词源学 -基础词汇
从词源学角度看“谈”“讲”“论”“说”的区别
从词源学角度看“谈”“讲”“论”“说”的区别词的产生往往建立在原有词的基础之上，即词语的产生是有一定理据的。
我们从词源的角度探究其隐含的构词理据会很容易将“谈”“讲”“论”和“说”区别开来。
这四个词语之间的构词理据并不相同，这也是他们能够共存的一个重要原因。
标签：词源潜在含义构词“谈”“讲”“论”“说”是我们日常生活中最常用的几个词。
当今，无论是中学生还是受过高等教育的老师，很少有人能准地确把他们区分开。
词的产生往往建立在原有词的基础之上，即词语的产生是有一定理据的。
我们从词源的角度探究其隐含的构词理据会很容易将他们区别开来。
“谈”即“谭”。
陈诗庭《读说文证疑》：“《说文》每引谭长说，而言部无‘谭’字。
案：‘谈’即‘谭’字，古文‘覃’‘炎’每相通。
”“谭”是形声字，从言，覃声。
覃，《广韵·覃韵》：“徒含切，定母，覃韵。
”《说文·厚部》：“覃，长味也。
”《广雅·释诂二》：“覃，长也。
”《尔雅·释言》：“覃，延也。
”从“覃”声的字很多都有“深”“长”之义。
如：潭，《广雅·释水》：“潭，渊也。
”指的是深渊。
《集韵·覃韵》：“潭，一说楚人名深为潭。
”《管子·侈糜》：“潭根之毋伐，故事之毋入。
”尹知章注：“潭，深也。
”《汉书·扬雄传》：“而大潭思浑天，参摹而四分之，极于八十一。
”颜师古注：“潭，深也。
”瞫，《说文·目部》：“瞫，深视也。
”段玉裁注：“见其底里曰㴱（深）视。
”《玉篇·目部》：“瞫，深视儿（貌）。
”橝，《说文·木部》：“屋梠前也。
从木，覃聲。
”徐灏注笺：“梠，盖谓屋瓦相叠如脊吕然，橝则瓦沟也。
橝之言覃也。
覃，延也。
字从木者，承檐言之耳。
”簟，一种竹子。
南朝宋·沈怀远《博罗县簟竹铭》：“簟竹既大，薄且空中，节长一丈，其直如松。
”可见，这种竹子是由于其节长而被称为“簟”。
词源学常见前缀
词源学常见前缀一览★高频前缀——prefix前缀prefix 英义English meaning 汉语释义Chinese meaningad-, ac-,af-, ag-,al-, am-, an-, ap-,ar-, as-, at-= to prep.向, 往, 给...,于...,直到...为止, 在...之前, 比, 对, [表示程度、范围] 到, 达toward prep.向, 对于, 为了adj.有希望的, 有利的, 逼近的re- = back adj.后面的, 在后面, 早过去的, 前(欠)的钱adv.向后地n.背部, 后面v.后退, 支持again adv.又, 再次, 此外, 再一次col-, com-, con-, cor-, co-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys-= with prep.有,以, 用, 同...,由于,和...一致, 赞成,关于,就together adv.共同, 一起, 合起来, 集拢地dif- , dis-= =apart adv.分离, 分成零件, 分别地, 分离着adj.分开的against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着se- = apart adv.分离, 分成零件, 分别地, 分离着adj.分开的away adv. 远离, 在远处, 到远处, 离去pre- =before adv.在前, 以前prep.在...之前conj.在...之前, 与其...宁可pro- =before adv.在前, 以前prep.在...之前conj.在...之前, 与其...宁可forward adj.早的, 迅速的, 前进的vt.转寄, 促进, 运送adv.向前地, 向将来per-, dia- =through prep.穿过, 通过, 从开始到结束, 经由, 以adv.从头到尾, 自始至终, 直达地, 彻底, 完全adj.直达的, 直通的de- =down adj.向下的adv.向下, 在下面, 下去, 降下away prep.往下, 沿着in- =in prep.在...之内(上), 在...期间, 从事于, 符合, 穿着adv.进入, 朝里, 在家, 已到达(来临)adj.在里面的, 执政的into prep.到...里, 进入到...之内,成为...状况,深入...之中intensify vt.加强vi.强化in- =not(before adj) adv.不ex-,ef-, ec-, e- =out adj.外面的, 下台的, 出局的adv.在外, 出声地, 显露出来地, 明显地, 从头至尾地sub-,sus-,sug-, suf-,sup-, sur- =under→upprep.在...之下, 在...之内, 低于, adv. 在下adv.向上, 起来, prep.向/在上, 沿adj.向上的, 上行的above adj.上面的, 上述的, 上文的adv.在上面prep.在...上方, 过于, 超出super- = over adv.越过, 从头到尾prep.在...之上, 越过adj.上面的extra adj. 多于或超过通常的、正常的adv.特别地, 非常, 另外trans- =transfer vt.转移,转让, 改变crossing adj.交叉的, 相反的, v.横过ob-,=ad- =to prep.向, 往, 给...,于...,直到...为止, 在...之前, 比, 对,[表示程度、范围] 到, 达toward prep.向, 对于, 为了adj.有希望的, 有利的, 逼近的ob- =against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着in the way 挡道地, 处在阻碍、阻挡或干涉的位置上inter- =between prep.在...之间, 连接...un- = not adv.不do reversely 向相反的方向做anti- ante- =before adv.在前, 以前prep.在...之前conj.在...之前, 与其...宁可against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着ab- abs- =away adv.在远处, 到远处, 离去from prep.从, 今后, 来自, 由于。
词源学基础单词
a able accept acre 亩act add adult all ancient angle 角ant appear arch拱形arm art audio August away balance banana band布带bar bat bath bean豆believe bicycle bind 捆绑，债券bite black blank 空白，无信息blind blood blow 殴打，打击，吹奏，喘气blue board boat bone born borrow bow鞠躬branch break brief brother bull 公牛burn 烧伤camp营地，宿营candle cap帽子覆盖car care carry cartoon carve切开，雕刻，创制cash现金catch cave 洞穴，地窖cell chair channel chant咏唱charge circle clap 鼓掌clean clear climb close cock公鸡，首领。
使朝上collect comb梳子，鸡冠状的东西，蜂窝状的东西梳理，彻底搜查，涌起，卷起。
complete cook core 中心，核，去核。
corn 谷物cotton棉织物counter course 科目，方针。
cow 乳牛，母兽。
create creep爬行，蠕动。
cross culture cut day decent 正派的，得体的。
depend destroy dialogue dig 刺，戳，挖掘。
dip 浸discuss讨论door double down drag draw 下拉drink drive drop drought 干旱dryearth eat elect else end evening excite exit experiment实验factory faint 微弱，模糊fan fantasy幻想，想象。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
E n g l i s h L e x i c o l o g y(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almos t arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes （4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix （形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-， mal-, pseudo- (bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, (deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open 分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ： . acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ： . house + keep = housekeep转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. : motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN截短法四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. .: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. .:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames .: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the lan guage. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. .: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. .: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. :the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of theword. :pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来) （2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre andthe secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. : face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually awayfrom its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. Inconcatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy(同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words which are identicalin meaning in all aspects, . both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same indenotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage,buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive colouring ofwords. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference in usage in simpleterms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . : single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）： this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast. :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete andprecise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory..(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language..(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)/generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]/amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]/ pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation ornon-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的） sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ](词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. : pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. : paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. : become)The role of context(语境的作用)of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a littleof referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal contextof clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases （标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举 [scream and shout]（2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：增加删除替换位置转移分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):& bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia(<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>), desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)（1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster’s Third New International Dictionary>（2）Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]（3）Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。
试论英语词源学在大学英语词汇教学中的应用
为一 门专 门的课程来讲授 。大学 英语教材在词 汇部 分的普遍 做 法是在课 文后面 列举 单词和该 单词的一两个主要的汉语释 义， 部分教材 的单词部 分有中 英文两种解 释 。英 语教师在 讲 解词汇 的时候 通常会按 照教材 的编排 顺序讲 解单 词 ， 便讲 顺 解一些同义词和 反义词 。教 师在在词汇教 学上具有很大的随 意性 ， 词汇教学效果低效 。部分老 甚至不讲解词汇 ， 币 认为词 汇应 该是 学生的自学 内容 ， 所以课堂上 的词汇教学一带 而过 ， 较少传授 词汇记忆 策略 和 习得 观念 ， 而使词汇 教学始 终 留 从 在学 生 自发学习阶段 。大多数学 生记忆单 词主要还是通过 重 复记忆模 式 ， 既费时费力而 又收效甚微 ， 结果往往是学生花 了 很大精 力记单 词 ， 但在用的时候不会用 ， 写作和翻译的时候 在 中国式英语遍 布的现 象非常 严重。 分析 这种现 象后面 的原 因 ， 主要有以下几点 ： 一是词源学 习在我国英语词汇教学 中长 期处于 被忽略 的状态 ， 一点从 这 我国大学英语教材和教辅 资料中即可看出。 目前我国通用 的 大学英语教材 在处理 词汇的时候 还是沿着传统 的词汇列 表模 式。以英语短 语 ｐ ｔ ｗ ｙ为例 ， 很 多教材在 处理这个 短语 ｕ ａ ａ 的方式是 ： Ｐ ｔ ｗ ｙ ｒｍ ｖ ｓ ． ｏａｐａｅｗ ｅｅｉ ｉ ｕｕ “ ｕ ａ ： ｏｅ（ｔ ）ｔ ｌ ｈｒ ｓ－ ａ ｅ ｈ ｃ ｔｓ ａｙｓ ｒｄ（ ｌ ｔ ｅ 把……收起 来 ， ｌ ｏ 放好 ） 。这 种词汇 处理方式 是我 ” 国大学英语教材通用的词汇 处理方 式 ， 每篇课 文后面按 照这 种方式列举了需要掌握 的单词。这种词汇处理方式很少涉及 英语词汇的词源以及英语词汇的前后缀和搭配 问题 。 二是英语词源学涉及拉 丁、 希腊 等 古典 语 言或其他 多 门 外语 ， 是～ 门相对艰深 的学科 。国内大学 英语师 资构成 主要 是来 自各高校外语专业 的毕 业生 ， 目前 高校 外语专业在 在 古 典语言方面缺乏足够的师 资力量 ， 因此 很多 外语院校 的英 语 专业毕业生也未能很好 地掌握 英语词源 学。另外 ， 也有很 多 教师认为词源学是从历时 的角度 来研究词 汇 的发 展和 演变 ， 而 目前在教学中应该从共 时的角度 去讲解 词汇 ， 因而 忽略 了 词源学在ｉ ｌ 教学中的作用 。 ＳＥ 三是 目前图书市场 上的英语词汇学 习书籍大 多是简单 的 词汇罗列并附加一两个主 要的汉 语释义 ， 有涉及 词源学方 鲜 面的知识 。相比较而言 ， 欧美 国家 的词 汇学 习书籍 则多数 增 加词源学方面 的知识 ， 类似 《 文解 字》 说 的体例 ， 通过讲 解 词 源和构词方式来帮助学 习者更好地理解词汇并 且运用 词汇。 三、 词源学教学在 词汇教学中的意义 英语词汇极其丰富 ， 数量 也极 为庞 大。词汇 的发 展和 来 源不是凭空 出现 的 ， 正如 索绪 尔所说 ： 不存在 这 样 的语 言 ， “
英语词汇学复习资料
英语词汇学复习资料IntroductionEnglihaaglobal1)Morphology（构词学）2)Semantic（语义学）3)Stylitic（语体学）4)Etymology（词源学）3.研究le某icology的两大方法1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学Chapter1Le某icologyandbaicconceptofwordandvocabulary1.Word——Awordiaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathaagivenoundandmeaningandyn tacticfunction.2.Thereinologicalrelationhipbetweenoundandmeaningatheymbolic connectionbetweenthemiarbitrary(任意的)andconventional（约定的,俗称的）.3.ound＆formTheoundhouldbeimilarto/conitentwiththeform,butthereareomeill ogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的1)influencedbyRoman2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlycribe（抄写员）4)borrowing4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordinalanguage,butitcanta ndforalltheworduedinaparticularhitoricalperiod.5.ClaificationofW ordbaicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Sa某onwordfrequencynotionoriginnonbaic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loanCollocability（可搭配性）neutralintyle（中立性）(2)Twofeatureofnativewordfrequentinue1)wordtakenoverfromforeignlanguageareknowaborrowedwordorloan wordorborrowinginimpleterm.2)ItietimatedthatEnglihborrowingconti tute80percentofthemodernEnglihvocabulary3)TheEnglihlanguagehavat debt.Inanydictionaryome80%oftheentrieareborrowed.Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglihvocabulary1.OldEnglih属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（印欧语系）——Germanic（日耳曼语系），与德语最相似.2.Hitory1）OldEnglih（450-1150）a.Thefirtpeopleknowntoinhabit（居住）EnglandwereCelt，thelanguagewaCeltic（凯尔特语）.b.TheecondlanguagewatheLatin（拉丁语）oftheRomanLegion（罗马军队）.Romaninvaion→Anglo-Sa某on 三个事件TheintroductionofChri tianity→拉丁文的涌入Vikinginvaion（北欧海盗）andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入word文档可自由复制编辑2）MiddleEnglih（1150-1500）在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglihinMiddleEnglihperiodeael,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？MiddleEnglih,Dutch（带来了2500个词汇）3）ModernEnglih （1500-uptonow）TheRenaiance（文艺复兴）:LatinandGreekwererecognizedathelanguageoftheWeternworld’gr eatliteraryheritage（文化遗产）.TheIndutrialRevolution（工业革命）:17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization（殖民化）,Britihtentacle（魔爪）beganatretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thuenablingEnglihtoaborb（吸收）wordfromallmajorlanguageoftheworld.十六世纪，有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致oundandform出现concord（一致）和tandardization第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojacket,blackbelt,kongfu标准化Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语TherapiddevelopmentofmoderncienceandtechnologySocial,economi candpoliticalchangeTheinfluenceofothercultureandlanguageThreemodeofvocabularyde velopmentChapter3ThetructureofEnglihwordword.）Free→cantandaloneaaword/independentofothermorphemeTypeprefi某ation前缀Le某ical→derivational→affi某ationBound→addedtoothermorphemeuffi某ation后缀Grammatical→inflectional2.Morph——Amorphememutberealizedbydicrete（离散的）unit.Theeactualpokenminimalcarrierofmeaningaremorph.Monomorpheni cword——morphemearerealizedbyinglemorph.Allomorph（词素变体）——Somemorphemearerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpoition .3.Root——Arootithebaicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttota lloofidentity.（Whatremainofawordaftertheremovalofallaffi某e.）Stem——aformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Bae——refertoaformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Itcanbearootortem.atemmayconitofainglerooto rtworootandarootpluaaffi某.atemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict加以理论的分析(1)Bothnationanddictbelongtoroot,nationifreeroot,whichcanfun ctionaloneinaentence,Chapter4Word-formationinEnglih1.Therearefourmaintypeofword-formationinEnglih.word文档可自由复制编辑(1)★Affi某ation（prefi某ationanduffi某ation）构词能力最强Affi某ationigenerallydefinedatheformationofwordbyaddingwordformingorde rivationalaffi某etotem.fullconverion——Itcantakeanindefinitarticle(不定冠词)or-(e)toindicateingularorpluralnumber.e.g.black→ablackdrinkable→d rinkablepartialconverion——mutbeuedtogetherwithdefinitearticle.e.g.rich→therich2.Othertype ofword-formation(1)Clipping/hortening——hortenalongerwordbycuttingapartoftheoriginanduingwhatremainintea d.quake（earthquake）dorm（dormitory）pop（popularmuic）flu （influenza）(2)Acronymy首字母缩略法——joiningtheinitialletterofnameofocialandpoliticalorganizationorpe cialphraeandtechnicaltermeg:VOA-VoiceofAmericaTV-televiion绝大多数blending都是nouneg:mog（烟雾）frommoke+fogtele某（电传机）fromteleprinter+e某changeMedicare（医疗保险）frommedical+carelunarnaut（登月宇航员）fromlunar+atronaut(4)Back-formation逆构词法——iaproceofword-formationbywhichawordicreatedbythedeletion删除ofauppoedaffi某.donate（donation）loaf（loafer）babyit（babyitter）laze（lazy）Chapter5Wordmeaning1.Analytical(referential)分析的Reference–therelationhipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Operational(conte某tual)运用到具体场景中Concept–whichbeyondlanguageithereultofhumancognitionreflectingthe objectiveworldinthehumanmind★Sene1）enedenotetherelationhipinidethelanguage.Theeneofane某preioniitplaceinaytemofemanticrelationhipwithothere某preioninthelanguage.’2）Sincetheeneofane某preioninotathing,itioftendifficulttoaywhatortofidentityiti.Itial oanabtraction.3）Everywordthathameaninghaene(noteverywordhareference)2.Motivation（理据）——accountfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguitic（语言学的）ymbolanditmeaning.non-motivatedOnomatopoeic（拟声的）——thewordwhoeounduggettheirmeaning.Semantic（语义学的）——refertothementalaociationuggetedbytheconceptual概念上的meaningofaword.eg：atthefootofmountain,themouthofriverword文档可自由复制编辑Etymological（词源学的）——Thehitoryoftheworde某plainthemeaningoftheword.3.TypeofmeaningGrammatical语法–refertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicategrammaticalconc eptorrelationhipConceptual概念——themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformthecore核心ofword-meaning.Le某ical词汇Connotative内涵意义eg：Mother—afemaleparent—loveAociative联想Stylitic语体1)formal2)neutral3)informalAffective/Emotive——appreciativeandpejorativeCollocative固定搭配Chapter6SenerelationSynchronicapproachRadiation辐射像车轮式一样进行发展的语义e.g.face,neck（3）TwoproceofdevelopmentConcatenation–meaning―linkingtogether‖串联 2.Homonymy（1）定义：Homonymaregenerallydefinedaworddifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenti cal（完全相同的）bothinoundandpellingoridenticalonlyinoundorpelling.PerfectHomonym同音同形异义词e.g.bear忍受；熊ball球；舞会（2）TypeHomograph同形异义e.g.minute分钟；微小的（1）定义：Synonymareworddifferentinoundandpellingbutmotnearlyalikeore某actlytheameinmeaning.Aboluteregioned地域（BritihEnglih＆AmericanEnglih）（2）TypetyliticdegreeRelative（Near）hadeofmeaningemotiverangecollocative搭配Borrowing（themotimportantource）（1）定义：Antonymyiconcernedwithemantic语义学的oppoition.Relative(dependoneachother)eg:parent—child,ell—buy,predeceor前辈—ucceor继承者word文档可自由复制编辑（3）Characteritic1）Antonymareclaifiedonthebaiofemanticoppoition.2）Awordwhichhamorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3）Antonymdifferinemanticincluion.4）Contrarytermaregradableantonym,differingindegreeofintenity,oeach haitowncorrepondingoppoition.（4）Ue。
(完整word版)词源学记单词
cave 洞穴cavern 洞穴cavernous 洞穴的 cavity 中空concave 凹的excavate 挖掘excavation 挖掘excavator 挖掘者recessive 退行的，逆行的 retrocede 归还，交还，退却 retrocession 归还，交还secede 正是脱离seceder 脱离者secession 脱离，分离succeed 成功，继承centigrade 摄氏度centimeter 厘米centipede 蜈蚣 centuple 百倍的centuplicate 使百倍的 percent 百分之一percentage 百分比centripetal 向心的；acentric 无中心的，离开中心的；anthropocentric 以人类为中心的concentrate 集中与；concentration 集中专心浓度； decentralize 给予更多权利discretion 慎重，斟酌，自由处理excrete 排泄，分泌excrement 排泄物，大便 secret 秘密secretary 秘书secrete 隐秘secretion 分泌，分泌物Certify 证明；证实certifiable 可保证的；可证明的；可确认的 certificate 证书；执照certification 认证certitude 确信concert 音乐会disconcert 使不安；使为难chronology年代学，年表chronological按发生时间顺序排列的chronometer天文钟chronometry计时学，精密计时法chronoscope极微时间测定器anachronismə'nækrənizəm]时代错误，过时的人或事物Pesticide杀虫剂precise: 准确的precision：准确patricide：杀父matricide：杀母suicide：自杀homicide：他杀semicircle n.半圆cycle n.圆cyclist n.骑自行车的人cyclone n.旋风bicycle n.自行车tricycle n.三轮车encyclopedia n.百科全书recital:背诵，朗诵（动词）recitation:背诵；背诵的诗文（名词）resuscitate:使复活，使恢复（动词）resuscitator:救生者，使复生的人；使苏醒的人（名词）solicit：请求，征集；招揽（动词）solicitation：请求，恳求；教唆（名词）solicitor：请求者，恳求着（名词）exclamation惊呼,惊叹词exclamatory感叹的,惊叹的proclaim宣布,公告,宣言,表明,赞扬proclamation 宣言,公布,文告reclaimvt. 开垦,改造,感化,纠正,回收vi. 改造,感化 reclaimable 可收回的,可教化的 reclamation 矫正,驯养,教化declivous 下坡的，向下倾斜的 incline 倾斜，斜坡，斜面 inclination 倾向，意愿，点头 disincline 使讨厌，不感兴趣的disinclination 不起劲，不感兴趣proclivity 倾向，癖性 recline 使斜靠climax 高潮，极点inclusion 包含inclusive 包括的 occlude 封闭occlusion 闭塞preclude 预先排除preclusion 预防，排除阻止 recluse 隐居的，隐士reclusion 隐居幽禁ignorance 无知; 不知ignorant 无知识的, 幼稚的, 不知道的 incognito 微行,用假名的 prognosis 预知, 预后, 预测 prognosticate 预知, 预测, 预言core 核心,果心,争论的核心accord 协议 accordance 一致,和谐,符合;给予 according 根据,按照,依,随…accordingly 因此,于是,如前所说,相应地cordial n. 兴奋剂,补品a. 热忱的,诚恳的,兴奋的 cordiality 诚实,郑重,恳挚corporeal 肉体的，身体的，物质的corpulent 肥胖的corpus 资料，文集，尸体corpuscle血球，微粒子incorporate 合并组成公司incorporation 合并，结合corset 紧身胸衣cosmogony,宇宙的产生，宇宙进化论cosmopolitant,世界性，四海为家的，国际性的世界主义的micrososm,小宇宙count 计算，数countdown 倒数记秒counter n.柜台，计数器V。
fall的词源学-解释说明
fall的词源学-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述:"Fall" 是一个充满魅力的词汇，它承载着丰富的历史和文化背景。
本文将对“fall”的词源学进行深入探讨，从不同语言中的含义到在文化中的象征意义，逐步揭示其丰富多彩的内涵。
通过对“fall”这一词汇的全面解析，我们可以更深入地理解其在人类社会中的重要地位和影响。
同时，本文也将展望“fall”在未来可能产生的新意义和影响，以引发更多深入思考和讨论。
通过本文的阐述，读者将能够对“fall”这一词汇有一个全新的认识，并对其在语言学和文化传承中的重要性有更深入的理解。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容：本文主要分为三个部分：引言、正文和结论。
在引言部分，我们将概述文章的主题内容，并介绍文章的结构和目的。
在正文部分，我们将深入探讨fall这个词的词源及在不同语言中的含义，并探讨它在文化中的象征意义。
在结论部分，我们将对文章的内容进行总结，分析fall这个词的影响，并展望它在未来可能的发展趋势。
通过这样的结构安排，希望能够全面而深入地探讨fall这个词的词源学，以及它在语言和文化中的重要意义。
1.3 目的：本文的主要目的是探讨英文单词"fall"的词源学，即该词的起源和演变过程。
通过对"fall"的词源进行深入研究，我们可以更好地理解和解释其在不同语言中的含义及其在文化中的象征意义。
同时，也可以通过对"fall"的词源学的探讨，来揭示该词在人类历史和文化发展中的影响和作用。
通过本文的研究，我们希望为读者提供一种全面深入的了解和认识"fall"这个词的新视角，同时也为词源学的研究提供一些新的思路和启示。
2.正文2.1 fall的词源在英语中，"fall"一词源自古英语"feallan"，意为“下降，跌落”。
这一词源可以追溯到日耳曼语族中的原始词根"fallan"，也是现代德语中的"fallen"、荷兰语中的"vallen"和瑞典语中的"falla"的词源。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology(词汇学): is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words、The Nature and Scope of English lexicology:English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages、The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to:English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论) and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology:According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English、A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules ofword-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power、The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively、The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately、A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise theirproblem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study、Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord(词的定义): A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function、(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning(声音与意义): almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form(读音与形式):不统一的四个原因(1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other (2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)some of the difference were creates by the early scribes(4)the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary(词汇): all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words:By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock(基本词汇): is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language、Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary、The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character(全民通用性most important) 2)Stability(相对稳定性)3)Productivity(多产性) 4)Polysemy(多义性) 5)Collocability(可搭配性)没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon(行话) (3)slang(俚语)(4)Argot(暗语) (5)Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms(古语) (7) Neologisms(新词语):Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings、(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words(本族语词): known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes、(mainstream of the basic word-stocks)、Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words(外来语词): words taken over from foreign languages、(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens(非同化词/外来词):are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其她语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans(借义词):they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages(8大印欧语群)The Eastern set:(1)The Balto-slavic Group(波罗的-斯拉夫语族):Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc、(2)The Indo-Iranian Group(印度-伊朗语族):Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc、(3)The Armenian Group(亚美尼亚语族):Armenian、(4)The Albanian Group(阿尔巴尼亚语族):Albanian、The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group(古希腊语族):Greek、(6)The Italian Group(意大利语族):Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc、(7)The Celtic Group(凯尔特语族):Irish,Welsh,Breton etc、(8)The Germanic Group(日耳曼语族):Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc、The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language、2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages、In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections、English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language、Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词:the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements、(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words、3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant、Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme,differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)(1)Free Morphemes(自由词素): have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences、A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself、(independent)、(2)Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself、Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes、2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words、B)suffix:An adjective suffix(形容词后缀) that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective、Free Morpheme =free root(自由词根)Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem(词根与词干)The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity、A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root、Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1、Affixation词缀法(Derivation派生法):the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem、(1)Prefixation(前缀法):It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems、1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc、disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes(逆反前缀): un-,de-,dis- etc、unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis(贬义前缀):mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc、misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀):arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect、overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude(倾向态度前缀):contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc、anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes(方位前缀):extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc、extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order(时间与顺序前缀):fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc、monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes(数字前缀):uni-,mono-, bi-,di-, tri-,multi-,poly- ,semi-,etc、bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes(混杂前缀):auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-、vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation(后缀法): It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems、1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes2、Compounding复合法(also called composition)Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail),hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds(复合词的形式)(1)noun compounds :e、g、: air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot(2)adjective compounds : e、g、acid + head = acid-head(3)verb compounds : e、g、house + keep = housekeep3、Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class、(功能转换,又叫零派生、functional shift/zero-derivation)4、Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word、e、g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5、Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead、e、g、plane from airplane, phone from telephone、四种形式:1)、Front clippings删节前面(phone from telephone)2)、Back clippings删节后面(dorm from dormitory)3)、Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4)、Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6、Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms、(1)Initialism(首字母缩写词法): initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter、e、g、: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)(2)Acronym(首字母拼音法):Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word、E、g、:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7、Back-formation(逆生法,逆构词)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation、It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes、(greed from greedy)8、Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e、g、: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt(瓦特,电功率单位)Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word、It is the arbitrary and conventional、It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific、Concept(概念):which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind、Sense(意义):It denotes the relationship inside the language、‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language、’Motivation(理据):It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning、1) Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据):words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises、Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning、E、g、: bang, ping-pong, ha ha、2)Morphological motivation (形态理据):multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines、E、g、: airmail, miniskirt 、例外:black market, ect、3)Semantic motivation(词义理据):refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word、It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word、E、g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation (词源理据):the history of the word explains the meaning of the word、E、g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1、Grammatical Meaning(语法意义):indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2、Lexical Meaning (词汇意义)(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1)Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning、2)Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning、[4types:（1）Connotative(内涵意义):the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations、(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic(文体意义):many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts、（3）Affective(感情意义) :indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question、这种情感价值观分两类:褒义与贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative(搭配意义):is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the wordsbefore or after the word in discussion、]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field (语义关系与语义场)Polysemy(多义关系)Two approached to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):1、diachronic approach(历时方法) :from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word、First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings、2、synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time、基本意义就是central meaning , 次要意义就是derived meaning、Two processes of development(词义的两种发展类型):1.radiation(辐射型):is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes、(e、g: face, neck)2.concatenation(连锁型):is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word movegradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning、(e、g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primarymeaning、In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains、Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between、4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading topolysemy、Generally, radiation precedes concatenation、In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other、Homonymy(同形同音异义关系):words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling、Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1)Perfect homonyms(完全同音同形异义词):words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning、2)Homographs(同形异义词):words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning、(最多最常见)3)Homophones(同音异义词):words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning、Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1)change in sound and spelling :(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2)borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3)Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes(同音同形异义词与多义词的区别):1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings、2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源):Homonymys are from different sources、Polysemant is from the same source、3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning、Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another、In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries、Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色):As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule、Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning 、Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms(完全同义词):also known as complete synonyms are words whichare identical in meaning in all aspects, i、e、both in grammatical meaning and lexicalmeaning, including conceptual and associative meanings、[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology、](2)relative synonyms(相对同义词):also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly thesame in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality、(e、g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer,idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing(借词):最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English (方言与地区英语)3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words (单词的修饰与委婉用法):occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact、4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions(与习惯表达一致):win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand、Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同、Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning、(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同、By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotivecolouring of words、Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness、(借词:answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal、中性词:policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request、古语词、诗歌:ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application、Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference inusage in simple terms、They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns、(allow sb、to do sth、- let sb、do sth、/ answer the letter-replyto the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition、Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning、Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning、特点:①The assertion of one is the denial of the other、②Such antonyms are non-gradable、They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them 、(e、g: single/married)2)contrary terms(对立反义词): antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes、(e、g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other、3)relative terms(关系反义词): this type consists of relational opposites、(parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give)Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion(语义内涵)4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite、(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms(反义词的使用)1)Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words、2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast、(e、g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友,weal and woe哀乐)3)To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together、(proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go、/ more haste, less speed、)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion、The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word、For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词与下义词):use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader、Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea、Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory、e、g、(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc、make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language、e、g、(aunt in English, ma y means “父亲的姐姐, 妈妈的姐姐,父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese、(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content、Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form、Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1、Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo、It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized、(e、g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2、Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小):is the opposite of widening meaning、It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense、In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English、(e、g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl)、[ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly、]3、Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble(粗陋的) beginnings to positions of importance、[nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4、Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory(贬损的) sense、[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5、Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer、Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1、Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因):Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time、E、g: pen, car, computer、2 )Class reason(阶级原因):The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation、3) Psychological reason(心理原因):the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors、Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons、2、Linguistic factors(语言内部原因):the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system、1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义与语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word、Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic andextra-linguistic contexts、Two types of context(语境的种类)1、Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation(非语言语境):In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background、(look out, weekend, landlord )2、Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境):In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears、It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book、分为两类:1) Lexical context(词汇语境):It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question、(e、g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context(语法语境):It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs、(e、g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1、Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1)Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy、2)Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2、Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context3、Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy(上下义关系)7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms(习语的定义): are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements、In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms(俗语), Catchphrases(标语),slang expressions (俚语),proverbs(谚语),etc、They form an important part of the English vocabulary、Characteristics of Idioms(英语习语的特点)1、Semantic unity (语意的整体性): words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity、Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom、The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom、2、Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable、1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article、4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity、习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms(英语习语的分类)1、idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)2 、idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语(as poor as a church mouse)3 、idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语(look into)4 、idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语(tooth and nail 拼命)5 、sentence idioms 句式习语(never do things by halves)Use of idioms(习语的使用)1、Stylistic features(文体色彩):1）colloquialisms(俗语)2）slang (俚语)3）literary expressions(书面表达)The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned(指派)different meanings、2、Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation (语音处理):(1)alliteration头韵法(2)rhyme尾韵法2)lexical manipulation(词法处理)(1)reiteration(duplication of synonyms)同义词并举[scream and shout](2)repetition 重复[out and out](3)juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3、figures of speech(修辞格)(1)simile明喻(2)metaphor暗喻(3)metonymy换喻/以名词代动作:live by one’s pen(4)synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体:earn one’s bre ad(5)Personification拟人法(6)Euphemism委婉语:kick the bucket(die)(7)hyperbole 夸张:a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式):1、addition增加2、deletion删除3、replacement替换4、position-shifting位置转移5、dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology(语源)、Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1、Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries(单语词典与双语词典):最早的词典都就是双语的(1)、Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD)、The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language、(2)、Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, AChinese-English D)2、Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries(语文词典与百科词典)(1)Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc、)可以就是单语或就是双语的(2)Encyclopedic dictionary:1)encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se(本身)but provides encyclopedic information、Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information、2)Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3、Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)(1)Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster’s Third New International Dictionary>(2)Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000](3)Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音与最重要的意义,很少或者几乎不举例。
词源基础-9
词源基础-9从world看“男人”创造“世界”袁新民博文链接地址：/s/blog_4e8d2f2901000c9u.html对于world“世界”一词，不同的人理解是不一样的，但对于恋爱中的两个人，经常会听到一方说“你是世界上最…的人”、“你就是我的一切”、“没有你我可怎么办啊？”，悲剧很可能经常由此展开。
上面的话是否真实可信先不用评说，问题在于，一个痴情女子有权利说这些话，而真正的男人是万万不可说的！为什么？world中的wor指的是“男人”，ld就是old，指的是age，world本来意为“life or age of man”，即“男人的生命或年纪”，由此引申为“现在地球上的生命”，到后来则变成“世间，人间，世界”。
简单得说，一个“男人”就是一个“世界”，男人是一个天而不是半边天，这是world一词真正的词源学含义！它说明这个词产生时已经是一个男权社会了。
男人=世界，所以没有了男人，天就塌下来了，世界末日就来了。
世界需要男人！但这个词也是男人自大的一种表现，因为从古到今，不知有多少男人在女人面前失去自我。
现实中，好男人在增加，真正男人的数量却在不断下降。
world 中的wor作为词根（相当于汉语的部首）指的是“男人”，与它对应的是vir。
英语本来没有26个字母，先有v，由v又产生出了w，即两个v放在一起就成了w，v与w在词根中可以替换，替换后词根的基本意思不变。
英语中，词根里的元音字母也可以替换，o与i就是，所以：wor, vir男人，强world（wor男人，ld时代，和old基本意思一样；本表示男人的时代→）n．1.世界，地球2.世间，人间3.界，领域4.全世界，世人worldly（world世间，人间，-ly附在名词后构成形容词，表示“像…那样的”，“有…特性的”）a. 1.尘世的，世俗的2.生活经验丰富的；老成持重的；世故的virtue（vir男人，-tue是由拉丁语抽象名词后缀-tut变化而来；因为勇气等而具有男子气概被认为是→）n．1.美德，德行2.优点，长处virtual（vir男人，-ual属于…的；男人的品质等是客观存在的→）a．实质上的，事实上的，实际上的virtually（见上，-ly副词后缀）ad.实际上，事实上virtuous (virtu=virtue美德，-ous形容词后缀，具有…的)a. 1.品德高的，有道德的2.自命不凡的，自命清高的virtuoso（virtu=virtue优点，长处，os=-ous，-o后缀；有着不同寻常长处或优点的人→）n.技艺超群的人，（尤指）演奏家；演艺精湛的人a.技艺精湛的，技巧超群的virtuosity（virtuos=virtuoso，-ity名词后缀）n.（表演或演奏方面）高超技艺，精湛演技virago（vir男人，-ago后缀，表示某些种类的联系，这里表示相似；似男人那样的女人→）n.泼妇，悍妇virile（vir男人，-ile形容词后缀，表示属于或具有某种性质的；属于男人的→）a. 1.（男子）强壮的，精力充沛的2.有阳刚之气的，有男子气概的；男性的virility（viril=virile，-ity构成抽象名词，表示性质、状态）n. 1.（男性）性功能，生殖力2.力量，活力virilism（viril=virile男性的，-ism表示特征、特性；女子出现男性特征→）n.男性化，男性化特征注意：另一个vir作为词根表示“毒”，如virus“病毒”，和上面的不属于同一来源。
词汇学术语
Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Convergingsound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locativecase 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversativeprefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析。
body词源学-概述说明以及解释
body词源学-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分:body一词源自拉丁语"corpus"，指的是人体的整体结构。
随着时间的推移，这个词在不同的语言中演变出了各种不同的含义和用法。
本文将探讨body词源在历史上的起源以及它在不同语言中的意义。
同时，我们将分析body词源对当代语言的影响，以及对未来可能带来的影响。
通过对body词源的深入研究，我们可以更好地了解语言的演变和交流方式的变化。
1.2文章结构1.2 文章结构本文将围绕着body这个词源展开探讨，主要分为引言、正文和结论三部分。
在引言中，将概述本文的主旨和目的，引出对body词源的研究意义。
在正文部分，将分为三个小节来分析body词源的起源、在不同语言中的意义以及对当代语言的影响。
通过深入挖掘body这一词源的多重含义和历史渊源，展示其在语言中的重要性和多样性。
最后在结论部分，将对本文的主要观点进行总结，展望body词源的未来发展，并得出结论。
通过这样的结构布局，将全面探讨body词源学的相关内容，使读者对这一词源有更加全面深入的了解。
1.3 目的在本篇关于body词源学的文章中，我们的主要目的是探讨body这一词源在不同语言中的起源、意义以及对当代语言的影响。
通过深入研究body这一词源的历史渊源和演变过程，我们希望能够更全面地了解其在不同文化背景下的意义和特点。
同时，我们也将探讨body词源在当代语言中的应用和影响，探讨其对语言发展和交流的重要性。
通过本文的研究，我们希望能够为读者提供一个更深刻的认识和理解body这一词源的背景和价值，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一关键词源在不同语言和文化中的重要性。
同时，我们也希望激发对语言学和词源学的兴趣，促进对语言起源和发展的深入思考和探讨。
通过对body词源的研究和分析，我们也希望能够为未来对这一词源的进一步研究和探索提供参考和启发。
2.正文2.1 body词源的起源Body一词源自古英语“bodig”，最早出现在9世纪的英语文献中。
英语词根词缀记忆
英语词根词缀记忆大全第一部分通过词缀认识单词（常用前缀一）72. suc-, suf-, sup-, sur-等在同辅音词根前表示“在…下面”surreptitious鬼鬼崇崇的（sur + rept爬＋itious--在下面爬--鬼鬼崇崇的）79.un-①表示“不，无，非，没有”unscrupulous肆无忌惮的（un + scrupulosu小心的）第三部分通过词根认识单词（常用词根一）"49.crypt=secret,hidden,表示“秘密，隐藏”"apocrypha n 伪经，伪书（apo离开+ crypha秘密，引申为神圣--离开神圣--伪经）apocryphal a 伪经的；假冒的（apocrypha + al)"67.erg=energy,work,表示“能量，活动”"lethargic a "昏昏欲睡的（leth忘记，来自lethe,神话中的忘川+ arg[=erg] + ic--忘了力量--无力）"74.fer=bring,carry,表示“带来，拿来”"odoriferous a 有气味的（odori气味+ fer + ous--带来气味）referendum n公民投票选举（refer + endum表名词--提出（候选人）--选举）"82.flu=flow,表示“流动”"mellifluous a流畅的；甜美的（melli甜＋flu＋--声音甜美流出）"85.fract,frang=break,表示“打碎”"fractious a 易怒的，脾气坏的（fract + ious--碎的--脾气易碎）refractory a 倔强的；不听话的（re 表否定+ fract + ory--不能打碎--倔强的）suffrage n 投票，投票权（suf在下面+ frage--打碎器皿庆祝胜利--表示赞成--投票）suffragist n 赞成妇女参政者（suffrage + ist)"94.graph,gram=write,表示“写，图”"lexicography n 辞典编纂（lexico词，词曲+ graphy)stenographer n速记员（steno狭小+ graph写+ er--缩小了写--速记）"95.grat,gree=pleasing,表示“感激，高兴”"gratuity n 赏钱；赠品（grat + uity--因感激给--赏钱--小费）gratuitous a 无缘无故的；免费的（来自gratuity赏钱，给小费可多可少，所以“无缘无故的”）"96.grav,griev=heavy,表示“重"gravid a 怀孕的（grav + id--重的样子--怀孕的）gravida n 孕妇（grvid + a)"104.hum=earth,表示“土,地”"posthumous a 死死的，遗腹的（post后+ hum土，引申为死+ ous--死后的）"110.junct,join=join,表示“结合，连接”"rejoinder n 回答，答辩（re反+ join + der--反过来接--回答）"111.jur,juris=swear,law,表示“发誓，法律”"jurisprudence n 法律学（juris + prud小心+ ence--认真学法--法律学）"129.log=science,表示“科学,学科”"epistemology n 认识论（epi 下面+ stem根，基础+ o + log + y--知识基础之学--认识论）etymology n 词源学（etym真正的+ o + log + y--词真正来源的学科；eymon词源）ornithology n 鸟类学（ornith鸟+ o + log + y)"139.med=middle,表示“中间”"mediocre a 平庸的，中等的（med + iocre石山--中间的山--不是高山--平庸的）"154.mort=death,表示“死”"mortify v 使羞辱；屈辱（mort + ify--使人想死--羞辱[别人]）mortuary n 停尸室（mort + uary地方--放尸体的地方）morbid n 疾病的，不健康的（morb[=mort] + id--像死一样--疾病的）moribund a 垂死的，将死的（mori + bund[=bound边界]--死的边界--垂死的）"157. Muni,mun= public,表示“公共的”"munificent a 慷慨的（muni + fic做+ ent--做出来给大家--慷慨的）"160. Nav,naus, naut= ship, 表示“船”，naut引申为“海员”"nautical a 航海的；海员的（naut + ical--航海的）nauseate v 使作呕（nausea + ate)"180.par=equal,表示“平等”"nonpareil a 无与伦比的（non无+ par + eil--无平等的--无与伦比的）"189. Pen,pun=penalty,表示“处罚”"penitent a 后悔的（penit[=pen惩罚]，引申为受惩罚而后悔--后悔的）repent v 后悔，懊悔（re反+ pent--反进来惩罚自己--后悔）"193.pet=seek,表示“追寻，寻求”"petulant a (脾气）暴躁的（pet + ulant多…的--追求太多，导致脾气不好）propitiate v 获宠爱；抚慰（pro前+ pit[=pet] + iate--追到前面去--获宠爱）propitious a 幸运的，吉祥的（pro前+ pit + ious--在[别人]前面追到--幸运的）"197.phon=sound,表示“声音”"cacophony n 刺耳的声音（caco刺耳，坏+ phony)"199.plac=to please,表示“取悦，使满意，使平静”"complaisant a 讨好的（com加强语气+ plais[=plac] + ant--让[别人]满意--讨好的）"204.plic, pli, ply= fold ,表示“重叠，折叠”"complicity n 同谋关系（com共同+ plic + ity--共同重叠--同谋关系）"206.point,punct= point,make sharp, 表示“点，变尖”"punctilious a 谨小慎微的（punct + ilious--[做事]点滴不漏--小心的）compunction n 后悔，悔恨（com共同+ punct + ion--浑身像针刺一样--悔恨）pungent a 刺鼻的；尖锐的（pung[=punct] + ent--尖的--尖锐的）"208.pon, pound= put, 表示“放置”"expound v 详细说明（ex出+ pound--把[意义]说出来--详细说明）impound v 把…围住；扣押（im进+ pound--放进去--围住）propound v 提出，提议（pro向前+ pound--向前放--提出）"210. Port=carry,表示“拿，运”"comport v 举止，行为（com共同+ port拿，动作--[一个人]的全部动作--举止）comportment n 举止（comport + ment)deportment n 举止行为（deport + ment)purport n 要领；大意（pur[=per全部] + port--全部拿到一起--要领，大意）"211. Pos, posit=put, 表示“放”"juxtapose v 并列，并置（juxta并排+ pose--并排放）"224. Quiet, qui= still, 表示“静”"acquiesce v 默许（ac给予+ qui + esce--给予[对方]静的回答--默许）acquiescence n 默认，默许（ac + qui + escence)"225. Quit= free, 表示“自由”"quitclaim n 放弃权利（quit + claim宣告）acquit v 开释，免罪（ac给予+ quit--给予自由）acquittal n 释放；还清（债）（acquit + t + al)requite v 报答；报应(re回+ quite自由，释放--回到自由状态--报答了[别人]恩惠）requital n 报答，报应（requite + al)"228.Rap,rapt,rav=snatch,表示“捕，夺”"ravish v 抢夺（rav + ish表动词）ravage n 破坏（rav + age状态--掠夺过的状态）raven v 捕食；狼吞虎咽（raven还有乌鸦之意）ravenous a 贪婪的；饿极的（raven捕食+ ous--捕食的--贪婪的）"231. Rid, ris= laugh,表示“笑”"risible a 爱笑的（ris + ible能笑的--爱笑的）risibility n 爱笑，能笑（risible + ility)"233. Rog=ask, 表示“要求,问”"interrogate v 审问（inter在…中间+ rog + ate--在[审问室]中问--审问）prorogue n 休会，闭会（pro前+ rogue--提前问好[下一次开会日期]--休会）rogue n "无赖,骗子（无理要求者）""235. Rud= rude, 表示“原始，粗野”"rudiments n 基本原理，初步（rudi + ments--原始的东西--基本知识）rudimental a 基本的（rudiment + al)erudite a 博学的（e出+ rud + ite--走出原始状态--博学的）erudition n 博学（erudite + ion)"238. San, sanit= healthy,表示“健康的”"sanstive a 有疗效的（san + ative--有健康作用的）sanatorium n 疗养院（sanat[=sanat] + orium场所--健康场所）"239. Sanguin= blood ,表示“血”"sanguinary a 血淋淋的（sanguin + ary)consanguineous a 同血缘的（com共同+ sanguin + eous同血[缘]的）sanguine a 血色的；乐天的（满面红光表示乐观）exsanguine a 贫血的（ex出+ sanguine--血出去了--贫血的）"241.scend, scens, scent=climb,表示“爬，攀”"condescend v 屈尊俯就（con全部+ descend--全身向下--屈尊俯就）condescension n "屈尊；贬低（condescend, d 变s + ion)""244. Secut,sequ= follow,表示“跟随”"obsequious a 谄媚的，奉承的（ob用力+ sequ + ious--拼命跟随别人--谄媚的）"247. Sen=old,表示“老”"senile a 衰老的（sen + ile…的）senescence n 衰老，老朽（sen + escence开始…的状态--老的状态）"253. Sinu=bend,表示“弯曲”"sinus n 海湾；凹处（sinu + s)sinuate a 弯曲的（sinu + ate)sinuation n 曲折（sinu + ation)sinuous a 蜿蜒的（sinu + ous)insinuate v 暗示；巧妙巴结（in进入+ sinu + ate--进入弯曲--不直接表达--暗示）"259. Somn=sleep,表示“睡眠”"somniferous a 催眠的（somni + fer带来+ ous--带来睡眠的）somnolent a 困倦的（somn + olent…的--睡眠的）"268. St, sta, stat, stan, stant, stin = stand, 表示“站，立”"stateliness n 庄严；雄伟（state国家+ li[=ly] + ness--国家状态--庄严）apostasy n 背教；变节（apo离开+ stasy--站开了--背教）apostate n 变节者（apo + state)obstinate a 顽固的（ob反+ stin + ate--[和别人]反着站--顽固的）obstinacy n 顽固，顽强（ob + stin + acy)stagnant a 停滞的（stagn站+ ant--站着不走--停滞的）stamina n 耐力，持久力（stam[stan站] + ina--站下去--[有]耐力）steadfast a 坚定的；固定的（stead[=stand] + fast稳固的）271atitut，stit=set up ，place，表示”建立，放“destitute a 缺乏的；贫穷的（de没有+ stitute--没有建立--缺乏的）destitution n 缺乏；穷困restitute a 偿还，赔偿（re回+ stitute--放回去--偿还）restitution n 赔偿，偿还273 stirain，striet，string=tighten，表示“拉紧”stringent n 紧迫的（string + ent--拉紧的--紧迫的）stringency a 紧急；严厉（sting + ency）constringe n 使收缩（con一起+ stringe--拉到一起--收缩）constringent v 收缩性的279 tain ten tin= hold。
英语的各种学(ology)结尾单词速记
* caliology n. 鸟巢学;【cali+ology ，卡利=快学，鸟巢学得飞快】
* carcinology
carcin：：abbr. (Latin prefix—cancer) （拉丁语前缀）癌，毒瘤; 车芯=>毒瘤啊
* cardiology n. 心（脏）病学;
cardi： abbr. (Latin prefix=heart) （拉丁语前缀）心脏;【cardi 卡地在心脏】
*acarology n. 蜱螨学，螨学; 【a+car+ology，一车的螨虫，学】，
acarid，acarus ：螨虫， 【一车ID，一小车我们，都是螨虫啊】
mite ：n. 小虫; 极小量; 小孩子; 微小的东西;
* aerobiology n. 空气生物学，高空生物学;【aero+bi+ology，空气生物学】
* biopsychology n. 生物心理学，精神生物学;
* biotechnology n. [生物] 生物工艺学; [生物] 生物技术;
* bryology n. 苔藓学;【blue red yellow 学问，蓝红黄的苔藓学】
* bumpology
bump：：撞击
* cacology n. 措词不当; 用词不当; 读音不准; 发音不准;【卡壳学，cac】
* aerolithology n. 陨星学;
lithology:: n. 岩石学，岩性;
abbr. lithograph 平版（指石版或金属板）印刷; 平版画;
lithography 平版印刷术;
* aerology n. 高空气象学;
英语词根记忆大全第5部分
第五部分：abol=do away with(消除）ablish v 废除accoutr=dress （穿着）accoutrement n 装备acm=top （顶端）acme n 顶峰adip=fat （肥）adipose a 肥胖的adjut=assist （帮助）adjutant 副手，副官advant=ahead （前面）advantage n 利益，好处avant n 先峰agger=heap （堆积）ecaggerate v 夸张alacr=swift （迅速）alacrity n 迅速，敏捷ald=old （老）alderman n 市政议员alesc=grow （成长）coalesce v 结合，联合amen=pleasant （愉快）amenity n 舒服，愉快amenable a 通情达理的amic=friend （朋友）amicable a 友好的angu，anx=distress （苦恼）amguish a苦恼的anxious a 焦虑的anth = flower （花）antholigy n 选集chrysanthemum n 菊花（chrys黄色anthem花+um）ap=bee （蜜蜂）apiary n 养蜂场aper=open （开）aperture n 开口，孔April 四月（开花季节）apex=aummit （顶峰）aquil=eagie （鹰）aquiline a 鹰的，似鹰的ar=plow （犁地）arable a 可耕种的ar=dry （干）arid a 干旱的arefavtion n 弄干arbor=tree （树）arboreous a 树木的arboriculture n 种树业arch=chief （主要的）architect n 建筑师archipei ago n 群岛arch=bear （熊）arctic a 北极的（在大熊星座下）antarctic a 南极的（ant相反+arctic）ard=burn （燃烧）ardent a 热情的arson v 纵火（ars=ard）ardu=difficult （困难）arduous a 劳累的aren=sand （沙）arena 角斗场（以沙铺地）arom=apice n （香料）aroma n 芳香aromatic a 芳香的arter=pipe （管道）artery n 动脉articul=joint （关节）artivulate v 关节结合；咬字清楚asin=ass （驴子）asinine a 像驴在的；愚蠢的asper=rough （粗糙）asperity n 粗暴exasperate v 激怒；使恶化asthm=panting （喘气）asthma n 气喘病athl=contest （比赛）athlete n 运动员atmo=vapor （蒸汽）atmosphere n 大气层atroc =cruel （残酷）atrocious a 残暴的atrocity n 残暴aur=gold （金）aureate v 镀金auriferous a含金的；产金的aur = ear （耳朵）aueiform a 耳状的auricular a 耳的；听觉的auster=severe （严重的）austere a 严肃的；朴素的austr=aouth （南方）austeal a 南面的Australia n 澳大利亚（在南半球）auxili=help （帮助）auxiliary a 辅助的aval=kownward （向下）avalanche v 雪崩（aval+lanche滑—向下滑）avar=greedy （贪婪）avarice n 贪婪axi=worthy （有价值）axiom n 公理，真理badin=jest （说笑）badinage v 打趣，逗笑bank=bench （长椅）bank n 银行（由柜台转化而来）banktupt n 破产者（bank椅子—柜台+rupt断—柜台断了—破产）bard=beard （胡子）barber n 理发师（兼修理胡子）bard n 倒钩；刺人的话（像胡子一样刺人）barbar=stammer （胡说）barbarian a 野蛮的（野蛮人说的话听不懂）barr=bar (栅栏）barrier n 障碍embargo v 禁运（em进入+bar禁止+go状态beat=blessed （有福的）beatify v 祝福beatific a 快乐的；天使般的bell=fine （美好）embellish v 装饰（em使+bell+使—美好）belle n 美女bever=drink （喝）beverage n 饮料bey=expect （期待）abeyance n 暂停，中止（a在+bey+ance—在期待中—观忚，暂停）bias=slant （斜）bias n 偏见bib=drink （喝）imbibe v喝入，饮bibulous a 吸水的；喜喝酒的blas=bamage （毁坏）blasphemy v 亵渎神灵（blas+phemy神的显示）blem=stain （弄脏）blemish v 玷污bombast=cotton （棉花）bombast n 吹牛的话（像棉花一样膨胀）bon=good （好）bonus n 奖金boon n 恩惠bor=dweller （居民）neighbor n 邻居（neigh附近+bor人）bord=side （边）border n 边境transborder a 横穿边境的bosc=feed （喂）proboscis n 象鼻子；吻针（pro前面+boscis，象用鼻子喂食）botan=erb （草）botany n 植物学bouch=mouth （嘴）debouch v 流出；走出bov=ox （牛）boving a 牛的brack=vomit （呕）brackish a 令人恶心的broch=pierce （刺，缝）brochure n 手册（用线缝在一起的纸）broach n 钻孔器v开瓶塞；提出问题bry=sprout （发芽）embryo n 胚胎，萌芽burl=mockery （嘲笑）burlespue n 滑稽戏（burl+espue反缀，如grotespue 古怪的）byss=borrom （底）abyss n 深渊（a没有+byss—没有底）cadaver=corpse （尸体）cadaverous a 死灰色的，苍白的cal=beautiful （美丽）calligraphy n 书法kaleidoscope n 万花筒calam=misfortune （不幸）calamity n 灾难，不幸calend=first day （每月第一天）calendar n 日历call=vhard skin （硬皮）callous a冷漠的，无感觉的can=dog （狗）canine a 狗的capr=goat （山羊）caprice v 突变；任性caper v 欢蹦，跳跃carcer=prison （监狱）caric=load （过分）aricature n 漫画；讽刺文caten=chain （链）concatenare v 把—连在一起cathar=pure （纯洁）cathartic n 泻药catharsis v 导泻；精神发泄cathol=general （普通的）catholic a 普遍的，一般的caul=stem （根，杆）cauliflower n 花菜（从根上长出花来）caust=bun （烧）caustic a 苛刻的；腐蚀性的holocaust n 大火灾（holo全部+caust—全部烧光）caval=horse （马）cavalier n 骑士cavalry n 骑兵ceal=hide （藏）concea v 隐藏cel=heaven （天空）celestia a 天的，天空的ceiling n 天花板（ceil+cel）celebr=honor （荣誉）celebrate 庆祝celebrity n 名人celib=single （单个）celibacy n 独身celibate n 独身生活的人a独身的cem=sleep （睡）cemetery n 墓地cephal=head （头）acephalous a 没有头的ceram=earth （陶土）eramic n 陶瓷erebr=brain （脑）cerebrum n 大脑cess=stop （停止）cessatinon n 停止，中止incessant a 无穷无尽的chame=ground （地）chameleon n 变色龙（chame+leon狮子—地上的狮子—变色龙）chondr=cartilage （软骨）h软骨ypochondria n 臆想病症（hypo在下面+chondr+ia 病—在软骨下的病—人的臆想病）chtys=golden （金色）chrysanthemum n 菊花ciner=ash （灰）incinerate v 焚烧inerary a 骨灰的cinct=bins （捆）succinct a 简洁的cist=box （盒子）cistern n 贮水桶cla=break （打破）iconoclast n 反对崇拜偶像者clandestin=secret （秘密）clandestine a 秘密的clys=dash （猛冲）cataclysm n 洪水（cata向下+clysm）col=strain （排水）cpercolart v 渗滤，渗透colander n 漏勺oll=neck （脖子）collar n 衣领accolade v 奖励，授骑士士爵位礼（把奖品挂在脖子上）com=sleep （睡）coma n 昏迷，昏睡cintamin=pollute （污染）contaminate v 弄脏，污染cop=abundance （丰富）copious a 大量的cornucopia n 丰富；丰饶角（corn角+u+cop+ia——象征丰收的角——丰饶角）cori=skin （皮）excoriate v 剥皮；严厉批评corrig=correct （改正）incorrigible a 不能改正的corusc=glitter （发光）coruscate v 闪耀，闪烁cost=side （旁边）accost v 向人搭话；调情cras=mixing （混合）idiosyncras （人的）特性crastin=tomorrow （明天）procrastinate v 拖延（明日复明日）creas=flesh （肉）pancreas n 胰腺（pan接近+creas——像肉的东西——胰腺）crepit=burst （爆裂）becrepit a 衰老的（脾气不再火爆）crimin=ceime （罪）crimina n 罪犯recriminate v 反责；反诉（crud=raw （生的）crude a 粗糙的；原始的recrudesce （病等）复发（re再+crud+esce——再次变粗糙——复发）crust=shell （外壳）crustscean a 甲壳纲的（动物）culin=kitchen （厨房）culinary a 厨房的culmin=top （顶）culminate v 到达顶峰cmul=heap （堆积）accumulate v 积累cumulus n 积云cup=desire （渴忚）cpidity n 贪财，贪心curt=short （短）curt （说话）短而粗暴的curtail v 截短；缩短（讲话、节目等）custod=guard （看护）custody v 监护cylind=roll （卷）cylinder n 圆柱体dama=conpuer （征服）adamant a 坚定的，坚固的（a不+dama+ant——不可征服的）de=god （神）deity n 神diefy v 神化deb=owe （欠债）debenture n 借据；债券dibit n 借方；负债debt n 债务dibil=weak (衰弱)dibility n 衰弱debilitate v 使衰弱deleter=destroyer （毁坏者）deleteriois a 有害的delect=delight （愉快）delectable a 愉快的delir=mad (疯）delirious a 神志失常的，妄想的deterior=worse （更坏）deteriorate 恶化didact=teach （教）didactic 教训的，教导的digit=finger （手指）digitate 有指的，指状的dogm=opinion （观点）domga 教条dogmatic 教条主义的domin=lord （主人）dominate 统治dominion 领地；统治domit=tame （驯服）indomitable 不可征服的dors=back （背）dorsal 背部的indorse 背书；同意（在背后签子）dot=give （给）antidote 解毒药（anti对抗毒）anecdote 轶事；短故事（an 不+ec出+dote——not published——没出版的小故事）dra=perform ( 表演）drastic 剧烈的drama 戏剧dubi=doubtful (怀疑）dubilus 怀疑的indubitable 明确的，无可怀疑的ebri=drunken （醉）inebriate 陶醉的，酒鬼eleg=lament (悲伤）elegy 哀歌emul=equal (平等）emulate 模仿；超越et=being （存在）entity 存在nonentity 不存在；无名之人entom=insect （昆虫）entomology 昆虫学equ=horse （马）equine 马的ero=love （爱）erotic 色情的ert=erect （直）alert 警惕的（al+ert站直了看——警惕的）escal=ladder （梯子）escalade 攀登escalate 逐步上升esoter=inner （内在）esoteric 秘传的estim=value （价值）estimate 估计，估量esteem （尊敬）estimable 可尊敬的；可估计的ethn=nation （民族）ethnology 人种学ethnic 种族的etymo=true （真的）etymology 词源学（词的真实来源）fam=hunger (饿）famine 饥荒famish 挨饿fan=temple （庙）fanatic 狂热的，盲信的（在庙里盲目信仰）fascin=enchant （迷住）fascinate 使---入迷fatig=weary （疲倦）fatigue 疲劳indefatigable 不知疲倦的fatu=silly （笨）fatuous 昏庸的infatuate 使糊涂，使迷醉febr=fever （烧）febrile 发烧的fecund=fruit （果实）fecundity 肥沃；多产（果实很多）felic=happy （幸福）felicity 幸福；得体femin=woman （女人）feminine 女人的；温柔的fer=wild （野）ferocity 凶猛feral 野生的；凶猛的ferr=iron （铁）ferreous 铁的，含铁的fisc=pruse （钱包）fiscal 财政的confiscate 没收，把---充公fiss=split （分裂）fissure 裂缝，分裂fissile 易分裂的flagell=whip （鞭子）flagellate 鞭打fluctu=wave （波浪）fluctuate 波动for=bore (打孔）perforate 打孔fratern=brother （兄弟）fraternity 兄弟情谊fraternize 亲如兄弟；友善fraterm=fresh （新鲜）fresco 壁画（用新鲜颜料画的画）fresc=shine （果实）fructufy 使多产；结果实fulg=shine （发光）effulgence 光辉，灿烂refulgent 光辉的fulmin=thunder （雷声）fulminate 大声怒吼fulminous 怒喝的furt=steal （偷）furtive 偷偷摸摸的furc=fork （分叉）bifurcate 分成两叉furcal 叉状的fusc=dark （黑的）obfuscate 混淆；弄黑暗fuscous 暗褐色的；深色的gain =against （反对）gainsay 否认against 反对galax=milk （乳）galaxy 欢蹦，跳跃（用腿蹦跳）garr=chatter （唠叨）garrulous 唠叨的gastr=stomach （胃）gastric 胃的gasreitis 胃炎genu=knee （膝盖）genuflection 曲膝ger=bear （带有）belligerent 好斗的（bell战争）glomer=ball （球）conglomerate 合并，联合glomerulus 小球glut=devour （吞吃）glut 吞吃glutton 饱食者（gluttony 暴饮暴食）gorg=throat （喉）qorge 吞咽，峡谷gorgeous 壮观的；美丽的gross=great （大）engross 正式写成（议案、决议等）；大量（或全部）收买，独占gross 总共的；重大的gymn=naked 裸体的gymnasium 体育馆（脱衣服锻炼的地方)harm=fitting (适合）harmony 和谐charm 魅力吸引力（harm的变体）haught=high (高）haughty 高傲的hein=odious (可恨的）heinous 憎恨的hemo=blood (血）hemorrhage 大出血（hemo=rrhage流出）hemer=day (一天）eohemeral 转瞬即逝的（一天就消失了）hom=man (人）homicide 杀人者（homi+cide杀）homage 尊敬，崇敬（把别人当人看）host =enemy (敌人）hostile 故意的hostility 敌对hum=moist (湿）humid 潮湿的icon=image (形象）iconoclast 反对崇拜偶像者iconography 肖像画法ident=same （相同）identical 一样的identify 认出，识别ign=fire （点火）ignite 点燃igneous 火的，似火的incip=begin （开始）incipient 开始的intim=inmost （内心的）intimate 亲密的暗示isol=island （岛）isolate 孤立isolable 可隔离的isthm=narrow pass （狭道）isthmus 地狭jac=lie （躺）adjacent 邻近的，毗连的circumjacent 周围的jacul=javelin （标枪）ejaculate 突然说出（像把标枪扔出去一样）jaculate 把—向前掷去jubil=shout of joy （欢呼）jubilation 欢庆，欢腾jubilant 欢快的laver=torn （撕开）lacerate 割碎；伤害lass=weaty （倦）lassitude 疲倦，无精打采lat=wide （宽）latitude 纬度；自由laud=praise （赞扬）laudable 值得赞美的laudatory 表示赞美的，褒扬的lemma=argument （争论）dilemma 进退两难（di表示二，二种争论——进退两难）lent=loose （松）relent 放松；宽厚（re再+lent——再放松）relentless 无情的leth=oblivion （遗忘）lethargy 昏睡（leth原意是“忘川”，喝了忘川水，一切都忘记）lethal 致命的（忘了，死了）lig=bind （捆绑）ligament 韧带；纽带ligature 绷带lign=wood （木头）ligneous 木质的lignivorous （昆虫的幼虫）食木的loft=sky （天空）aloft 在高处，在空中lofty 极高的；崇高的lop=run （跑）elope 私奔interloper 入侵者，干涉者（跑入二者之间）lubric=slip （滑）lubricate 使润滑lubricant 润滑油luc=light （灯）lucubration 灯下工作lucid 清晰的lug=mourn （悲伤）lugubrious 悲伤的，伤心的（lug+ubr工作+ious——悲伤起作用）lup=wolf （狼）lupine 狼的lyr=lute （笛子）lyric 抒情诗maci=lean (瘦)emaciate 使憔悴；瘦弱macilent 瘦的macul=spot (斑点)maculate 弄上污点immacvulate 无缺点的mall=hammer （锤子）malleable 可锻造的，可塑的mallet 小锤子mamm=breast （奶）mammal 哺乳动物mascul =male （雄性）masculine 男子气的emasculate 阉割mastic=chew （嚼）masticate 咀嚼；三思matin=morning （早上）matinee 日场戏me=go （走）permeate 渗透medit=ponder （思考）meditate 思考premeditate 预先思考medl=mic （混合）medley混合（品）mell=honey （蜜）mellifluous （声音）甜美的melan=black （黑）melancholy 忧郁（的）；令人伤感（的）（原指伤心得胆汁发黑）melior=better （更好）ameliorate 改善，改良mendic=beg （乞讨）mendicant 乞丐mer=lake （湖）mermaid 美人鱼（maid女人）mol=meal （饭）immolate 焚祭，作祭品（给神吃饭）mol=heap （堆）molecule分子demolish 破坏，摧毁（de去掉+mol+ish，把堆起来的东西毁掉) morb=disease （病）morbid 病态的myth=fable （寓言）mythology 神话学narc=numbxx 神话学narcotic 麻醉的nebul=cloud （云）nebula 星云状的nebulous 星云的；朦胧的nec=kill （杀）internecine 自相残杀的negat=deny （否认）negative 否认的abnegation 否认；自我克制nom=pasture （牧场）nomad 游牧成员nomadic 游牧的；流浪的nu=nod （点头）innuendo 暗示，含沙射影（点头表示）nugator=trifle （烦事）nugatory 无价值的numism=coin （钱币）numismatist 钱币学家nupti=wedding （婚礼）unptial 婚姻的；婚礼的obed=obey （服从）obedient 服从的obeisance 敬礼；敬意obes=fat （肥）obese 肥胖的obit=death （死）obituary 讣告obliv=forget （忘记）oblivion 遗忘oblivious 疏忽的obsol=decay （腐烂）obsolete 过时的obsolescent 逐渐被废弃的ocul=eye （眼睛）ocular 眼睛的oculist 眼科医生od=road （道路）odometer 里程表（meter仪表）odi=hate （恨）odium 憎恨odious 可憎的odyn=pain （痛）anodyne 止痛药（an没有+odyne痛）ole=oil （油）petroleum 石油oleaginous 产油的；油质的olfact=scent （味）olfaction 嗅觉olfactoty 嗅觉的omin=omen （预兆）ominous 凶兆的abominate 厌恶，憎恶（ab离开+omin+ate—离开凶兆—憎恨凶兆）opl=armor （盔甲）panoply 全副武装（pan全部，全身都是盔甲）ornith=bird （鸟）ornithology 鸟类学oscul=kiss （吻）osculate 亲吻；接触ostens=appear （出现）ostensible 表面的，明显的ostentation 夸示的；虚饰的ostrac=tile （瓦片）ostracize 流放；放（古希腊人投瓦片表示放入出境）ov=shout （叫喊）ovation 大声欢迎；鼓掌pachy=thick （厚）pachyderm 厚皮动物；脸皮厚的人pan=bread （面包）pantry 面包房company 同伴；公司（共同有面包吃）pat=walk （走）peripatetic 巡回走动的（peri来回+pat+etic）phem=speech （讲话）blasphemy 亵渎（blas坏+phem+y—讲坏话）euphemism 委婉的说法（eu好+phem+is—m—讲好话）phen=show （显示）phenomenon 现象（phen+omen预兆+on—显示预兆—现象）pher=bring （带来）periphery 周边，周围环境（peri四周）ping=fasten （系紧）impinge 撞击；侵犯（im进入+ping+e—紧迫进入—侵犯）pinn=peak （顶）pinnacle 顶峰，尖顶plais=please （高兴）complaisant 讨好的plas=mold （模式）plaster 膏药plastic 可塑的protoplast 原物型pleb=people （人们）plebeian 普通民众的pleth=crowdx （挤，多）plethora 多余，供过于求supplicant 恳求者 a.哀求的（跪下去求别人）plum=feather （羽毛）plumage 羽毛plume 整理—羽毛；骄傲pneumon=lung （肺）pneumonia 肺炎pol=smooth （光滑）polish 抛光，擦亮plite 有礼貌的postul=demand （要求）postulate 要求；假定存在expostulate 规劝，忠告pragm=deed （行为）pragmatic 实用主义的（以行为为最重要）psych=soul （灵魂）psychology 心理学psychical 心理学；灵魂的pud=shame （害羞）imoudent 无礼的，不知羞耻的pudency 羞怯，害羞puer=boy （男孩）puerile 孩子气的，幼稚的pulver=dust （灰尘）pulverize 把—弄粉碎pusill=mean （卑微的）pusillanimous 胆小的，胆怯的（anim生命）pyr=fire （火)pyre 火葬柴堆empyrean 苍天，太空（em进入+pyr+ean，进入火—进入太阳—天空）quarant=forty （四十）quarantine 隔离检查（被隔离40天）quer=complain （抱怨）querulous 抱怨的quarrel 争吵rab=rage （怒）rabid 狂怒的，狂热rabies 狂犬病radi =ray （光线）radiant 发光的irradiate 发光，（光）漫射ram=branch （枝）ramify 分叉，分枝ramiform 枝状的reg=king （国王）regnant 国王的，皇家的regicide 杀害国王regn=reign （王朝）regnant 统治的，占优势的intrerregunm 无王时期remn=remain （留下）remnant 剩余物rest=stay （停留）arrest 阻止，逮捕redtless 不安的；得不到休息的（和restive 是同一意思）retic=silent （安静）reticent 沉默的rever=awe （敬畏）revere 尊敬reverent 尊敬的，敬畏的rhe=flow （流）diarrhea 痢疾（dia对穿—对穿流过—拉肚子）rheum 泪水rhin=nose （鼻子）rhinoceros 犀牛riv=stream （河流）rivulet 小河（let表示“小”）derive 派生，得出rug=wrinkle （皱）corrugate 起皱（cor一起，皱到一起）sacchar=sugar （糖）saccharin 糖精salu=health （健康）salubrious 有益健康的（salubr=salu）salutary 有益健康的sanat=taste （味道）sapid 美味的，有趣的insipis 无味的；无吸引力的sarc=flesh （肉）sarcasm 尖刻讽刺（尖刻的话像咬人一块肉一样）sarcophagous 食肉的scintill=spark （火花）sembl=be like （相像）resemble 和—相像dissemble 假装，掩盖（dis不，和本性不一样，假装）sept=rotten （烂）antiseptic 防腐的septic 腐败的；败血病的sibil=hiss （咝咝声）sibilant 发嘶声的sider=star （星星）sidereal 星星的，星空的consider 考虑（研究星象引申而来）stetho=chest （胸）stethoscope 听诊器succ=juice （果汁）succulent 多汁的succus 液，汁sud=sweat （汗）sudatory 发汗的exude 渗出，慢慢流出（由“出汗”引申出来）sumptu=expense （花费）sumptuous 奢侈的，豪华的sumptuary 规定个人费用的tabul=plank （平板）tabular 表格的；平坦的tabulate 把—列成表格taph=tomb （墓）epitaph 墓志铭（epi的旁边，在墓边的“墓志铭”）tauto=same （相同）tautology 同义反复，累赘templ=tmple （庙）contemplate 静思，深思（像庙中人一样深思）temple 寺庙torp=numb （麻木）torpid 呆板的torpify 使麻木；使迟钝torr=dry （干）torrid 酷热的torrefy 焙，烤trepid=trembling （颤抖）trepidation 胆怯intrepid 大无畏的tum=swell （肿）tumid 肿胀的intumescence 开始发胀uber=fruitful （果实）exuberant 茂盛的；多产的uberty 丰饶，多产，生育力ucor=wife （老婆）uxorious 怕老婆的，宠爱老婆的uxoricide 杀妻vale=farewell （再见）valediction 告别演说veh=carry （带来）vehicle 车辆vehement （感情等）猛烈的（猛烈状态带来后果）velop=cover （盖上）envelop 把—包住，裹住develop 发展verd=green （绿）erdant 碧绿的erdigris 铜绿，铜绣；碱性veter=old （老）veteran 老兵inveterate 根深蒂固的viti=fault （错误）itiate 污染；使堕落vituper=blame （责备）vituperate 严厉责备zym=ferment （发酵）enzyme 酶zymology 发酵学1.-ability表名词，“能…；性质”useability n 可用性（use用）inflammability n 易燃性（inflame点火+ablity）adaptability n 适应能力（adapt适应）可靠性dependability n 可靠性（depend依靠）variability n 变化性（vary变化）lovability n 可爱（love爱）2.-able 表形容词，“可…的，能…”knowable a 可知的inflammable a 易燃的（inflame点燃）trantable a 温顺的（travt 拉→拉得动→温顺的）conceivable a 想象得出的（conceive 设想，想象）desirable a 值得要的（desire 渴忚）inviolable a 不右侵犯的（in 不+viol 冒犯+able ;参考：violate违反，冒犯impregnable a 攻不破的（im不+pregn拿住+able；参考：pregnant怀孕的）3.-ably 表副词，“能…地”suitably ab 恰当地（suit恰当）deoebdabky ab 可靠地（depend可靠）lovably ab 可爱地（love爱）4.-aceous表形容词，“具有…特征的”herbaceous a 草本植物的（herb草）pa[uraceous a 似纸的（papyr纸+aceous；参考：pspyrus 莎草纸）curvacious a 有曲线美的（curve曲线）foliaceous a 叶状的（foli 叶+aceous;参考：foliage树叶）5.-acious表形容词，“有特征的，多…的”rapacious a 掠夺成性的（rape掠夺，强奸）sagacious a 睿智的（sage智者）capacious a 宽敞的（cap能→的+acious；参考：capble有能力的）fallacious a 错误的（fall错；参考：fallacy谬误）vivacious a 活泼的（viv活；参考：revive复活）audacious a 大胆的（aud大胆+acious；名词：audacity大胆）veracious a 真实的（ver真；参考：verify证实）lopuacious a 啰唆的（loqu讲话；参考：eloquent雄辩）salacious a 好色的（sal跳→见到女人就跳起来→好色）tenacious a 固执的（ten拿住；参考：tenable防守得住的）sequacious a 前后连贯的（sequ=secu跟随；参考：persecute迫害）voracious a 贪婪的（vor吃；参考：omnivorous无所不吃的）6.-acity表名词，“有…倾向”eapacity n 掠夺（rape掠夺）capacity n 容量；能力（cap容纳）loquavity n 健谈，多话（loqu讲话）ausacity n 大胆（auda大胆）veracity n 真实（ver真）tenacity n 固执（ten拿住）mendacity n 虚假；说谎（mend缺点；参考：amend弥补，改正）7.-acle 表名词，“…物品，状态”receptacle n容器（recept接受）manacle n 手铐（man手；参考：manuscript手稿）miracle n 奇迹（mir惊奇；参考：mirror镜子）tentacle n 触角（tent触，摸；参考：attentive注意的，关心的）pinnacle n 尖塔(pinn尖+acle）obstacle n 障碍（ob在+sta{=stand 站}+acle→站在中间的物品→障碍）debacle n 解冻；崩溃（de去掉+bacle[=block]+acle→去掉大块东西→解冰块）8.-acy表名词，“→性质，状态”fallacy n 谬误，错误（fall错）supremacy n 至高无上（supreme崇高的）intimacy n 亲密（intim亲密；参考：intimate亲密的）conspiracy n 同谋（con共同+spir呼吸+acy→共同呼吸→同谋）celibacy n 独身（celib未婚；参考：celibate独身者）intricacy n 错综复杂（in进入+tric[=trifle琐碎事]+acy→进入琐碎之事）contumacy n 抗命，不服从（contum反叛+acy）9.ad表名词，“…东西，状态”doodad n 美观而无用之物myriad n 许多，无数（myri多+ad）ballad n 歌谣，歌曲（ball舞，歌）nomad n 流浪者，游牧人（nom流浪）10.表名词（1）表示“状态，物品”blockade n 封锁（block挡住）cannonade n 炮击（cannon大炮）decade n 十年（dec十；参考：decagon 十角形cockade n 帽章（cock帽边）lemonade n 柠檬水（lemon柠檬）arcade n 拱廊（arc弧形）brricade n 栅栏（barr栅栏+ic+adc）cascade n 小瀑布（casc下落+ade）（2）表示“个人或集体”brigade n 旅，队（brig战斗+ade）crusade n 十字军，改革运动（crus 十字+ade）cavalcade n 骑兵队(caval马+cade）renegade n 叛徒（renege背信弃义）11.-名词反缀（1）表示“状态，总称”tonnage n 吨位（ton 一吨）mileage n 英里数（mile英里）percentage n 百分比（percent百分之几）foliage n 树叶（foli树叶；参考：portfolio 文件夹）visage n 面貌（vis 看；参考：vision视力）advantage n利益（ad+vant来到+age）verbiage n 冗词，赘语（verb词语）dotage n 老年昏愦（dot打盹+age）pilgrimage n朝圣（pilgrim朝香客）marriage n 结婚（marry结婚）pillage n 掠夺（pill来自中世纪法语piller，意为“掠夺”）drainage n 排水（drain 排干）patronage n 赞助，惠客（patron赞助人）（2）表示“场所，物品”anchorage n 停泊地（anchor铁猫）village n 村庄（villa茅房，别墅）hermitage n 隐居处（hermit隐）士appendage n 附属物（append附属）heritage n 遗产（herit继承）beverage n 饮料（bever饮，喝+age）qreckage n 残骸，碎片（wreck残骸，破坏）（3）表示“费用”postage n 邮费（post邮局）railage n 铁路运费（rail铁路）towage n 拖（车、船）费（tow拖）waterage n 水运费（water水）12.-ain 表名词，“…人”captain n 船长（capt头+ain）chiefain n 酋长，头目（chief主要+tain人）villain n 恶棍（vill[=vile ]+ain）riverain n 住在河边的人（river河）13.-aire表名词millionaire n 百万富翁（million百万）koctrinaire n教条者，空论家（doctrine教条）questionnaire n 调查表，问卷14。
英语词源学方法总结ppt课件
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
英语off的词源
英语off的词源
词源学家认为，英语中的"off"一词源于古英语中的"of"或"offe"，它们最初来自古日耳曼语中的"af"。
这个词在德语中是"ab"，在荷兰语中是"af"，在北欧语言中是"av"。
在古英语中，"of"表示"离开"或"分离"的意思，与现代英语中的"off"相似。
在英语中，"off"在多种语境下都有不同的意思。
它可以表示一个动作的结束，例如"turn off"（关闭）或"take off"（脱下）。
它也可以表示距离或方向的移动，例如"get off"（下车）或"fall off"（掉下）。
虽然"off"的确切词源有些不确定，但它可以追溯到古日耳曼语族的共同起源。
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学习词源学需要的基础词汇 a able accept acre act add adult all ancient angle ant appear arch arm art audio August away balance banana band bar bat bath bean believe bicycle bind bite black blank blind blood blow blue board boat bone born borrow bow branch break brief brother bull burn camp candle cap car care carry cartoon carve cash catch cave cell chair channel chant charge circle clap clean clear climb close cock collect comb complete cook core corn cotton counter course cow create creep cross culture cut day decent depend destroy dialogue dig dip discuss door double down drag draw drink drive drop drought dry earth eat elect else end evening excite exit experiment factory faint fan fantasy fast father fear feather festival field finish fire first fist flat flow fly food foot force foreign forget form frozen fuck function fur gas generate get gift give glass go god grass green group grow guard guide hair half happy harm hat have head hear heart hell hero high hip hold hook hot hour house hunter hurt idea in it join juice jump junior just key kid knee know lace large last lawyer lead leaf lean leap least leather lecture leg lend length less letter lick light like limit line lip liquid live liver local long loose love low magic main man manage mass medicine metal meter middle might mill mind mirror mist money month moon more most mother mountain mouse mouth move music near neck new night no normal nose not notice number nurse October off old on one out over pair palm pan pare part passion patient pea period pet phone physics piano picture pile pine pipe plane plant please polite poll pond pool pop pore pork pose put pray price pull punch purple purse question quiet rage raise rapid rat receive remain rent result rice rich ring ripe rise road roll room root rope rough row rude saint salt same sea seat second section seed seek seem select self sense series serve shade shape share shell shift short sign similar sip sit six slap sleep slip slow small smell smoke snake sole solid son sound source spare spear special spell sphere sponge spoon spring stand star steal stick sting stop super swim tailor team tell temperature tense term textile thin three throat through to touch tower town travel tree turn tutor two up vanish vase venture video voice vote warm waste wave way wealth weather well whole wide wind wine wing wise wood word worth wound write yard zero 考研词汇记忆科学顺口溜rupt的功能词根破，因为ripe成熟作物才“破”，这一破可就了不得，引来了世间万种破——erupt火山爆发是向外破，interrupt打搅是在中间破，corrupt腐败是你破我也破，abrupt唐突把气氛打破，原来世间含义出于自然，追本溯源才明白所以然。
sole的含义是唯一，音变创造了sul兄弟；isolate是人（i）孤独，desolate是地（de）偏僻，insulate 是使之孤立，consolidate是合并一起。
元音降级不变义，o/u本是一家亲。
sorb是看得见的吸，absorb常指比喻的吸引。
sorb和soup和sip，都是模拟吸的声音。
单音节词汇义肤浅，多音节词汇义引申。
tract是词根拉，来自drag单词拽。
词根末尾喜欢加t，加t之后把g 变c，extract拔出向外拉subtract减少向下拉contract合同是往一起拉distract分散是往四方拉tract元音饱满是大动作拉，trig元音瘦弱是小动作啦，所以tractor动作大是拖拉机，而trigger动作小只能是扳机。
迎世界杯高兴考研词汇顺口溜连载celer是词根速度，来自拉丁文kele马跑，拉丁文热衷字母k，英语统统改成了c。
kele模仿马跑的声音，类似中文的嘎德儿嘎德儿。
原来词根来历有几扇门，晚期拉丁、古英语和法文。
cess是词根走，可是长得不像走。
sess是词根坐，倒是有点儿像sit。
不像干脆举个例，succese倒是很熟悉。
原来“成功”的本义是“继续”，suc-向下，cess-走，“继续”就是一直走下去。
别忘了cess的变体，ceed和cede将s变成了d。
这些变体没有跑出d/t/s/ge的通假关系，所以请不必觉得太诧异！mode是单词模型，谐音记忆好心情。
commodity一个模式造出是商品、日用品，accommodate像日用品一样提供方便。
除了mode模式还有model模特，英、汉谐音捆绑记忆也很有特色。
cum借鉴自日语“云”，风起云涌表“积累”；拼写上模仿前缀共同com，因为“积累”就是把东西放一处。
cumulous是形容词积云的，cumulus是名词积云，同义不同性也要互相模仿，怎么看怎么像一家人！cuse是词根骂，简写自单词curse 咒骂，单词变词根要瘦身，留谁去谁看发音。
r/l/n音最弱，被简化时是第一个。
s/t/d音最强，永远留下当霸王。
Ac作为词根尖，学习Angle单词角，Acid是单词尖酸的，id作化学后缀要明了。
Acute是单词急性的，常表病情着急火燎。
从“Ang”到“Ac”谁在逃跑？n 的发音太弱小，太弱小，它不跑谁跑？acro是前缀高，模仿macro前缀大，“高”“大”关系太融洽，大也是高来高也是大。
“高”“大”有多融洽问赵本山，因为他的经纪人是高大宽。
macro是前缀大，micro是前缀小，a肚子大声音也大，i长得小音量也小。
看来a和i的确有区别，身才长得壮，性格也粗野。
朗朗顺口溜词、根不会溜dict是词根说，最熟的单词是dictionary。
doct也是词根说，最熟的单词是doctor。
predict预言是提前说，indicate 暗示是在里面说。
addict上瘾是一直说，verdict裁定是非常地说。
dict简化后是dic和dit，doct简化后是doc和dot，词根简化是必然趋势，简化后三个字母正合适！equal相等的早就熟，反向获得词根equ，equator赤道是具体事物；equality相等性强调性质；equation 等式强调引申；equip装配是和船吻合，adequate足够的与参照相等；后缀的属性要明了，否则同根词易混淆。
her是her也不是her，是像he和her一样的粘着。
her与hes是同义词根，更证明二者相同的出身。
adhere是去粘着，coherent是黏在一起的。
coherent和cohesive 都一样，从头到脚都很像。
join是加入都清楚，还有“连接”的含义要补一补；其实“连接”还非得“进去”，从人到物到拼图游戏；joint表示了具体含义，junction更侧重引申和比喻。
单音节词汇功能潜，多音节词汇不一般。
从junct到jac发生了简化，从五变三是经常做法。
administer管家、部长和大臣，哪个含义是入门？掌握了“管家”就行了，“部长”和“大臣”便好引申。
为什么知道“管家”是主义，administer里面有manager的秘密。
为什么记含义要讲顺序，顺序对了背起来很有逻辑。
opt词根很有讨厌，选择、乐观还有看。
乐观简写自prospect，看是变化自spect。
选择去看手机option，别忘先把手机调成英文。
ance和anci 本是一家人，ante和anti关系也很亲。
四个符号都是表示“前”的含义。
抓住一个，串起四个的集体记忆。
要说最熟的，ancient古老的是突破点。
那就这样吧，用点串线再到面。