2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷七)
托福阅读真题第7篇RegulationofBodyTemperature
托福阅读真题第7篇RegulationofBodyTemperature大多数动物都有可以生存的体温上限。
例如，在人类中，41摄氏度的体温会导致蛋白质功能丧失和神经系统崩溃，而42至43摄氏度的体温会导致是致命的。
鸟类的静息体温略高于哺乳动物（大约为40 至 41 摄氏度，而大多数哺乳动物为 35 至 38 摄氏度），它们无法在高于 46 至 47 摄氏度的体温下生存。
在高于 50 摄氏度的环境温度下，几乎所有动物都会死亡。
然而，在温度范围的另一端，极冷的耐受性更好。
例如，一些动物在解冻后可以冷冻并存活。
冷冻/解冻通常是危险的，因为冰晶会在细胞和破裂膜内形成。
然而，许多昆虫，如毛毛虫，少数种类的两栖动物，如林蛙，以及极少数爬行动物，如彩龟，都可以阻止其细胞中的晶体形成。
他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。
储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。
这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。
他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。
储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。
这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。
他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。
储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。
这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。
过去，动物被分为两类。
冷血动物需要外部热源（例如阳光）来温暖自己。
相比之下，温血动物使用内部热量来维持体温。
然而，这些术语具有误导性，因为许多冷血动物可以通过锻炼骨骼肌产生大量热量。
事实上，许多人在白天的体温至少与鸟类和哺乳动物等温血动物的体温一样温暖。
生物学家现在根据动物的热源和维持体温的能力对动物进行分类。
托福TPO7阅读真题Part3及参考答案
托福TPO7阅读真题Part3及参考答案托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO7阅读真题Part3及参考答案，望喜欢！托福TPO7阅读真题Part3Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu PeoplesThere is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan toWest Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel's abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible, route of trade and communication.Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual andsometimes political power.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local conditions and resources.The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. They spoke a language, proto-Bantu ("Bantu" means "the people"), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration-or simply rapid demographic growth-may have also caused the Bantu explosion.Paragraph 1: There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.托福TPO7阅读题目Part31. The word "diffused" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ emerged○ was understood○ spread○ developed2. According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa?○African lakes and rivers already provided enough food for people to survive without agriculture.○The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to Asia.○Africa's native plants are very difficult to domesticate.○African communities were not large enough to support agriculture.3. In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about changesin the African environment during this time period?○The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be grown.○Although periods o f drying forced people south, they returned once their food supply was secure.○Population growth along rivers and lakes was dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.○A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could survive.Paragraph 2: Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel's abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible, route of trade and communication.4. According to paragraph 2, camels were important because they○ were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to Africa○ allowed the people of the West African savannahs to carveout large empires○ helped African peoples defend themselves against Egyptian invaders○ made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?○Horses and chariots○Sheep and goats○Hyksos invaders from Egypt○Camels and cattleParagraph 3: Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.6. What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?○It contrasts the development of iron technology in West Asia and West Africa.○It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from Asia.○It introduces evidence that a knowledge of copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same time.○It compares the rates at which iron technology developed in different parts of Africa.Paragraph 4: This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.7. The word "profound" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ fascinating○ far-reaching○ necessary○ temporary8. The word "ritual" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ military○ physical○ ceremonial○ permanent9. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT: ○Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.○Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.○Iron tools helped increase the food supply.○Technical knowledge gave religious power to its holders.Paragraph 5: Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to producethe high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local conditions and resources.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier techniques.○Africans pro duced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.○Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.○Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate.Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. They spoke a language, proto-Bantu ("Bantu" means "the people"), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gatheringopponents, who still used stone implements. Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration-or simply rapid demographic growth-may have also caused the Bantu explosion.11. The word "fleeing" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ afraid of○ displaced by○ running away from○ responding to12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possible causes of the "Bantu explosion" EXCEPT○ superior weapons○ better hunting skills○ peaceful migration○ increased populationParagraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■Their migration may hav e been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. ■They spoke a language, proto-Bantu ("Bantu" means "the people"), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering op ponents, who still used stone implements. ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration-or simply rapid demographic growth-may have also caused the Bantu explosion. ■13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Agriculture and iron working probably spread to Africa from neighboring regions.●●●Answer choices○Once Africans developed their own crops, they no longer borrowed from other regions.○The harshness of the African climate meant that agricultur e could not develop until after the introduction of iron tools.○The use of livestock improved transportation and trade and allowed for new forms of political control.○As the Sahara expanded, the camel gained in importance, eventually coming to have religious significance.○The spread of iron working had far-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in Africa.○Today's Bantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people who spread throughout Africa.托福TPO7阅读答案Part3参考答案：1. ○32. ○23. ○44. ○45. ○16. ○27. ○28.○39. ○110. ○211. ○312. ○213. ○214. The use of livestock improved…The spread of iron working…Today's Bantu-speaking peoples…托福TPO7阅读翻译Part3参考翻译：农业、铁器和班图人在非洲，早在公元前3 000年以前就有了农业的迹象。
【真题练习】托福阅读考试模拟试题训练附答案(七)
【真题练习】托福阅读考试模拟试题训练附答案（七）托福阅读是考生子容易拿分的部分，多多练习将对托福分数的整体提高有很大帮助哦！那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来了一些托福阅读的题目以及答案，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities andproportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.。
托福阅读TPO7（试题+答案+译...
托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterraneanTPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Geologic History of the Mediterranean。
托福阅读原文In 1970 geologists Kenneth J.Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger.Anobjective of this particular cruise wasto investigate the floor of theMediterranean and to resolve questions aboutits geologic history. One questionwas related to evidence that theinvertebrate fauna (animals without spines) ofthe Mediterranean had changedabruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of theolder organisms were nearlywiped out, although a few hardy species survived. Afew managed to migrate into the Atlantic.Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why didthe near extinction and migrationsoccur?Another task for the GlomarChallenger’sscientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelikemasses buried deepbeneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected yearsearlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never beenpenetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are commonalong the UnitedStates Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been somuch solidcrystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?With question such as these clearly beforethem, thescientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterraneantosearch for the answers. On August 23, 1970,they recovered a sample. Thesampleconsisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft,deep-seamud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Nota singlepebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came fromthenearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsumwererepeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated theseafloor.Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities ofcomposition andstructure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sedimentabove andbelow the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicatingopen-oceanconditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part oftheMediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline saltfromthe core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of whatappeared tobe windblown silt.The time had come to formulate ahypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, theMediterranean wasa broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.Crustal movements closedthe straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in theextermination of scores ofinvertebrate species. Only a few organisms especiallytolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remainingbrine (salt water)became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layerwas precipitated. Inthe central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brineevaporated toprecipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under theweight ofoverlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million yearsago came the deluge. As a result ofcrustaladjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where theMediterranean nowconnects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascadedspectacularly back intothe Mediterranean.Turbulent waters tore into thehardened salt flats, brokethem up, and ground them into the pebbles observed inthe first sample taken bythe Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normalmarine organisms returned.Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate abovethe old hard layer.Thesalt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusualgravel provided abundantevidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.托福阅读试题1.The word “objective”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.achievementB.requirementC.purposeD.feature2.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 1 asa change thatoccurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?A.Most invertebrate species disappearedduring a wave of extinctions.B.A few hardy species wiped out many of theMediterranean’s i nvertebrates.C.Some invertebrates migrated to AtlanticOcean.D.New species of fauna populated theMediterranean when the old migrants returned.3.1.Whatdoes the author imply by saying“Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that thepebbles came from the nearby continent”?(paragraph 3)A.The most obvious explanation for theorigin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.B.The geologists did not find as manypebbles as they expected.C.The geologists were looking for aparticular kind of pebble.D.The different pebbles could not have comefrom only one source.4.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 about the solidgypsum layer?A.It did not contain any marine fossil.B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions.C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.D.It contained sediment from nearbydeserts.5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph3 that identify materialsdiscovered in the deepest part of the Mediterraneanbasin. To receive credityou must select TWO answers.A.Volcanic rock fragmentsB.Thin silt layersC.Soft, deep-sea mudD.Crystalline salt6.What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?A.To describe the physical evidencecollected by Hsu and RyanB.To explain why some of the questionsposed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of theGlomar ChallengerC.To evaluate techniques used by Hsu andRyan to explore the sea floorD.To describe the most difficult problemsfaced by the Glomar Challenger expedition7.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing was responsible for theevaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?A.The movements of Earth’s crustB.The accumulation of sediment layersC.Changes in the water level of theAtlantic OceanD.Changes in Earth’s temperature8.The word “scores”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.membersrge numbersC.populationsD.different types9.According to paragraph 4, what causedmost invertebrate species in theMediterranean to become extinct?A.The evaporation of chemicals necessaryfor their survivalB.Crustal movements that connected theMediterranean to the saltier AtlanticC.The migration of new species through thenarrow straitsD.Their inability to tolerate theincreasing salt content of the Mediterranean10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.A.The strait of Gibraltar reopened when theMediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water fromone sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B.The Mediterranean was dramaticallyrefilled by water fromthe Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faultingopened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C.The cascades of water from the Atlanticto the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments andfaulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to thoseseas.D.As a result of crustal adjustments andfaulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic andMediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascadesof water between them.11.The word “Turbulent”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.FreshB.DeepC.ViolentD.Temperate12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about theirchemical composition and origin.■【A】Another task for theGlomar Challenger’s scientists was totry to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath theMediterranean seafloor. ■【B】These structures had been detected years earlierby echo-soundinginstruments, but they had never been penetrated in the courseof drilling. ■【C】Were theysalt domes such as are common alongthe United States Gulf Coast, and if so, whyshould there have been so muchsolid crystalline salt beneath the floor of theMediterranean? ■[D】Where would the sentence best fit?13. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.An expedition to the Mediterranean answeredsome long-standing questionsabout the ocean’s history.A.The Glomar Challenger expeditioninvestigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.B.Researchers collected fossils todetermine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.C.Scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerwere the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath theseafloor.D.Samples recovered from the expeditionrevealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distributionamong the sediment layers.E.Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilled with water.F.Mediterraneansalt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between theMediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.托福阅读答案1.C2.文第四句话说到“Most of theolder organisms were nearly wiped out(大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了)”对应选项A;第五句说到“A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic(一些物种成功地迁移到了大西洋)”，对应选项C;第六句说到“the migrants returned, bringing new species with them(这些物种又回到了地中海，并带回新的物种)”，对应选项D。
托福试题及答案2020
托福试题及答案20201. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一1.1. 问题一：文章中提到的主要观点是什么？答案：文章主要讨论了城市化进程对环境的影响。
1.2. 问题二：作者在文中使用了哪些论据来支持他的观点？答案：作者使用了统计数据、专家意见和历史案例来支持他的观点。
B. 阅读材料二2.1. 问题一：文章中提到的主要观点是什么？答案：文章主要探讨了教育对于个人发展的重要性。
2.2. 问题二：作者在文中使用了哪些论据来支持他的观点？答案：作者使用了教育研究结果、个人经历和比较分析来支持他的观点。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一1.1. 问题一：讲座中教授提到了哪种类型的动物？答案：教授提到了迁徙鸟类。
1.2. 问题二：教授是如何解释这种动物的行为的？答案：教授通过观察和实验数据来解释这种动物的迁徙行为。
B. 听力材料二2.1. 问题一：对话中两位学生讨论了什么话题？答案：两位学生讨论了即将到来的期末考试。
2.2. 问题二：他们对这个话题的态度如何？答案：他们对这个话题感到紧张和焦虑。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一1.1. 问题一：描述一个你曾经遇到的挑战，并解释你是如何克服它的。
答案：我遇到的挑战是准备一个重要的演讲。
我通过多次练习和向老师寻求建议来克服它。
B. 口语任务二2.1. 问题一：你更喜欢在图书馆学习还是在咖啡馆学习？为什么？答案：我更喜欢在图书馆学习，因为它提供了一个安静和专注的环境。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一1.1. 问题一：描述一个你认为重要的社会问题，并提出解决方案。
答案：我认为环境污染是一个重要的社会问题。
解决方案包括提高公众意识和推动可持续能源的使用。
B. 写作任务二2.1. 问题一：你同意还是不同意以下观点：学校应该要求学生穿校服？给出你的理由。
答案：我同意这个观点，因为校服可以减少学生之间的社会压力，并促进学校精神。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文7--2 Ancient Rome and Greece
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Ancient Rome and Greece托福阅读原文There is a quality of cohesiveness aboutthe Roman worldthat applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any othercivilization, ancientor modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were heldtogether both by theregularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerfulRoman cement, so thevarious parts of the Roman realm were bonded into amassive, monolithic entityby physical, organizational, and psychologicalcontrols. The physical bondsincluded the network of military garrisons, whichwere stationed in everyprovince, and the network of stone-built roads thatlinked the provinces withRome. The organizational bonds were based on thecommon principles of law andadministration and on the universal army ofofficials who enforced commonstandards of conduct. The psychological controlswere built on fear andpunishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone oranything that threatenedthe authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.The source of Roman obsession with unityand cohesion maywell have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development.Whereas Greece hadgrown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from onesingleorganism.While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seaslanes, theRoman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, thecontrast isnot quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found thegreatestterritorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they movedoutsideItaly, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet theessentialdifference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in itshigh-poweredships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. TheGreeks werewedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailorat heart;the Roman, a landsman.Certainly, in trying to explain the Romanphenomenon, onewould have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct forthe territorialimperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization,exploitation, and defenseof their territory. In all probability it was thefertile plain of Latium,where the Latins who founded Rome originated, thatcreated the habits andskills of landed settlement, landed property, landedeconomy, landedadministration, and a land-based society. From this arose theRoman genius formilitary organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachmentto theland, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered theRomanvirtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotiontofamily and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.Modern attitudes to Roman civilizationrange from theinfinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always,there are thepower worshippers, especially among historians, who arepredisposed to admirewhatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the mightof Rome than to thesubtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid bodyof opinion thatdislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator ofGreece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome,mere quantity.Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome hadmoney. Greecewas the inventor; Rome, the research and development division.Such indeed wasthe opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had theGreeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “whatwork ofancient date would now exist?”Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. TheRomans adoptedGreek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writerswereconsciously used as models by their Latin successors. It wasabsolutelyaccepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. Inspeculativephilosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance onearlyachievements.Yet it would be wrongto suggest that Romewas somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization.The Roman genius wasprojected into newspheres—especially into those of law,military organization,administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensionsthat arose within theRoman state produced literary and artistic sensibilitiesof the highest order.It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers andstatesmen were writersof high caliber.托福阅读试题1.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential informationin the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 1) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.A.The regularity and power of stone wallsinspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.B.Although the Romans used different typesof designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintaintheir realm.C.Several types of control united the Romanrealm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.D.Romans built walls to unite the variousparts of their realm into a singleentity, which was controlled by powerfullaws.2.According to paragraph 1, all of thefollowing are controls that heldtogether the Roman world EXCEPTA.administrative and legal systemsB.the presence of the militaryC.a common languageD.transportation networks3.The phrase “obsessionwith” in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.thinking aboutB.fixation onC.interest inD.attitude toward4.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing was NOT characteristicof Rome’s early development?A.Expansion by sea invasionB.Territorial expansionC.Expansion from one original settlementD.Expansion through invading armies5.Why does the author mention “Alexanderthe Great” in the passage? (paragraph 2)A.To acknowledge that Greek civilizationalso expanded by land conquestB.To compare Greek leaders to Roman leadersC.To give an example of Greek leader whomRomans studiedD.To indicate the superior organization ofthe Greek military6.The word “fostered”in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.acceptedbinedC.introducedD.encouraged7.Paragraph 3 suggests which of thefollowing about the people of Latium?A.Their economy was based on traderelations with other settlements.B.They held different values than thepeople of Rome.C.Agriculture played a significant role inthe society.D.They possessed unusual knowledge ofanimal instincts.8.Paragraph 4 indicates that somehistorians admire Roman civilizationbecause ofA.the diversity of cultures within RomansocietyB.its strengthC.its innovative natureD.the large body of literature that itdeveloped9.In paragraph 4, the author develops adescription of Roman civilizationbyparing the opinions of Romanintellectuals to Greek intellectualsB.identifying which characteristics ofRoman civilization were copied from GreeceC.explaining how the differences betweenRoman and Greece developed as time passedD.contrasting characteristics of Romancivilization with characteristics of Greek civilization10.According to paragraph 4, intellectualRomans such as Horace held whichof the following opinions about theircivilization?A.Ancient works of Greece held little valuein the Roman world.B.The Greek civilization had been surpassedby the Romans.C.Roman civilization produced little thatwas original or memorable.D.Romans valued certain types ofinnovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.11.The word “spheres” in thepassage(paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.abilitiesB.areasbinationsD.models12.Which of the following statements aboutleading Roman soldiers andstatesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?A.They could read and write the Greeklanguage.B.They frequently wrote poetry and plays.C.They focused their writing on militarymatters.D.They wrote according to the philosophicallaws of the Greeks.13. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Theyesteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.Modern attitudes to Roman civilizationrange from the infinitelyimpressed to the thoroughly disgusted. ■【A】As always,there are the powerworshippers, especiallyamong historians, who arepredisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feelmore attracted to the mightof Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■【B】At the sametime, there is a solid body ofopinion that dislikes Rome. ■【C】For many,Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■【D】Greekcivilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity.Greece was original; Rome,derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greecewas the inventor; Rome, theresearch and development division. Such indeed wasthe opinion of some of themore intellectual Romans. “Had the Gr eeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,”asked Horace in his epistle, “what work ofancient date would now exist?”Where would the sentence best fit?14. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion worth 2 points.The Roman world drew its strength fromseveral important sources.A.Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulersheld its territory together.B.The Roman military was organizeddifferently from older military organizations.C.Romans valued sea power as did theLatins, the original inhabitants of Rome.D.Roman values were rooted in a strongattachment to the land and the stability of rural life.E.Rome combined aspects of ancient Greekcivilization with its own contributions in new areas.catedRomans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks.托福阅读答案1.C2.C3.原文该单词所在句子为:"Thesource of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in thepattern of Rome’s early development." 可以理解为: "罗马人对整体性和团结的执着来自于罗马早期的发展。
2020年普通高等学校招生统一考试模拟试卷英语试题含解析七
2020年普通高等学校招生统一考试英语卷(七)第一部分阅读理解合肥市质检)A (2019·Panama City，PanamaFor beach vacations that get you out of town and invite you and your family to dive into culture，consider a trip to Panama City.Here，you will enjoy beaches and city exploring.Book your stay at the Westin Playa Bonita，where you can book a room starting at $222 a night.There are various programs，including beach Olympics，stargazing(天体观察) and Spanish lessons.Jupiter，FloridaThis place offers you quality time you can spend with your loved ones.Book your stay at Jupiter Beach Resort & Spa，with rates for a family of four starting at $207 a night.Here，you can shoot baskets at the basketball courts，take a dip in the pool or teach your children beach yoga.San Diego，CaliforniaThe West Coast is a great spot for cheap beach vacations，so tell your family to pack their bags for a visit to San Diego.A cheap $10 Uber ride from the airport will have you pull up at the Kona Kai Resort & Spa.Here，a family of four can stay in a Deluxe Guest Room starting at $159 per night.Your kids can practice cannonballs atthe pool after a visit to the world-famous San Diego Zoo.Kihei，HawaiiFor west coasters who are growing bored with their background，fly to the islands of Hawaii.Stay at the Aston at the Maui Banyan，with a charge of $179 a night for a family of four.Here，you'll witness some of the best sunsets of your life while your kids play in the Pacific.And if you set about cooking a fancy meal，you'll enjoy suites that come with a full kitchen.1．Which of the following charges you least a night?A．The Westin Playa Bonita. B．Jupiter Beach Resort & Spa.C．The Kona Kai Resort & Spa. D．The Aston at the Maui Banyan.2．What can you do at the Aston at the Maui Banyan?A．Admire beautiful sunsets. B．Visit a world-famous zoo.C．Observe fantastic stars. D．Play some beach sports.3．What is the common feature of the four destinations?A．They all offer rooms with a full kitchen.B．They are all intended for family trips.C．They all pick up visitors from the airport.D．They all provide bike riding on the beach.B (2019·山东省、湖北省部分重点中学质检)．The reasoning：It stresses Not long ago I saw the following headline：“An antihomework trend goes global”．children out and it steals“precious family time”Hmm...I wonder. As a teacher, one of the problems I often come across is that students attach far too little importance to their studies，resulting in bad or incomplete work.I also wonder about the“precious family time”．If homework were abolished，would the time freed up be used for reading poetry aloud at the dinner table or having heart-to-heart discussions about the social and political landscapes(局面)？In the age of the Internet and games such as C andy Crush Saga，which have absorbed the time and interest of otherwise intelligent adults，I am doubtful.When I was a kid，homework actually created precious family time.I still remember，after supper，clearing the table and replacing the dishes with my schoolbooks.And then，in swing shifts，my working-class parents would sit down with me and，to the best of their abilities，help me when and where they could.I've often thought that the homework question could be dealt with if one thought of homework in terms of learning to play a musical instrument.For me，this was the clarinet (单簧管)，which I began learning to play at age 9.Every week I took a 30-minute lesson from an old Polish man，Mr. Markiewicz.“Practice an hour a day，and you'll be playing the clarinet before you know it.”Because my motivation was strong，I did practice an hour a day，and I did learn to play it in a reasonable amount of time.Let's get rid of homework，but only the word“homework”，and replace it with“practice”．As a teacher，it's all I ask：that my students listen up in class and then go home to practice，so that when they return to me to show me how much they understand.I—and their parents—can be proud of them.4．What might happen in the house with no homework according to the author?A．Students will play games.B．Students will develop new interest.C．There will be more precious family time.D．There will be more arguments among the family.5．What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 3?A．Mourn his precious family time's passing.B．Show the powerful parental forces.C．Prove the advantage of homework.D．Represent his uneasy life as a student.6．What does the author suggest students do about the homework?A．Get rid of it. B．Don't see it as a load.C．Take great pride in it. D．Improve their motivation for it.C (2019·太原市模拟)Gabriella's family immigrated to the US from Peru when she was two years old.As a compound bilingual(熟谙两种语言的人)，Gabriella develops two linguistic codes at the same time，with a set of concepts，learning both English and Spanish.Her teenage brother，on the other hand，might be a coordinate bilingual，working with two sets of concepts，learning English in school，Spanish at home.Finally，Gabriella's parents are likely to be subordinate bilinguals who learned a second language by translating it into their mother tongue.Regardless of accent and pronunciation，all types of bilingual people can become fully proficient in a language.It seems that the difference may not be apparent.But recently brain imaging technology has given a glimpse into how specific aspects of language learning affect the bilingual brain.It's well known that the brain'sleft hemisphere(半球) is in charge of logical processes，while the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social nguage involves both types of functions.Critical period hypothesis says children learn languages more easily because their developing brains let them use both hemispheres in language learning，while in most adults，language relies on one hemisphere，usually the left.Before the 1960s，bilingualism was considered a handicap that slowed the children's development by forcing them to spend too much energy distinguishing between languages.But a recent study did show that bilingualism may make you smarter.It does make your brain more complex，healthier，and more actively engaged，and even if you didn't have the good fortune of learning a second language like a child，it's never too late to do yourself a favor and make the linguistic leap from“Hello”to“Hola”“Bonjour”or“nihao”because when it comes to our brains，a little exercise can go a long way.7．Why is Gabriella's family used as the example in Paragraph 1?A．To show that the family are bilinguals.B．To explain the advantages of bilinguals.C．To illustrate the three types of bilinguals.D．To prove all ages can learn foreign languages.8．Why do the children learn languages more easily than adults?A．Because they learn languages with a set of concepts.B．Because they use both hemispheres to learn languages.C．Because their mother tongue doesn't influence them much.D．Because they can easily translate one language into another.9．Which of the following best explains“handicap”underlined in Paragraph 3?A．Disease. B．Disability. C．Disadvantage. D．Illness.10．What can we infer from the text?A．The left brain is more important for language learning.B．Learning languages can promote the brain development.C．The proficiency of language becomes weak gradually with age.D．Immigrants have advantages in learning languages over natives.第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
托福模拟考试试题及答案
托福模拟考试试题及答案一、听力部分1. 听下面对话，选择正确答案。
- 问题：What does the woman want to do?- 选项：A. Borrow a book from the library.B. Return a book to the library.C. Find a quiet place to study.- 答案：C2. 听下面讲座，选择正确答案。
- 问题：What is the main topic of the lecture? - 选项：A. The history of photography.B. The impact of technology on art.C. The evolution of painting techniques.- 答案：B二、阅读部分1. 阅读下面短文，选择正确答案。
- 短文：[短文内容]- 问题：What is the main idea of the passage?- 选项：A. The importance of environmental protection.B. The benefits of urban development.C. The challenges of population growth.- 答案：A2. 阅读下面长文，选择正确答案。
- 长文：[长文内容]- 问题：According to the author, what is the mostsignificant factor contributing to success in business?- 选项：A. Innovation.B. Capital.C. Networking.- 答案：A三、口语部分1. 口语任务：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。
- 答案示例：- 我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气既不冷也不热，非常宜人。
此外，秋天是收获的季节，可以看到许多成熟的水果和蔬菜，这让我感到非常满足。
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2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷七）
托福阅读文本：
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom,
thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
托福阅读题目：
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C)Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
4.According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
5.According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
6.All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT。