、The train is coming. Be ______! [单选题] *A. careful(正确答案)B. carefullyC. carelessD. care9、Study hard, ______ you won’t pass the exam. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. butD. if10、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth11、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] *A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take12、Boys and girls, please _______ your favorite book here and show it to us next class. [单选题] *A. bring(正确答案)B. sellC. buyD. take13、When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____? [单选题] *A. do youB. don’t youC. will you(正确答案)D. won’t you14、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.（）[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)15、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself16、The（)majority of the members were against the idea. [单选题] *A. substantialB. enormousC. considerable(正确答案)D. overwhelming17、Amy and her best friend often ______ books together.（）[单选题] *A. read(正确答案)B. readsC. is readingD. to read18、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told19、In winter, animals have a hard time_____anything to eat. [单选题] *A.to findB.finding(正确答案)C.foundD.to finding20、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which21、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.（）[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent22、During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ ameal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. [单选题] *A. shareB. to share(正确答案)C. having sharedD. shared23、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] *A. used toB. is used to(正确答案)C. is usedD. is used for24、Though the _____ drama is wonderful, I guess most audiences will be tired as it is too long. [单选题] *A. four-hour(正确答案)B. four hoursC. four-hoursD. four-hour's25、Although the story is written for children, it can be read by adult, _____. [单选题] *A. alsoB. eitherC. as wellD. too(正确答案)26、67．—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A．hold it onB．try it on(正确答案)C．take it offD．get it off27、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions28、--Jimmy, you are supposed to?_______ your toys now.--Yes, mom. [单选题] *A. put upB. put onC. put away(正确答案)D. put down29、This message is _______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. surprising; surprisingB. surprised; surprisedC. surprising; surprised(正确答案)D. surprised; surprising30、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off。

英语词汇学课后答案张维友编word精品

英语词汇学课后答案张维友编word精品

《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案[Chapter 1】7. tart: loose woma nbloke: fellowgat: pistolswell: great ehieke n: cowardblue: fightsmoky: policefull: drunkdame: woma n beaver: girl8. haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethi nks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth : =truth morn = morni ngtroth = p ledge ere = beforequoth =saidhallowed = holybillow =wave/ the seabade = bid12.【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important Ianguagefamilies in the world. It is made up of most of the Ianguages of Europe, the Near East and In dia. En glish bel ongs to this family and the other members of the In do-Europea n have more or less in flue nee on En glish vocabulary. A kno wledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.In do-Europea n Lan guage Family1 11111Balto-SlavicIn do-Ira nianCelticItalia n : : :Helle nicGerma nic2.Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishWhe n in the course of huma n eve nts it becomes n ecessaryfor one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connectedthem with another, and to assumea mong the powers of the earthseparatea nd equal statio n to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causeswhich impel them to theseparatio n.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Lati n origi n. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the En glish vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek] saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin] 9.amateur (late) finac (late) empire (early) peace (E) courage (E)garage (L) judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L) grace (E) servant (E)routine (L) jealous (E) savat (L) genre (L) gender(E)d (but (L)morale (L)Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian Bulgarian6.Persian Scottish IrishFrench Italian PortugueseSwedish German Norweigian Icelandic Danish Dutchstate (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j行板diminuendo, g渐弱largo, d缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低首crescendo, b渐强forte, e强piano, h轻soprano, c女咼首12.cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp) shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind) kibitz (G) chipmunk (Am Ind) cotton (Arab)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch) chocolate (Mex) jubilee (Gr) Sabbath (Heb) tamale (Mex) voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligator c. rodeo e. igloo g. wigwam i. hurricanek. panchos b. loco d. bonanza f. blitzkrieg h. canoe j. boomerang【Ch apter 31. a. morpheme c. bound morpheme e. affix g. derivati onal affix i. stem 3. in dividualistic in dividualist + ic [stem,base] in dividual + ist [stem, base] in dividu + al [stem, base] in + dividu [root, stem, base]un desirablesun + desirable [stem, base] desir + able [root, stem, base] -free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme - in flect ional affixLaffix + r prefixderivati onal affixsuffixloot (Hindi) b. allomorphd. free morpheme f. informational affix h. root j. base【Ch apter 4】Affixation5. non-smokerdisobey immatureun willi ngn essillogical non-athletic in capablein securityin ability/disabilityillegal disloyalimpractical irrelevant uno fficiallydisagreeme ntinconvenient6. harde n horrify moder nizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelen gthe n inten sify beautifyfatte n sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. len gthe ningd. sympathizede. fatte nf. falsifyg. memorizi ng h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politicia n c. participa ntd. waitresse. con ductorf. teacherg. pia nist h. exam in ee/exam iner8.trans- = across: transcon ti nen tal, tran s-world mono- = one:mono rail, mono culturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, super natural auto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnu triti on mi ni- = little, small: min icrisis, mi ni war pre- = before: prehistorical, preelecti on ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] movie-goer [place + V] far- reachi ng [V + Adv] lion-hearted [adv + a] boyfrie nd [S + compleme nt] snap decisi on [V + O] on-coming [V +adv] light-blue [a + a] brai nwashi ng [V + O] bak ing powder [ V+adv] dog-tired [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a] peace-lo ving [V +0] easy chair [ a + n] tax-free [adv +a] goin gs-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bo un d/homebo undConversion 7. a. stomach [n f v]b. room [n fc. wolf [ n fd. come/go [ve. familiar [af. innocen t [ag. flat [a fh. ah/ ouch [inti. warm [a f n]j.has-bee n/might-havebee n [fin ite vf n]k. Hamlet [proper n f v] l. buy [v f n] m. smooth [a f v]Blendingmotel (motor + hotel) humint (huma n + in tellige nee)advertisetics (advertiseme nt + statistics) psywarrior (psychological warrior) hoverport (hovercraft + port) chunnel (cha nnel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cin emactress Qn ema + actress dorm (dormitory) prefab (prefabricated house) prof (professor) champ (champi on) mike (micropho ne) tec (detective) Acronymy2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer cm = centimeter $ = dollaribid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very importa nt pers onOPEC = Orga ni zati on of Petroleum Export ing Coun triesn eedle work/homework bar-woma n/sportswoma n clear-mi nded/stro ng-mi nded self-c on trol/self-respect water-proof/fire-proof n ews-film/news-letter sister-i n-law/father-i n-law half-way/half-d one age-co nscious/status-c on sciouspraiseworthy/respectworthy n atio n-wide/college-widemilitary-style/newstyle budget-related/politics-related on ce-fashio nable/o nce-powerful mock-attack/mock-sad ness home-baked/home-produced ever-lasti ng/ever-gree ncampus-based/market-basednnmClippingcopter (helicopter) lab (laboratory) gas (gasoli ne) scope (telescope* sarge ^ergea nt) ad (advertiseme nt)TOEFL = teachi ngof En glish as aforeig n Ian guage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-ma nBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator) commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tan talize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyec—Argusc. n arcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage- sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hooveri ng—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Un cle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes— b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves— c foxes—jgeese- k sheep- fwolves—g pigs—l turkeys—d mon keys— e hyenas— h swa ns— i9. a. A scie ntist worki ng in a project to develop in dustrial uses for nu clear power might have all thepositive associationswith “ atomic ” , such as“ ben efit, en ergy ” , etc.b. A Japa nese reside nt of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosi on at the endof World War II, might have all the n egative associati ons with“ atom icsuch as “ sufferi ng, killi ng, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “ atomic ” might be associated with“ myscienee, knowledge ” , etc.10. talkative:articulate:gossip: impl ying a fondn ess for talk ing freque ntly and at len gth neutral) express ing on eself easily and clearly positivein dulgi ng in idle talk or rumours about others (negativerambli ng: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) flue nt: speak ing easily, smoothly, and expressively positive mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)14.[Chapter 6】 Polysemy 4.4. 1) Make both en dsmeat is a parody of make both ends meet which means“ haveeno ugh money for one ' s n eeds ” . Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair ofhomonyms meat and meet to make a pun .It makes a proper an swer tothelady ' s questio(1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make wholesausageswith all meat) becausethey cannot make both ends meet (If they madesausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn eno ugh money to survive.)( 2) Don ' t compla in. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold win ter day, if one has a swallow of wi ne, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanin gs: weap ons; the huma n upper limbs. Si nee a cannonball took off his legs ”，the soldier was not able to fight on, so he laiddining table council tablefood served at the table; meal supplied by the week or monthcouncilors; committee ; directors of a companyhis armS',which means Surrende ”.lt can also mean he laid down limbs. Synonymy3. avaricious:greedycourteously: politely ema ncipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedrema in der: residueinnocent: si nlessobstacle: obstructio nvexatio n: annoyance5. a. ide ntifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surro undingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishme nt j. sile nt k. impressive l. evaporate6. run movespi n turn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficie ntg. fatigued, childre n h. tired, kidsi. decli ned j. refused k. ran cidl. addled m. Pen alties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. sti ngy/ selfish h. simplef. sig nifica nt/se nsible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. s moothj. slipshod/ slove nly/ sloppyk. sleep in ess/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashi oned b. completelydow n his upper5.c. moisturee. esse ntialg. innocenti. loose nk. desertedm. peremptoryo. in differe ntd. special f. similarity h. rigid j. clarity l. fruitful n. depressed 7. a. feed — starve, cold-fever c. haste — leisuree. speech- sile nee g. adm onish — praise h. young — old private — j. mind — bodyl. dan ger — security n.childre n — pare ntsp. head — tail8. right — wrong dry —sweet stro ng — fai nt light —dark high —low/deepb. wisdom — folliesd. penny —pound, wise —foolishf. abse nee- prese neei. wise men —fools k. foul —fair m. deliberate-prompt o. bully —coward Hyponymy3. furn iture: desk, chair, table, bed matter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, mutt ongo: run, fly, walkworkplace cli nic, hospital house, build ing office, law courts garagestudio worksite, factorydress ing gown sin gle — return hard — easy rough — calm cold —public saint — devil4. profession surge on:plumber:lawyer:mecha nic:photographer:forema n:6. In Sentence 1,got, furniture, rece ntly are superord in ates because they are gen eraland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates,conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magn ifice nt build ing, destroyed, yesterdayare superordi nate terms, which are comparatively much more gen eral tha n the n ews says, Royal Hotel, bur nt dow n, last ni ght respectively in 4, which can be described as subord in ates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymouslysemanticfield and Group 2 is semanticfiled. The differenee lies: In 1 the words are synonyms none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse Horse is a cover term or superordi nate, and others are subord in ates. These terms have no differe nee in style or affective mea ning.[Chapter 7】4. 1) exte nsion 2) exte nsion3) n arrowi ng 4) degradation5) elevati on 6) n arrowi ng7) exte nsion 8) exte nsion9) n arrowi ng 10) elevati on11) n arrowi ng 12) degradation13) degradati on 14) degradation5. a. associated tran sferb. abstract to con cretec. abstract to con creted. abstract to con cretee. abstract to con cretef. abstract of con creteg. associated tran sferh. associated tran sferi. syn esthesiaj. syn esthesiab. subjective, objective d. subjective f. subjective h. subjective, objective[Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measureme nt and determ in atio n of one ' s positi onc. predicame ntd. injectio na.a sin gle complete divid ing part (of a rocket) b.the theatre or acting as a professi on c.a particular point or period in a process of developme nt d. to pla n, arrange and carry outa. in tercha nge and discussi on of ideas, esp. for mutual un dersta nding or harmonyb. con versati onc. a writte n conv ersati on (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. expla nati on/ defi niti onc. antonymd. examplee. releva nt detailsf. releva nt detailsg. releva nt details4. a. stop people drinking stop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stones a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policema ng. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat pers onk. un employed mother 7. 6. a. objective c.objective e.subjective g.subjectivec. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visit ingpay ing a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane ' s weddingf. a weap on that can fly over long dista nee and that it explodes whe n itnits thething it aims atan object that is throw n at somebody in order to hurt him[Chapter 9】6. a— 2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f —8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. sta nd out aga instb. approve ofc. get …over withd. look ing intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut dow n …to8. a cool cat= a really calm pers on blow one's stac k lose con trol over on eself fly offthe handle r become excessively angry what's more= furthermore get away with= commit an illegitimate act without pen alty of course r n aturally get on= get old pepper and sal= grey (hair) make up for= compe nsate forlost time= time wastedtake it easy= relax, not worryget up= rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of= man age or look after like a breeze= without effort or easily time off = time for rest get it made= be successful this is it= be in a positi on or place, or have possessi on of an object bey ond which more of the same is unn ecessary Sam is really a calm pers on. He n ever loses con trol of himself and hardly ever becomes too an gry. Furthermore, he knows how to man age his bus in ess finan cially by using a few tricks •…Needless to say, hgetting older.His hair is begi nning to tur n grey, but he knows how to compe nsate for wasted time by relax ing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He man ages his fran kfurter dispe nsary without visible effort, un til it is some one else's tur nto work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard say ing: Toomany cooks, better let me”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discer ning his fin ger still very large inevery pie ——so much so that there ofte n seemed less pie tha n fin ger. havea fin ger in the pied. I'm thinking of putting up a Silenee is golden" placard in his office. Nobody canhear themselves thi nk.Speech is silver, sile nee is golde ne. They four had one like ness: their appeara nee and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them exte nsively n evertheless, together with other equally suspectevide nee, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather waifsand strays top and tailrules and regulatio nsrags and tatters pick andshovel over and aboveoff and on wheeli ng and deali ng town and gow n time after time rise and fall puff and blow peace and quiet one and only n eck and n eckshoulder to shoulder milk and water 11. a.好奇伤身。

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)

《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案Chapter 17. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.a. tart: loose womanb. bloke: fellowc. gat: pistold. swell: greate. chicken: cowardf. blue: fightg. smoky: policeh. full: drunki. dame: womanj. beaver: girl8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words.haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to meeke = alsosooth = truthmorn = morningtroth = pledgeere = beforequoth = saidhallowed = holybillow = wave / the seabade = bid12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans.Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husbandAliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenuTranslation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no seeSemantic loans: dreamChapter 21. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6. Here is a text chosen from the Declaration of Independence.“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. What insight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. Tell the different elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English]falsehood [ Latin + English]saxophone [German + Greek]joss house [ Portuguese + English]hydroplane [Greek + Latin]pacifist [Latin + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]television [Greek + Latin]9. Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being early borrowings and the other late ones.amateur (late)finacé (late)empire (early)peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L)grace (E)servant (E)routine (L)jealous (E)savaté (L)genre (L)gender (E)début (L)morale (L)state (E)chez (L)ballet (L)11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitons.allegro, f. in fast tempo轻快andante, j. in moderate tempo行板diminuendo, g. decreasing in volume渐弱largo, d. in a slow stately manner缓慢pianoforte, a. soft and loud轻转强alto, i. lowest singing boice for woman女低音crescendo, b. increasing in volume渐强forte, e. loud强piano, h. soft轻soprano, c. highest singing voice for women女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which eachhas been borrowed.cherub (Hebrew)coolie (Hindi)lasso (Sp)shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind)kibitz (G)chipmunk (Am Ind)cotton (Arab)loot (Hindi)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch)chocolate (Mex)jubilee (Gr)Sabbath (Heb)tamale (Mex)voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill in each space.a. A crocodile much resembles an _____ in appearance.b. “To give up a young lady like that,” said Andy. “A man would have to be plumb _____.c. There was a big increase this summer in the number of competitors in calf roping at the annual _____ held in Three Forks.d. This duke ranch we have developed has done well so far, but it promises next year to be a real _____ , enough to make us all rich.e. Some Eskimos build a winter shelter from snow called an _____.f. The Germans perfected a type of motorized attack in the Second World War that they called a _____.g. The Algonquin Indian in eastern and central North America lived in a domed shelter they called a _____.h. Columbus in 1493 used a Carib Indian word _____ to describe the small boats the native used.i. In the West Indies the local name fro a violent tropical cyclone is a _____.j. The Australian aborigines use a throwing stick that they call a _____.k. “Look like rain, boy,” sang out Luke. “Better get out your _____.”a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwamh. canoei. hurricanej. boomerang k. panchosChapter 31. Write the term in the blanks accoding to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a moepheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h. what ratains of a word after the removal of all affies ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( )j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]4. Organize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships. affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffixmorpheme – free morpheme = free root-- bound morpheme – bound root-- affix – inflectional affix-- derivational affix – prefix-- suffixChapter 4Affixation5. Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic incapable insecurity inability/disability illegal disloyal unofficially disagreement inconvenient impractical irrelevant6. Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs with –en, -ify, -ize and then choose them to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize modernize apologize sterilize beautifya. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizingh. Sterilize7. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer to a person.a. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its _____.b. A _____ is someone whose job is politics.c. The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.d. A woman who works as a _____ does the same job as a waiter.e. The person who conducts an orchestra or choir is called the _____.f. Your _____ is the person who teaches you.g. A _____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.h. If someone examnines you, you are the _____ and he or she is the _____.a. employeeb. politicianc. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianisth. examinee/examiner8. Match Colume A with Colume B and give two examples for each.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldtrans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding2. Analyse the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.heartbeat [S + V]movie-goer [place + V]far- reaching [V + Adv]lion-hearted [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement]snap decision [V + O]on-coming [V +adv]brainwashing [V + O]baking powder [ V +adv]dog-tired [adv + a]love-sick [adv + a]peace-loving [V +O]easy chair [ a + n]tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a]goings-on [V +adv]4. Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.well-bred / well-behaved, needle work / homework, bar-woman / sportswoman, clear-minded / strong-minded, self-control / self-respect, water-proof / fire-proof, news-film / news-letter, sister-in-law / father-in-law, half-way / half-done, age-conscious / status-conscious, culture-bound / homebound, praiseworthy / respectworthy, nation-wide / college-wide, military-style / newstyle, budget-related / politics-related, once-fashionable / once-powerful, mock-attack / mock-sadness, home-baked / home-produced, ever-lasting / ever-green, campus-based / market-basedConversion7. Pick out the words which you think are converted in the following sentences and tellhow they are converted.a. We can’t stomach such an insult.b. Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.c. he wolfed down his lunchd. There is no come and go with her.e. I’m one of his familiars.f. Poor innocents!g. She flatted her last note.h. The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.i. Come to the fire and have a warm.j. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or a might-have-been?k. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it.l. These shoes were an excellent buy.m. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple.a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n] k. Hamlet [prope r n → v]l. buy [v → n] m. smooth [a → v]BlendingAnalyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 谍报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真录音设备cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影女演员ClippingRestore the full forms of the following words and see how these clipped words are formed.copter (helicopter)ab (laboratory)gas (gasoline)scope (telescope)sarge (sergeant)ad (advertisement)dorm (dormitory)prefab (prefabricated house)prof (professor)champ (champion)mike (microphone)tec (detective)Acronymy2. What do the short forms stand for?kg = kilogramcm = centimeteribid = ibidemft = foot$ = dollaretc. = et ceteracf = conferVIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3. Choose a word from the list to fill in each of the blanks.a. There was a wide coverage of the _____ talks in the press.b. There are enemy aircraft on the _____ screen.c. _____ is still an incurable disease.d. If one knows _____ language, one will find it easy to learn how to use computers.e. _____ has long been applied to surgery in medicine.f. _____ is an international agency of the United Nations which is concerned with improving health standards and services throughout the world.g. Passive _____ listens for noises emanating from a submarine.h. The person who works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation is called a _____.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-man Backformation2. Give the original words from which the following words are back-formed.lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper NamesStudy the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain the meanings in relation to their origins.a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle TomChapter 56. Match the words in Colume A with those in Colume B.A Bapes—bcattle—mdoves—cgeese—kwolves—gpigs—lturkeys—dbirds—acricket—nfoxes—jsheep—fmonkeys—ehyenas—hswans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage / promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]cow [– HUMAN – MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]calf [– HUMAN + MALE - ADULT + BOVINE]rooster [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]hen [– HUMAN – MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]– HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+ MALE – MALE + ADULTChapter 6Polysemyboarda piece of timbertabledining table council tablefood served at the table; councilors; committee;meal supplied by the week or month directors of a companyHomonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. Ona cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he“laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiableb. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestigeh. perspirei. accomplishmentj. silentk. impressivel. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. steadb. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kidsi. declinedj. refusedk. rancidl. addledm. Penaltiesn. fineso. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar / sameb. safec. sharp / smartd. sende. stingy / selfishf. significant / sensibleg. skeptical / suspicioush. simplei. surej. slipshod / slovenly / sloppy k. sleepiness / sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob / scowl6. a. old-fashionedb. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocenth. rigidi. loosenj. clarityk. desertedl. fruitfulm. peremptoryn. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-feverb. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praiseh. young—oldi. wise men—fools saint—devil j. mind—bodyk. foul—fairl. danger—securitym. deliberate--promptn. children—parentso. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrongdry—sweetstrong—faintlight—darkhigh—low / deep private—publicsingle—returnhard—easyrough—calmcold—warm3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.BEDROOMrug, sleepers, carpet, bed wardrob dressing tablemattress dressing gown mirrorpillows pyjamas combsheets clothes hairbrushblanket6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.Chapter 74. 1) extension2) extension3) narrowing4) degradation5) elevation6) narrowing7) extension8) extension9) narrowing10) elevation11) narrowing12) degradation13) degradation14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. ab s tract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objectiveb. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjectiveh. subjective, objective7. a. dieb. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupilh. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat personk. unemployed mother。

英语专业词汇学课本及标准答案

英语专业词汇学课本及标准答案

英语专业词汇学课本及标准答案Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical, cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易；推动) the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing, as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word-building material available in English to create new words. But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分) —word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes(语素；词素), their classification(分类) and identification(辨别), the relationship between morphemes and word-formation(构词法).3.1 MorphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules(句法规则). Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example. This is one word, but can be broken down into de-, con-, text, -a/ , -iz(e), -ation , each having meaning of its own. These segments (部分) cannot be furtherdivided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. Though -ation has a number of variants (变体) such as -tion, -sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function and occur owing to (因为；根据) different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes (morphe is the Greek word for 'form'; -eme as in 'phoneme' (⾳素) means 'class of' ). In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as 'the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words' (Crystal 1985). Syntactically(从句法上看), however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis (语法分析). For instance, each of the word-forms studies, studying, studied, consists of the morpheme study + ; the forms -es in studies, -ing in studying, -ed in studied are morphemes, which express grammatical concepts (语法概念) instead of deriving new words (See Classifying Morphemes).3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs(词素变体)Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units (具体单位) known as morphs(形素). 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning' (Bolinger and Sears 1981:43). In other words the phonetic or orthographic strings(语⾳串或拼写字串)or segments (切分成分；节) which realize morphemes are termed 'morphs' (Bauer 1983:15). The morpheme isto the morph what a phoneme (⾳位) is to a phone (⾳素). Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green , sad, want, desire, etc. . These morphemes coincide (巧合) with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a set of morphs in different sound context, e. g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. The alternates (作为替换的事物) /s/, /z/ and /iz/ are three different morphs. The same is true of the link verb morpheme {be}. Its past tense is realized by two distinct orthographic forms was , were, each of which happens to be a word-form, realizing {preterit} and {singular}, and {preterit} and {plural} respectively and each has its own phonetic form /woz/ or /w?:/. Therefore, both was, were and their phonetic forms /woz/ and /w?: / are morphs (See discussion i n Bauer, p15).An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. Just as we class phones(⾳素) together as allophones (⾳位变体) of a single phoneme(⾳位), so we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. Take the plural morpheme {-s} again. Phonetically, it is realized by /s/, /z/, /iz/, all of which are allomorphs. In English, many morphemes canThen what is the difference between morphs and allomorphs? The relationship can be illustrated by the diagram below. Morpheme{would}morph morph morph morph →allomorph/wud/ /w?d/ /?d/ /d/3.3 Classifying MorphemesMorphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound,derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping(重叠). For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.1. Free versus Bound Morphemes(⾃由词素与粘着词素)This is the easiest and most preferred classification in morphological studies, discussed in Hatch and Brown (1995), Crystal (1985), Fromkin and Rodman (1983), Bauer (1983), Bolinger and Sears (1981) and Matthews (2000). Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with(与……完全相同) words, for example, man, earth, wind, car and anger.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particulargrammatical function.Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words (派⽣词). Let us take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes: recollection (re- collect-ion) , idealistic (ideal-ist-ic) , ex-prisoner (ex- prison -er). Of the nine morphemes, collect, ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes. All the rest re-, -ion , -ist, -ic, ex-and -er are bound as none of them are freestanding units.Free morphemes are all roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words like collect, ideal, prison , whereas bound morphemes consist of either roots or affixes, most of which can be used to create new words like -dict- , -ced- (接近；去), re-, -ion, -ist, -ic and ex-(前). But there are a few affixes which can only indicate such grammatical concepts as tense, aspect, number and case, for example, the -ing in watching, -er in easier, -s in books, and -ed in worked.The English language possesses a multitude of (⼤量的) words made up of merely bound morphemes, e. g. antecedent, which can be broken down into ante-, -ced- and -ent. Among them, -ced- is a root meaning 'approach, go to', ante-, a prefix meaning 'before' and -ent, a noun suffix meaning 'a person, a thing', thus the whole word antecedent meaning 'something that goes before'(前例；前事；先⾏词；祖先). These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root (See Root, Stem, Base) and affix.2. Derivational versus Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes (派⽣词素) because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.In English, derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. For example, a + mor + ai, clear + ance, Life + Like and homo + gen + eous are results of such morphological processes.Inflectional morphemes(屈折词素), in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, fridges, desks, radios and potatoes; the same forms can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular such as likes, works and goes; the form -'s is used to denote the possessive case of nouns such as the children ' s library, the man ' s role and the mother-in-law' s complaints; the suffixes -er, -est are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees like happier—happiest,。

最新英语词汇学教程答案

最新英语词汇学教程答案
与此同时，上海市工商行政管理局也对大学生创业采取了政策倾斜：凡高校毕业生从事个体经营的，自批准经营日起，１年内免交登记注册费、个体户管理费、集贸市场管理费、经济合同鉴证费、经济合同示范文本工本费等，但此项优惠不适用于建筑、娱乐和广告等行业。
营销环境信息收集索引
300-400元1632%
2、价格“适中化”
注意，下面答案中的第2题对应于书上第4题的答案，第3题对应于书上第6题的答案，第5题对应于书上第2题的答案，第6题对应于书上第3题的答案，第10题对应于书上第11题的答案，第11题对应于书上第12题的答案，下面第4题可以不看。
Chapter 2
下面答案中的第5题对应于书上第6题的答案，第9题对应于书上第11题的答案
8、你是如何得志DIY手工艺制品的？
可见“体验化消费”广受大学生的欢迎、喜欢，这是我们创业项目是否成功的关键，必须引起足够的注意。
4、宏观营销环境分析
ｂｅａｄｏｒｋｓ公司成功地创造了这样一种气氛：商店和顾客不再是单纯的买卖关系，营业员只是起着参谋的作用，顾客成为商品或者说是作品的作参与者，营业员和顾客互相交流切磋，成为一个共同的创作体
Chapter 3
Chapter 6 sense relations
Chapter 7 changes in word meaning
Chapter 8 Meaningand Context
Chapter 9 English Idioms
Chapter 10 english dictionaries
服饰□学习用品□பைடு நூலகம்品□休闲娱乐□小饰品□
2003年，上海市人均GDP按户籍人口计算就达到46700元，是1995年的2.5倍；居民家庭人均月可支配收入为14867元，是1995年的2.1倍。收入不断增加的同时，居民的消费支出也在增加。2003年上海居民人均消费支出为11040元，其中服务性消费支出为3369元，是1995年的3.6倍。

英语词汇学教程答案夏洋

英语词汇学教程答案夏洋

英语词汇学教程答案夏洋1、Every year Carl _______ most of his time swimming, camping and traveling with his parents. [单选题] *A. is spendingB. spentC. will spendD. spends(正确答案)2、--What are the young people doing there？--They are discussing how to _______?the pollution in the river. [单选题] *A. come up withB. talk withC. deal with(正确答案)D. get on with3、The teachers don't make us wear a school uniform and we can wear _____ we like. [单选题] *A. anyB. thatC. asD. what(正确答案)4、You should _______ your card. [单选题] *A. drawB. depositC. investD. insert(正确答案)5、The street was named _____ George Washington who led the American war for independence. [单选题] *A. fromB. withC. asD. after(正确答案)6、We are very hungry now. Can you _______ us something to eat? [单选题] *A. carryB. takeC. borrowD. bring(正确答案)7、5．Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A．forB．as (正确答案)C．withD．about8、52．I'm happy to ________ a birthday card from an old friend. [单选题] * A．buyB．makeC．loseD．receive(正确答案)9、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] * A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in10、I paint a lot of pictures. [单选题] *A. 评论B. 注意C. 悬挂D. 画(正确答案)11、--_______ are the birds doing?--They are singing in a tree. [单选题] *A. WhoB. What(正确答案)C. HowD. Where12、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever13、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that14、The little girl held _____ in her hand. [单选题] *A. five breadsB. five piece of breadsC. five piece of breadD. five pieces of bread(正确答案)15、Can I _______ your order now? [单选题] *A. makeB. likeC. giveD. take(正确答案)16、24．Kitty’s father ______ a policeman since 2 He loves helping people. [单选题] * A．isB．wasC．has been (正确答案)D．have been17、She is a girl, _______ name is Lily. [单选题] *A. whose(正确答案)B. whoC. whichD. that18、Chinese is one of ____ most widely used languages in ____ world. [单选题] *A. a, theB. /, theC. the, the(正确答案)D. a, /19、I like dancing, ______ I can join the Dancing Club.（）[单选题] *A. becauseB. so(正确答案)C. andD. but20、38．These workers ___________ this bridge since one year ago. [单选题] * A．buildB．are buildingC．have built (正确答案)D．built21、You can buy some pieces of bread from "_______". [单选题] *A. Bakery(正确答案)B. Travel AgencyC. LaundryD. Ticket Office22、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best. [单选题] *A. fruitB. vegetable(正确答案)C. drinkD. meat23、( ) What she is worried __ is ____ her daughter is always addicted to chatting online./; that [单选题] *A /; thatB of thatC about that(正确答案)D about what24、_____how to do with the trouble of the computer, Tom had to ask his brother for help. [单选题] *A.Not to knowB.Not knowing(正确答案)C.Not knownD.Not know25、In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you___ take care of your luggage. [单选题] *A. canB. mayC. must(正确答案)D. will26、Mary _____ be in Paris. I saw her just now on campus. [单选题] *A. mustn'tB. can't(正确答案)C. need notD. may not27、( ) --------Please take my seat here.-------- __________________________. [单选题]*A. That is nice of you(正确答案)B. I think it is my seatC. No, you sit hereD. I don’t think it’s a good seat.28、We need two ______ and two bags of ______ for the banana milk shake.（）[单选题]*A. banana; yogurtB. banana; yogurtsC. bananas; yogurt(正确答案)D. bananas; yogurts29、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest30、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than。

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《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。

有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet,they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning anduses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuseson the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note thatthe three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language,and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10o’clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronouncedas [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”．(2)They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‘telephone communication’．(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception.Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”．5. (a) ‘blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used inschools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ;‘blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily beblack i n colour (the primary stress in on black); ‘greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‘White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primarystress in on black). 0(b) black ‘board: any board whi ch is black in colour (both wordsreceive primary stress); black ‘bird: any bird which is black in colour(both words receive primary stress); grey ‘hound: any hound that isgrey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‘white ‘house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of lettersbounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed classwords.7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine anima l.(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’ is an idiom, meaning ‘(havingthe courage to) deal with someone or something directly.(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’ is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A ‘bull market’ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glassThey can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants,for example, sing as against sang, sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme,for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morphemein English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ?](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‘s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal,carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3)beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotationof disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying theconnotation of light-heartedness.7. { -?m; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as‘kennings’, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions ofteninvolving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized bythe introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 differentlexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language toan analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by theloss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns.And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence ofother varieties known as ‘New Englishes’．2. appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive were departed becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4. train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to awide range of extended meanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‘beast’ or ‘animal’ to ‘a particular kind of animal’knight: meaning ameliorated from ‘boy, manservant’ to ‘a man in the UK who has been given an honor of kn ighthood’meat: meaning narrowed down from ‘food’ to ‘the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit’.hose: meaning extended from ‘leg covering’ to ‘a long tube for carrying water’.5. sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.American English British EnglishFall Autumncandy sweetcorn Maizesemester termapartment flatDresser Dressing tableStreet car Tram carChapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3. –ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like’de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’-ify: meaning ‘make, become’-dom: means ‘the state of ’il-(im-/in-): meaning ‘the opposite of, not’-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly’-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’　pre-: meaning ‘prior to’-ment: meaning ‘the action of’re-: meaning ‘again’under-: meaning ‘not enough’-al: m eaning ‘the process or state of’4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N”　structure, in which adjectives are used to modify nouns ‘line, line,neck, room’. Hotline means ‘a telephone number that people can callfor information’. Mainline means ‘an important railway line betweentwo cities’. Redneck means ‘a person from the southern US’. Darkroom means ‘a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs’.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’　structure. Bookshelf means ‘a shelf for keeping books’. Breadbasket means ‘a container for serving bread’. Mailbox means ‘a box forputting letters in when they delivered to a house’. Wineglass means ‘a glass for drinking wine’.。

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