Lung Cancer --Causes, Symptoms, Types
托福阅读材料之女人生病的20个征兆Ⅰ
托福阅读材料之女人生病的20个征兆Ⅰ女人容易忽视的20个癌症征兆女人做了母亲，一生操劳，而且女人的一些病不容易被发现，因此需要女性定期去做一些检查和筛查。
本文强调了容易被女性所忽视的20个癌症征兆，希望引起女性对自身健康的重视！1. Wheezing or shortness of breath喘或气短One of the first signs lung cancer patients remember noticing when they look back is the inability to catch their breath. "I couldn't even walk across the yard without wheezing. I thought I had asthma, but how come I didn't have it before?" is how one woman described it.2. Chronic cough or chest pain慢性咳嗽或胸痛Several types of cancer, including leukemia and lung tumors, can cause symptoms that mimic a bad cough or bronchitis. One way to tell the difference: The problems persist, or go away and come back again in a repeating cycle. Some lung cancer patients report chest pain that extends up into the shoulder or down the arm.3. Frequent fevers or infections经常发烧或感染These can be signs of leukemia, a cancer of the blood cells that starts in the bone marrow. Leukemia causes the marrow to produce abnormal white blood cells, which crowd out healthy white cells, sapping the body's infection-fighting capabilities. Often, doctors finally catch leukemia in older adults after the patient has been in a number of times complaining of fever, achiness, and flu-like symptoms over an extended period of time.4. Difficulty swallowing吞咽困难Most commonly associated with esophageal or throat cancer, having trouble swallowing is sometimes one of the first signs of lung cancer, too.5 Swollen lymph nodes or lumps on the neck, underarm, or groin颈部、腋下或腹股沟淋巴结肿大或有肿块Enlarged lymph nodes indicate changes in the lymphatic system, which can be a sign of cancer. For example, a lump or an enlarged lymph node under the arm is sometimes a sign of breast cancer. A painless lump on the neck, underarm, or groin can be an early sign of leukemia.6. Excessive bruising or bleeding that doesn't stop瘀伤过多或出血不止This symptom usually suggests something abnormal happening with the platelets and red blood cells, which can be a sign of leukemia. One woman with leukemia described bruising in strange places, such as on her fingers and hands, as well as red spots on her face, neck, and chest. Another noticed bleeding gums. The explanation: Over time, leukemia cells crowd out red blood cells and platelets, impairing the blood's ability to carry oxygen and clot.7. Weakness or fatigue虚弱或疲劳"I kept having to sit down at work, and one night I was too tired to drive home," said one woman in describing the fatigue that led her to discover she had leukemia. Generalized fatigue and weakness is a symptom of so many different kinds of cancer that you'll need to look at it in combination with other symptoms. But any time you feel exhausted without explanation and it doesn't respond to getting more sleep, talk to your doctor.8. Bloating or abdominal weight gain -- the "my jeans don't fit" syndrome腹胀或腹部变大While this might sound too common a phenomenon to be considered a cancer symptom, consider this: Women diagnosed with ovarian cancer overwhelmingly report that unexplained abdominal bloating that came on fairly suddenly and continued on and off over a long period of time (as opposed to for a few days each month with PMS) is one of the main ways they knew something was wrong.9. Feeling full or unable to eat觉得饱或者不能进食This is another tip-off to ovarian cancer; women say they have no appetite and can't eat, even when they haven't eaten for some time. Any woman who experiences noticeable bloating or weight gain numerous times (the diagnostic criteria is more than 13 times over the period of a month) -- especially if it's accompanied by pelvic pain or feeling overly full -- should call her doctor and ask for a pelvic ultrasound.10. Pelvic or abdominal pain盆腔或腹部疼痛Taken by itself, pelvic pain can mean a lot of things. In fact, because it's a common symptom of fibroids, ovarian cysts, and other reproductive tract disorders, doctors don't always think of cancer when you describe pelvic pain. Make sure your doctor looks at all possible explanations and does a full exam, since pain and cramping in the pelvis and abdomen can go hand in handwith the bloating that often signals ovarian cancer. Leukemia can also cause abdominal pain resulting from an enlarged spleen.。
肺癌相关英文词汇
肺癌相关英文词汇小结Chapter 64 Lung Can cer肺癌1. L ung can cer/L ung careino mas 肺癌12.malig nan t tran sformatio n恶性转化2. solid tumor originating from bronchial epithelial cells来源于支气管内皮细胞的实体肿瘤3. N on small cell lu ng can cer (NSCLC) 非小细胞肺癌4. small cell lu ng can cer (SCLC)小细胞肺癌13.overexpression of c-KIT in SCLC 小细胞肺癌细胞c-KIT过表达14. epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NSCLC非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体15. affect disease prog no sis影响疾病预后5. n atural histories自然病程6. resp on ses to therapy治疗有效7. L ung carci no mas arise from n ormal bron chial epithelial cells that have acquired multiple genetic lesions and are capable of express ing a variety of phe no types 肺癌来源于支气管上皮细胞，这些细胞在后天产生了多种基因缺陷，并且表现出多种表型。
8. Activati on of proto on coge nes原癌基因激活9.i nhibiti on or mutati on of tumor suppressor genes抑癌基因抑制或突变10. product ion of autocri ne growth factors 自分泌产生生长因子11. cellular proliferati on 细胞增殖16. Cigarette smoking is responsible for 〜80% of lung cancer cases80%的肺癌是由于吸烟导致的17. exposure to respiratory carci nogens 暴露于呼吸道致癌物18. asbestos石棉19. Be nzene本20. genetic risk factors基因风险因素21. history of other lung diseases其他肺部疾病病史22. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]24. The major cell types are SCLC (〜15%慢性阻塞性肺病23. asthma哮喘of all lung can cers）, ade no carci noma （〜50%）, squamous cell carcinoma （＜30%）, and large cell carci no ma.肺癌主要的类型包括小细胞肺癌（15%）, 腺癌（50%）,鳞癌（＜30%）及大细胞肺癌。
肺癌护理英语讲课稿范文
肺癌护理英语讲课稿范文Lung Cancer Nursing Care GuidelinesIntroduction:Good afternoon, everyone. Today, we will be discussing lung cancer nursing care guidelines. Lung cancer is a prevalent and dangerous disease that requires comprehensive care and management. As nurses, it is our responsibility to provide the best care for our patients and support them through their journey with lung cancer. This presentation will cover the key aspects of lung cancer nursing care, including patient education, symptom management, psychosocial support, and end-of-life care. Let's begin.I. Patient Education:1. Importance of early diagnosis:It is crucial to educate patients about the importance of early diagnosis for better treatment outcomes. Emphasize the significance of regular check-ups and diagnostic screenings, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and sputum analysis, especially for individuals who have a history of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.2. Treatment options and side effects:Provide detailed information about the different treatment options available, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy,targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Discuss the potential side effects associated with each treatment and explain how they can be managed.3. Smoking cessation:Strongly advocate for smoking cessation to all patients, regardless of whether they are current or former smokers. Explain the benefits of quitting smoking, such as improving treatment responses and overall survival rates. Offer resources and support, such as smoking cessation programs or nicotine replacement therapies.II. Symptom Management:1. Pain management:Lung cancer can cause various types of pain, including chest pain, bone pain, or neuropathic pain. Collaborate with the multidisciplinary team to develop an individualized pain management plan. Administer analgesics according to the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder and monitor the patient's pain levels regularly.2. Dyspnea management:Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, is a common symptom in lung cancer patients. Teach breathing techniques, such as pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing, to help alleviate dyspnea. Encourage physical activity and exercise programs tailored to the patient's abilities to improve lung function and reducebreathlessness.3. Nausea and vomiting:Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause nausea and vomiting in lung cancer patients. Administer antiemetics as prescribed and encourage patients to eat small, frequent meals that are easily digestible. Provide information about recommended dietary modifications to minimize nausea and vomiting, such as avoiding fatty or spicy foods.4. Fatigue management:Cancer-related fatigue is a significant issue for lung cancer patients. Educate patients on energy-saving strategies, such as pacing activities, prioritizing rest, and delegating tasks to conserve energy. Teach relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises and guided imagery, to help manage fatigue.III. Psychosocial Support:1. Emotional support:Lung cancer diagnosis can induce a range of emotions, including anxiety, fear, and sadness. Create a safe and supportive environment for patients to express their feelings and concerns. Offer counseling services or refer patients to support groups where they can connect with others facing similar challenges.2. Caregiver support:Recognize the role of caregivers in supporting lung cancer patients and provide them with information and resources. Educate caregivers about the disease progression, treatment plans, and potential side effects to help them better assist the patient. Offer respite care options to allow caregivers time for self-care and relaxation.3. Palliative care and hospice:Discuss palliative care and hospice options with patients and their families, ensuring they understand the benefits and limitations of these services. Collaborate with the palliative care team to enhance pain and symptom management and provide emotional support during end-of-life care.IV. End-of-Life Care:1. Advance care planning:Initiate end-of-life discussions early to ensure patients' wishes regarding resuscitation status, medical interventions, and funeral arrangements are documented. Encourage patients to designate a healthcare proxy and complete advance directives, such as living wills or Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders.2. Comfort measures:Focus on providing comfort and alleviating distressing symptoms during the end-of-life stage. Monitor and manage pain, dyspnea,anxiety, and other distressing symptoms using pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Collaborate with the palliative care team and involve other healthcare professionals, such as spiritual counselors or psychologists, as needed.3. Bereavement support:Offer bereavement support to the family members after the patient's death. Provide information about grief support groups or counseling services to help them navigate their bereavement process. Follow-up with the family periodically to assess their coping strategies and provide ongoing support if necessary.Conclusion:In conclusion, effective lung cancer nursing care requires a holistic approach that encompasses patient education, symptom management, psychosocial support, and end-of-life care. By implementing these guidelines, we can enhance the care we provide to lung cancer patients and support them throughout their cancer journey. Thank you for your attention, and I hope this presentation has been informative and helpful to you in your nursing practice.。
肺癌的外科治疗英文
NSCLC: Treatment
Surgery
Mediastinoscopy Video-assisted Thoracoscopy (VAT) Thoracotomy: Lobectomy. Pneumonectomy
Radiation
External Beam Brachytherapy
(NSCLC)
75% - 80% of all Lung Cancers Better survival in early stages
NSCLC: Histologic Cell Types
Adenocarcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Large Cell Carcinoma
Americans than white Americans
Lung Cancer in Women
Increased incidence (79,000 new cases yearly) Account for more than half of new cases Deaths increased 50% since 1980 (66,000) More deaths from lung cancer than breast,
Esophageal compression dysphagia Laryngeal nerve paralysis hoarseness Symptomatic nerve paralysis Horner’s syndrome Cervical/thoracic nerve invasion Pancoast syndrome Lymphatic obstruction pleural effusion Vascular obstruction SVC syndrome Pericardial/cardiac extension effusion,tamponade
关于生病、疾病症状的英语表达集锦(英汉对照)
关于生病、疾病症状的英语表达集锦（英汉对照）关于生病、疾病症状的英语表达（英汉对照）头痛headache 感冒cold白内障cataract 狂犬病rabies 中风stroke脑膜炎brain fever/meningitis 肝癌liver cancer胃癌cancer of stomach阑尾炎appendicitis 胃病stomach trouble胃肠炎gastroenteritis 心脏病heart diseaseSyndrome) 疯牛病mad cow diseaseHe is under the weather. ( 他不舒服白血病leukemia爱滋病AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 流感influenza He feels light-headed. ( 他觉得头晕。
)She has been shut-in for a few days. ( 她咳嗽cough 冠心病coronary heart disease肺炎pneumonia 糖尿病diabetes肝炎hepatitis 肺癌lung cancer膀胱炎cystitis 肺结核pulmonarytuberculosis急性胃炎acute gastritis 肝硬化hepatocirrhosis胃炎gastritis 慢性病chronic气管炎trachitis 肺气肿emphysema乳腺炎mastitis 发烧fever肿瘤tumor 生病常用英文癌症cancer禽流感bird flu/avian influenza(1)一般病情:He feels headache, nausea and vomiting.(他觉得头痛、恶心和想吐。
)非典SARS(Severe Acute Respiratary黑死病black death He began to feel unusually tired. (他感到支气管炎bronchitis了。
肺癌t2英语解释
肺癌t2英语解释Lung cancer is a deadly disease that affects millions of people worldwide. T2 lung cancer, in particular, is a stage of the disease that requires careful consideration and understanding. In this essay, we will delve into the English explanation of T2 lung cancer, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.Lung cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the lungs. It is a complex and challenging disease that can be difficult to detect in its early stages. T2 lung cancer is a specific stage of the disease that is characterized by the size and spread of the tumor. In this stage, the tumor is larger than 3 centimeters in diameter and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes or other structures in the chest.The primary cause of lung cancer, including T2 lung cancer, is exposure to carcinogens, such as cigarette smoke. Smoking is the leading risk factor for lung cancer, and individuals who smoke are up to 25 times more likely to develop the disease than non-smokers. Additionally, exposure to other environmental factors, such as radon, asbestos, and air pollution, can also increase the risk of lung cancer.Symptoms of T2 lung cancer can vary depending on the location andsize of the tumor. Common symptoms include persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. In some cases, the tumor may not cause any noticeable symptoms until it has progressed to a more advanced stage.Diagnosis of T2 lung cancer typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or PET scans, and tissue samples obtained through a biopsy. These tests help determine the size and location of the tumor and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs.Once T2 lung cancer has been diagnosed, the treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the overall health of the patient, the location and size of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Common treatment options for T2 lung cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.Surgery is often the primary treatment option for T2 lung cancer, particularly if the tumor is located in a single, discrete area and has not spread to other parts of the body. The goal of surgery is to remove the entire tumor, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it, to ensure that all cancerous cells have been removed.Radiation therapy is another common treatment option for T2 lung cancer. This treatment uses high-energy radiation to target anddestroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used as the primary treatment for T2 lung cancer, or it may be used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery.Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. In the case of T2 lung cancer, chemotherapy may be used in combination with other treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery, to improve the chances of successful treatment.In addition to these traditional treatment options, there have been significant advancements in the field of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer. Targeted therapies are drugs that target specific genetic mutations or proteins that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Immunotherapy, on the other hand, uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer.The prognosis for individuals with T2 lung cancer can vary depending on a number of factors, including the overall health of the patient, the size and location of the tumor, and the response to treatment. In general, the 5-year survival rate for T2 lung cancer is around 30-50%. However, with early detection and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for many patients with T2 lung cancer can be improved.In conclusion, T2 lung cancer is a serious and complex disease that requires a multifaceted approach to treatment. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, healthcare providers and patients can work together to develop the most effective treatment plan and improve the chances of successful outcomes. As research continues to advance in the field of lung cancer, it is important to stay informed and advocate for the best possible care.。
肺癌英文
Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
Etiology
2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors. 4Radioactivity in the atmosphere .
2.Symptoms
caused by the near organs or tissue involved by tumor.
(1).Dysphagia. (2).Hoarseness. (3).Pleural effusion due to invasion of the pleura.
Radiographic Findings
The appearance on the x-ray film depends on the position ,size and stage of the tumor 1.Peripheral type :It may be various such as infiltrative or nodular, lobulated or umbilicus sign,liner protrusions from the shadow into the surrounding lung, cavitation which is often eccentric irregular in the inner wall owing to the necrosis of the neoplasm.
Clinical Features
肺癌诊断及治疗英文版护理课件
Nursing care for lung cancer
Psychological care for lung cancer patients
01
Provide emotional support
It is essential to offer emotional support to lung cancer patients,
as they may experience anxiety, fatigue, and depression due to
the diagnosis
02
Inform and educate
It is important to provide information and education about lung
Epiology of lung cancer
Incident
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, accounting for about 13% of all cancers The incidence rate is highest in developed countries and is increasing in developing countries
situation and provide resources for coping with stress and
negative emotions
Pain management in lung cancer patients
01
Assess paint
Regularly assess patients' paint levels to identify and manage any paint they may be experiencing
肺癌护理英语讲课稿模板
肺癌护理英语讲课稿模板Lung Cancer Nursing Lecture Script TemplateIntroduction:Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to delve into a critical aspect of healthcare that is both challenging and rewarding – the nursing care for patients with lung cancer. Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly forms of cancer worldwide. It is essential for nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of the disease, its treatment, and the specialized care required by patients.Understanding Lung Cancer:Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. It can be broadly classified into two main types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The latter is more common and includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.Risk Factors:The leading risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, which accounts for approximately 85% of cases. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution. Genetic predisposition and a history of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) also increase the risk.Symptoms and Diagnosis:Common symptoms of lung cancer include a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and unexplained weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as X-rays and CT scans, followed by biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.Staging of Lung Cancer:Staging is crucial for determining the extent of the disease and guiding treatment decisions. Lung cancer is staged from I to IV, with stage IV being the most advanced. The TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is commonly used for staging.Treatment Options:Treatment for lung cancer depends on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient. Options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative care. A multidisciplinary approach is often employed to provide the best possible care.Nursing Care in Lung Cancer:Nursing care for lung cancer patients involves a range of activities aimed at managing symptoms, supporting the patient through treatment, and providing emotional support. Key aspects include:1. Assessment: Regular assessment of the patient'srespiratory function, pain levels, and emotional state is essential.2. Symptom Management: This includes managing pain, controlling nausea and vomiting, and addressing breathlessness.3. Education: Patients and their families need education on the disease, treatment options, and self-care strategies.4. Support: Providing emotional support and connecting patients with support groups can be beneficial.5. Palliative Care: For patients with advanced disease, palliative care focuses on improving quality of life and managing end-of-life issues.Psychosocial Support:Cancer affects not only the physical health of a patient but also their emotional and social well-being. Nurses play a pivotal role in identifying signs of depression, anxiety, and social isolation and in providing appropriate interventions.Pain Management:Pain is a common concern for lung cancer patients, especially those with advanced disease. Nurses must be adept at assessing pain, implementing pain management protocols, and adjusting treatments as needed.End-of-Life Care:For patients in the terminal phase of lung cancer, the focus shifts to end-of-life care. This includes managing symptoms, ensuring comfort, and facilitating discussions about advance directives and preferences for care.Continuity of Care:Nurses are instrumental in coordinating care across differentsettings, from inpatient to outpatient and home care. They ensure that patients receive consistent care and support throughout their journey.Conclusion:Caring for patients with lung cancer is a multifaceted role that requires a deep understanding of the disease, its treatments, and the psychosocial needs of patients. As nurses, we are at the forefront of providing compassionate, evidence-based care that makes a significant difference in the livesof these patients.Questions and Discussion:We will now open the floor for any questions you may have or for a discussion on any aspect of lung cancer nursing carethat you find particularly challenging or interesting.This script template provides a comprehensive overview oflung cancer nursing care, from understanding the disease to providing end-of-life care. It is designed to be informative and interactive, encouraging questions and discussions to deepen the understanding of this critical area of nursing practice.。
11原发性支气管肺癌(中英文对照2008)
•
*Kras
•
*Her-2/neu
10
病理和分类 Pathology and classification
11
解剖学分类 Anatomy classification
• 1 中央型肺癌 • 1 Central lung cancer
12
• 2 周围型肺癌 • 2 Peripheral lung cancer
14
• Small cell carcinoma
– Rare in non-smokers – Large hilar mass – 70% present with overt metastasis – Very chemo-responsive… – Worst prognosis
15
Small cell carcinoma
– Usually peripheral
• Localized, multi-nodular or diffuse
– Slow metabolism – Prognosis
• Localized vs. other
26
支气管肺泡癌
27
• Large cell carcinoma
– Large peripheral mass with necrosis – Malignant epithelial neoplasm – Poorly-differentiated – Aggressive mets – “It’s a cancer…it’s not small cell…but…”
osteoarthropathy, HPO
病人
正常人 40
实验室和辅助检查
Laboratory and auxiliary examination
presentation
Introduce group members.This issue has been argued for a very, very, very long time since Richard Doll published the influential research in the British Medical Journal showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer in 1950 However, is Richard Doll the first man who discover the connection between smoking and lung cancer?Let’s travel back into the historyIn 1604It’s said that James I(the First) wrote A Counterblast to Tobacco, in which he said that tobacco users were "harming your selves both in persons and goods"the Word of Wisdom of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, written in 1833, prohibits the ingestion of tobacco thus: "…tobacco is not for the body, neither for the belly, and is not good for man, but is an herb for bruises and all sick cattle, to be used with judgment and skill."In the Early 19th CenturyGideon Lincecum, an American naturalist and practitioner of botanical medicine, wrote on tobacco: "This poisonous plant has been used a great deal as a medicine by the old school faculty, and thousands have beenslain by it. ... It is a very dangerous article, and use it as you will, it always diminishes the vital energies in exact proportion to the quantity used - it may be slowly, but it is very sure."In the Late-19th CenturyThe invention of automated cigarette-making machinery in the American South made possible mass production of cigarettes at low cost, and cigarettes became elegant and fashionable among society men as the Victorian era gave way to the Edwardian.In 1912In 1912, American Dr. Isaac Adler was the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking.In 1929Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published a formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer-tobacco link, based on a study showing that lung cancer sufferers were likely to be smokers. Lickint also argued that tobacco use was the best way to explain the fact that lung cancer struck men four or five times more often than women (since women smoked much less).In 1948A young first-year medical student, Ernst Wynder, witnessed an autopsy of a man who had died of lung cancer, and noted the lungs were blackened. Over the next two years, he found that many lung cancer patients were smokers. Interviewing lung cancer patients and “control” patients with other cancers, far more cancer occurred among the smokers.In1950He published his results in the Journal of the American Medical Association.Later, Richard Doll, a well-known British scientist, reported an even more convincingfinding linking smoking to lung cancer. Over a period of years, Doll had interviewed quite a large number of physicians who are all smokers.In 1954The British Doctors Study, a study of some 40,000 doctors over 20 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related. The Study lasted until 2001, with results published every ten years, much by Alton Ochsner, and final results published in 2004 by Doll and Richard Peto.In 1964The United States Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health, led millions of American smokers to quit, the banning of certain advertising, and the requirement of warning labels on tobacco products.In a 2006 European study, the risk of developing lung cancer was:0.2% for men who never smoked (0.4% for women)5.5% for male former smokers (2.6% in women)15.9% for current male smokers (9.5% for women)24.4% for male “heavy smokers” defined as smoking more than 5 cigarettes per day (18.5% for women)The incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking, with about 90% of lung cancers arising as a result of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked over time; doctors refer to this risk in terms of pack-years of smoking history (the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day multiplied by the number of years smoked). For example, a person who has smoked two packs of cigarettes per day for 10 years has a 20 pack-year smoking history. While the risk of lung cancer is increased with even a 10 pack-year smoking history, those with 30 pack-year histories ormore are considered to have the greatest risk for the development of lung cancer. Among those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes per day, one in seven will die of lung cancer. But even though the risk is higher the more you smoke, there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke.Lung cancer is the top cause of cancer deaths in both men and women. But this wasn't always the case. Prior to the widespread use of mechanical cigarette rollers, lung cancer was rare. Today, smoking causes nearly nine out of 10 lung cancer deaths, while radon gas, pollution, and other chemical exposures play a smaller role. Newly-developed drugs provide new hope for those diagnosed today.How Smoking Causes Lung CancerCigarettes are not only packed with cancer-causing chemicals -- they also disarm the lungs' natural defense system. The airways are lined with tiny hairs known as cilia. These hairs protect the lungs by sweeping out toxins, bacteria, and viruses. Tobacco smoke paralyzes the cilia so they can't do their job. This allows carcinogens to collect in the lungs.Lung Cancer SymptomsLung cancer begins in stealth mode. There are usually no symptoms orwarning signs in the early stages. As it progresses, symptoms are typically non-specific and may include:A cough that won't go away.Chest pain, especially during deep breathsWheezing or shortness of breathCoughing up bloody phlegmFatigueTypes of Lung CancerThere are two main types of lung cancer, distinguished by the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope. Small-cell lung cancer is the more aggressive of the two, meaning it can spread quickly to other parts of the body early in the disease. It is strongly tied to cigarette use and rarely seen in nonsmokers. Non-small-cell lung cancer grows more slowly and is more common, accounting for almost 90% of all lung cancers.Lung Cancer and Secondhand SmokeWhile smoking is the top cause of lung cancer, it is not the only risk factor. Breathing in secondhand smoke at home or at work also appears to raise your risk. People who are married to smokers are 20% to 30% more likely to develop lung cancer than the spouses of nonsmokers.Lung Cancer PreventionLung cancer may be one of the deadliest forms of cancer, but it's also one of the most preventable. In two words: don't smoke. And if you do, get the help you need to quit. Within five years of quitting, your risk of dying from lung cancer will drop to half that of someone who smokes a pack a day. And 10 years after quitting, your odds of dying from lung cancer will be virtually the same as if you had never smoked.Which cancers are caused by smoking?Smoking also increases the risk of over a dozen other cancers including cancers of the mouth, larynx (voice box), pharynx (upper throat), nose and sinuses, oesophagus (food pipe), liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney, bladder, cervix and bowel, as well as one type of ovarian cancer and some types of leukaemia. There is also some evidence that smoking could increase the risk of breast cancer. Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers, and is the most common cause of cancer death.Here comes another question:Can smoking various flavored herbs or herbal fruit with a hookah (without any tobacco) cause cancer?The cancer comes from the small particles and chemicals set free by the process of burning something. The nicotine in the tobacco is only responsible for the addiction and some cardiovascular diseases. Thus, what you are recommended to do isWebsites://home//tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/cancer.html /lung/smoking/smoking.html.au/reduce-risks/smoking//cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/tobacco-rel ated-cancer-fact-sheet/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#History/how-does_4605738_cigarette-smoking-cause-ca ncer.htmlThanks:Peter AlleinWikipediaBBCTHE LADY TASTING TEA: How STATISTICS REVOLUTIONIZED SCIENCE INTHE TWENTIETH CENTURY ——DAVID SALSBURGAmerican Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 133, No 5 (Copyright by The Johns Hopkins UNIVERSITY School of Hygiene and Public Health)Does Smoking Cause Cancer?(©Txtwriter Inc.)Prof. Hans RoslingProf. MICHAEL MARMOTHow Does Cigarette Smoking Cause Cancer? By Katrina Josey, eHow ContributorLincecum, Gideon. "Nicotiana tabacum". Giden Lincecum Herbarium. University of Texas. Retrieved 9 December 2012.a b Proctor RN (February 2001). "Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity".Doll, R.; Hill, A. B. (1 September 1950). "Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung". British Medical Journal2Doll R, Hill AB (June 2004). "The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report. 1954"Doll, R.; Peto, R.; Boreham, J.; Sutherland, I. (2004). "Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors". BMJ (Clinical research ed.)。
肺癌2
Lung cancer Zhang bin 2011-052011-05-17
肺的结构（Lung structure） structure） 肺的结构（
肺的结构（Lung structure） structure） 肺的结构（
肺的结构（Lung structure） structure） 肺的结构（
肺癌的临床分期（Clinical stage） stage） 肺癌的临床分期（
第6版T/M描述符 第7版T/M N0 N1 N2 N3 T1（≤2 cm） T1a IA IIA IIIA IIIB T1（>2~3 cm） T1b IA IIA IIIA IIIB T2（≤5 cm） T2a IB IIA IIIA IIIB T2（>5~7 cm） T2b IIA IIB IIIA IIIB T2（>7 cm） T3 IIB IIIA IIIA IIIB T3（侵犯胸壁等） IIB IIIA IIIA IIIB T4（同一肺叶的结节） IIB IIIA IIIA IIIB T4（侵犯心脏等） T4 IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB M1（同侧肺） IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB T4（胸腔积液） M1a IV IV IV IV M1（对侧肺） IV IV IV IV M1（远处转移） M1b IV IV IV IV
肺癌的临床分期（Clinical stage） stage） 肺癌的临床分期（
T3 肿瘤>7 cm或肿瘤已直接侵犯了下述结构 之一者：胸壁（包括肺上沟瘤）、膈肌、 膈神经、纵隔胸膜、心包壁层；或肿瘤位 于距隆突2 cm以内的主支气管a，但尚未累 及隆突；或伴有累及全肺的肺不张或阻塞 性肺炎或原发肿瘤同一叶内出现分散的单 个或多个瘤结节。
肺癌双语lung cancer讲解
Central lung cancer
Peripheral lung cancer
Cancer cavity
alveolar cell carcinoma（diffuse type）
alveolar cell carcinoma （nodular type）
• 肺癌在肺内支气管生长会产生肿块、阻塞支气管、引起阻 塞性肺炎、肺不张，进一步发展，可引起肺门、纵隔淋巴 结转移肿大，引起胸腔积液；形成癌空洞等病变。通过X 线胸片、透视，可以：
• 1、 发现块影或可疑肿块阴影，明确形态、部
6. ClinicБайду номын сангаасl manifestation
2. Symptoms caused by local tranfer
chest pain 侵犯胸膜、肋骨 胸痛
剧烈
dyspnea
呼吸困难
管腔内肿瘤
大气道狭窄、阻塞或隆
突被广泛侵犯
肿瘤或肿大淋巴结
压迫气管、大
支气管
病变广泛
肺泡癌
肿瘤侵犯胸膜、心包膜 胸腔积液、心
原发性支气管肺癌
Primary Bronchogenic Carcinoma
1.Definition
原发性支气管肺癌
简称肺癌（Lung Cancer） 指 起 源 于 支 气 管 粘 膜 (tunica mucosa bronchiorum)或腺体(glands)的癌症。
2.Morbidity and mortality
5. Cllinical classification
按生长部位分为
中央型肺癌(central lung cancer)
呼吸内科常用英语(全)
询问病史 12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical[,baiəu'ɡræfik,-kəl]data传记,marital婚姻status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶health status, menorrhea[,menə'ri:ə]月经(menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, mə-] 初潮 age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstruəl]月经周期pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产 ,premature[,premə'tjuə, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹 and children) 常用的症状 symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent['pjuərjulənt]脓性的, copious['kəupiəs] green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious[ti'neiʃəs, tə-] yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum 白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion[iɡ'zə:ʃən] or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea[ɔ:'θɔpniə]端坐呼吸Paroxysmal[,pærək'sizməl] nocturnal[nɔk'tə:nəl] dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə] ; pharyngodynia[,færiŋ'ɡɔdiniə]咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise [mæ'leiz]不舒服myalgia[mai'ældʒiə] 肌痛insomnia [in'sɔmniə]失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia [dis'fəuniə]发声困难常见的体征 physical signsclubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal[,lɔndʒi'tju:dinəl]and transverse横向 curvature['kə:vətʃə]弯曲 ,loss of concave[ 'kɔnkeiv]凹面的 nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx ['fælæŋks, 'fei-]趾骨,指骨, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis[,saiə'nəusis]发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin [di:,ɔksi'heməu,ɡləubin]去氧血红蛋白 more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral [pə'rifərəl]外围的,次要的 cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to CO2 retention潴留asterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r [klæ'vikjulə] and axillary[æk'siləri]腋窝lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis [kai'fəusis]驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea[,tækip'ni:ə]呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration[,respə'reiʃən]: sternocleidomastoid['stə:nəu,klaidə'mæstɔid] 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal[,intə'kɔstəl] 肋间的 spacetactile触觉的 vocal声音的 fremitus震颤触觉语颤subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance清音dullness浊音flatness实音hyperresonance过清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lower borders: scapular['skæpjulə]肩胛的line X left/right intercostal[,intə'kɔstəl] 肋间的 spacerange of mobility[məu'biləti]移动Auscultation[,ɔ:skəl'teiʃən]:听诊vocal resonance 语音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor['straidə] 喘鸣 , crackles['krækl]发出细碎的爆裂声,Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexia[kə'keksiə]恶病质，cachectic[kə'kektik]恶病质的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia[,ænə'reksiə]食欲减退常做的检查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult['ɔkʌlt/ blood test潜隐血试验Blood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytology[sai'tɔlədʒi]细胞学Pulse oximeter[ɔk'simitə]脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral['femərəl]股骨的 artery puncture穿刺PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia[,haipɔk'si:miə]血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury['mə:kjuri]汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio) pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular[,njuərəu'mʌskjulə]神经肌肉 (sedatives['sɛdətiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,maiəs'θi:niə]肌无力), structural['strʌktʃərəl]结构的(ankylosing spondylitis[,æŋki'ləuziŋ,spɔndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular[ri'tikjulə]网状的, linear['liniə]线状的, military nodules粟粒样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric['æmfərik]空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification[əu,pæsifi'keiʃən]浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate): confluent['kɔnfluənt]支流的,汇合的 shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis肺不张pleural effusionmediastinal[,mi:diæs'tainəl]纵隔 mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai'məumə]胸腺瘤, teratoma[,terə'təumə]畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma[lim'fəumə]淋巴瘤 and aneurysm动脉瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) ['pɔzitrɔn]正电子Abdominal ultrasound['ʌltrəsaund]超声skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative[di'rivətiv]纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry [spai'rɔmitri]呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normalFEV1: forced expiratory[iks'paiərətəri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi'reiʃən])bronchoprovocation/challenge test[,prɔvə'keiʃən] 支气管激发试验：histamine['histəmmin]组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inhə'leiʃən] bronchodilatation[,dailə'teiʃən]支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təmɔ(:)l]fiberoptic bronchoscopy[brɔŋ'kɔskəpi]: biopsy['bai,ɔpsi]活组织检查 bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic[,trænsθə'ræsik,]经胸廓的percutaneous needle aspiration[,æspə'reiʃən]吸引术percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θɔ'rækəskəup] 胸腔镜 lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心电图echocardiogram超声心动图V/Q isotope['aisəutəup] 同位素 scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral螺旋 CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,ændʒi'ɔɡrəfi]血管造影术) pulmonary angiographyDoppler['dɔplə] 多普勒 USS thigh[θai]大腿 and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆 (USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名 diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感[,influ'enzə]pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə]咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous['skweiməs] cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌['ædənəu,kɑ:si'nəumə]bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[mə'tæstəsis]pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θrɔmbəu'embəlizəm]pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:mə]pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['paiəu,nju:məu'θɔ:ræks]chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['sʌpjuərətiv, -reitiv]congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,saiə'nɔtik]cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['kɔ:,pumə'næli]pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sefə'lɔpəθi]right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idiə'pæθik]cryptogenic[,kriptəu'dʒenik] 隐源性的 fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus['lju:pəs]狼疮 erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:kɔi'dəusis]Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,prəutii'nəusis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:məu,sidə'rəusis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡrænju,ləumə'təusis] Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:əsinə'filik]Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:mə,kəuni'əusis]drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis[æ,spə:dʒi'ləusis]曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjulə]oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,kændi'daiəsis]osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物 drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,prɔfi'læktik, ,prəu-]预防性,remedial[ri'mi:diəl]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pektərənt]Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:kəu'litik]bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,brɔŋkəudai'leitə]B2-agonists['æɡənist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təmɔ(:)l]long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic[,mʌskə'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的antagonists[æn'tæɡənist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['brəumaid] 异丙托溴胺aminophylline 氨茶碱[ə,mi:nəu'fili:n]steroids['stiərɔid]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone[,bekləu'meθəsəun]倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone['pred'nisələun] 强的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone[,haidrəu'kɔ:tizəun]氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene[,lju:kəu'traiən]白三烯 receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamide[ni'keθəmaid, -mid]尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂[,daijuə'retik]albumin 白蛋白['ælbjumin]antitussive agents 镇咳药[,ænti'tʌsiv]ammonium chloride 氯化铵[ə'məunjəm]铵['klɔ:raid]氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['kænjuli:]鼻导管， Venturi[ven'tjuəri]文里氏 face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaizə]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive) intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation[,intju:'beiʃən]插管，tracheostomy [,træki'ɔstəmi, ,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,træki'ɔtəmi, ,trei-]气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θɔ:rəkəsen'tesis]chest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:məu'nektəmi]lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[ləu'bektəmi]叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[,θɔ:rə'kɔtəmi]pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum bronchiectasis:cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['værikəus]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural['pɔstʃərəl] drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine[ 'sju:pain]仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的 bleb [bleb]大疱 rupture ['rʌptʃə]破裂lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [brɔŋ'kɔskəpi]支气管镜检查 ,esp. biopsytypes: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex ['eipeks]尖端 shift contralaterally 对立的旁边CXR: translucency[trænz'l ju:sənsi]半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘between lung and chest wall＞2 cm(centimeter) =＞50% lung volume loss aspiration[,æspə'reiʃən]吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rektəmi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bulə] 大疱 stapling装订 or lasering 激光pleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate[,trænsju'deit]漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daijuə'retik]利尿剂 can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre['li:tə]) or pleura: serum['siərəm]血清 protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haipəuæl,bju:mə'ni:miə]低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . [,haipəu'θairɔidizəm]甲状腺功能低下Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液：capillary permeability[,pə:miə'biliti] 渗透increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:əu'pleiziə, -ʒiə]瘤形成, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscus[mi'niskəs]弯液面-shaped,rises towards axilla[æk'silə]腋温Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduateturbid['tə:bid]浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pus[pʌs]脓cells) or empyema[,empai'i:mə]积脓症 (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax[,hi:məu'θɔ:ræks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis['pænkriə'taitis]胰腺炎, traumawhite( chylothorax[,kailəu'θɔ:ræks]乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic[θɔ:'ræsik,] duct胸导管, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic[,intrəθə'ræsik]胸廓内的 streptokinase[,streptəu'kaineis]链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解 fibrinous['faibrinəs] 纤维蛋白的adhesions[əd'hi:ʒən]粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetrə'saiklain]四环素. bleomycin[,bli:əu'maisin]博莱霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的 laryngeal[,lærin'dʒi:əl] 喉的 nerve palsy['pɔ:lzi]麻痹dysphagia[dis'feidʒiə,-dʒi]吞咽困难pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ['stelit, -leit] 星形的ganglion['ɡæŋɡliən]神经节 resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,ɔstiəuɑ:'θrəupəθi]骨关节病superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival e dema, [,kɔndʒʌŋk'taivə]结膜plethora['pleθərə], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,tæmpə'neid]心包填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS paran eoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma), skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion) adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromescommonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy （curative in children）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓常用的化疗药cisplatin 顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesispenicillin skin testamoxicillin 阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin 头孢菌素类cefradine 头孢拉啶cefaclor 头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefpiramide 头孢吡啶ceftazidime 头孢他定ceftizoxime 头孢唑污carbopenems 碳青霉烯类azactam 氨曲南meropenem 美罗培南imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能 tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类 inhibit cell wall assemblyvancomycin 万古霉素norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素teicoplanin 替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类： inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 罗红霉素clarithromycin 克拉霉素azithromycin 阿奇霉素erythromycin 红霉素Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxicinhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido 磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类： inhibit DNA gyrasenorfloxacin 诺氟沙星ofloxacin 氧氟沙星levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin 加替沙星moxifloxacin 莫西沙星ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Tetracycline 四环素类minocycline 美满霉素Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类metronidazole 甲硝唑tinidazole 替硝唑ornidazole 奥硝唑Antitubercular agents抗结核药rifampicin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin 制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素Bfluconazole 氟康唑voriconazole 伏立康唑itraconazole 伊曲康唑Antivirus agentsribavirin 利巴韦林oseltamivir 奥司他韦acyclovir 阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定entecavir 恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen 致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin 内毒素Gram stain 革兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA： methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia 毒血症endotoxemia 内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia 脓毒血症pathogen 致病原pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量virus 病毒replication 复制viremia 病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection 条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内源性感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度disinfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌asepsis 无菌aseptic technique 无菌技术bacteriostasis 抑菌antisepsis 防腐disinfectant 消毒剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线isolation precaution 隔离预防artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫vaccination 疫苗接种killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗toxoid 类毒素artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫antitoxin 抗毒素gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Legionella 军团杆菌属Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Serratia 沙雷菌属Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Acinebacter 不动杆菌属Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPDOld tuberculin,OTAtypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Brucella 布氏菌属Actinomyces 放线菌属Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)Rapid plasma regain (RPR)Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARSAdenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDSHuman T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Rabies virus 风疹病毒Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母Spore 孢子Hypha 菌丝Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属Tinea 癣Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌Mucor 毛霉菌属。
中央型肺癌英语
中央型肺癌英语Central lung cancer, also known as central-type lung cancer, is a type of lung cancer that originates in the central part of the lung, close to the main bronchus, the windpipe that carries air to the lungs. It accounts for approximately 25-30% of all lung cancer cases. Central lung cancer often grows and spreads more quickly than other types of lung cancer due to its proximity to major blood vessels and lymph nodes. This rapid growth and spread can make treatment more challenging and affect the prognosis of the patient.The symptoms of central lung cancer can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, and unexplained weight loss. Other symptoms may include fatigue, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping. If these symptoms persist for more than a few weeks, it is important to consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis.Diagnosis of central lung cancer typically involves a combination of tests including chest X-rays, computedtomography (CT) scans, positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and biopsies. The biopsy is the most definitive test, as it involves removing a sample of the tumor for microscopic examination. Once diagnosed, the staging of the cancer is determined, which helps determine the best treatment plan.Treatment options for central lung cancer depend on the stage of the cancer, the overall health of the patient, and their preferences. Surgery may be an option for early-stage central lung cancer, especially if the tumor is small and has not spread. However, for most patients, a combinationof radiation therapy and chemotherapy is the most common treatment approach. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may also be used in some cases.The prognosis for central lung cancer varies depending on the stage, type, and response to treatment. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis. However, even with aggressive treatment, central lung cancer can be difficult to control due to its aggressive nature.Living with central lung cancer can be challenging both physically and emotionally. Patients may experience physical discomfort, fatigue, and anxiety. Support from family, friends, and healthcare providers is crucial during this time. Coping strategies such as maintaining a positive attitude, engaging in physical activities within their limitations, and seeking psychological support can help patients cope with the emotional and physical burden of the disease.In conclusion, central lung cancer is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is essential for patients and their families. Coping with the emotional and physical challenges of the disease is also crucial for maintaining a positive outcome. With the support of family, friends, and healthcare providers, patients can navigate this difficult journey and find hope in the face of adversity.**中央型肺癌：概述及其对患者生活的影响**中央型肺癌，也被称为中心型肺癌，是一种起源于肺部中央部分的肺癌，靠近主支气管，即向肺部输送空气的管道。
英语作文 癌症
Cancer is a term that encompasses a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.It is a significant public health concern worldwide,affecting millions of people each year.Causes of Cancer:Cancer can be caused by a combination of factors,including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures,and lifestyle choices.Some common risk factors include smoking,poor diet,lack of physical activity,excessive alcohol consumption,and exposure to certain chemicals and radiation.Types of Cancer:There are many types of cancer,each named for the organ or tissue in which it originates. Some of the most common types include lung cancer,breast cancer,prostate cancer,and colorectal cancer.Each type has its own set of symptoms,risk factors,and treatment options.Symptoms of Cancer:Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.Some common signs and symptoms of cancer include unexplained weight loss,persistent fatigue,changes in bowel or bladder habits,sores that do not heal,and unusual bleeding or discharge.However,many cancers can develop without any noticeable symptoms,which is why regular screenings are important.Diagnosis of Cancer:Diagnosing cancer often involves a combination of medical history,physical examination, imaging tests such as Xrays,CT scans,or MRIs,and laboratory tests including blood tests and biopsies.A biopsy involves taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.Treatment of Cancer:Treatment options for cancer are diverse and depend on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patients overall mon treatments include surgery to remove tumors,radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells,chemotherapy to use drugs to kill cancer cells,and targeted therapy to attack specific cancer cells.In some cases,immunotherapy may also be used to boost the bodys immune system to fight cancer.Prevention of Cancer:While not all cancers can be prevented,many can be reduced in risk through lifestyle changes.This includes not smoking,maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables,engaging in regular physical activity,limiting alcohol intake,and protectingoneself from excessive sun exposure.Impact of Cancer:The impact of cancer extends beyond the physical and emotional toll on individuals and their families.It also has significant economic implications,with healthcare costs,loss of productivity,and the need for supportive care all contributing to the overall burden.Advancements in Cancer Research:There is ongoing research aimed at better understanding the mechanisms of cancer development,improving early detection methods,developing more effective treatments, and finding ways to prevent cancer.Advances in genomics,immunotherapy,and personalized medicine are some of the areas showing promise in the fight against cancer.Conclusion:Cancer is a complex disease that requires a multifaceted approach to combat.By understanding its causes,recognizing its symptoms,and embracing prevention and treatment strategies,we can hope to reduce its impact on individuals and society as a whole.。
肺癌总结英文
Lung Cancer OverviewIntroductionLung cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the lungs. It is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. This document provides a comprehensive overview of lung cancer, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention measures.Causes and Risk FactorsThe primary cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoke, including both active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. Other risk factors include exposure to asbestos and other carcinogenic substances, a family history of lung cancer, and previous lung diseases such as tuberculosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Additionally, certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing lung cancer.Types of Lung CancerThe main types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancer cases. It can be further categorized into three subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC is less common but tends to grow and spread more rapidly.Symptoms and Diagnostic ProceduresThe symptoms of lung cancer may vary depending on the stage and type of cancer. Common symptoms include persistent coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, and coughing up blood. Diagnostic procedures often include imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, biopsies to examine tissue samples, and molecular testing to identify specific genetic mutations.Staging and PrognosisThe stage of lung cancer refers to the extent to which it has spread within the lungs and to other parts of the body. Staging helps determine the appropriate treatment plan and provides a prognosis. The most commonly used staging system for lung cancer is the TNM system, which takes into account the size of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and the presence of distant metastasis.Treatment OptionsThe treatment of lung cancer depends on several factors, such as the type and stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and individual preferences. Common treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used to improve outcomes.Prevention and Early DetectionWhile it may not be possible to completely prevent lung cancer, certain actions can reduce the risk. The most effective preventive measure is to quit smoking or avoid exposure to tobacco smoke. Other preventive strategies include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to occupational hazards such as asbestos, and getting regular medical check-ups. Early detection through screening tests can also improve outcomes by identifying cancer at an early stage.ConclusionLung cancer remains a significant public health concern globally. Understanding its causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for both prevention and successful management. By adopting preventive measures, promoting smoking cessation, and advancing early detection methods, we can work towards reducing the burden of lung cancer and improving patient outcomes.Note: The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and should not be considered as medical advice. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized information and guidance.。
10种健康问题的解答英语
10种健康问题的解答英语10 Common Health Conditions: Explained.Maintaining good health is essential for overall well-being and quality of life. However, various health conditions can affect individuals at different stages of life. Understanding these conditions and their management strategies is crucial for proactive healthcare. Here is an exploration of ten common health problems and their corresponding explanations:1. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)。
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, occurs when the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently elevated. It can lead to severe complications such as heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. Risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, excessive salt intake, and family history. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, including weightmanagement, regular exercise, and a balanced diet. Medications may also be prescribed to lower blood pressure.2. Diabetes.Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. It occurs when the body cannot produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is more common and develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. Symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Management involves diet, exercise, medication, and regular blood sugar monitoring.3. Heart Disease.Heart disease encompasses various conditions thataffect the heart and its function. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type caused by the buildup of plaque inthe arteries supplying blood to the heart. Other forms include heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart defects. Risk factors include smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension, and obesity. Prevention and treatment include lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, surgical interventions.4. Stroke.A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or a rupture (hemorrhagic stroke). Symptoms vary depending on the affected area of the brain and can include sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, speech difficulties, and vision problems. Recovery from a stroke requires rehabilitation and lifestyle modifications, including physical therapy, speech therapy, and medication management.5. Arthritis.Arthritis is a joint disorder that causes pain,stiffness, and swelling. Osteoarthritis, the most common type, results from the breakdown of cartilage, the protective tissue covering the ends of bones in joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation and pain. Treatment options include pain relievers, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications such as weight loss and exercises to maintain joint mobility.6. Alzheimer's Disease.Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia, a group of conditions that impair cognitive function. Symptoms typically start gradually with memory loss and confusion and worsen over time, eventually leading to difficulties with daily activities and personal care. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but medications and therapies can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.7. Depression.Depression is a mood disorder that causes persistent sadness, loss of interest, and feelings of worthlessness.It affects millions of people worldwide and cansignificantly impact daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. Symptoms include changes in sleep and appetite, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Treatment options include psychotherapy, medication, lifestyle modifications, and support groups.8. Anxiety Disorders.Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions that involve excessive worry, fear, and apprehension. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common type, characterized by persistent and uncontrollable anxiety. Other forms include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, muscle tension, and difficulty sleeping. Treatment options include psychotherapy, medication, and relaxationtechniques.9. Cancer.Cancer is a complex group of diseases that involve the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. It can affect various organs and tissues, with different types of cancer exhibiting unique characteristics and treatment approaches. Common types include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.10. Obesity.Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, often measured by body mass index (BMI). It is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Causes of obesity include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Prevention and management strategies involvebalanced nutrition, regular exercise, behavioral therapy, and medical interventions in some cases.Understanding these common health conditions empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being. By recognizing symptoms, risk factors, and available treatment options, individuals can take proactive steps to maintain good health, seek timely medicalattention when necessary, and improve their overall quality of life. It is important to consult healthcare professionals for personalized advice and guidance regarding specific health concerns.。
疾病有关的英语单词
疾病有关的英语单词Disease-Related Vocabulary in English.Diseases are a broad and diverse topic, affecting both humans and animals. They range from minor infections tolife-threatening conditions, and understanding their terminology is crucial for effective communication in the medical field. This article will explore some common disease-related vocabulary in English, including terms related to symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment.1. Types of Diseases.Infectious Diseases: These are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Examples include the flu, measles, and HIV/AIDS.Non-Infectious Diseases: These are not caused by microorganisms and can be further classified into chronic and acute diseases. Chronic diseases, such as diabetes andheart disease, develop over time, while acute diseases,like appendicitis, develop suddenly.Genetic Diseases: These are caused by genetic mutations or inherited traits, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.Mental Illnesses: These affect a person's mood, thinking, and behavior. Examples include depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.2. Symptoms.Symptoms are the observable signs of a disease or illness. Common symptoms include:Fever: Elevated body temperature, often indicating an infection.Pain: Discomfort felt in a specific area or throughout the body.Cough: A reflex action to clear the airways, often caused by respiratory infections.Rash: A skin eruption, which can be itchy, painful, or both.Fatigue: Extreme tiredness, often a symptom of chronic diseases.3. Causes of Diseases.Diseases can have various causes, including:Bacteria: Microorganisms that can invade the body and cause infections.Viruses: Tiny particles that infect cells and replicate, leading to disease.Fungi: Microorganisms that grow in damp, dark environments and can cause infections in humans.Parasites: Organisms that live on or inside another organism, causing harm.Genetic Factors: Inherited traits or mutations that can predispose a person to certain diseases.Environmental Factors: External factors such as pollution, diet, and lifestyle choices that can affect health.4. Prevention of Diseases.Preventive measures are crucial in reducing the incidence of diseases. Some common prevention methods include:Vaccinations: Injecting weakened or dead microorganisms to stimulate the immune system and prevent future infections.Hygiene: Practicing good hygiene habits, such as washing hands regularly, to reduce the spread of germs.Healthy Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding harmful habits like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.Screening: Regular medical check-ups to detect diseases early and manage them effectively.5. Treatment of Diseases.Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the disease. Common treatments include:Medication: Administering drugs to alleviate symptoms, kill microorganisms, or slow down the progression of the disease.Surgery: Performing operations to remove diseased tissue, repair damaged organs, or relieve pressure on vital structures.Therapies: Using various techniques, such as physicaltherapy, occupational therapy, or psychological counseling, to improve a patient's quality of life.Alternative Medicine: Using non-traditional methods like herbal remedies, acupuncture, or yoga to treat diseases.In conclusion, diseases are a complex topic with a vast vocabulary. Understanding this terminology is essential for effective communication in the medical field and for making informed decisions about one's health. By familiarizing oneself with the terms related to symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment, individuals can take a more active role in managing their own health and the health of their loved ones.。