主谓一致三原则
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主谓一致三原则
吉林周德金
一、语法一致:即主语和谓语在语法上保持一致。就是说如果主语为单数形式,谓语就用单数形式;若主语为复数形式,谓语也应用复数形式。
1. 单数名词、不可数名词、不定式短语、动词 -ing 形式、或名词性从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式;复数主语则用动词的复数形式。例如:
( 1 ) To say is one thing, to do is another.
( 2 ) Who will do the job hasn't been decided yet.
2. 主语是单数,其后有 with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but, except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than 或“ of +名词”等短语,谓语动词仍然用单数形式,例如:
( 1 ) The father with his two sons has gone to the cinema.
( 2 ) No one except the two boys was late for class.
( 3 ) Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret.
3. “ more than one 或 many a +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
( 1 ) More than one person has known it.
( 2 ) Many a pilot was killed in the raid.
注:“ more +复数名词than one ”作主语,谓语则用复数形式。例如:
More persons than one have known it.
4. “一两个”,英语中用“ one or two +名词复数”或“ a ( an )+名词单数or two ”两种形式表达,前者谓语用复数形式,后者谓语用单数形式。例如:
( 1 ) One or two days are enough for them.
( 2 ) A day or two is enough for them.
5. and 连接两个名词作复合主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
My father and mother are away on business.
但是,当两个名词表示同一个人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时(其特征是 and 后的名词前无任何冠词),谓语动词应用单数形式。例如:
( 1 ) The writer and poet has decided to be on holiday in Yunnan. (对比: The writer and the poet have decided to be on holiday in Yunnan. )
( 2 ) The hammer and sickle is flying from the flagpole.
注:当 and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有 no, each, every, many a, more than one 等修饰时,谓语要用单数形式。例如:
( 1 ) In China every man and every woman who has a citizenship has the right to vote and to be voted.
( 2 ) Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.
6. 不定代词 one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被 each, every 修饰的名词作主语,尽管有些表示复数意义,但是它们的谓语应该用单数形式。例如:
( 1 ) Is everybody here today?
( 2 ) Everything around us is matter.
注: none 作主语时,谓语动词用单数、复数均可。例如:
None of them has ( have ) been to the Great Wall.
不过,当 none 作主语,其表语是单数时,谓语用单数;若其表语是复数,则谓语也应用复数。另外,“ one of +名词复数”后面接定语从句时,谓语动词应该用复数(此时定语从句用于修饰前面的复数名词),而“ the ( only ) one of +名词复数”后面定语从句的谓语动词应该用单数形式(此时定语从句用于修饰 the one )。例如:
( 1 ) He is one of the foreigners that have ever lived in China.
( 2 ) He is the ( only ) one of the foreigners that has ever lived in China.
7. 在定语从句中,当关系代词 who, which 或 that 做主语时,从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。例如:
( 1 ) The teacher who teaches us English is from Inner Mongolia.
( 2 ) Who is the girl that is in red shirt?
二、意义一致:即谓语动词的单复数形式不是根据语法形式,而是根据主语的内在涵义(即有时主语的单数形式表达的是复数涵义,反之亦然)确定的。
1. 有些集体名词,如: family, group, army, government, audience 等表示整体概念时,应看作单数,它们作主语时其谓语也用单数形式;但若表示组成整体的各个成员时,其谓语则应用复数形式。例如:
( 1 ) Our family lives in the town. (整体)
( 2 ) My family like watching TV. (整体的组成部分)
2. 有些集体名词,如: people (人们), police, cattle, personnel (全体人员),militia (民兵),及以 -ch, -sh, -ese 结尾的表示“……国人”的词作主语时,谓语应该用复数形式。例如:
( 1 ) The police are after a murderer.
( 2 ) The Chinese ( people ) are kind and friendly.
注: people 作“民族”解时,其单数形式为 people ,复数形式为 peoples 。当它作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应视情况而定。例如:
( 1 ) The Chinese people is a great people.
( 2 ) 56 people make up the big family of China.
3. 由两个部分组成一个整体的物品名词(如: shoes, glasses, boots, socks 等)作主语时,谓语要用复数形式。例如:
( 1 ) The shoes are not expensive.