老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE12
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总包括答案.docx
0308 托福试题阅读（ 55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, itputrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming withbacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether,the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined ona microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solidstructures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)s tructures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flaskwas affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck preventedmicroorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized insuch a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’ s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’ s argumentnstagaithe theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “ teeming with ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word“ resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the“ guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to (a)trap particles for analysis (b)slow theprocess of putrefaction (c)increase the airflowto the microscopic slide (d)aid the mixing ofalcohol and ether6,The author mention “ 1.0mm” in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “ postulated ” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experimentwere remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefyingmaterials (c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word“ it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important forthe process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in futureexperiments (b)prevent heat from building up in asolution (c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society ’heros. In the minds of agrarian thinkers andwriters ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,whichended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarianphilosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .Andvirtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15)launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunningrapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directlyrelated to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “ depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to thecreation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasison economic development15.The phrase“ subscribed to” incloslinest8 inis meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’ s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governmentsdid all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers ’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT (a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word“ stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive```(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm ’ s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “ humid America ”and “ arid America. ”Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between the```two. Arid America ’soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’ s,certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.```21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The wide variety of climates(B)Soil types and vegetation patterns(C)Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D)The change in precipitation patterns22 The word“ spawn” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A)distinguish(B)eliminate(C)protect(D)create23 The word“ partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)division(B)modification(C)opening(D)circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B)an increase in farming(C)large amounts of rain(D)glacial meltwater25 The word“ enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A)implied(B)increased(C)indicated(D)informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A)It redistributed the soil types(B)It added salt to the soil(C)It made the soil more neutral in content(D)It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase“regionalizationthis scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A)movements of glacial deposits```(B)patterns of natural vegetation(C)human modification of the North American environment(D)distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word“ transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A)elevation(B)change(C)advantage(D)condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A)Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B)Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C)The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D)Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second),the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, alight-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass--- will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10)that “ this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses. ”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of beingignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’arliest.Inthetype, the metal (15)was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. Theflash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, theycontribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The history of the photoflash(B)Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C)The technology of modern photography(D)The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A)recording of an image on film(B)generation of artificial light(C)creation of a photographic emulsion(D)human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A)can produce repeated bursts of light(B)intensities colors in photographs(C)is short enough not to bother human eyes(D)supplements existing lighting33 The word“ ignited” in line 9 is closestniingmeato(A)set on fire(B)cut into(C)opened(D)shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A) ” appreciable period” (line 1)(B) ” photographic emulsion” (line 3)(C)” high-speed movement” (line 5)(D)” odd poses” (line 11)35 The word“ evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)publicity(B)adoption(C)development(D)manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A)produce the spark that initiated the flash(B)magnify the light produced by the flash(C)protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D)keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word“ it” in line 18 refers to(A)oxygen(B)battery(C)wire(D)current38 The word“ momentarily” in line 20 is closest iningmeanto(A)effortlessly(B)briefly(C)electronically(D)gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smokeparticles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A)rapid cooling(B)bright illumination(C)electrical conductivity(D)intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A)thicker wire(B)more oxygen(C)thinner glass(D)continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’ sThe. Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. Theyconcentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and thenmoving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists painting’ methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the openair was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finishtheir paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “ Impressionism ” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organizedan exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintingsexhibited was one called(20)Impression:Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet ’ spainting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet s title, art critics’extended the term “ Impressionism to”the entire exhibit. Inresponse, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a“ church” , as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B)The differences between two major styles of art(C)A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word“ depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)reorganize(B)deform(C)represent(D)justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one ofthe distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A)The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B)The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C)The focus on small solid objects(D)The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A)They began by making sketches of their subjects(B)They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C)They preferred to paint from memory(D)They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word“ advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)achievement(B)acceptance(C)arrival(D)advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in allof the following EXCEPT(A)attracting attention from the public(B)a negative reaction from the press(C)an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D)creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word“ affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A)insult(B)encouragement(C)return(D)credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A)The small number of paintings on display(B)Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C)The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D)Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example ofan artist who(A)became as famous as Monet(B)was consistently praised by art critics(C)described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D)was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word“ others” in line 27 refers to(A)art critics(B)fellow artists(C)individual differences(D)new styles0308 答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
老托福阅读训练答案汇总
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托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文12--1 Which Hand Did They Use
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO12(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Which Hand Did They Use?托福阅读原文We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the righthand.Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone tool making experiments, Nick Toth, aright-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern. Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000–35,000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.托福阅读试题1.The phrase “assisted in” in the passage(Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toA.initiatedB. dominatedC. helped withD.setup2.It canbe inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed by mouth to make a hand stencilA.there was no way to tell which hand was stenciledB.the stenciled hand was the weaker handC.the stenciled hand was the dominant handD.artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak3.The phrase “depicted” in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.identifiedB.revealedC.picturedD.imagined4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the highlighted sentence in the passage(Paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.B.The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.C.The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.D.Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPTA. the ideal source of lighting for most engravingsB. the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right handC. the prevalence of outlines of left handsD. figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand6.According to paragraph 3, the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton can be identified as right-handed becauseA.other Neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handedB.the right arm bone is stronger than the leftC.it is similar to skeletons of La Ferrassie I and NeanderthalD. the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures7.Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4?A.Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party's body.B. The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.C.In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.D.Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.8.According to paragraph 5, what characteristic of a Neolithic spoon would imply that the spoon's owner was right-handed?A.The direction of the fibersB.Its long handleC.The yew wood it is carved fromD.Wear on its left side9.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux?A.As an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed personB.Because tressing is an activity that is easier for a right-handed person than for a left-handed personC.Because the cave of Lascaux is the site where researchers have found several prehistoric tools made for right-handed peopleD.As an example of an item whose construction shows that it was right handed made by a right-person10.The word “criteria” in the passage(Paragraph 6)is closest in meaning toA. standardsB. findingsC.ideasD.techniques11.What was the purpose of Toth's tool making experiment described in paragraph 6?A.To shape tools that could be used by either handB. To produce replicas of early tools for display in museumsC.To imitate the production of pebble tools from early sitesD.To determine which hand made the early tools12.What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 7?A.To illustrate the importance of studying the brainB.To demonstrate that human beings are the only mammal to desire fine control of movementC.To contrast the functions of the two hemispheres of the brainD.To demonstrate that right-hand preference has existed for a long time13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? ■【A】Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. ■【B】When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. ■【C】Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. ■【D】Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Several categories of evidence indicate that people have always been predominantly right-handedA.Stencils of right-handed figures are characteristic of cave art in France, Spain, and Tasmania.B.Signs on the skeletal remains of prehistoric figures, including arm-bone size and injury marks, imply that these are the remains of right-handed people.C.Instruments such as spoons, ropes, and pebble tools show signs that indicate they were used or constructed by right-handed people.D.The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority.E.Neanderthal skeletons often have longer finger bones in the right hand, which is evidence that the right hand was stronger.F.Nick Toth, a modem right-handed toolmaker. has shown that prehistoric tools were knapped to fit the right hand.托福阅读答案1.assist in帮助，所以C的help with是正确答案。
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE12
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE12为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 12，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 12Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte's gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Its defensive behavior(B) It interactions with other gull species(C) Its nesting habits(D) Its physical difference from other gull species2. The word "rear" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) visit(B) watch(C) reverse(D) raise3. The word "scale" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) climb(B) avoid(C) approach(D) measure4. The word "immunity" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) distance(B) transition(C) protection(D) reminder5. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?(A) The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.(B) The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.(C) The kittiwakes' eggs are too big for the ravens to carry.(D) The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.6. The author mentions that eggshells litter around the nests of kittiwakes in order to(A) demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predators(B) prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspring(C) show a similarity to other types of gulls(D) illustrate kittiwakes' lack of concern for their chicks7. According to the passage , it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their nest?(A) Bonaparte's gulls(B) Atlantic puffins(C) Kittiwake gulls(D) Northern gannets8. The word "it" in line 17 refers to(A) location(B) edge(C) nest(D) practice9. The word "conspicuous" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) disordered(B) suspicious(C) noticeable(D) appealing10. The phrase "On the other hand" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) therefore(B) however(C) for example(D) by no means正确答案： CDACB AACCB如何提高托福阅读理解能力?一、学会概括主旨大意任何一篇文章都有一个主题思想。
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题12月12日托福阅读第一篇主要内容：讲learning standard test set，就是如何测试不同种类动物的intelligence。
不同物种的智商不一样。
人们很想知道动物的智商和人类有什么不同，遇事通过动物学习水平来检测。
前三段都是讲的这个test是怎么操作的。
最先举的例子好像是猴子和什么，做的对比实验。
第一次让它从三角形和长方形里选，选三角形就给奖励，选正方形就不给;第二次从圆形和多边形里选，依旧是选圆形给奖励，选择多边形不给。
后面持续变化通过大量实验来看这种动物的improvements，就比如这种动物在实行第几十次测试时准确率增加了多少。
一种猴子经过了三十次测试准确率就达到百分之九十了，然后这个测试的结果表明智商高的动物大脑也大。
于是大家都觉得能够参考。
后面三段都在反驳这个方法不可取。
又举了一个澳大利亚的mouse like的动物的例子，同样做类似上面的实验，第一次区分ab第二次区分黑白。
这种动物大脑很小但是测试结果很高，是因为他们生活在wide open areas，很容易被捕食者发现，他们要避免天地还要抓很敏捷的昆虫做实物，所以这方面水平很强。
然后这里有个句子简化题，大意是说动物的process different，不能说明学习水平，也不能用之前的实验来测试。
然后还说了海豚虽然做这个实验成绩很低，但是如果把visual的图形换成auditory的声音就会很好，所欲这个实验不可取是因为首先实验produce中很小的difference都会造成result的很大不同，而且这些difference都是不可避免的。
其次，对某些动物不适用。
12月12日托福阅读第二篇主要内容：中世纪欧洲政府的变革。
宗教变得影响力越来越小，政府的管辖范围越来越大。
法国葡萄牙等一些国家创造了nation这个定义。
国家边界变得更清晰了。
荷兰和英国建立了parliament，具有立法权。
托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx
托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308托福试题阅读〔55minutes〕Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with 〞in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble〞in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton〞mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm〞in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated〞in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it〞in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended〞in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to〞in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning〞in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America〞and “arid America.〞Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. A rid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) S oil types and vegetation patterns(C) I mproved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn 〞in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) e liminate(C) p rotect(D) create23 The word “partitioning〞in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) m odification(C) o pening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) a n increase in farming(C) l arge amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced〞in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) i ncreased(C) i ndicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) I t added salt to the soil(C) I t made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme〞in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) p atterns of natural vegetation(C) h uman modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition〞in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) c hange(C) a dvantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B) M ost of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) T he accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.〞The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the e arliest type, the metal (15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) T heories about how the eye reacts to light(C) T he technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) g eneration of artificial light(C) c reation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) i ntensities colors in photographs(C) i s short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited〞in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) c ut into(C) o pened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)〞appreciable period〞(line 1)(B)〞photographic emulsion〞(line 3)(C)〞high-speed movement〞(line 5)(D)〞odd poses〞(line 11)35 The wo rd “evolution〞in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) a doption(C) d evelopment(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) m agnify the light produced by the flash(C) p rotect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it〞in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) b attery(C) w ire(D) current38 The word “momentarily〞in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) effortlessly(B) b riefly(C) e lectronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) b right illumination(C) e lectrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) m ore oxygen(C) t hinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easyand quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “I mpressionism〞was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism〞to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church〞, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) T he differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict〞in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) d eform(C) r epresent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) T he way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) T he focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) T hey painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) T hey preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “a dvent〞in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) a cceptance(C) a rrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) a n immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront〞in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) e ncouragement(C) r eturn(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) L ack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) T he similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) w as consistently praised by art critics(C) d escribed the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others〞in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) f ellow artists(C) i ndividual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文12--2 Transition to Sound in Film
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO12(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Transition to Sound in Film托福阅读原文The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings withlive music helped to bring the film its wide international fame. Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet theyneglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to soundproduction for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.托福阅读试题1.The word “regarded”in the passage（Paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.analyzedB.consideredC.alteredD.criticized2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is the most significant development in the history of film?A.The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920sB.The development of a technology for translating films into other languagesC.The invention of a method for delivering movies to people's homesD.The technological improvements allowing clearer images in films3.The word “paradoxes”in the passage（Paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.difficultiesB.accomplishmentsC.parallelsD.contradictions4.Why does the author mention “Japanese benshi”and “original musical compositions”（Paragraph 2）?A.To suggest that audiences preferred other forms of entertainment to film before the transition to sound inthe1920'sB.To provide examples of some of the first sounds that were recorded for filmC.To indicate some ways in which sound accompanied film before the innovation of sound films in the late 1920sD.To show how the use of sound in films changed during different historical periods5.Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?A.The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.B.The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.C.Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.D.Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.6.The word “overshadowed”（Paragraph 3）in the passage is closest in meaning toA.distracted fromB.explainedC.conductedD.coordinated with7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of the technological and aesthetic experiments of the 1920's?A.Because the costs of introducing recorded sound were low, it was the only innovation that was put to use in the 1920's.B.The introduction of recorded sound prevented the development of other technological innovations in the 1920's.C.The new technological and aesthetic developments of the 1920s included the use of color, new screen formats, and television.D.Many of the innovations developed in the 1920s were not widely introduced until as late as the 1950's.8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage（paragraph 4)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.It was difficult for some critics in the 1920s to imagine why the idea of sound film had faded from sight well before the First World War.B.As surprising as it seems today, some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade just as quickly as the attempts made before the First World War.C.Though some early critics thought that sound film would fade, its popularity during the First World War proved that it was not simply a technical novelty.D.Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an important technical innovation, it was not attempted until the 1920s.9.The word “neglected” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.failedB.neededC.startedD.expected10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early soundfilms?A.Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.B.Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.C.Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound filmsthan critics suggested.D.Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.11.In paragraph 5,commercial radio programming is best described as the result ofA.a financially successful development that enabled large telecommunications firms to weaken their competition.B.the desire of electronics and telecommunications companies to make sound technology profitableC.a major development in the broadcasting industry that occurred before the 1920sD.the cooperation between telecommunications companies and the motion picture industry12.According to paragraph 6, which of the following accounts for the delay in the conversion to sound films in Europe?A.European producers often lacked knowledge about the necessary equipment for the transition to sound films.B.Smaller European producers were often unable to afford to add sound to their films.C.It was often difficult to wire older cinemas in the major cities to play sound films.D.Smaller European producers believed that silent films with musicaccompaniment were aesthetically superior to sound films.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.Paragraph 5: These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. ■【A】With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. Paragraph 6: ■【B】In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. ■【C】At theproduction level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. ■【D】In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.he transition from silent to sound films was the most important development in film history.A.Although music and speech had frequently accompanied film presentations before the 1920s, there was a strong desire to add sound to the films themselves.B.Because of intense interest in developing and introducing sound in film, the general use of other technological innovations being developed in the 1920s was delayed.C.The rapid progress in sound technology made possible by the involvement of telecommunications companies transformed the motion picture industry.D.Japanese filmmakers had developed the technology for creating sound films before directors in Europe and the United States began experimenting with sound.E.Before the First World War, film directors showed little interest in linking images with recorded sound.F.The arrival of sound film technology in the United States forced smaller producers in the motion picture industry out of business.托福阅读答案1.regard尊重，视为，关心，所以B的consider视为正确。
托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】
PASSAGE 33:关于做决定的研究
PASSAGE 34:城市的发展以及移民
PASSAGE 35:一种岩洞对观察天象的影响
PASSAGE 36:美国水彩画协会的发展
PASSAGE 37:人的声音对个性的影响
PASSAGE 38 :有关冰河时代的
PASSAGE 39:印第安人捕鱼的生活方式
PASSAGE 78:远古的文字
PASSAGE 79:动物行为的研究
PASSAGE 80:美国调查方式的实施
PASSAGE 81:木星的简介
PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动物的影响
PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作家介绍
PASSAGE 84:美国早期印刷业的内容
PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展
PASSAGE 70:鸟搭窝的方式
PASSAGE 71:地理位置对城市发展的影响
PASSAGE 72:哈莱姆文艺复兴
PASSAGE 73:科技与工业化联系
PASSAGE 74:冰川的形成及融化
PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响
PASSAGE 76:泥土的形成及其用途
PSSAGE 77:生物灭绝的原因
PASSAGE 16:鸟的祖先
PASSAGE 17:鹦鹉产卵的方式
PASSAGE 18:女性对美国建立初期的贡献
PASSAGE 19:北美城市的发展
PASSAGE 20:壁炉的构造
PASSAGE 21:美国早期雕塑的发展
PASSAGE 22:北美城市的发展改革
PASSAGE 23:美国早期城市功能的发展
PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来的改变
托福阅读真题及答案精选
托福阅读真题及答案精选托福阅读中，无论是阅读速度还是解题技巧，亦或是长难句，每一种因素都会成为同学们阅读高分路上的重要障碍。
因此，大家最好的备考方式，就是利用真题练习，从整体上来备考，这样有助于我们提高整体的阅读水平。
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托福阅读真题1Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbledthat they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in whichof the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB托福阅读真题2The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respirationof an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) daily activity(B) effective functioning(C) delicate balance(D) permanent location3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?(A) It protects the queen.(B) It attracts other ant species.(C) It informs workers of possible danger.(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) organ(B) activity(C) group(D) cycle5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to(A) find the location of the nest in the dark(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) allow(B) transport(C) warn(D) provide7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) agreeing(B) appearing(C) competing(D) rushing9. The word others in line 21 refers to(A) private messages(B) species(C) trails(D) signals10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) pheromones (line 2)(B) colony integrity (lines 12)(C) mass migrations (line 14)(D) private messages (lines 18-19)PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A托福阅读真题3Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun'senergy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.1. The passage mainly discusses how heat(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists(D) moves about the Earth's equator2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of thefollowing ways?(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.(C) The strength of their large scale winds.(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) mix(B) change(C) adapt(D) reduce4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.(C) To show how energy is stored.(D) To give an example of a heat source.5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially(A) around the higher latitudes(B) in the tropics(C) because of large-scale winds(D) because of strong ocean currents6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere(D) gets stored as latent heat7. The word it in line 18 refers to(A) square meter(B) the Sun's energy(C) latent heat(D) the atmosphere8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) chiefly(B) originally(C) basically(D) clearly9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) essential(B) dominant(C) circular(D) closest10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) low latitudes(line 1)(B) latent heat (line 5)(C) evaporate (line 7)(D) atmosphere (line 14)实用文档PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD托福阅读真题精选。
老托福阅读真题及答案解析
老托福阅读真题及答案解析老托福阅读真题及答案解析-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。
托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method ofnatural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文12--3 Water in the Desert
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO12(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Water in the Desert托福阅读原文Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world’s largest river systems, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.The flow of exogenous rivers varies with the season. The desert sectionsof long rivers respond several months after rain has fallen outside the desert, so that peak flows may be in the dry season. This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidities, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with some crops.Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programsare much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain groundwaters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged.Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwaters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral contentof groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains.B.Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.C.Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts.D.Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.2.The word “drastically” in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.obviouslyB.unfortunatelyC.rapidlyD.severely3.In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the Ataturk and otherdams in Turkey?A.To contrast the Euphrates River with other exogenous riversB.To illustrate the technological advances in dam buildingC.To argue that dams should not be built on the Euphrates RiverD.To support the idea that international river-basin agreements are needed4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the Nile River?A.The Nile's flow in its desert sections is at its lowest during the dry seasonB.The Nile's sources are located in one of the most arid zones of the worldC.The Nile's annual floods bring fertile silts and water to its lower valleyD.The Nile's periodic flooding hinders the growth of some crops5.The word “dwellers” in the passage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.settlementsB.farmersC.tribesD.inhabitants6.Paragraph 5 supports all of the following statements about the groundwater In deserts EXCEPT:A.The groundwater is consistently found just below the surfaceB.A small part of the groundwater helps maintain lake levelsC.Most of the groundwater is not recharged through surface waterD.The groundwater is increasingly used as a source of freshwater7.The word “fractures”(Paragraph 6)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.streamsB.cracksC.stormsD.earthquakes8.According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true?A.Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifersB.Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifersC.Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifersD.Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater9.According to paragraph 6, the aquifers called fossil watersA.contain fossils that are thousands of years oldB.took more than 10,000 years to become saturated with waterC.have not gained or lost any water for thousands of yearsD.have been collecting water for the past 10,000 years10.The word “immobile” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning toA.enclosedB.permanentC.motionlessD.intact11.The passage supports which of the following statements about water in the desert?A.The most visible forms of water are not the most widespread forms of water in the desert.B.Groundwater in the desert cannot become a source of drinking water but can be used for irrigation.C.Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers that are being rapidly recharged.D.Desert areas that lack endogenous or exogenous rivers and streams cannot support life.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage T Where would the sentence best fit? these sudden floods provide important water supplies but can also be highly destructive.Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■【A】Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. ■【B】Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment. ■【C】Paragraph 5: Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. ■【D】But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.13. Directions: Select from the seven sentences below, the two sentences that correctly characterize endogenous rivers and the three sentences that correctly characterize exogenous rivers. Drag each sentence you select into the appropriate column of the table. Two of the sentences will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Endogenous RiversA.Their water generally comes from groundwater springs.B.Their water is saltier than the water of most other rivers.C.They include some of the world's largest rivers.D.They originate outside the desert.E.They often drain into inland basins and do not reach the sea.F.They contain too much silt to be useful for irrigation.G.Their water flow generally varies with the season of the year.14. Directions: Select from the seven sentences below, the two sentences that correctly characterize endogenous rivers and the three sentences that correctly characterize exogenous rivers. Drag each sentence you select into the appropriate column of the table. Two of the sentences will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Exogenous RiversA.Their water generally comes from groundwater springs.B.Their water is saltier than the water of most other rivers.C.They include some of the world's largest rivers.D.They originate outside the desert.E.They often drain into inland basins and do not reach the sea.F.They contain too much silt to be useful for irrigation.G.Their water flow generally varies with the season of the year.托福阅读答案1.以annual rainfall做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于4 inch的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4 inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是B2.drastically剧烈地，所以D的severely正确。
TPO12阅读详细答案
WATER IN THE DESERT1. 以annual rainfall做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于4 inch的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4 inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是B2. drastically剧烈地，所以D的severely正确。
本句说土耳其建大坝怎么样减少了幼发拉底河的水量，可能给叙利亚和伊拉克带来严重后果，如果只是A明显减少程度不够；B快速和C的unfortunately都没有信息3. 修辞目的题，两个细节所在的句子只是单纯的说了一个例子，往前看，说河水流量越来越多地被人控制，使得需要有一个agreements，所以答案是D，需要agreement4. 以Nile做关键词定位至第一句和第四句，第一句中尼罗河只是个例子，所以答案在第四句，说尼罗河泛滥给valley带去silt和water，与C完全一样，所以答案是C5. dwell定居，所以dweller是居民之意，inhabitants正确。
原句说地下水已经成为沙漠的什么的越来越重要的水源，人才需要水，而且er结尾的本身就表示人，A错；tribe和farmers虽然都是人，但原文没有关于沙漠上的人是做什么的信息，所以都不选6. EXCEPT题，排除法。
A在原文中没有对应，错，选；B的lake level做关键词定位至第二句，small fraction 与small part同义替换，正确，不选；C的surface water与第二句的surface flow同义替换，正确，不选；D的freshwater 做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选7. fracture断裂，裂隙，裂缝，所以crack正确。
原句说地下水储藏于岩石孔隙和岩石结合处或者未固结的沉积物中，而且说opening会通过什么和风化进一步变宽，河流地震和风暴都不靠谱，前面说opening，所以答案是crack8. 此题用auifer做关键词定位的话可能需要读较多文章，使用排除法较快。
托福阅读真题第12套
第12套Primitive and Advanced Termite SpeciesParagraph1：Termites are insects that collect vegetation,chew it up,and leave the chemical breakdown to other organisms.There are two strategies.The most primitive termites swallow the chewed vegetation and pass it to a fermentation chamber in their bodies.There,anaerobic bacteria break down the cellulose,an organic compound that forms about33percent of all plant matter.The termites are nourished by the ever-growing population of microorganisms in their guts that turn the grass,leaves, and twigs the insects ingest into glucose.Cattle do much the same thing:they allow bacteria to ferment the cellulose in an airtight rumen(digestive chamber),and then digest the bacteria.1..According to paragraph1,in what way are the most primitive termites like cattle ○They have two ways of breaking down the cellulose in vegetation.○They get no nutritional benefit from eating vegetation.○Their digestive chambers are not airtight.○They rely on bacteria to process the vegetation they ingest.Paragraph2：Termite evolution has several obvious trends,from primitive species, which live in small hidden colonies,to groups millions strong,the builders of enormous mounds that allow for heat and gas exchange.The less advanced groups digest microorganisms,which do the real work of breaking food down.The culture (colony)of cellulose digesters is passed along through a special exchange.Young termites feed on a special liquid secretion provided by adults,rich in the group's digestive heritage.When reproductive termites those destined to produce offspring leave the nest,they carry in their stomachs the microorganisms essential for the digestive success of their offspring.Treat a colony of these termites with an antibiotic solution,and they will slowly starve to death.2..The phrase special exchange in the passage refers to○the transfer of cellulose digesters from one colony of termites to another○the development of small colonies into much larger ones○the transfer of liquid secretions from adult termites to young termites○the departure of certain reproductive termites and the arrival of others3..Why does the author include the statement Treat a colony of these termites with an antibiotic solution,and they will slowly starve to death○To suggest one reason why termites sometimes leave a colony○To emphasize how dependent the termites are on bacteria○To account for the elimination of certain termite lineages○To help explain why termites protect essential microorganisms by carrying them in their stomachsParagraph3：More advanced species have a different feeding strategy.The energy source is still cellulose,but it is digested outside the termite's body.Not having to carry around large chambers of slowly fermenting cellulose solution makes these species more nimble and efficient.Foragers bring twigs and leaves back to special areas and chew them.They then transplant bits of fungus growing on other pieces of nearby vegetation onto the gnawed edges,where the fungi break down the cellulose. Fungi is the only kingdom of organisms able to digest cellulose in air,though they need warmth and humidity to do the job efficiently.This is just what the termites provide.Moreover,these social insects carefully tend the fungus-covered vegetation by treating it with antibiotics they secrete to keep bacterial growth to a minimum. When it is time for the fungus to reproduce,pieces are carried into the open to complete the life cycle.Some species of fungi are found only in termite mounds of a particular species;without their caretakers,these fungi would die.Needless to say,the termites eat the fungi;neither can live without the other.Reproductive termites even carry a chunk of fungi when they leave on mating flights.4..The phrase Needless to say in the passage is closest in meaning to○On the other hand○Most importantly○Obviously○Besides5..According to paragraph3,each of the following is true about the fungi found in termite nests EXCEPT:○The fungi can digest cellulose in the presence of air.○The fungi secrete antibiotics to keep bacterial growth to a minimum.○The fungi reproduce in the open with the help of termites.○The fungi need a warm,humid environment to function effectively.Paragraph4：The evolutionary trend in termites is to forsake excavated nests in soil or wood,like those of most ants,for carton nests constructed inside excavations or on trees.(When referring to termites,carton means,broadly,nesting material consisting of a mix of adhesive saliva or feces with earth or pulp,and even sand,to create cells, floors,walls,graceful arches,tiered roofs,chimney stacks,and buttressed towers up to twenty feet high.)Primitive termites do not store food;they live from hand to mouth,inside a rotting tree,for instance.Advanced termites have special carton areas for food they hold in reserve;these supplies consist of nonperishable material such as grass clippings,analogous to the hay and straw fed to cattle in the winter,and are kept in a dry carton loft.Primitive species need wet cellulose,such as damp wood;more advanced species can also process dry material.6..The word adhesive in the passage is closest in meaning to○sticky○wet○ordinary○released7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○In winter,when fresh grass is not available,termites must rely on nonperishable food sources such as hay and straw.○Advanced termites store different foods in different chambers,reserving the least perishable material for winter.○Advanced termites have special chambers where they store nonperishable food supplies.○Advanced termites'supplies of grass clippings are like hay and straw fed to cattle in winter.8..Paragraph4suggests that for primitive termites,a major advantage of nesting inside a rotting tree is that a rotting tree○is a very easy site to excavate○provides a ready source of wet cellulose○provides a lot of raw material for making carton○helps preserve stored foodParagraph5：To expand their niche in this way,dry-diet termites require a source of water.In arid habitats,they excavate vertical tunnels down to the water table,as much as150feet below,which fan out at the base to increase the area of contact and thus maximize the rate of subsurface water accumulation.Finally,less advanced termites remain their entire lives in tunnels and cells excavated in or near wood.More complex species,on the other hand,search for food away from a central nest.To ensure that they can work in safety,they burrow shallowly through the earth or build mud-covered tunnels on the surface of the ground or trees and around the food they wish to harvest.9..The word ensure in the passage is closest in meaning to○show○prove○suggest○guarantee10..According to paragraph5,which of the following is true about the vertical tunnels constructed by dry-diet termites○They allow water from the surface to accumulate underground.○They are generally wider at the top than at the bottom.○They provide extra space so that dry-diet termite populations can expand.○They are constructed to provide direct access to water.11..According to paragraph5,why do termites build mud-covered tunnels on the surface of the ground○To make harvesting food less dangerous○To create a safe place to live○To avoid contact with surface water○To avoid competition with species that create deep underground tunnels12..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This remarkable adaptation,however,is not unique to termites.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Termites are insects that collect vegetation,chew it up,and leave the chemical breakdown to other organisms.【A】There are two strategies.The most primitive termites swallow the chewed vegetation and pass it to a fermentation chamber in their bodies.【B】There,anaerobic bacteria break down the cellulose,an organic compound that forms about33percent of all plant matter.The termites are nourished by the ever-growing population of microorganisms in their guts that turn the grass,leaves, and twigs the insects ingest into glucose.【C】Cattle do much the same thing:they allow bacteria to ferment the cellulose in an airtight rumen(digestive chamber),and then digest the bacteria.【D】13.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices(左边选两个，右边选三个，判断各个行为符合哪种) Primitive termites Advanced termitesAnswer ChoicesA.Grow fungi on chewed vegetationB.Do not chew vegetationC.Must remain close to or inside woodD.Are able to digest cellulose in airE.Can consume dry vegetationF.Take care of fungi that break down celluloseG.Have a body chamber specifically for breaking down celluloseElements of LifeParagraph1：The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells.Life on Earth uses about25of the92naturally occurring chemical elements,although just4of these elements oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,and nitrogen make up about96percent of the mass of living organisms.Thus,a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life.1..The word components in the passage is closest in meaning to○parts○bodies○combinations○characteristicsParagraph2：Interestingly,this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium(and a trace amount of lithium)were produced by stars.These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Although all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere.2..According to paragraphs1and2,living cells contain which of the following○All chemical elements in the universe except lithium○About25different elements○About96percent of all known elements○Ninety-two naturally occurring elementsParagraph3：Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths,so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time.Heavy elements make up about2percent of the chemical content(by mass)of our solar system;the other98percent is hydrogen and helium.In some very old star systems,which formed before many heavy elements were produced,the heavy-element share may be less than0.1percent.Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover,when planetesimals---small,solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets condense within a forming star system,they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous.Thus,planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life,which means that objects built from planetesimals planets,moons, asteroids,and comets also contain these elements.The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life,and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy,and universe.3..Why does the author provide the information that"Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths"○To explain how it is that the elements required for life can be found everywhere○To provide evidence that our solar system is relatively young○To argue that some solar systems are more likely to support life than others○To explain why heavy elements have greater mass than hydrogen and helium4..Paragraph3suggests that which of the following may be a difference between very old star systems and newer star systems○Older star systems are likely to have fewer planets,moons,asteroids,and comets than newer star systems.○Newer star systems probably contain more hydrogen and helium than older star systems.○Newer star systems probably contain more heavy elements than older star systems.○The process of solar-system formation may have been fundamentally different in older star systems than in newer star systems.5..The word Nevertheless in the passage is closest in meaning to○additionally○however○in particular○on the contrary6..The word inevitably in the passage is closest in meaning to○typically○unsurprisingly○necessarily○naturally7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Planetesimals may remain in star systems when hydrogen and helium combine with less common heavier elements.○Planetesimals are composed of heavy elements because hydrogen and helium stay in the form of gases.○Planetesimals are small,solid objects that condense within a forming star system and may become planets.○When planetesimals accumulate to form planets,they inevitably contain gaseous as well as heavy elements.Paragraph4：Note that this argument does not change,even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth.Life on Earth is carbon based,and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well.However,we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis,such as silicon or nitrogen.The set of elements(or their relative proportions)used by life based onsome other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth.But the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere.No matter what kinds of life we are looking for,we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet,moon,asteroid,and comet in the universe.8..According to paragraph4,which of the following is true about possible life on other planets○It cannot be based on silicon or nitrogen.○It could not survive on Earth.○It probably would not be made of elements produced by stars.○It is likely to have carbon as its chemical basis.Paragraph5：A somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in molecules that can be used as ready-made building blocks for life,just as early Earth probably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules.Earth's organic molecules likely came from some combination of three sources:chemical reactions in the atmosphere,chemical reactions near deep-sea vents in the oceans,and molecules carried to Earth by asteroids and comets.The first two sources can occur only on worlds with atmospheres or oceans,respectively.But the third source should have brought similar molecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system.9..According to paragraph5,all of the following are true of the organic molecules on early Earth EXCEPT:○Some of them were probably brought to Earth by asteroids or comets.○Some of them probably formed in the atmosphere and oceans.○They were probably significantly different from the organic molecules present on other planets in the solar system.○They included complex molecules.Paragraph6：Studies of meteorites and comets suggest that organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets.Because each body in the solar system was repeatedly struck by asteroids and comets during the period known as the heavy bombardment(about4billion years ago),each body should have received at least some organic molecules.However,these molecules tend to be destroyed by solar radiation on surfaces unprotected by atmospheres.Moreover,while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface(as they evidently do on asteroids and comets), they probably cannot react with each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about.Thus,if we limit our search to worlds on which organic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions,we can probably rule out any world that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water.10..The phrase widespread among is closest in meaning to○frequently present in○widely separated in○a significant part of○found throughout the bodies of11..The word intact in the passage is closest in meaning to○buried○whole○confined○active12..According to paragraph6,why is life unlikely to be found on any planet that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium○Organic molecules must be protected from solar radiation by a surface layer of liquid.○Planets that lack both of these features are probably too small to have been hit by many asteroids or comets carrying organic matter.○Organic molecules need a liquid or gaseous environment to bring them together so they can interact.○An atmosphere is needed to protect organic molecules from being destroyed by asteroids and comets.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.To answer the question“Could life exist on other planets”,we must first look at the necessary preconditions for life.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph1：【A】The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells.【B】Life on Earth uses about25of the92naturally occurring chemical elements,although just4of these elements oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,and nitrogen make up about96percent of the mass of living organisms.【C】Thus,a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life.【D】14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Somewhere between4and25naturally occurring elements are necessary for life, depending on the complexity of the organism.○The most common elements used by life oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,and nitrogen are also some of the most widely distributed elements in the universe.○Life is most likely to be found in the oldest star systems,where heavy elementshave been continually produced since those systems were formed.○Planets,moons,asteroids,and comets are all composed of heavy elements,which means they contain the basis for any life form,carbon based or otherwise.○Life is most likely to exist on those bodies that were not heavily bombarded with asteroids and comets during the formation of the solar system.○Organic molecules are widely available,but chemical reactions among these molecules probably require either an atmosphere or a liquid medium.Agriculture in the Late Ottoman EmpireParagraph1：Throughout its history,agriculture was the economic mainstay of the Ottoman Empire,which dominated North Africa,the Middle East,Turkey,and southeastern Europe for over600years until the early twentieth century.Most cultivators possessed small landholdings,engaging in a host of tasks,with their crops and animal products mainly dedicated to self-consumption.But enormous changes over time prevailed in the agrarian sector.Beginning in the late eighteenth century, agriculture became more and more commercialized,with increasing amounts of produce going to sale to domestic and international consumers.1..According to paragraph1,in which of the following ways did agricultural production in the Ottoman empire begin to change at end of the eighteenth century○Agricultural products no longer contributed as much to the Ottoman economy.○Agricultural workers left their farms to work in commercial industries in the cities.○Farmers with small landholdings began to focus on a single task rather than on many tasks.○Farm products were sold commercially instead of being kept for personal use. Paragraph2：At least three major engines increased this agricultural production devoted to the market,the first being rising demand,both international and domestic. Abroad,especially after1840,the living standards and buying power of many Europeans improved substantially,permitting them to buy a wider choice and quantity of goods.Rising domestic markets within the empire were also important,thanks to increased urbanization as well as mounting personal consumption.In the late nineteenth century,newly opened railroad districts brought a flow of domestic wheat and other cereals to major coastal cities.Railroads also attracted market gardeners who now could grow and ship fruits and vegetables to the expanding and newly accessible markets of these cities.2..The word substantially in the passage is closest in meaning to○without interruption○significantly○rapidly○unexpectedly3..The word accessible in the passage is closest in meaning to○profitable○competitive○created○reachable4..According to paragraph2,all of the following contributed to a rising demand for the agricultural products of the Ottoman empire during the nineteenth century EXCEPT○the sale of domestic wheat in place of other cereals in coastal cities○the development of railroad systems leading to coastal cities○the rise in living standards and buying power among Europeans○the emergence of new domestic markets in the Ottoman EmpireParagraph3：The second engine driving agricultural output concerns cultivators' increasing payment of their taxes in cash rather than in kind(that is,in agricultural or other products).Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture was a product both of a mounting per capita tax burden and the state's growing preference for tax payments in cash rather than in kind.In this view, such government decisions forced cultivators to grow crops for sale in order to pay their taxes.Thus,state policy is seen as the most important factor influencing the cultivators'shift from subsistence farming to market agriculture.5..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture allowed the government to raise taxes and have them paid in cash.○The government raised taxes and required they be paid in cash,so farmers had to use the cash they obtained from selling their farm products in the market to pay their taxes○Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture was a product of the state's growing preference for tax payments in cash rather than kind.○According to some historians,the growth of market agriculture was the result of mounting taxes which the government wanted individuals to pay in cash.6..Which of the following best represents the explanation for the change in agricultural production mentioned in paragraph3○The state allowed cultivators to pay their taxes in crops as well as in cash.○Cultivators needed crops they could sell to pay taxes in cash.○State policies began favoring farmers who shifted to market agriculture by lowering those farmers'taxes.○Cultivators had more money to invest in crops because of a lower tax burden.Paragraph4：However,cultivators'rising involvement in the market was not simply a reactive response to the state's demands for cash taxes;other factors were at work. There was a third engine driving increased agricultural production cultivators'own desires for consumer goods.Among Ottoman consumers,increasingly frequent changes in taste,along with the rising availability of cheap imported goods, stimulated a rising consumption of goods.This pattern of rising consumption began in the eighteenth century,as seen by the urban phenomenon of the Tulip Period (1718¨C1730)a time of urban revival and orientation toward the West and accelerated subsequently.Wanting more consumer goods,cultivators needed more cash.Thus, rural families worked harder than they had previously,not merely because of cash taxes.In such circumstances,leisure time diminished,cash incomes rose,and the flow of consumer goods into the countryside accelerated.7..The word stimulated in the passage is closest in meaning to○encouraged○followed○suggested○demonstrated8..According to paragraph4,the increasing desire of Ottoman cultivators to purchase consumer goods led to all of the following changes EXCEPT:○Cultivators worked harder and for longer hours.○Cultivators had less cash available to use for tax payments.○Cultivators succeeded in increasing the amount of cash income they earned.○More consumer goods became available in rural areas.Paragraph5：Increases in agricultural production both promoted and accompanied a vast expansion of the area of land under cultivation.At the beginning of the eighteenth century and indeed until the end of the empire,there remained vast stretches of uncultivated,sometimes nearly empty,land on every side.These spaces began to fill in,a process finally completed only in the1950s in most areas of the former empire.Many factors were involved.In many cases,families increased the amount of time at work,bringing into cultivation uncultivated land already under their control.They also engaged in sharecropping agreeing to work another's land and paying that person a share of the output.Often such acreage had been pastureland for animals but now was given over to crop production.The extraordinarily fertile lands of Moldavia and Wallachia(modern Romania),for example,had been among the least populated lands of the Ottoman empire in the eighteenth century,but now saw large amounts of land brought under the plow.Significant concentrations of commercial agriculture first formed in areas easily accessible by water,such as the Danube River basin.During the nineteenth century,expansion in such areas continued,and interior regions joined the list as well.█There were also some increases in productivity.█Irrigation projects,one form of intensive agriculture,developed in some areas,and theuse of modern agricultural tools increased.█But more intensive exploitation of existing resources remained comparatively unusual,and most increases in production derived from placing additional land under cultivation.█9..The word engaged in the passage is closest in meaning to○succeeded○believed○invested○participated10..The word exploitation in the passage is closest in meaning to○improvement○use○management○investigation11..According to paragraph5,which of the following was true of the process of bringing new land under cultivation○It began in interior areas and quickly spread to areas near water.○It was completed near the end of the eighteenth century.○It occurred slowly because most uncultivated land was not very fertile.○It often occurred as a result of farming families working longer hours.12..What can be inferred from paragraph5about agricultural production during the nineteenth century○Irrigation and the use of modern tools contributed little to increased production in comparison with other factors.○Interior regions increased their agricultural production much more than regions near river basins did.○Agricultural production was aided by using less-productive land for animal pasture instead of for growing crops.○Agricultural production increased in some areas but decreased in others during the nineteenth century.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These increases resulted from using technology to improve yields on existing farmland,a system known as intensive agriculture.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph5：Increases in agricultural production both promoted and accompanied a vast expansion of the area of land under cultivation.At the beginning of the eighteenth century and indeed until the end of the empire,there remained vast。
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria.Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled thereproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation.Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(c)Heat(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25) less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than togrowing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 )do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertil ized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris leftby meltwater(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward theSoutheast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) eliminate(C) protect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) modification(C) opening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) increased(C) indicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) patterns of natural vegetation(C) human modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) change(C) advantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grassprairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the MississippiValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type, the metal(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission of visiblelight. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C) The technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) generation of artificial light(C) creation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) intensities colors in photographs(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) cut into(C) opened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) adoption(C) development(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) magnify the light produced by the flash(C) protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) battery(C) wire(D) current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) effortlessly(B) briefly(C) electronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) bright illumination(C) electrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15) Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited wasone called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewed through hostileeyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, a rt critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25) From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) The differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) deform(C) represent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) The focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) They preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) acceptance(C) arrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) encouragement(C) return(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) was consistently praised by art critics(C) described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) fellow artists(C) individual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABA CACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
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老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE12为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 12，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 12Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte's gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run fromtheir nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Its defensive behavior(B) It interactions with other gull species(C) Its nesting habits(D) Its physical difference from other gull species2. The word "rear" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) visit(B) watch(C) reverse(D) raise3. The word "scale" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) climb(B) avoid(C) approach(D) measure4. The word "immunity" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) distance(B) transition(C) protection(D) reminder5. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?(A) The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.(B) The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.(C) The kittiwakes' eggs are too big for the ravens to carry.(D) The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.6. The author mentions that eggshells litter around the nests of kittiwakes in order to(A) demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predators(B) prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspring(C) show a similarity to other types of gulls(D) illustrate kittiwakes' lack of concern for their chicks7. According to the passage , it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their nest?(A) Bonaparte's gulls(B) Atlantic puffins(C) Kittiwake gulls(D) Northern gannets8. The word "it" in line 17 refers to(A) location(B) edge(C) nest(D) practice9. The word "conspicuous" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) disordered(B) suspicious(C) noticeable(D) appealing10. The phrase "On the other hand" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) therefore(B) however(C) for example(D) by no means正确答案：CDACB AACCB如何提高托福阅读理解能力?一、学会概括主旨大意任何一篇文章都有一个主题思想。
能否抓住一篇文章的主题思想，是考生阅读能力的综合体现。
主题思想是文章最重要的内容，也是文章的核心。
只有抓住了文章的主题思想，才有助于对文章的理解。
从文章的构成来看，一篇文章的主题思想通常是通过段落中某一个概括出来的，也可能以暗示的方式表达出来，这个句子就是主题句。
在找主题句时，需多注意文章或段落的首尾部分。
一般来说，文章的主题句通常在文章的第一段首句，第一段末句或者全文的末句。
二、掌握细节题答题策略在阅读中，作者往往要通过许多具体的细节来解释或章的主题思想，这些解释或说明文章主题思想的句子通常被称作“支撑句”。
在回答细节类问题时，考生应带着问题去寻找相关的信息。
在选择答案之前首先要看清题目的要求，找出关键词，然后根据关键词迅速在文章中寻找相关信息，最后根据这些信息做出正确的选择。
二、掌握推理解题技巧在阅读中，推理是一项重要的阅读技能。
推理题与细节题的区别在于，作者没有将问题或者观点直接、正面地陈述出来，而是隐含在字里行间。
考生需要透过表面文字推断出隐含的意思。