2019托福阅读考试真题(3)
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周的托福考试已经顺利结束，参加考试的考生对答案肯定很关注。
接下来就和看一看2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage 1 Megafauna Extinctions in Ancient Australia古澳大利亚大型哺乳动物的灭绝（重复2018.12.01）话题重复2018.03.11 The Australian Megafauna Extinctions。
生物史上大型动物的灭绝在各个地方情况有所不同。
而究其灭绝原因，科学家提出了两种说法，一是climate，一是认为hunt。
Passage 2 The Formation of Early Earth早期地球的形成（首考新题）Passage 3 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2015.03.07）先讲了早期英国殖民者对美洲的殖民引起了一些不满，因为收税过高且限制他们的一些产品与英国竞争。
后面着重讲其实这种殖民统治也对美国经济有好处，如帮他们买产品到欧洲，有英国海军保护等。
最后说美国农民虽然参与市场经济，但前提还是满足自己，所以也会通过生产来和别人换。
Passage 4 Mexican Mural Art墨西哥壁画艺术（重复2015.09.19）第一段：壁画艺术出现及原因分析。
墨西哥壁画艺术的主题主要涉及社会政治问题，伴随呼唤打破以欧洲为中心的文化依赖，寻求真正的自我表达的艺术形式，这是拉美第一个现代艺术运动，影响深远。
该艺术的出现紧跟在墨西哥革命之后，原因是多样的：1.受到革命乐观主义的影响；2.文化上追求突破欧洲为中心的传统，去寻找艺术的自由表达尝试；3.由一批成熟有力的艺术家领导；4.收到有远见的教育部长的支持，拨钱拨场地给艺术家去使用。
第二段：风格定性。
艺术家的共同信仰：墨西哥壁画艺术家都相信艺术的力量去改造成为一个更好的社会、去挑战陈规旧习、去丰富国民的文化生活；现代性：该艺术也是现代的，因为其创作目的是去挑战老旧传统；大众性：该艺术还是一种平易近人的大众艺术，是为了教育启蒙大众，尤其是工人阶级。
2019年托福阅读考试部分真题答案
2019年托福阅读考试真题答案2019年托福阅读考试真题答案（网友版）1、鸟类是恐龙的后代；2、陨石为什么对地球形成有影响；3、落叶树与长青树；4、讲fish在temperate water和permanent water，然后fun gi在这俩不同环境里对植物的作用，然后为了提高生产农业上的应用；5、一种动物数量减少的三个因素。
人为的物种引进，但是clim ate最显著，让migrate提前；6、讲化学风化和生物风化。
chemistry weathering 跟biolog y weathering，讲rock腐蚀。
有三种过程：水化氧化和碳酸化，化学的有三种：湿度、氧气、钙化物；7、temporary pools，主要说生物在这些pool里的好处，比如说main predator fish没法在那个dry的环境里生存之类的8、碳断代法在北美F考古点的应用。
最初的研究发现人类最早在north American，是F群落，然后研究sample来证明中间出了问题，但是后来reexam的时候证实了，但是后来又discovery了一些spearpoints，发现其实Celvius更早。
是Radio Carbon一个方法分析一个人种的时间，大长段落。
一直以为是很古老的，但是俩人做了research以后发现比它年轻很多，然后有人又做了research证明确实如此；9、在16世纪，欧洲人口增长了大约三分之一。
人口的增长极大地影响了普通欧洲人的生活。
第一阶段的增长有益的，农场的盈余带动了城镇的经济增长。
然而随着人口增多问题也逐渐显现，对政府财政和普通人的生活都造成了严重影响；10、土星pluto’s status；11、蝙蝠定位bats echolocation12、New England农业13、天文，chronites14、动物数量和捕食数量，成功率的关联；15、19世纪美国的文化与艺术。
主要讲美国文学从英国中分离，逐渐演化出国家特色和民族特色，举了很多名人、作家和艺术家的例子；16、一篇讲bat，超声波回声定位，很精准可以捕捉猎物。
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(3)
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers andfruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established thestill life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and criticalsocial commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of thePeales' pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests.The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of manydifferent parts, not always compositionally integrated, withall objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United Statesfrom Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both,often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, thebeautifully painted objects carry additional meanings —butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life,a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolizedto many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in theUnited States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as acharacteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale?(A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word "biting尖利的" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word "It" in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales' pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The word "heightened" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word "meticulous" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "repertoire" (line 5)(B) "satire" (line 8)(C) "additive" (line 17)(D) "rendering" (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundanceCADAD ACBD。
2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福考试几乎是每个店铺的学生，都需要参加的考试，那么最近的托福考试真题是怎样的呢？来和看看2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage1 Why Paleozoic Insects were So Large？为何古生代昆虫如此之大？（重复2016.12.10）本文共4段。
第1段提出Paleozoic 之前大气含氧量不是很大；第2段讲到Paleozoic 含氧量大大提升，因此 insects 可以吸收更多氧气，所以变得更大。
第3段讲到air got denser 所以更多insects可以飞；第4段讲到为什么insects没有变得像飞机一样大，因为都有limit。
Passage 2 Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements美索不达米亚和埃及的定居方式（重复2017.11.18）美索不达米亚和埃及的城市分布情况。
美索不达米亚的城市共用语言、钱币，城市间的精英之间有土和资源的竞争，城市和城市之间会进行资源交换，所以其城市的大小取决于可以从相邻城市所获得的利润的多少。
埃及的城市分布在尼罗河流域，每个地区都可以使用到水资源，并且其贸易很公平，埃及的城市的人口分布非常均匀，所以埃及的城市时间比美索不达米亚的时间长。
Passage 3 The Chaco Roads查科道路（重复2017.02.25）主要讲的是美国有一个地方道路有神秘性，平时没有动物或者推车之类的经过。
对于这个地方有两种不同的说法。
一是这条路还是目的在于交通和运输，另一个说法是除了交通运输的作用，这条道路可能也有着某些宗教性用途，论证的过程中有图片作为证据。
细节描述了几条从Chaco峡谷里的大房子Pueblo Bonito 和大房子Chetro Ketl 延伸出来的狭窄小路向上攀升，攀上了Chaco峡谷的北缘，然后这几条小路汇聚于Pueblo Alto变成一条道路。
2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案刚过去的托福考试相信大家都很感兴趣，题目有多难？答案是怎样的？就跟着店铺来一起看一看2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
概述Distribution of Seaweeds（重复14年4月19日考题）Early life-forms and Earth’satmosphere（重复14年6月15日考题）Colonial America and the NavigationActs（重复15年3月7日考题）Historical Trends in European UrbanDesign（重复15年4月18日考题）Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。
P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用；P3指出上一段理论问题，说protowing需要和身体连接hinged，并且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。
）Dynastic Egypt and the Nile River（重复17年5月20日考题）The Origin and Development ofEgyptian Agriculture（重复18年9月9日考题）The Dawn of Life（重复18年9月16日考题）The Heavy Bombardment and Life onEarth（重复18年1月6日下午考题）Nile Floods（重复18年9月9日考题）Text in Dutch Painting（重复19年1月12日考题；艺术绘画中文字的演变）The Dawn ofLife（重复18年9月16日考题）最早的有生命痕迹的证据在澳大利亚southwesternGreenland的岩石上被发现，距今有35亿年。
2019年1月5日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年1⽉5⽇托福阅读考试真题及答案
1⽉5⽇新⼀期的托福考试已经顺利完成，相信⼤家对真题及其答案⾮常感兴趣，接下来就和店铺⼀起看看2019年1⽉5⽇托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage One
学科分类：地质类
题⽬：全球⽓候的形成
内容回忆：科学家通过研究北冰洋冰架核，通过研究⽕⼭，判断过去全球⽓候
词汇题：
1. relatively = comparatively
2. episode = occurrence
3. amplify = strength
Passage Two
学科分类：⽣物类
题⽬：⽕在植物⽣长中的作⽤
内容回忆：⽕对于植物有益处也有害处，益处是可以把腐殖质燃烧，让他快速
变成植物可以⽤的营养。
后⾯举例说明美国黄⽯国家公园在 1988
年着⽕，让部分之前消失的物种重新出现
词汇题：
1. completely = entirely
2. uniform = same
3. magnitude= size
4. readily=easily
Passage Three
学科分类：天⽂
题⽬：地球海洋的形成
内容回忆：海洋的形成，通过研究地球轨道 orbit 运动，太阳活动的变化去猜
测海洋的形成，最终得出结论地球海洋形成是慢慢演变的
词汇题：
1. extreme = intense
2. collide= mix together
3. in retrospect=reconsider the past。
2019年托福阅读真题解析：泥土如何形成
2019年托福阅读真题解析：泥土如何形成5月28日托福阅读真题三篇文章是Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Lifestyle(重建史前人类的生活方式)，How Soil isFormed(泥土如何形成)和Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)。
分别重复2015.09.17第一篇，2014.07.12第二篇，和2015.10.24第三篇，是典型的老题拼盘重复。
三篇文章，集合了人类考古、地质和生物学三个常见话题，专业词汇泛滥，长难句增多，篇章结构的整体性增强。
下面，给出今天第二篇和第三篇文章的知识框架和词汇串讲。
第二篇 How Soil is Formed(泥土如何形成)第1段：泥土形成是一个动态过程(a dynamic process)，受到母体材料(parent material)、气候、地形(topography)和时间的影响。
第2段：母体材料是松散的一堆物质(unconsolidated mass)，在此之上泥土开始形成。
来源上看，母体材料能够是原处的地质基底物质(geological substrate)，也能够是通过风吹、水流、冰川移动或重力沉降而从远处带来的沉淀物(sediment/deposit)。
因为远方沉淀物的多样性，所以由远方沉淀物形成的泥土往往更肥沃(fertile)。
不管母体材料的来源是什么，最终形成的泥土组成都是地质岩石类物质，例如火成岩(igneous rocks)、沉淀岩(sedimentary rocks)和变质岩(metamorphic rocks)，这些岩石的化学组成决定了泥土的组成。
第3段：气候影响着风化过程的强度和性质(the intensity and nature of weathering)，并且影响着当地植被类型(vegetation type)，这些进而都对泥土形成产生影响。
具体来看，日温差和季节温差导致泥土物质的冷热交替。
2019托福阅读考试试卷真题和答案(10页)
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
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2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6）【托福】Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial periodlived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China."Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775.The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century itwas virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the cityto attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in thesecities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbasketsof North America, sending grain not only to other coloniesbut also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.1. Which of the following aspects of North America inthe eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities(B) The growth and influence of cities(C) The decline of farming in areas surrounding cities(D) The causes of immigration to cities2. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America" (lines 1-2)?(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.(C) The cities were growing at a great rate.(D) Most people pretended to live in cities3. The phrase "in place of " in lines 4-5 is closest in meaning to(A) connected to(B) in addition to(C) because of(D) instead of4. The word "attendant伴随的" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) avoidable(B) accompanying(C) unwelcome(D) unexpected5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?(A) Open competition(B) Social deference(C) Social hierarchy(D) Independent craftspeople6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had(A) large populations(B) little independence(C) frequent social disorder(D) few power sources7. The phrase "exponential迅猛的 leaps" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) long wars(B) new laws(C) rapid increases(D) exciting changes8. The word "it" in line 15 refers to(A) population(B) size(C) Boston(D) Year9. How many immigrants arrived in North America between 1760 and 1775?(A) About 16,000(B) About 25,000(C) About 30,000(D) More than 200,00010. The word "dictated决定" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) spoiled(B) reduced(C) determined(D) divided11. The word "virtually几乎" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) usually(B) hardly(C) very quickly(D) almost completely12. The region surrounding New York and Philadelphia is contrasted with the region surrounding Boston in terms of(A) quality of farmland(B) origin of immigrants(C) opportunities for fishing(D) type of grain grown13. Why does the author describe the regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as "breadbaskets"?(A) They produced grain especially for making bread.(B) They stored large quantities of grain during periods of drought(C) They supplied grain to other parts of North America and other countries.(D) They consumed more grain than all the other regions of North America.BBDBA ACADC DAC。