18年托福阅读真题附答案
2018年5月26日托福阅读真题解析
2018年5月26日托福阅读真题解析2018年5月26日的托福阅读考试终于结束了，同学们是不是非常的兴奋，是不是想了解自己考得怎么样呢？下面就和店铺一起来看看2018年5月26日托福阅读真题解析。
Passage One学科分类：社会题目：Two forces of urban growth内容回忆：首段：首先说城市增长有很多原因，比如经济增长、交通发展、科技进步。
然后除了这些之外引入了两个概念：centrifugal（分散化）和centripetal（中心化）。
（分类讨论）然后介绍manufact uring的发展对于城镇发展的促进作用：蒸汽机解放了产业对于流水的依赖性，早期的制造商人把工厂建造在城镇中心，主要有两个原因：1、城镇有丰富的劳动力，可以解决工厂劳动力来源；2、当时基本交通方式是以步行为主，所以要把工厂建立在人们步行可以达到的地方，这种布置促进了城镇中心化发展。
（第一题是个时间取反的推理题，问蒸汽机发明前制造业怎么样。
）第二段：虽然制造业对于商业发展有促进作用，但是随着社会的进步，经济的发展，零售业和其他行业的发展也集聚在城市中心，这使得城市的地价进一步提升，对于制造业来说成本就越来越高，加上铁路等运输方式的发展，制造业可以分布在城市郊区，这样降低成本，同时只需要修建较短的运输方式就可以和城市中心相连，所以城市开始扩张，制造业分布在市郊。
第三段：对于零售业的发展，零售业必须建在有大量居民的地区，同时因为可以在商店内陈列大量商品，所以零售业的利润一直都很高。
同时混凝建筑的发展、电梯的使用，促进了零售业的垂直分布，可以容纳不断扩张的产品和工作人员。
（出了一个句子简化题）第四段：交通运输业的发展促进了销售和产品生产的分离，人们可以无需面对面沟通，通过电话、电报沟通即可，进一步促进了城市的扩张。
Commercial office可以在市中心，接近人群和各种服务，同时也可以控制生产中心。
词汇题：Respectively=particularlySufficient=enoughProximity=in short distancesThus=in this wayPassage Two学科分类：动物学题目：Storage strategies of squirrels内容回忆：首段：有很多动物有储藏策略，但是松鼠的储藏手段在所有动物中尤其突出。
托福阅读TPO18（试题+答案+...
托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandS为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读TPO18原文第1篇While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success.All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had thehighest literacy rates in Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands was well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy.Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of themthe government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.托福阅读TPO18试题第1篇1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about England and Germany?A.They were completely industrialized by the start of the nineteenth century.B.They possessed plentiful supplies of coal.C.They were overtaken economically by the Netherlands andScandinavia during the early nineteenth century.D.They succeeded for the same reasons that the Netherlands and Scandinavia did.2.Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the importance of population density in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia?A.It was a more important factor than population size.B.It was more influential than the rate of population growth.C.It was more important in the early stages than it was later.D.It was not a significant factor.3.According to paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following contributed significantly to the successful economic development of the Netherlands and of Scandinavia?A.The relatively small size of their populationsB.The rapid rate at which their populations were growingC.The large amount of capital they had available for investmentD.The high proportion of their citizens who were educated4.According to paragraph 4, because of their location, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPTA.low-cost transportation of goodsB.access to fishC.shipbuilding industriesitary control of the sea5.The word “exceptional”in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.extraordinaryB.surprisingC.immediateD.predictable6.The word “abolished” in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.endedB.raisedC.returnedD.lowered7.According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPTA.generally liberal trade policiesB.huge projects undertaken by the stateC.relatively uncorrupt governmentsD.relatively little social or political disruption8.The word “progressive”in passage 5 is closest in meaning toA.rapidB.partialC.increasingD.individual9.The author includes the information that “a protectionist movement developed in Sweden”(in paragraph 5) in order toA.support the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growthB.identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policyC.explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and NetherlandsD.provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place morequickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in passage 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.B.Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.C.High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.D.The international division of labor established by the early industrializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.11.According to paragraph 6, a major problem with depending heavily on international markets was that theycked stabilityB.were not well suited to agricultural productsC.were largely controlled by the early industrializersD.led to slower growth of local industries12.According to paragraph 6, what advantage could a country gain from being heavily involved in international commerce?A.A steadily rising national incomeB.Greater control over market fluctuationsC.High returns when things went wellD.A reduced need for imports13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence be added to passage. Where would the sentence best fit? During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was secondWhile some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. ■【A】 All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. ■【B】However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. ■【C】 In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfullyA.Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates.B.Thanks to their ready access to the sea, these countriesenjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding.C.Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the competition for transit trade.D.These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generally supported liberal trade policies.E.These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches.F.Because they were never fully dependent on international commerce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets.托福阅读TPO18答案第1篇1.注意这道题没有明显关键词，England和Germany是不能用的，因为跟主题相关，所以用排除法。
2018年3月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年3月托福真题回忆及解析水滴石穿，绳锯木断。
备考需要一点点积累才能到达好的效果。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年3月托福真题回忆及解析，通过做题，能够巩固所学知识并灵活运用，考试时会更得心应手。
2018年3月举行了5场考试，考试时间分别为3月3日、3月10日、3月11日、3月24日、3月31日，以下内容仅供参考。
3月3日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1内容回忆：你是学校学生，学校报纸要增加栏目，给学生带来方便，选增加哪个推荐：local restaurant review，film，travel参考答案：If a section is going to be added in campus newspaper, I will recommend local restaurant review. Apparently, students will not only eat on campus. They also have interests to explore local restaurants. This new section canprovide a reference for them, and students can choose where to eat based on those descriptions and comments, which will bring a lot of convenience. What’s more, Ithink this can also strengthen the connection between local communities and students. Those restaurants can take advantage of this section to advertise and attract more students to visit them. They can modify their food or provide special meals for students, which will benefit both themselves and students.Task 2内容回忆：学校是否应该进行道德教育(moral values)参考答案：Of course school should give students education on moral values.The word “education” not only refers to academic content teaching but also includes helping students become kind and straight people. You may have heard stories about high intelligent criminals, and we don’t want our children become people like that. So it is necessary that school should teach children what’s right and what’s wrong. Besides, although parents may play an important role on teaching their kids moral values, schools also have obligations. Those parents have various identities or backgrounds and they may pay attention on different aspects of children’s growth, which will cause some bias. Only school can provide children a systematic education on moral values.Task 3阅读通知：学校要取消人少的 club原因 1：为了省钱原因 2：对社交没用听力态度：女生不同意原因 1. 不能省钱：学校本身给 club 花的钱就很少;原因 2. 人少的 club 更好：成员间的关系会更好Task 4 生物阅读 holiday paradox：人们对周围环境熟悉，感觉时间就过得慢;不熟悉就过得快。
2018年11月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年11月托福真题回忆及解析不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。
对于托福考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年11月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2018年11月举行了6场考试，时间分别是11月4日、11月10日、11月11日、11月17日、11月24日、11月25日。
以下内容仅供参考。
11月4日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1大学从毕业校友获得一笔钱，应该用于哪个活动：1、screen movie2、outdoor music concert3、video gamesTask 2Do you agree that it is easier to be an adult than a child?Task 3变化：murals show on the wall of the stairs , an opportunity for artstudents to display their works。
1、地方很好，因为过往人多，有更多人能欣赏他们的作品；2、时间很好，那个时候没什么课，人少，交通不拥挤。
男生：支持理由 1：地方很好，因为过往人多，有更多人能欣赏他们的作品；理由 2：、时间很好，那个时候没什么课，人少，交通不拥挤。
Task 4术语：pseudoscience 伪科学解释：一些公司利用伪科学来给产品打广告，用一些看似科学的外表欺骗消费者，让他们相信这些产品对他们很有用。
听力里面教授举例说电子产品公司请一些所谓的专家来设计游戏，用一些小研究来证明产品有用，所以消费者相信这些游戏能帮助他们变聪明，思考更快，就会花钱买。
但是心理学家证明这种东西没有有力的证据，这些研究不可靠。
Task 5问题：时间冲突了，约好了周三去跟朋友讨论葡萄牙语的一本书，同时健身馆的工作因为一个员工辞职了，调整了她的上班时间，周三有班。
解决方法 1：下班后晚上 11 点再去更朋友汇合。
2018年6月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年6月托福真题回忆及解析所有的成功都来自于行动，只有付诸行动，才能一步步走向成功。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年6月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2018年6月举行了4场考试，时间分别为6月2日、6月10日、6月23日、6月30日。
以下内容仅供参考。
6月2日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1学校要舍弃报纸用在线刊物代替，提出优点/一个缺点Task2你更喜欢教师何时回答学生问题，讲完课之后还是讲课期间，为什么Task3学校 announcement：下届新生改变夏季的安排，让时间安排更自由活动更多。
女生很同意，一个是觉得大家暑假都很忙档期很满，一个是觉得活动多了好，会更有意思，也能在活动过程中找到朋友。
Task4人对自己学过的东西就会觉得它出现的频率变高了。
教授举了自己的亲身例子：他辅导女儿写的 paper 的主题在一个纪录片也看到过，然后有一次他跟她女儿出去吃饭看到一个海报贴了这个。
他问他女儿这是第一次贴吗，他女儿说这个海报贴了很久了。
印证了人们会对自己学过的知识 pay more attention，所以感觉出现的频率变高了。
Task5男生吃饭的时候番茄酱蹭衬衫上了，然后他脱掉换成运动装，但是下午有很重要的演讲要出席，女生建议他回家换衣服，他怕耽误他本来用来准备会议的时间。
Task6浮游生物对海洋动物的好处，travel long distance 和躲避 predator6月2日托福听力真题回忆：Conversation1.学生网上申请借书，但过了一周都没收到邮件，职员说 2 楼的中世纪历史书被淹了，一大堆要借书，图书馆忙不过来，然后给了学生建议2.学生问教授 iceberg 能不能用到自己的作业上，教授说行，这个材料环境友好3.学生借多媒体教室教课:女学生去问男宿管借用 multifunction room 的条件。
宿管说这个房间是之前被废弃不用，现在给教师职工用的。
学生解释她要用来上课，这是她的一个project，可以给自己加学分的，而且已经有六个人表示愿意参加她的课程了。
2018年4月21日托福阅读真题回忆
Passage One学科分类：农业题目：The Farming and Pastorium in Africa内容回忆：第一段，之前人们主要靠hunting和gathering维生，stone age开始人们开始planting， domesticating animals第二段，在农业方面，人们最开始只是去保护一些野生植物，只有当人们开始种植一些适应能力强的植物，真正的种植才开始。
畜养动物也是一样，人们最开始保护一些野生动物，后来开始真正驯养第三段，种植使得人们的生活更加稳定，种植后的作物也可以提供额外的食物，可以供养孩子，另外孩子多劳动力也就多了第四段，生活稳定后，人们就会建造更多固定的住所，比如会造石屋。
这使得工具种类越来越多，也衍生出来一些不参与到农业中的职业，比如牧师。
另外人们还制造出来各种pottery，对目前的考古学相当重要第五段，农业的改变产生了比较重大的社会影响。
社群中人们需要更好的合作协调第六段，农业发展也带来的不好的方面，使得贫富差距更加大，那些控制生产的人更加富有第七段，农业发展不仅对农业有好处，对于herding也有好处。
牛可以产牛奶，自然灾害时还可以作为肉吃，而且迁徙过程中，动物还可以carry things around词汇题：1. implication = consequently2. perpetually = constantly3. suitably = adequately4. remnant = remainPassage Two学科分类：工业题目：The Industrial Revolution in Britain内容回忆：第一段，一系列的原因导致了工业革命在英国发生第二段，英国具有非常好的地理位置，周围都是海洋，可以避免侵略，所以用在army上的投入较少，但是英国非常重视navy，强大的navy在战争时可以维护和平，在和平时期可以用作贸易第三段，英国不仅海洋对于工业革命很重要，它也有比较好的内部河运系统。
2018年托福阅读练习题及答案(2篇)
2018年托福阅读练习题及答案（2篇）托福阅读考试介绍：托福考试满分为120分，分为4部分，考试顺序为：阅读→听力→口语→写作。
托福阅读考试时间：1个小时(遇加试时，时间为1个小时40分钟)。
阅读部分包括3篇文章，每篇650至750个单词，每篇对应11至13道试题。
题目类型包括：图表题，篇章总结题(从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子)，变换措辞题，词汇题(在一定的上下文中)，指代关系题，简化句子题，插入文本题，事实信息题，推断题，修辞目的题以及否定排除题(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外)。
在完成答题的过程中，考生可以使用“复查”功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都过一遍。
PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, andBaltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which th e villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff inthe tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsAnswers:BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because watertends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked andinterdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectivenessAnswers:AACCD CABD。
托福TPO18阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO18ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO18ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The mystery of yawning¡¡¡¡According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.¡¡¡¡Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.¡¡¡¡A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother's amniotic fluid. Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps to clear out the lungs by periodically lowering the pressure in them. According to this theory, yawning in adults is just a developmental fossil with no biological function. But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained byDarwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults. Yawning is distracting, consumes energy and takes time. It is almost certainly doing something significant in adults as well as in fetuses. What could it be?¡¡¡¡The empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning¡ªnamely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wrist-mounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom¡ªquite the reverse¡ªbut it does precede a change in activity level.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1£º According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO18ÔĶÁPassage2ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.¡¡¡¡? It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.¡¡¡¡? The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.¡¡¡¡? According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.。
2018年3月31日托福阅读机经整理
内容回忆：亚马逊土地比较贫瘠，但是可以生产大量农作物，对比了埃及，
然后讲了他们如何改善土壤，生产作物。
Passage Three
学科分类：农业学
题目：中东农业的发展
内容回忆：中东农业起源于收集自然生长的谷物，种植业一开始并没有发展起来。
后来人们开始自己种植，种植业逐渐兴盛。农业的发展后来又一步步引发了社会的更多的变革。
2018年03月31日托福阅读真题整理
Passage One
学科分类：历史学
题目：英国的煤能源
内容回忆：英国的煤能源。
1，以前用wood取暖，后来改煤取暖。因为wood被砍伐后当作farming place，
导致木头价格上涨，人们转用煤取暖，后来说到英国的煤有助于玻璃制造等行业的发展
，然后讲到了对于瓦特蒸汽机发明的帮助
18年3月10日托福答案
18年3月10日托福答案During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gatheredthe stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. "Combines" were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.1.What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A)How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production(B)Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms(C)Farming practices before the Civil War(D)The increase in the number of people farming2.The word "crucial" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A)obvious(B)(B) unbelievable(C)important(D) desirable3.The phrase "avail themselves" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A)take care(B)make use(C)get rid(D)do more4.According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?(A)The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.(B)Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.(C)It was hoped that harvesting more grain would lower the price of grain.(D)Machines were needed to replace a disappearing laborforce.5.The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.(B)Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.(C)The use of farm machinery continued to increase.(D)Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.bines and self-binding reapers were similar because each(A)could perform more than one function(B)required relatively little power to operate(C)was utilized mainly in California(D)required two people to operate7.The word "they" in line 19 refers to(A)grain stalks(B)threshing machines(C)steam engines(D)horses8.It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines(C) thresher owner had chance to buy the machines before farmers did(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own9. The word "ponderous" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) advanced(B) heavy(C) complex(D) rapid正确答案： ACBDC ABDB。
托福阅读TPO18答案解析
托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的tension和做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选；B的negatively和positively chargedparticles同样定位至第二句，但原文没有比较，所以B没说，选；C的come together和D的release做关键词定位都至倒数第二句，都正确，都不选。
2.tremendous大量的，巨大的，所以正确答案是huge。
原句说当带相反电荷的例子碰到一起的时候发生中和并释放什么样的能量，就是我们能看到的闪电，大家都知道闪电的能量很大，所以选huge，C。
A不同B增大D立刻都不靠谱。
3.以ice crystal和positively charged做关键词定位至第七句，说在这样的温度下，ice pellet和ice crystal 的碰撞转移了电荷，使得pellet带负电，crystal带正电，所以答案应该是A碰撞；B虽然也说到碰撞，但不是和负电碰撞；D的温度不是带正电的决定条件。
4.acquire获得，所以答案obtain正确，正如上题，原句说ice pellet和ice crystal的碰撞转移了电荷，使得pellet怎么样负电，crystal带正电，至少猜出acquire应该和become差不多，是个从无到有的过程，答案是B。
需要不一定有，C错；A拒绝与原文相反；D错，电荷不能产生。
5.以positively charged ice pellets做关键词定位至最后一句，说在这个很大的，带负电的区域之下，碰撞产生了positively charged pellets，所以答案是D。
A的increase in number，B的smaller和C的比较原文都没说。
6.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的ice pellets and ice crystals做关键词定位至第七句，正确，不选；B的in themiddle 做关键词定位至倒数第四句，正确，不选；C的数字做关键词定位至第六句，正确，不选；D的the base of the cloud 做关键词定位都至最后一句，但倒数第三句已经说过this process explains，也就是说原因到倒数第三句就给完了，D不是原因，错，选。
托福试题2018及答案
托福试题2018及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一1.1 问题一：文章主要讨论了什么？答案：文章主要讨论了气候变化对农业的影响。
1.2 问题二：作者对于气候变化的看法是什么？答案：作者认为气候变化是不可避免的，但可以通过科技和政策来缓解其影响。
B. 阅读材料二2.1 问题一：文章中提到的主要人物是谁？答案：文章中提到的主要人物是玛丽·居里。
2.2 问题二：玛丽·居里的主要贡献是什么？答案：玛丽·居里的主要贡献是发现了镭和钋两种元素。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一1.1 问题一：演讲者的主要观点是什么？答案：演讲者认为教育应该更注重培养学生的批判性思维能力。
1.2 问题二：演讲者提到了哪些教育方法？答案：演讲者提到了项目式学习和小组讨论等教育方法。
B. 听力材料二2.1 问题一：对话中两位学生讨论的主题是什么？答案：对话中两位学生讨论的主题是校园内新开的咖啡馆。
2.2 问题二：他们对咖啡馆的看法是什么？答案：他们认为咖啡馆的咖啡味道很好，但是价格有点贵。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一1.1 问题一：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。
答案：我最喜欢的季节是秋天，因为秋天天气凉爽，而且秋天的景色非常美丽。
B. 口语任务二2.1 问题一：讨论一下你认为科技对教育的影响。
答案：我认为科技极大地提高了教育的效率和质量，例如在线课程和电子书籍。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一1.1 问题一：描述一个你认为重要的社会问题，并提出解决方案。
答案：我认为环境污染是一个重要的社会问题。
为了解决这个问题，我们可以推广使用可再生能源和减少一次性塑料的使用。
B. 写作任务二2.1 问题一：讨论一下你认为团队合作在工作和学习中的重要性。
答案：我认为团队合作在工作和学习中非常重要，因为它可以促进信息的交流和问题的解决。
2018年10月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年10月托福真题回忆及解析世上的事，只要肯用心去学，没有一件是太晚的。
你只要记住你的今天比昨天进步了一点，那么你离你的梦想也就更近了一步。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年10月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2018年10月举行了2场考试，考试时间为10月13日、10月14日。
以下内容仅供参考。
10月13日托福听力真题回忆：ConversationConversation 1话题分类：生活服务内容回忆：搬宿舍参考听力：TPO 38-C1 TPO 46-C1Conversation 2话题分类：师生讨论内容回忆：男同学想加入学生管理处什么的，administer 听到了，然后问了一堆，比如耽误早上考试什么的，后来发现申请人有点多。
参考听力：TPO 45-C1Conversation 3话题分类：课程询问内容回忆：女生去小学调研，然后没走程序，后面老师又给了建议。
参考听力：TPO 21-C2 TPO 41-C1Conversation 4话题分类：生活服务内容回忆：学生的妹妹刚高中毕业，想来学校住一周，体验校园生活，于是她就去找工作人员申请。
参考听力：TPO 18-C1Conversation 5话题分类：课程询问内容回忆：学生讲到教授是怎么进入到考古学的背后的故事，然后也想参与考古挖掘工作，教授跟他说现在窗外这片地方因为发现了农具就很有挖掘价值，但是这个挖掘计划没有被通过，不过现在有新的 faulty，所以学生还是有机会的。
参考听力：TPO 3-C2Conversation 6话题分类：师生讨论内容回忆：一个学生去 writing center 找老师改作文，他的 due 是礼拜五早上，但这个中心只有礼拜五下午的。
老师说只能帮他改 grammar 这类的，历史 context 什么的还是要找自己的教授改，writing center 里的接待员给他几个选择，让他去北校区，北校区都是工程学院的学生，但他有课没法去，去西校区也不行，后来学生觉得还是在这个 writing center，但和他的室友换一下时间。
2018专八真题解析
2018年专八试卷核对试卷一PAKl K THANSLATiO^ Trurthk/iv the “皿川曲 part u>f rhe ic.rf frtm (r hitfestr intf* Frf 剧汕 Write叭川 x/afs^n /MF A V.s fJ /： f( \HEET 1HHEE 觀沁丈学F5■耐码使我们的内心町以达剽这柑的：想：荐癖、敏聽相走感•生适丕姐童血龙華书■蛤技们從供广川以迖對 神比现实里是好的境界巴印幣驭血的朮⑷能比我0」规沁從中晖小芒--1,无比空『凤实中的天姜孟: 览实中從有完羌的爱惯.但在节甲仃氷山的（栄'j- tn 勺祝葵佇』唧（汐町殴与朱fflui • 会弥补找«M 实生活中所存件的不2018TEM8作文：追求完美好还是不好ps :作文为材料作文，两则材料，材料主题为“追求完美好还是不好”1. formal innovation2. rapport3. atte nding sect ion4. writing long papers5. high nu mbers6. being filmed7. comparable questio ns8. a n atural order9. figure out10. se nsitive11. repeat ing12.i ntegrate into13.lo gical or n atural14. edit ing[20 MINI15.fu ndame ntal eleme nts听力：1.The in itial letters of an easy-to-remember phrase2.[A] he's made up his mind to cha nge some of his passwords.3.in truders are patie nt eno ugh to compute.4.[D] The US takes up the leadi ng edge of tech no logy.5.[A] Why not to write dow n passwords on no tebooks6.[D] the developme nt of gen etic tests is out of people's expectati on.7.[C] misgivi ng.8.[A] improve self-discipline of the industry.9.[D] Alie nated.10.stre ngthe n its supervisi on with in limits.阅读：11.[C] they are lack ing in skills required by certa in jobs.12.[A] was a pion eer in the welfare state of Great Brita in.13.the frailties of huma n n ature.14.[D] appeara nee.15.[C] the pursuit of econo mic ben efit16.[A] was a famous tragic actor in his town.17.She was a girl of frail and weak body.18.the actresses were not available the n.19.[A] Domi nant.20.[D] was in agreeme nt with.21.[C] frow ns upo n22.[A] ben efited from the oppositi on party's bill.23.[D] Joh n McCain supports the bill due to his political sta ndpo int.24.deceitful阅读回答问题：25.Proposals should be directed to the journal office.26.The an alogy rests on the market economy 。
托福阅读TPO18（试题+答案+译文）第3篇：Lightning
托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:LightningTPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Lightning。
托福阅读原文【1】Lightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a tremendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning. The separation of positively and negatively charged particles takes place during the development of the storm cloud.【2】The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃ or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light,positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.【3】Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.【4】Using high-speed photography, scientists have determined that there are two steps to the occurrence of lightning from a cloud to the ground. First, a channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the ground. Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.【5】The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters ofthe ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.【6】Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, all of the following take place in the development of a flash of lightening EXCEPTA.great tension between two oppositely charged regions.B.an increase in negatively charged particles over positively charged particles.C.oppositely charged particles coming together.D.the release of electrical energy in the form of visible light.2.The word “tremendous” in passage 1 is closest in meaning toA.distinct.B.growing.C.huge.D.immediate.3.According to paragraph 2, what causes ice crystal to become positively charged?A.Collisions with ice pellets.B.Collisions with negatively charged ice crystals at the base of the cloud.C.Becoming concentrated in the central region of the cloud.D.Forming at a temperature greater than -15℃.4.The word “acquire” in passage 2 is closest in meaning toA.reject.B.obtain.C.need.D.produce.5.According to paragraph 2, why are positively charged ice pellets produced in the lower part of the cloud?A.Collisions between ice crystals and ice pellets increase in number in the lower part of the cloud.B.The lower part of the cloud is smaller than the region above it.C.More ice pellets than ice crystals reach the lower part of the cloud.D.Temperature in the lower part of the cloud are warmer than -15℃.6.According to paragraph 2, the middle region of a cloud becomes negatively charged due to all of the following EXCEPTA.a shift of electrical charged between ice pellets and ice crystals.B.negatively charged ice pellets that remain in the middle.C.a temperature of -15℃ or less.D.the development of a positive charge at the base of the cloud.7.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that part of the reason that the top of a storm cloud becomes positively charged is thatA.the top of the cloud is warmer than the middle of the cloud.B.the middle of the cloud is already occupied by positively charged particles.C.the negatively charged ice pellets are too heavy to be carried by the updrafts that move ice crystals.D.collisions between ice pellets in the top of the cloud produce mainly positively charged particles.8.The author remarks that (in paragraph 3)“Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive” in order to explain whyA.this form of lightning has been investigated so much.B.this form of lightning is not as common as lightning within a cloud.C.scientific understanding of this form of lightning is important.D.the buildup of positive charge on the ground beneath a storm cloud can have serious consequences.9.The word “illuminates” in passage 4 is closet in meaning toA.opens.pletes.C.lights.D.electrifies.10.According to paragraph5, which of the following is true of the stream of charged particles from the ground?A.It prevents streams of electrons from the cloud fromstriking the ground.B.It completes a channel that connects the storm cloud with the ground.C.It produces a stream of electrons from the cloud.D.It widens the path made by the initial stream of electrons from the cloud.11.Which of the following claims about lightning strikes can be inferred from paragraph 5?A.During a lightning strike the diameter of the channel the electrons follow is considerably enlarged beyond a few centimeters.B.A building is unlikely to be hit by lightning unless it is at least 100 meters tall.C.A building is hit by a lightning strike because the building itself has first determined the path the lightening then takes to it.D.The light of a lightning strike first appears at the point where the streams of negative and positive particles meet.12.The word “initiated”in paragraph 5 is closet in me aning toA.started.B.intensified.C.finished.D.expected.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The descending stream of electrons divides at the point where the new positive-stream channel intersects the established path.The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream ofthese negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure. ■【A】Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. ■【B】 Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. ■【C】 The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Lightning takes place when a separation of a positive and negative electrical particles that develops in a storm could suddenly collapses.A.A storm cloud first develops a positively charged layer atthe top, then a negatively charged middle layer, and finally, a positively charged layer at the bottom.B.A separation of oppositely charged particles in clouds develops from collisions of falling ice pellets with ice crystals, from updrafts, and from temperature variations.C.Lightning from cloud to ground follows a channel that forms when a stream of electrons moving down meets a stream of positive particles coming up from the ground.D.Field studies, laboratory simulations, and high-speed photography have all been used to investigate the way charge separations develop in clouds.E.Lightning from a cloud to the ground is more likely to be destructive than is lightning that takes place within a cloud.F.Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several successive electrical discharges that illuminate the channel as flashes of lightning.托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的tension和做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选;B的negatively和positively charged particles同样定位至第二句，但原文没有比较，所以B没说，选;C的come together和D的release做关键词定位都至倒数第二句，都正确，都不选。
2018年12月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年12月托福真题回忆及解析信念和斗志宜聚，懈怠和悲观宜散，我们的斗志因信念而燃起，不懈怠、不悲观，落实每一个知识点。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年12月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2018年12月举行了1场考试，时间分别为12月1日。
以下内容仅供参考。
12月1日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1如果有机会创业，未来会做哪方面？what business to run?有些人认为竞争有好处，其它人认为竞争对学生没有好处，你怎样看？Task 2老师建议提倡 Competition，你觉得这样好不好？Task 3学生提议不要只允许学生在学校吃饭，也应该允许学生到校外吃饭。
男孩同意，校外类多样，口味丰富，比如一家蒙古餐厅。
另外，学校食堂时间固定，有时学生回来晚，比如篮球运动回来晚就没吃的了，而校外却没这方面问题。
Task 4thermophilic insect多数动物不喜欢温度过高的环境，但有些动物却喜欢，愿意生活在温度高的地方。
由于身体的特征能够适应这种环境，也有其它方面的好处。
比如 silver ant，腿长，不怕高温沙漠，身体与地面保持距离；中午气温炎热，其它昆虫受不了，所以 silver ant 有机会找到困在高温环境的其它动物或昆虫作为食物，这样的高温也会躲避它的天敌蜥蜴，因为蜥蜴对高温很敏感。
Task 5女孩下周二要终考，没有教材。
因为哥哥的妻子生病了，去照顾侄子时，不小心被宝宝涂满了燃料，都粘到一起了。
方法一：是哥哥可以给买，但书贵，且就用几天而已。
方法二：和室友共用一个，但时间得协调，不方便。
Task 6经济课上，老师讲生产商出售时在零售网店的分销方式。
1.与直接与更大的客户群体打交道2.价格更加多样，满足客户，使销售更加灵活3.放在网上的图片也不会像在实体店里那种容易被损坏或弄脏，出现影响质量的情况。
12月1日托福写作真题回忆：综合阅读：Erie Canal 在建造前有很多反对意见ndscape 有很多阻碍，比如有很多 forests，砍伐耗时耗力；有很多wetland，所以蚊子很多，会传播 malaria.2.没有足够的人工来完成3.这一带人很少，带来的经济效益没有办法弥补建造的巨大花费。
2018年托福阅读真题练习题目
2018年托福阅读真题练习题目对于托福阅读来说，如果想提高，那么多多练习是王道，那么下面就和来看看2018年托福阅读真题练习题目。
PASSAGE 32By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints， European visitors and immigrants，and traveling colonists who brought back copies （and a few original）of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776，the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century， painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing，gilding teaching，keeping shops，and painting wheel carriages，houses，and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status：limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760＇s；painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century， colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists， such as John Singleton Copley， Benjamin West，and Charles Wilson Peale，consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status，all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists， an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston， William Byrd of Virginian， andthe Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artists，and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits， they also accepted landscapes，historical works，and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown，a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists， particularly those of Copley， West， and Peale， lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss？（A） European influence on colonial American painting（B） The importance of patronage to artist（C） The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century（D） Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to（A） cause（B） beginning（C） position（D） explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to（A） led to（B） transformed（C） preferred（D） experienced4. According to the passage ，before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to（A） paint wheel carriages（B） paint portraits（C） varnish furniture（D） paint flat surfaces5. It can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England（A） considered artists to be superior to painters（B） barely painted portraitists（C） were often very wealthy（D） imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to（A） made decisions（B） studies（C） agreed（D） associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to（A） adequate（B） temporary（C） friendly（D） expensive8. According to the passage ， artists such as Copley， West and Peal signed their paintings（A） increased the monetary value of the paintings（B）made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings（C） supported the artists＇ image of professionalism（D） distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following？（A） Art gallery owners who displayed only European art （B）Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art（C） Artists who gave financial support to other artists（D）Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree？（A） Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.（B）The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.（C）The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.（D） Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.。
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The Extinction of the Dinosaursmillion years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algaedeposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found.In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time.Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapiddisappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered bya dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earthafter a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth'smagnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernovaexplosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ，something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice everymillion years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but theythen must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions oftemperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted onesuggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwidecold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world'soceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense.5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that theextinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond tovolcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters.6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed thecomposition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in thestratosphere (part of the Earth's atmosphere). If strong cooling lasted a year after the formation of the aerosols ， it would have been the death of tropical species unable to adapt to such a volcanic winter. 7. However ，a long period of strong volcanic activity (again ，remember thousands of Krakatoas) would at the same time have added a substantial amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere ， reinforcing the greenhouse effect. This would gradually warm things up ，ending the extended cold snap and producing global warming together with geographic shifts of humid and arid (dry) zones. Certainly things would change to upset living conditions ，leading to the extinction of some species while others would profit ，if only from the disappearance of predators. 1..According to paragraph 1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments A. They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. B. They contain fossils of dinosaurs. C. They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. D. They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments. 2..The word unfavorable in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Unusual B. Disadvantageous C. Sudden D. major 3..The word triggered in the passage is closest in meaning to A. initiated B. intensifie C. followed D. aided 4..Why does the author include the information that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years A. To provide evidence showing that Earth's protective barrier is difficult to get through B. To show that it is reasonable to think that particles from a supernova explosion could have reached Earth C. To explain why some scientists believe a supernova explosion may have occurred near our solar system D. To help explain why some scientists have rejected the theory presented in paragraph 2 5..According to the theory discussed in paragraph 2，a weakening of Earth's magnetosphere may haveA. caused a supernova to explode near our solar systemcBBBBB. allowed gene-altering particles to reach Earth's surfaceC. forced Earth's magnetic field to change directionD. allowed clouds of protective particles to escape from Earth's upper atmosphere 6..AII of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as possible causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs EXCEPT A. a change in the diet of dinosaurs B. a change in the climate of the tropics C. a decrease in global temperatures D. a decrease in deep ocean salinity 7..ln paragraph 3，why does the author include the quotation by Carl Sagan A. To explain the connection between dinosaur extinction and the extinction of other animal species B. To support the claim about species extinction being due to indirect causes and effects C. To show that scientists have revised their ideas greatly in the last thirty years D. To identify the differences between the various theories for the extinction of dinosaurs 8..According to paragraph 4，what was one unusual aspect of the volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous A. Some explosions were much larger than Krakatoa. B. Eruptions occurred over a long period of time . C. Active volcanoes were sometimes separated by many kilometers. D. There were active volcanoes in the sea as well as on land. 9..Which of the following is presented in paragraph 4 as evidence that intense volcanic activity occurred at about the time that the dinosaurs became extinct A. The size of the volcanic craters on the Deccan plateau B. An increase in sea-floor spreading C. The formation in India of large amounts of a type of rock associated with volcanoes D. The occurrence of a thousand or more volcanic explosions the size of Krakatoa 10..The word severely in the passage is closest in meaning to A. certainly B. consequently C. greatly D. permanently11..The word reinforcing in the passage is closest in meaning toA. making possible A9iu ˇBDBcDB. spreadingC. introducingD. strengthening 12..According to paragraph 5，all of the following are theorized to have occurred as a result of volcanic activity EXCEPTA. a decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surfaceB. a reduction in the number of sulfate aerosol veils in the stratosphereC. increased dryness in some areas that were once more humidD. changes in the atmosphere's composition resulting in an increase in temperature13.. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus ，ecosystems following periods of extensive volcanic activity necessarily had different combinations of species than earlier ecosystems did.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage ，click on View Text Answer ChoicesA. Cosmic rays from a nearby supernova explosion may have penetrated Earth's atmosphere ，causing genetic changes that dinosaur populations could not survive.B. Climate changes in the tropics may have set off a chain of indirect effects that negativelyaffected the ecosystems in which dinosaurs lived.C. The spread of lava over large pa 同s of previously favored habitats such as the DeccanPlateau may have made these favored areas uninhabitable for many years.D. Although the volcanic winter resulting from the formation of sulfate aerosols eventuallyended ，temperatures may have remained below levels required by dinosaurs to survive.E. Temperature changes and geographic shifts in climate zones due to the atmospheric effects ofvolcanic activity may have been significant enough to cause extinction.F. To be convincing ，theories about what caused dinosaurs to become extinct must be able toexplain the disappearance of other predators in the food chain at the same time BE A DB。