托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十)

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托福(toefl)考试阅读理解部分全真试题

托福（TOEFL）考试阅读理解部分全真试题Questions 1-11Before the 1500 s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large village s of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Ma ndans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers sto red from one year to the next.The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exerc ise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their north ern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; au tumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustr ations might await the wary grower.Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weath ering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn c ould be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a sma ller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn w as boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immed iate consumption and the rest stored in animal-skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of t he harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate bank ing of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the di saster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.The women planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picke d it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stor ed them. Once again, they saved the seed from the best of the year s c rop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the old men.1. The Mandans built their houses close together in order to(A) guard their supplies of food(B) protect themselves against the weather(C) allow more room for growing corn(D) share farming implements2.The word "enabled" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)covered(B) reminded(C)helped(D)isolated3.The word "considerable" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) planning(B) much(C) physical(D) flew4.Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?(A) They developed effective fertilizers.(B) They developed new varieties of corn.(C) They could grow crops in most types of soil.(D) They could grow crops despite adverse weather.5. Tile word "consumption" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) decay(B) planting(C) eating(D) conversion6.Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by b oth men and women?(A) Clearing fields(B) Planting corn(C) Harvesting corn(D) harvesting squash.7.The word "disaster" in line 31 is closest in meaning to(A)control(B)catastrophe(C)avoidance(D)history8. According to the passage, the Mandans preserved their food by(A)smoking(B)drying(C)freezing.(D)salting9.The word "it" in line 34 refers to(A)June(B)corn(C)time(D)squash10.Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men(A) Corn(B)Squash(C)Sunflower(D)Tobacco11.Throughout the passage, the author implies that the Mandans(A)planned for the future(B) valued individuality(C)were open to strangers(D)were very adventurousQuestions 12-20The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist in such small quanti ties that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 2 5 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen. Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galax y and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found In old stars, i n relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objec ts known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constitu ents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not real ly a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of nu merous different kinds). It doesn t seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it; In others, sli ghtly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hy drogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars pro duce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in t his manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a fe w percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to be significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat mo re than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the beginning.. However, when the universe was l ess than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations in dicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the o ne-minute point that helium could exist.By this time, the universe had cooled sufficiently that neutrons and p rotons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formation of helium went on for only a relatively short time. By the t ime the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectiv ely ceased.12.What does the passage mainly explain?(A)How stars produce energy(B)The difference between helium and hydrogen(C)When most of the helium in the universe was formed(D)Why hydrogen is abundant13.According to the passage, helium is(A) the second-most abundant element in the universe(B) difficult to detect(C) the oldest element in the universe(D) the most prevalent element in quasars14.The word "constituents" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relatives(B) causes(C)components(D) targets15.Why does the author mention "cosmic rays t in line 10?(A)As part of a list of things containing helium(B)As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle(C) To explain how the universe began(D) To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe16.The word "vary" in line 14 is closest ill meaning to(A) mean(B) stretch(C) change(D) include17.The creation of helium within stars(A) cannot be measured(B) produces energy(C) produces hydrogen as a by-product(D) causes helium to be much more abundant In old stars than In young star:18. The word "calculated" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) converted(C) increased(D) determined19.Most of the helium in the universe was formed(A) in interstellar space(B) in a very short time(C)during the first minute of the universe s existence(D) before most of the hydrogen20.The word "ceased" in line 35 is closest in meaning to(A)extended(B)performed(C)taken hold(D)stoppedQuestions 21-30In colonial America, people generally covered their beds with decorati ve quilts resembling those of the lands from which the quitters had co me. Wealthy and socially prominent settlers made quilts of the English type, cut from large lengths of cloth of the same color and texture ra ther than stitched together from smaller pieces. They mad these until the advent of the Revolutionary War in I 775, when everything English came to be frowned upon.Among the whole-cloth quilts made by these wealthy settlers during the early period are those now called linsey- woolseys. This term was usually applied to a fabric of wool and linen used In heavy clothing and q uilted petticoats worn in the wintertime. Despite the name, linsey-woo lsey bedcovers did not often contain linen. Rather, they were made ofa top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smo oth, compact yarn from long wool fiber dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow. The filling was a soft layer of wool which had been c leaned and separated and the three layers were held together with deco rative stitching done with homespun linen thread. Later, cotton thread was used for this purpose. The design of the stitching was often a sim ple one composed of interlocking circles or crossed diagonal lines giv ing a diamond pattern.This type of heavy, warm, quilted bedcover was so large that it hung to the floor. The corners are cut out at the foot of the cover so that the quilt fit snugly around the tall four-poster, beds of the 1700 s, which differed from those of today in that they were shorter and wider; they were short because people slept in a semi-sitting position with m any bolsters or pillows, and wide, because each bed often slept threeor more. The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded. There was no central heating and most bedrooms did not have fireplaces.21. What does this passage mainly discuss?(A) The processing of wool(B) Linsey-woolsey bedcovers(C) Sleeping habits of colonial Americans(D) Quilts made in England22. The word "prominent" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) isolated(B) concerned(C) generous(D) distinguished23.The author mention the Revolutionary War as a time period when(A) quills were supplied to the army(B) more immigrants arrived from England(C) quills imported from England became harder to find(D) people s attitudes toward England changed.24.The phrase "applied to" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) sewn onto(B) compared to(C) used for(D) written down on25.The term "linsey-woolsey" originally meant fabric used primarily in(A)quilts(B)sheets(C)clothing(D) pillows26.The word "coarser" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A)older(B) less heavy(C)more attractive(D) rougher27.The quilts described in the second and third paragraphs were made p rimarily of(A) wool(B) linen(C) cotton(D) a mixture of fabrics28.It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the sleeping habit sof most Americans have changed since the 1700 s in all the following w ays EXCEPT(A) the position in which people sleep(B) the numbers of bolsters or pillows people sleep on(C) the length of time people sleep(D) the number of people who sleep in one bed29.The word "afforded" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) provided(B) spent(C) avoided(D) absorbed30.Which of the following was most likely to be found in a bedroom in the colder areas of the American colonies?(A)A linsey-woolsey(B)A vent from a central healing system(C)A fireplace(D)A wood stoveQuestions 31-40Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canop y of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else. Certain species such as sa lmonberry and sword ferns have Line adapted to the limited sunlight da ppling through the canopy, but few evergreen trees (S) will survive th ere; still fewer can compete with the early prodigious growth of alder s. A Douglas fir tree reaches its maximum rate of growth ten years lat er than an alder, and if the two of them begin life at the same time, the alder quickly outgrows and dominates the Douglas fir. After an ald er canopy has closed, the Douglas fir suffers a marked decrease in gro wth, often dying within seven years. Even more shade-tolerant species of trees such as hemlock may remain badly suppressed beneath aggressiv e young alders.Companies engaged in intensive timber cropping naturally take a dim vi ew of alders suppressing more valuable evergreen trees. But times are changing; a new generation of foresters seems better prepared to Inclu de in their management plans consideration of the vital ecological rol e alders, play. Among the alder s valuable ecological contributions is its capacity to fix nitrogen in nitrogen-deficient soils. Alder roots contain clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules like those found on legume s such as beans. in addition, newly developing soils exposed by recent glacier retreat and planted with alders show that these trees are appl ying the equivalent of ten bags of high- nitrogen fertilizer to each h ectare per year. Other chemical changes to soil in which they are grow ing Include a lowering of the base content and rise In soil acidity, a s well as a substantial addition of carbon and calcium. to the soil.Another important role many alders play in the wild, particularly in m ountainous areas, is to check the rush of water during spring melt. In Japan and elsewhere, the trees are planted to stabilize soil on steep mountain slopes. Similarly, alders have been planted to stabilize and rehabilitate waste material left over from old mines, flood deposits, and landslide areas in both Europe and Asia.31.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)Differences between alder trees and Douglas fir trees(B)Alder trees as a source of timber(C)Management plans for using alder trees to improve soil(D)The relation of alder trees to their forest environments32.The word "dense" in line I is closest in meaning to(A) dark(B) tall(C) thick(D) broad33.Alder trees can suppress the growth of nearby trees by depriving th em of(A) nitrogen(B) sunlight(C) soil nutrients(D) water34.Thc passage suggests that Douglas fir trees are(A)a type of alder(B)a type of evergreen(C)similar to sword ferns(D)fast-growing trees35.It can be inferred from paragraph I that hemlock trees(A) are similar in size to alder trees.(B) interfere with the growth of Douglas fir trees(C) reduce the number of alder trees In the forest(D) need less sunlight than do Douglas fir trees36.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that previous generations of fo resters(A) did not study the effects of alders on forests(B) did not want alders In forests(C) harvested alders for lumber(D) used alders to control the growth of evergreens37.The word "they" in line 27 refers to(A) newly developing soils(B) alders(C) bags(D) chemical changes38.According to the passage that alders are used in mountainous areasto(A) nitrogen(B) calcium(C) carbon(D) oxygen39.It can be Inferred from the passage that alders are used in mountai nous areas to(A) prevent water from carrying away soil(B) hold the snow(C) protect mines(D) provide material for housing40.What is the author s main purpose in the passage?(A) To argue that alder trees are useful in forest management(B) To explain the life cycle of alder trees(C) To criticize the way alders take over and eliminate forests(D) To illustrate how alder trees control soil erosionQuestions 41-50In taking ups new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the h arshness of existence on the new continent nor Line the scattered popu lation nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers. of course. conducted this pursuit in differ ent ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists too so seriously one expression of the perio d. "Leisure Is time for doing something useful." in the country- side farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such d ouble-purpose relaxation as hunting. fishing, and trapping. When a nei ghbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist In bui lding a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep. or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural fairs, Hundr eds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, Includi ng the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically inc luded horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some of the rural diversions. Favored recreations included f ishing, hunting1 skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also develop ed other pleasures. which only compact communities made possible.41.What is the passage mainly about?(A) Methods of farming used by early settlers of the United States(B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States(C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States(D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed42.What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?(A) They followed a pattern begun in Europe.(B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.(C) The clergy organized them.(D) Only the wealthy participated in them.43.Which of he following can be said about the country dwellers attitu de toward "the pursuit of pleasure"?(A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.(B) They felt that it was not necessary.(C) They felt that it should be. productive.(D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.44.The phrase "thanks to" in line 10-11 is closest in meaning to(A)grateful for(B) help with(C) because of(D) machines for45.The word "their" in line 11 refers to(B) farm dwellers(C) demands(D) pressures46.What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in line 19 ?(A) Very frequent(B) Useful and enjoyable(C) Extremely necessary(D) Positive and negative47.The phrase "eagerly anticipated" in line 22 is closest in meaning t o(A) well organized(B) old-fashioned(C) strongly opposed(D) looked forward to48.Which of the following can be said about the rural diversions menti oned in the last paragraph in which city dwellers also participated?(A) They were useful to the rural community.(B) They involved the purchase items useful in the home.(C) They were activities that could be done equally easily in the town s(D) They were all outdoor activities.49.What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following th is passage?(A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people(B) Leisure activities of city dwellers(C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas(D)Changes in the lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities50. Where in the passage does the author mention factors that might pr event people from enjoying themselves?(A)Line4-7(B) Lines 12-14(C) Lines 17-20(D)Lines 25-271。

托福TPO30阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

The Pace of Evolutionary Change A heated debate has enlivened recent studiesof evolution.Darwin's original thesis,and theviewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists,isthat species change continuously but slowly and insmall increments.Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modernobservations,and,it is argued,they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in theimperfect fossil record.Gradualism,with its stress on the slow pace of change,is a comfortingposition,repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks.By the early twentiethcentury,the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism tomost biologists'satisfaction. 最近的一个关于进化的研究引发了激烈的争论。

达尔文的原始论点和进化渐进主义者支持的观点是物种会持续地改变，但非常缓慢，增量也很小。

TOEFL托福阅读真题整合

TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__ 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.__ 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题232By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors andimmigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) European influence on colonial American painting(B) The importance of patronage to artist(C) The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in theeighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to(A) paint wheel carriages(B) paint portraits(C) varnish furniture(D) paint flat surfaces5. I t can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B) barely painted portraitists(C) were often very wealthy(D) imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) made decisions(B) studies(C) agreed(D) associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings(C) supported the artists' image of professionalism(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following?(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C) Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.__ 32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题3__ 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing auniversity to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long- range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 bymeans of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to。

托福阅读真题第30篇Zebra_Stripes（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第30篇Zebra_Stripes（答案文章最后）Zebras, horse like animals native to the grasslands of frica, are known for their distinctive black and white stripes. Historically many scientists thought zebras' stripes served to camouflage (hide) them from predators, such as lions and hyenas. This assumption was based on the observation that other animals, such as tigers, have similar stripes that make them less visible. However, in recent years scientists have noted that zebras' environment and behavior are not well suited to camouflage by stripes. Tigers often inhabit heavily forested areas in which there, vertical stripes help them blend in with the surrounding trees, but zebras typically inhabit open grasslands. Unlike tigers, who use stealth to stalk their prey, zebras are herbivores that rarely hold still when threatened by predators; instead, they rely on their good eyesight to spot predators at a distance and flee at any signal of danger.zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripes may help zebras blend in with each other, rather than blend in with their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is stronglysupported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.More recently, scientists have suggested that the primary purpose of stripes is to protect zebras from biting flies. The grasslands of frica are home to a number of species of flies that feed on the blood of large mammals and can cause considerable damage through blood loss and the transmission of diseases. Laboratory tests have shown that biting flies are less likely to land on objects covered in black and white stripes than on solid black on white surfaces. It is not yet known why biting flies would avoid striped objects. but scientists have suggested that the explanation lies in the mechanisms of flies' vision, which is simple and apparently confused by stripes. The stripes may make it difficult for flies to detect the outline of a zebra's body or cause the flies to confuse a zebra for a collection of thin, vertical objects that do not resemble potential victims. Scientists have analyzed the stomach contents of wild biting flies and have found relatively little zebra blood.If stripes are an effective means of protection against biting flies. then why have other animals not evolved stripes as well? One theory is that zebras are particularly vulnerable to flies because of their unusually short hair and developed stripes as an alternative protective measure. Horses, which are closely related to zebras, are indeed extremely susceptible to biting flies when imported to frica. They are frequently infected by fly-borne parasitic infections which are often fatal even when veterinary treatment is provided. Horses do not develop immunity to the parasites and so can be repeatedly re-infectedOther puzzles remain. For instance, biting flies seem to be most discouraged by horizontal stripes, but the stripes on zebrasare mostly vertical. More mysteriously, not all zebras are covered in stripes: the quagga, an extinct subspecies of zebra. had fainter stripes that were present only on the front half of its body. If stripes protect from flies, why would the quagga lack protection on half of its body? This cannot be explained by environmental factors. because quaggas' range overlapped with that of fully striped zebras. One possible explanation is that if they only have stripes on half of their body, quaggas can more easily distinguish between. their own and other species of zebra, making it easier for them to follow the solid-colored hindquarters when fleeing from predators. This behavioral hypothesis is unfortunately impossible to test, because scientists can only study the quagga through preserved museum specimens and a handful of nineteenth-century photographs.1.Zebras, horse like animals native to the grasslands of frica, are known for their distinctive black and white stripes. Historically many scientists thought zebras' stripes served to camouflage (hide) them from predators, such as lions and hyenas. This assumption was based on the observation that other animals, such as tigers, have similar stripes that make them less visible. However, in recent years scientists have noted that zebras' environment and behavior are not well suited to camouflage by stripes. Tigers often inhabit heavily forested areas in which there, vertical stripes help them blend in with the surrounding trees, but zebras typically inhabit open grasslands. Unlike tigers, who use stealth to stalk their prey, zebras are herbivores that rarely hold still when threatened by predators; instead, they rely on their good eyesight to spot predators at a distance and flee at any signal of danger.2. zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripeswith their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is strongly supported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.3. zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripes may help zebras blend in with each other, rather than blend in with their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is strongly supported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.4. zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripeswith their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is strongly supported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.5.More recently, scientists have suggested that the primary purpose of stripes is to protect zebras from biting flies. The grasslands of frica are home to a number of species of flies that feed on the blood of large mammals and can cause considerable damage through blood loss and the transmission of diseases. Laboratory tests have shown that biting flies are less likely to land on objects covered in black and white stripes than on solid black on white surfaces. It is not yet known why biting flies would avoid striped objects. but scientists have suggested that the explanation lies in the mechanisms of flies' vision, which is simple and apparently confused by stripes. The stripes may make it difficult for flies to detect the outline of a zebra's body or cause the flies to confuse a zebra for a collection of thin, vertical objects that do not resemble potential victims. Scientists have analyzed the stomach contents of wild biting flies and have found relatively little zebra blood.6.More recently, scientists have suggested that the primary purpose of stripes is to protect zebras from biting flies. The grasslands of frica are home to a number of species of flies that feed on the blood of large mammals and can cause considerable damage through blood loss and the transmission of diseases. Laboratory tests have shown that biting flies are less likely to land on objects covered in black and white stripes than on solid black on white surfaces. It is not yet known why biting flies would avoid striped objects. but scientists have suggested that the explanation lies in the mechanisms of flies' vision, which is simple and apparently confused by stripes. The stripes may make it difficult for flies to detect the outline of a zebra's body or cause the flies to confuse a zebra for a collection of thin, vertical objects that do not resemble potential victims. Scientists have analyzed the stomach contents of wild biting flies and have found relatively little zebra blood.7.If stripes are an effective means of protection against biting flies. then why have other animals not evolved stripes as well? One theory is that zebras are particularly vulnerable to flies because of their unusually short hair and developed stripes as an alternative protective measure. Horses, which are closely related to zebras, are indeed extremely susceptible to biting flies when imported to frica. They are frequently infected by fly-borne parasitic infections which are often fatal even when veterinary treatment is provided. Horses do not develop immunity to the parasites and so can be repeatedly re-infected8.Other puzzles remain. For instance, biting flies seem to be most discouraged by horizontal stripes, but the stripes on zebras are mostly vertical. More mysteriously, not all zebras are covered in stripes: the quagga, an extinct subspecies of zebra. had fainterstripes that were present only on the front half of its body. If stripes protect from flies, why would the quagga lack protection on half of its body? This cannot be explained by environmental factors. because quaggas' range overlapped with that of fully striped zebras. One possible explanation is that if they only have stripes on half of their body, quaggas can more easily distinguish between. their own and other species of zebra, making it easier for them to follow the solid-colored hindquarters when fleeing from predators. This behavioral hypothesis is unfortunately impossible to test, because scientists can only study the quagga through preserved museum specimens and a handful of nineteenth-century photographs.9.Zebras, horse like animals native to the grasslands of frica, are known for their distinctive black and white stripes.⬛Historically many scientists thought zebras' stripes served to camouflage (hide) them from predators, such as lions and hyenas.⬛This assumption was based on the observation that other animals, such as tigers, have similar stripes that make them less visible. However, in recent years scientists have noted that zebras' environment and behavior are not well suited to camouflage by stripes. ⬛Tigers often inhabit heavily forested areas in which there, vertical stripes help them blend in with the surrounding trees, but zebras typically inhabit open grasslands.⬛Unlike tigers, who use stealth to stalk their prey, zebras are herbivores that rarely hold still when threatened by predators; instead, they rely on their good eyesight to spot predators at a distance and flee at any signal of danger.10.。

托福阅读TPO30（试题+答案+...

托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The Pace of Evolutionary Change，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读原文【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usuallybeen ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of years—a situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin's model of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic textbook example of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium. A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close examination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for example, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might expect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does italways occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined.【8】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.托福阅读试题1.The word "innumerable" in the passage is closest in the meaning toA.countless.B.occasional.rge.D.repeated.2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true EXCEPTA.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to explain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism explained evolutionary change.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed aboutA.Whether the fossil record is complete.B.Whether all species undergo change.C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some speciesA.has been extensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.6.The word "compelling" in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning toA.surprising.B.persuasive.C.controversial.D.detailed.7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways EXCEPT inA.the number of toes they have.B.the length of their face.C.their overall size.D.the number of years they live.8.The word "alteration" in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imperfection.B.replacement.C.change.D.duplication.9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthe following about trilobites?A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.basically.C.once in a while.D.to some extent.11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is toA.Describe one test of the competing theories.B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.■【A】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of o rganisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow,continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.petition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.1 )GradualismA B C D E F G2 )punctuated equilibriumA B C D E F G托福阅读答案1.innumerable是不可计数的，A是无数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目（三十）

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目（三十）托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十) 虽然我们现在参加的都是新托福阅读考试，但是老托福阅读考试的真题，对大家平时的阅读练习，还是有很大的帮助的。

下面三立教育就为的汇总了老托福阅读真题100篇的详细内容，让我们一起来看看吧!PASSAGE 30Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects —it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions,rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Their physical characteristics(B) Their names(C) Their adaptation to different habitats(D) Their variety2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) result(B) explanation(C) analysis(D) requirement3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issuesbecause they(A) are simple in structure(B) are viewed positively by people(C) have been given scientific names(D) are found mainly in temperate climates4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) physical(B) confusing(C) noticeable(D) successful5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) locate(B) allow(C) go beyond(D) come close to6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversityEXCEPT(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established(C) butterflies are affected by human populations(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?(A) European butterfly habitats(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) requested(B) caused(C) assisted(D) estimated PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx

托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。

新托福阅读真题100篇

智课网TOEFL备考资料
新托福阅读真题100篇
摘要：考生复习托福阅读可以练习托福阅读真题，能够更加了解托福阅读的考试题型和考题难度，对于考生提高托福阅读水平有一定的帮助。

托福阅读是托福考试中出题量最大的科目，不少考生反应阅读难做。

小编建议考生在平时的复习中不妨多练习下托福阅读真题。

今天小编汇总了新托福阅读真题100篇，方便考生学习。

1. 树叶为何变颜色
2. 瑞典诺贝尔文学评委会
3. 民众抗命Civil Disobedience
4. 陨石坑Craters
5. 英法战争
6. 车票打孔与计算机雏形
7. 地衣LICHEN
8. 路易斯安娜洲购买后的皮毛买卖
9. 同步通讯卫星
10. 聊天对于南方女作家的社会影响
11. 睡眠
12. 人物(女)Amelia 和Muriel的男性化成长
13. 塑料
14. 芝加哥
15. 人物(男)雕塑家Frederic Remington
16. 动物身上为何不生出轮子
17. 树的生存方式
18. 摩天大楼—美国的特征
19. 加洲北水南调工程
20. 蜜蜂意识测试
21. Navajo人的起源
22. 为美国护士教育的抗争
23. 人物(女)建筑师Julia Morgan
24. 沼泽中的动物
25. 供求与市场价格
以上就是关于新托福阅读真题100篇的详细介绍，考生可以通过上方链接下载完整版托福阅读真题100篇进行练习。

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托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文30—3 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

托福考试复习TPO 30—3 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock原文：【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort.These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown. 【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its publicdisplay and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.题目：1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?A.T o emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.D.T o counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance oftimekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPTA.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.4.The word "authoritative" in the passage（paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.actual.B.important.C.official.D.effective.5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer toA.water clocks.B.the sun.C.mechanical clocks.D.the church.6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.rare.B.small.C.impractical.D.basic.7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.8.The word "installed" in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.required.B.expected by the majority of people.C.standardized.D.put in place.9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakersA.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.A.How did early mechanical clocks work?B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?C.How were mechanical clocks made?D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning toA.leaders.B.opponents.C.employers.D.guardians.12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.D.It led to a focus on productivity.13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that exceptat the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepersbecause more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.答案：1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】

PASSAGE 32:西方艺术发展史
PASSAGE 33:关于做决定的研究
PASSAGE 34:城市的发展以及移民
PASSAGE 35:一种岩洞对观察天象的影响
PASSAGE 36:美国水彩画协会的发展
PASSAGE 37:人的声音对个性的影响
PASSAGE 38 :有关冰河时代的
PASSAGE 39:印第安人捕鱼的生活方式
PASSAGE 78:远古的文字
PASSAGE 79:动物行为的研究
PASSAGE 80:美国调查方式的实施
PASSAGE 81:木星的简介
PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动物的影响
PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作家介绍
PASSAGE 84:美国早期印刷业的内容
PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展
PASSAGE 70:鸟搭窝的方式
PASSAGE 71:地理位置对城市发展的影响
PASSAGE 72:哈莱姆文艺复兴
PASSAGE 73:科技与工业化联系
PASSAGE 74:冰川的形成及融化
PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响
PASSAGE 76:泥土的形成及其用途
PSSAGE 77:生物灭绝的原因
PASSAGE 16:鸟的祖先
PASSAGE 17:鹦鹉产卵的方式
PASSAGE 18:女性对美国建立初期的贡献
PASSAGE 19:北美城市的发展
PASSAGE 20:壁炉的构造
PASSAGE 21:美国早期雕塑的发展
PASSAGE 22:北美城市的发展改革
PASSAGE 23:美国早期城市功能的发展
PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来的改变

托福TPO30阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Role of Play in Development Play is easier to define with examples than withconcepts.In any case,in animals it consists ofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andother movements,either along,with objects,or withother animals.Depending on the species,play may be primarily for social interaction,exercise,or exploration.One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that itinvolves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance,predation,competition,and real fighting.Thus,whether play occurs or not depends on the intention ofthe animals,and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone. 用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。

在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。

根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。

定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。

托福阅读真题(最全)

托福阅读真题3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black incoiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets from baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6. According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 4The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives ofnineteenth- century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. Theolder painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized inNew York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varyingfrequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole,lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route toother sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The National Academy of Design(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River(C) North American landscape paintings(D) The training of American artists in European academies2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?(A) Figural painting(B) Landscape painting(C) Impressionistic painting(D) Historical painting3. The word "struggle" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection(B) distance(C) communication(D) competition4. The word "monopolized" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed(B) dominated(C) repelled(D) pursued5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835?(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.(C) It determined which subjects were appropriate.(D) It supported their growth and development.6. The word "it" in line 12 refers to(A) matter(B) technique(C) patronage(D) country7. The word "factions" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) sides(B) people(C) cities(D) images8. The word "flattering" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) expressive(B) serious(C) complimentary(D) flashy9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?(A) In Europe(B) In the Adirondacks(C) In Vermont(D) In New Hampshire答案：PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA。

新托福阅读真题100篇

托福阅读是托福考试中出题量最大的科目，不少考生反应阅读难做。

小编建议考生在平时的复习中不妨多练习下托福阅读真题。

今天小编汇总了新托福阅读真题100篇，方便考生学习。

完整版配有答案解析，考生答题完毕可以参照解析对题。

相关字搜索：新托福阅读真题100篇勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃。

托福阅读真题第30套

Attempts at Determining Earth’s Age Since the dawn of civilization,people have been curious about the age of Earth.In addition,we have not been satisfied in being able to sate merely the relative geologic age of a rock or fossil.Human curiosity demands that we know actual age in years.Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood rock bodies, they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.BY comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about 65million years.However,for older sequence of evolutionary development,estimates based on parts in the fossil record.Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.In another attempt,geologists reasoned that if rates of deposition could be determined for sedimentary rocks,they might be able to estimate the time required for deposition of a given thickness of strata,or rock layers.Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.Unfortunately,such estimates did not adequately account for past difference in rates of sedimentation or losses to the total section of strata during episodes of erosion.Also,some very ancient sediments were no longer recognizable,having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rocks in the course of mountain building.Estimates of Earth’s total age based on sedimentation rates ranged from as little as million to over a billion year.Yet another scheme for approximating Earth’s age had been proposed in 1715by Sir Edmund Halley(1656-1742),whose name we associate with the famous comet.Halley surmised that the ocean formed soon after the origin of the planet and therefore would be only slightly younger that the age of the solid Earth.He reasoned that the original ocean was not salty and that subsequently salt derived from the weathering of rocks was brought to the sea by streams.Thus,if one knew the total amount of salt dissolved in the ocean and theamount added each year，it might be possible to calculate the ocean’s age in 1899,Irish geologist John Joly(1857-1933)attempted the calculation.From information provide by gauges placed at the mouths of streams.Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.Then,knowing the salinity of ocean water and the approximate volume of water,he calculated the amount of salt already held in solution in the oceans.An estimate of the age of the ocean was obtained by diving the total salt in the ocean by the rate of salt added each year.Beginning with essentially non-saline oceans,it would have taken about 90million years of the oceans to reach their present salinity,according to Joly. The figure,however,was off the currently accepted mark of4.54billion by a factor of50,largely because there was no way to account accurately by recycled salt and salt incorporated into clay mineral deposited on the sea floors.Even though in error,Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.The belief in Earth’s immense antiquity was also supported by Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists,who saw the need for time in the hundreds of millions of years to accomplish the organic evolution apparent in the fossil record.Paragraph2Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood rock bodies, they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.BY comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65 million years.However,for older sequence of evolutionary development, estimates based on parts in the fossil record.Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.1.The word“tangible”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.physicalB.relatedC.significantD.helpful2.It can be inferred form paragraph2that Charles Lyell based his study of the marine mollusk fossils on which of the following assumptions?A.The Tertiary Period was separated into division of time that were equal inlength.B.Mollusks lived under rocks in the sea during the Tertiary period.C.Evolution of mollusks proceeded at a uniform rate over timeD.Mollusks have evolved less rapidly with the passing of time3.The word“sequence”in the passage is closet in meaning toA.observationsB.sensesC.seriesD.categories4.According to paragraph2,Lyell’s strategy for estimation geologic dates was not very accurate for periods before the Tertiary Period party becauseA.Marine mollusks did not evolve until the Tertiary PeriodB.fossil records of the very distant past are incompleteC.there was not much agreement about how to identify or categorize earliererasD.the duration of previous geologic periods was difficult to determineParagraph3In another attempt,geologists reasoned that if rates of deposition could be determined for sedimentary rocks,they might be able to estimate the time required for deposition of a given thickness of strata,or rock layers.Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.Unfortunately,such estimates did not adequately account for past difference in rates of sedimentation or losses to the total section of strata during episodes of erosion.Also,some very ancient sediments were no longer recognizable,having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rocks in the course of mountain building.Estimates of Earth’s total age based on sedimentation rates ranged from as little as million to over a billion year.5.The phrase“another attempt”in the passage refers toA.trying to understand the fossil recordB.trying to determine the evolutionary rate of marine mollusksC.trying to understand natural processesD.trying to determine Earth’s actual age6.The world“converted”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.addedB.changedC.restoredD.reduced7.According to paragraph3,all of the following were problems with the calculation of Earth’s age using the study of sedimentary rocks EXCEPTA.the inconsistency of sedimentation rates over timeB.the effect of geologic process on sedimentary rockC.the expansion of some sedimentary rocks due to Earth’s internal heatD.the loss of an unknown number of sedimentary layers due to erosionParagraph4Yet another scheme for approximating Earth’s age had been proposed in 1715by Sir Edmund Halley(1656-1742),whose name we associate with the famous comet.Halley surmised that the ocean formed soon after the origin of the planet and therefore would be only slightly younger that the age of the solid Earth.He reasoned that the original ocean was not salty and that subsequently salt derived from the weathering of rocks was brought to the sea by streams.Thus,if one knew the total amount of salt dissolved in the ocean and the amount added each year,it might be possible to calculate the ocean’s age in1899,Irish geologist John Joly(1857-1933)attempted the calculation. From information provide by gauges placed at the mouths of streams.Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.Then,knowing the salinity of ocean water and the approximate volume of water,he calculated the amount of salt already held in solution in the oceans.An estimate of the age of the ocean was obtained by diving the total salt in the ocean by the rate of salt added each year.Beginning with essentially non-saline oceans,it would have taken about90million years of the oceans to reach their present salinity,according to Joly.The figure,however,was off the currently accepted mark of 4.54billion by a factor of50,largely because there was no way to account accurately by recycled salt and salt incorporated into clay mineral deposited on the sea floors.Even though in error,Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years. The belief in Earth’s immense antiquity was also supported by Darwin, Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists,who saw the need for time in the hundreds of millions of years to accomplish the organic evolution apparent in the fossil record.8.The world“approximating”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.thinking aboutB.researchingC.estimatingD.demonstrating9.The word“subsequently”in the passage is closest in meaning toterB.furthermoreC.evidentlyD.accidentally10.According to paragraph4,John Joly’s calculations were founded on all thefollowing EXCEPTA.knowing how salty the ocean water isB.estimating how much salt enters the ocean each yearC.accounting for the amount of salt that is recycledD.figuring the volume of water contained in the ocean11.According to paragraph4,in which of the following ways could Joly’sestimate of Earth’s age be considered significant?A.It proved that Halley’s idea about the age of the ocean was fairly accurate.B.It indicated that Earth was much older than some scientists had claimed.C.It was favored by the majority of scientists at the end of the nineteenthcenturyD.It was the basis for much modern research into the salinity of the ocean12.The author mentions“Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionarybiologists”in order toA.Provide evidence that Joly’s calculations inspired scientists working onother lines of scientific inquiryB.Support the claim that all of the leading scientists of the time believed thatEarth was just over90million years oldC.Argue that Joly’s calculations would have been more exact if he hadcollaborated with experts in other fieldsD.Provide examples of scientists who believed the age of Earth to be greaterthan just a few million on year,like Joly,in order to account for their findingsParagraph2Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood rock bodies, they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.■By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65 million years.■However,for older sequence of evolutionary development, estimates based on parts in the fossil record.■Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.■13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.More fundamentally,Lyell’s evolutionary approach is intrinsically limited because Earth existed long before life and evolution began.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are notpresented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Since the dawn of civilization,people have been curious about Earth’s ageAnswer choicesA.It was not until the nineteenth century that attempts were made todetermine the relative geologic age of rocks and fossils.B.Charles Lyell made a good estimate of the Tertiary Period from the fossilrecord,but his method could not be extended to earlier geological periods.C.Attempts were made to calculate Earth’s age from the thickness of survivingsedimentary rock and from the current level of the oceans’salinity.D.In the nineteenth century,scientists made a number of important,butunsuccessful,attempts to calculate Earth’s age from the record of various natural processes.E.Darwin and Huxley supported the accuracy of John Joly’s Calculation ofEarth’s age because it agree with their view of how long evolution had been in progress.F.Earth’s true age,4.54billion years,was determined by combining data fromthe geological and fossil records.Attempts at Determining Earth’s Age1.A2.C3.C4.B5.D6.B7.C8.C9.A10.C11.B12.D13. D14.BCDThe Early History of Motion PicturesMotion pictures and television are possible because of two quirks of the human perceptual system:the phi phenomenon and persistence of vision.The phi phenomenon refers to what happens when a person sees one light sources go out while another one close to the original is illuminated.To our eyes,it looks like the light moves from one place to another.In persistence of vision, our eyes continue to see an image for a spit second after the image has disappeared from view.First observed by the ancient Greeks,persistence of vision became more widely known in1824when Peter Roget(who also developed the thesaurus)demonstrated that human begins retain an image of an object for about one-tenth of a second after the object is taken from view. Following Roget’s pronouncement，a host of toys that depended on this principle sprang up in Europe.Bearing fanciful manes(the Thaumatrope,the Praxinoscope),these devices made a series of hand-drawn pictures appear to move.Before long,several people realized that a series of still photographs on celluloid film could be used instead of hand drawing.In1878a colorful Englishman later turned American.Edward Muybridge,attempted to settle a $25.000bet over whether the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground.He arranged a series of24cameras alongside a racetrack to photograph a galloping horse.Rapidly viewing the series of pictures produced an effect much like that of a motion picture.Muybirdge’s technique not only settled the bet(the feet did leave the ground simultaneously at certain instances) but also photography.Instead of24cameras talking one pictures in rapid order, it was Thomas Edison and his assistant,William Dickson,who finally developed what might have been the first practical motion-picture camera and viewing device,Edison was apparently trying to provide a visual counterpart to his recently invented phonograph.When his early efforts did not work out,he turned the project over his ing flexible film,Dickson solved the vexing problem of how to move the film rapidly through the camera by perforating its edge with tiny holes and pulling it along by means of sprockets, projections on a wheel that fit into the holes of the film in1889Dickson had perfected a machine called the Kinetoscope and even starred in a brief film demonstrating how itworked.These early efforts in the Edison lab were not directed at projecting movies to large crowds.Still influenced by the success of his phonograph,Edison thought a similar device could make a money by showing brief films to one person at a time for a penny a look.Edison built a special studio to produce films for his new invention,and by1894,Kinetoscope parlors were spring up in major cities.The long-range commercial potential of his invention was lost on Edison.He reasoned that the real money would be made by selling his peep-show machine.If a large number of people were shown the film at the same time,fewer machines would be needed.Developments in Europe proved Edison wrong as inventors there devised large-screen projection devices.Faced with competition,Edison perfected the Vitascope and unveiled it in New York City in1896.Early monies were simple snippets of action—acrobats tumbling,horse running,jugglers juggling,and so on.Eventually,the novelty wore off and films became less of an attraction.Public interest was soon rekindled when early filmmakers discovered that movies could be used to tell story.In France,Alice Guy-Blache produced The Cabbage Fair-y,a one-minute film about a fairy who produces children in a Cabbage patch,and exhibited it at the Paris International Exhibition in1896.Guy-Blache went on to found her own studio in America.Better known is the work of a fellow French filmmaker and magician,Georges Melies.In1902Melies produced a science-fiction film that was the great-great-grandfather of Star Wars and Star T^ek;it was called A Trip to the Moon.ParagraphiMotion pictures and television are possible because of two quirks of the human perceptual system:the phi phenomenon and persistence of vision.The phi phenomenon refers to what happens when a person sees one light sources go out while another one close to the original is illuminated.To our eyes,it looks like the light moves from one place to another.In persistence of vision, our eyes continue to see an image for a spit second after the image has disappeared from view.First observed by the ancient Greeks,persistence of vision became more widely known in1824when Peter Roget(who also developed the thesaurus)demonstrated that human begins retain an image ofan object for about one-tenth of a second after the object is taken from view. Following Rogefs pronouncement,a host of toys that depended on this principle sprang up in Europe.Bearing fanciful manes(the Thaumatrope,the Praxinoscope),these devices made a series of hand-drawn pictures appear to move.1.According to paragraph1,what is the phi phenomenon?A.The appearance of movement that occurs when one light is turned off whileanother lights up nearbyB.The tendency to see two lights placed close together as coming from a singlelight sourceC.The fact that the human eye sees a light source for a split second after it hasdisappearedD.The impression that there are several light sources when there is actuallyonly one2.According to paragraph1,which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe persistence of vision?A.It was originally noticed by the ancient GreeksB.It refers to an image of an object seen by the human eye for one-tenth of asecond after the object has disappearedC.It is a scientific principle that was already widely accepted before PeterRoget demonstrated its validityD.It provided the basis for a number of European toys,including theThaumatrope and the Praxinoscope3.The word“pronouncement”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.statementB.adviceC.theoryD.ExperimentParagraph2Before long,several people realized that a series of still photographs on celluloid film could be used instead of hand drawing.In1878a colorful Englishman later turned American.Edward Muybridge,attempted to settle a$25.000bet over whether the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground.He arranged a series of24cameras alongside a racetrack to photograph a galloping horse.Rapidly viewing the series of pictures produced an effect much like that of a motion picture. Muybirdge’s technique not only settled the bet(the feet did leave the ground simultaneously at certain instances)but also photography.Instead of24 cameras talking one pictures in rapid order,it was Thomas Edison and his assistant,William Dickson,who finally developed what might have been the first practical motion-picture camera and viewing device,Edison was apparently trying to provide a visual counterpart to his recently invented phonograph.When his early efforts did not work out,he turned the project over his ing flexible film,Dickson solved the vexing problem of how to move the film rapidly through the camera by perforating its edge with tiny holes and pulling it along by means of sprockets,projections on a wheel that fit into the holes of the film in1889Dickson had perfected a machine called the Kinetoscope and even starred in a brief film demonstrating how it worked.4.In paragraph2,why does the author mention the bet that Edward Muybridge tried to settle about whether“the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground”？A.To introduce and explain a fundamental principle of motion-picturephotographyB.To demonstrate that still photographs produced a visual effect thatsurpassed that of hand-drawn picturesC.To emphasize that photographers had to be willing to take risks in order toportray their subjectsD.To suggest the difficulty of trying to capture animal movement inmotion-picture photography5.The word“counterpart”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.additionB.inventionponentD.equivalent6.The word“fl exible”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.connectedB.smoothC.bendableD.Delicate7.According to paragraph2,how did Muybridge contribute to the development of motion-picture technology?A.He invented the first motion-picture camera.B.He demonstrated the technique of taking a series of photographs andviewing them in rapid successionC.He asked Edison and Dickson to create a motion-picture camera that wasboth practical and economicalD.He combined hand drawings and still photographs to create movie-likeeffects8.Paragraph2suggests that Thomas Edison’s early efforts to develop a motion-picture camera failed because he could not figure out how toA.display the camera’s pictures to an audienceB.move the film quickly through the cameraC.line the edge of the film with holes that were small enoughD.prevent the film form tearingParagraph3These early efforts in the Edison lab were not directed at projecting movies to large crowds.Still influenced by the success of his phonograph,Edison thought a similar device could make a money by showing brief films to one person at a time for a penny a look.Edison built a special studio to produce films for his new invention,and by1894,Kinetoscope parlors were spring up in major cities.The long-range commercial potential of his invention was lost on Edison.He reasoned that the real money would be made by selling his peep-show machine.If a large number of people were shown the film at the same time,fewer machines would be needed.Developments in Europe proved Edison wrong as inventors there devised large-screen projection devices.Faced with competition,Edison perfected the Vitascope and unveiled it in New York City in1896.9.According to paragraph3,what were Kinetoscope parlors?A.Places where people could pay a penny to view a short film by looking into amachineB.Places where people could gather in crowds to watch short films projectedonto large screensC.Special studios where Edison produced films that would be shown by hisnewly invented machineD.Places where Edison sold his phonographs,peep-show machines,and otherpopular inventions10.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph3about the scope?A.It was widely used in Europe before being adopted in the United StatesB.It never made as much money as the equivalent European projection deviceC.It was a larger version of the original KinetoscopeD.It was designed to show motion pictures to large groups of people Paragraph4Early monies were simple snippets of action—acrobats tumbling,horse running,jugglers juggling,and so on.Eventually,the novelty wore off and films became less of an attraction.Public interest was soon rekindled when early filmmakers discovered that movies could be used to tell story.In France,Alice Guy-Blache produced The Cabbage Fairy,a one-minute film about a fairy who produces children in a Cabbage patch,and exhibited it at the Paris International Exhibition in1896.Guy-Blache went on to found her own studio in America.Better known is the work of a fellow French filmmaker and magician,Georges Melies.In1902Melies produced a science-fiction film that was the great-great-grandfather of Star Wars and Star Trek;it was called A Trip to the Moon.11.The word“rekindled”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reportedB.renewedC.reinforcedD.Rewarded12.In paragraph4,the author describes the film The Cabbage Fairy in order toA.argue for the importance of continuous action to keep audiences interestedB.suggest that early films were more popular than live performances wereC.provide an example of one of the first films to tell a storyD.emphasize how relatively short most early movies werePragraph4Early monies were simple snippets of action—acrobats tumbling,horse running,jugglers juggling,and so on.Eventually,the novelty wore off and films became less of an attraction.Public interest was soon rekindled when early filmmakers discovered that movies could be used to tell story.■In France, Alice Guy-Blache produced The Cabbage Fairy,a one-minute film about a fairy who produces children in a Cabbage patch,and exhibited it at the Paris International Exhibition in1896.■Guy-Blache went on to found her own studio in America.■Better known is the work of a fellow French filmmaker and magician,Georges Melies.■In1902Melies produced a science-fiction film that was the great-great-grandfather of Star Wars and Star Trek;it was called A Trip to the Moon.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Although she directed hundreds of short films and produced hundreds more over the course of her career,she has largely been forgotten.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points. The phi phenomenon and persistence of vision are two characteristics of the human perceptual system that make motion pictures and television possible.Answer ChoicesA.When the persistence of vision became widely known,it inspired thedevelopment of toys that made hand-drawn pictures appear to move B.The invention of the motion-picture camera led to the discovery that ahorse’s feet do not leave the ground while the horse is galloping.C.The primary competitors in early motion-picture technology were Edison’sKinetoscope and the European-designed and manufactured large-screen projection devicesD.The motion-picture camera develop from the experiments in sequentialphotography that were originally done by Edward Muybridgeter developments in film included a focus on large-screens projectionrather than individual viewing machines and narrative films rather than simple action sequences.F.French filmmakers Alice Guy-Blache and Georges started the first twomajor movie studios in America and in France,respectively.The Early History of Motion Pictures1.A2.C3.A4.B5.D6.C7.B8.B9.A10.D11.B12.C13.C14.CDE。

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目（三十四）

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目（三十四）托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十四) 托福阅读是托福考试中，难度比较大的科目，阅读内容量大，题型种类多，各种难题都影响着同学们的发挥。

因此大家想要在考试中拿到高分，平时就要做好充分的备考。

下面就是为大家整理的托福阅读真题100篇，供大家练习。

PASSAGE 34Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American settlers on America's urban frontier in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction— as well as the expanded market in consumer goods — allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people: the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Technological developments(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities(C) Standards of living(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization2. The word influx in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) working(B) processing(C) arrival(D) attraction3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss(A) foreign immigration(B) rural life(C) the agricultural revolution(D) famous cities of the twentieth century4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?(A) Five percent(B) Eleven percent(C) Twenty-eight percent(D) Forty-six percent5. The word extraordinary in line 12 is closet in meaning to(A) expensive(B) exceptional(C) supreme(D) necessary6. The phrase each other in line 13 refers to(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants(B) farms and small towns(C) growth of cities and industrialization(D) industry and transportation7. The word stimulated in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) forced(B) prepared(C) limited(D) motivated8. Why does the author mention electric lighting and the telephone in line 23?(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life(C) They were developed by the same individual.(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.9. The word them in line 25 refers to(A) urban areas(B) rural Americans(C) farms(D) cities10. The word era in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) period of time(B) location(C) action(D) unique situation11. The word intriguing in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) profitable(B) attractive(C) comfortable(D) challengingPASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B。

托福阅读tpo30R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

托福阅读tpo30R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文The Invention of the Mechanical Clock①In Europe,before the introduction of the mechanical clock,people told time by sun(using,for example,shadow sticks or sun dials)and water clocks.Sun clocks worked,of course,only on clear days;water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing,to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates;but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time,while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.②Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time.The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers,one of which was at night,requiringan alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn.And then the new cities and towns,squeezed by their walls,had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.They set a time to go to sleep,to open the market,to close the market,to leave work,and finally a time to put out fires and to go to sleep.All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper;but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife.Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.③We do not know who invented this machine,or where.It seems to have appeared in Italy and England(perhaps simultaneous invention) between1275and1300.Once known,it spread rapidly,driving out water clocks but not solar dials,which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort.These early versions were rudimentary,inaccurate,and prone to breakdown.④Ironically,the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority.Although church ritual had sustained an interest intimekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature’s time.Day and night were divided into the same number of parts,so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.But the mechanical clock kept equal hours,and this implied a new time reckoning.The Catholic Church resisted,not coming over to the new hours for about a century.From the start,however,the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new,secular municipal authority.Every town wanted one;conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.⑤The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity.Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena,like the rising and setting of the sun.The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design.At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision;they became masters of miniaturization,detectors and correctors of error,searchers for new and better.They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering andserved as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.⑥The clock brought order and control,both collective and personal.Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy:people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above.The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity,while enabling individuals to order their own work(and that of others)so as to enhance productivity.Indeed,the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock:once one can relate performance to uniform time units,work is never the same.One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant(working on job after another,as time and light permit)and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant(who always had something to do)to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.译文机械钟的发明①在欧洲，人们在引进机械钟之前通过太阳（例如使用影子棒或日晷）和水钟来报时。

托福TPO30综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO30综合写作阅读原文文本： A little over 2,200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a "burning mirror": a polished copper surface curved to focus the Sun's rays onto Roman ships, causing them to catch fire. However, we have several reasons to suspect that the story of the burning mirror is just a myth and the Greeks of Syracuse never rally built such a device. First, the ancient Greeks were not technologically advanced enough to make such a device. A mirror that would focus sunlight with sufficient intensity to set ships on fire would have to be several meters wide. Moreover, the mirror would have to have a very precise parabolic curvature(a curvature derived from a geometric shape known as the parabola). The technology for manufacturing a large sheet of copper with such specifications did not exist in the ancient world. Second, the burning mirror would have taken a long time to set the ships on fire. In an experiment conducted to determine whether a burning mirror was feasible, a device concentrating the Sun's rays on a wooden object 30 meters away took ten minutes to set the object on fire: and during that time, the object had to be unmoving. It is unlikely that Roman ships stayed perfectly still for that much time, Such a weapon would therefore have been very impractical and ineffective. Third, a burning mirror does not seem like an improvement on a weapon that the Greeks already had: flaming arrows. Shooting at an enemy's ships with flaming arrows was a common way of setting the ships on fire. The burning mirror and flaming arrows would have been effective at about the same distance. So the Greeks had no reason to build a weapon like a burning mirror. 托福TPO30综合写作听力原文文本： Professor:The claims that the burning mirror would have been impractical and technologically impossible are unconvincing.First, the Greeks did not need to form a single sheet of copper to make a large, burning mirror. An experiment has shown that dozens of small individually flat pieces of polished copper could be arranged into a parabolic shape and form a large, burning mirror. The Greek mathematicians know the properties of the parabola and so could have directed the assembly of small mirror pieces into the parabolic shape.Second, about how long it would take to set a ship on fire with a burning mirror. The experiment the reading selection mentions assumes that the burning mirror was used to set the wood of the boat on fire, that's what takes ten minutes. But Roman boats were not made just of wood. There were other materials involved as well. For example, to seal the spaces between wooden boards and make them waterproof, the ancient boat-builders used a sticky substance called pitch. Pitch catches fire very quickly. An experiment showed that pitch could be set on fire by a burning mirror in seconds. And once the pitch was burning, the fire wouldspread to the wood even if the ship was moving. So a burning mirror could have worked quickly enough to be an effective weapon.Third, why bother with a burning mirror instead of flaming arrows? Well, Roman soldiers were familiar with flaming arrows and would have been watching for them and were ready to put out the fires they might cause. But you cannot see the burning rays from a mirror; you just see the mirror. But then suddenly and magically a fire starts at some unobserved place on the ship that would have been much more surprising and therefore much more effective than a flame arrow. 托福TPO30综合写作满分范文： In the reading material, the author raises three strong arguments to cast doubt on the existence of “burning mirror” in ancient Greek port city. However the lecturer states that the burning mirror might have once appeared in history by reputing the writer’s arguments one by one. First, the author argues that it was technologically impossible to build such a tremendous mirror by a single sheet of copper in ancient Greece. Yet the speaker shows by experiment that dozens of small polished copper may do the same job efficiently and Greek mathematicians were excellent enough to accomplish it perfectly. Besides, in view of the author, it might take a long time for the burning mirror to set a wooden ship on fire and the enemy wouldn’t be stupid to stay still for ten minutes. The lecturer, however, points out those ancient warships were not built by wood only. A special material called pitch was used to fill the spaces between and pitch catches fire quickly. Thus it was possible for a burning mirror to burn the pitch first then the ship. In this way can a burning mirror be an effective weapon. Lastly, the author argues that the burning mirror is less effective and flexible than flaming arrows. Thus ancient Greek won’t bother to devote much effort to build such a useless weapon. Nonetheless, the lecturer argues that since flaming arrows are usual weapons used so much, Roman soldiers were familiar with them and knew how to protect the ship from burning by flaming arrows. But on the other hand, it was extremely hard to predict where the burning mirror would fire the ship. Thus it is more effective to use a burning mirror than flaming arrows. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO30综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福阅读TPO30原文+答案解析+译文

托福阅读TPO30原文+答案解析+译文托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，小编为广大的托福考生整理了托福阅读TPO30原文+答案解析+译文，下面就来跟小编一起来看下面精彩内容吧!托福阅读TPO30原文Role of Play in DevelopmentPlay is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuelor energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.Play allows a young animal to explore its environment andpractice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."#FormatImgID_0# #FormatImgID_1#Paragraph 1: Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clearfrom behaviors alone.1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?O Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.O Play behavior often looks like nonplay behaviorO Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playingO Play occurs independently of an animal’s intentionsParagraph 2: Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presentsa particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animalsO The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.O The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.O The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.O The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.Paragraph 3: Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in theloss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.3.The word “considerable” in the passage is closest in the meaning toO InitialO PracticalO EventuallyO Significant4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPTO exposure to predatorsO a buildup of fat storesO a loss of fuel that could be used for growthO risk of injury from slipping or fallingParagraph 4: The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets).Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.5.Why does the author include the comment “though they were fed the same diets”?O To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments O To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weightO To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them aliveO To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal’s brain.O The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.O The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.O The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.O The larger the animal’s cerebellum, the larger will be the animal’s nerve cells.Paragraph 5: Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performingsudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?O Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.O Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.O The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.O Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.Paragraph 6: Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.8.The word “comparative” in the passage is closest in meaning toO relativeO temporaryO sufficientO complete9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.O Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.O Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.O Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.10. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?O Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.O Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.O Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.O The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.Paragraph 7: There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to ag gression. ■This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness.■Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■11. The word “potentially” in the passage is closest in meaning toO undoubtedlyO possiblyO unfortunatelyO quickly12. According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?O By playing only with animals who are not predatorO By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerousO By practicing nonaggressive and non-predatory behaviors O By using a set of signals that occurs only in play13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds andmammals.Answer ChoicesO Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of playO Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.O Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.O The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.O Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.O As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.托福阅读TPO30原文参考答案：1.○22.○13.○44.○25.○26.○17.○38.○19.○310.○311.○212.○413.○414. Although play often resembles …Energy expenditure and …As experiments and …托福阅读TPO30原文答案解析：第一题，B，细节题。

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托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十) 虽然我们现在参加的都是新托福阅读考试，但是老托福阅读考试的真题，对大家平时的阅读练习，还是有很大的帮助的。

下面三立教育就为的汇总了老托福阅读真题100篇的详细内容，让我们一起来看看吧!
PASSAGE 30
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike
comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity
EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB。