2019托福阅读考试真题(3)

2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案

2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周的托福考试已经顺利结束，参加考试的考生对答案肯定很关注。

接下来就和看一看2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage 1 Megafauna Extinctions in Ancient Australia古澳大利亚大型哺乳动物的灭绝（重复2018.12.01）话题重复2018.03.11 The Australian Megafauna Extinctions。

生物史上大型动物的灭绝在各个地方情况有所不同。

而究其灭绝原因，科学家提出了两种说法，一是climate，一是认为hunt。

Passage 2 The Formation of Early Earth早期地球的形成（首考新题）Passage 3 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2015.03.07）先讲了早期英国殖民者对美洲的殖民引起了一些不满，因为收税过高且限制他们的一些产品与英国竞争。

后面着重讲其实这种殖民统治也对美国经济有好处，如帮他们买产品到欧洲，有英国海军保护等。

最后说美国农民虽然参与市场经济，但前提还是满足自己，所以也会通过生产来和别人换。

Passage 4 Mexican Mural Art墨西哥壁画艺术（重复2015.09.19）第一段：壁画艺术出现及原因分析。

墨西哥壁画艺术的主题主要涉及社会政治问题，伴随呼唤打破以欧洲为中心的文化依赖，寻求真正的自我表达的艺术形式，这是拉美第一个现代艺术运动，影响深远。

该艺术的出现紧跟在墨西哥革命之后，原因是多样的：1.受到革命乐观主义的影响；2.文化上追求突破欧洲为中心的传统，去寻找艺术的自由表达尝试；3.由一批成熟有力的艺术家领导；4.收到有远见的教育部长的支持，拨钱拨场地给艺术家去使用。

第二段：风格定性。

艺术家的共同信仰：墨西哥壁画艺术家都相信艺术的力量去改造成为一个更好的社会、去挑战陈规旧习、去丰富国民的文化生活；现代性：该艺术也是现代的，因为其创作目的是去挑战老旧传统；大众性：该艺术还是一种平易近人的大众艺术，是为了教育启蒙大众，尤其是工人阶级。

2019年托福阅读考试部分真题答案

2019年托福阅读考试真题答案2019年托福阅读考试真题答案（网友版）1、鸟类是恐龙的后代；2、陨石为什么对地球形成有影响；3、落叶树与长青树；4、讲fish在temperate water和permanent water，然后fun gi在这俩不同环境里对植物的作用，然后为了提高生产农业上的应用；5、一种动物数量减少的三个因素。

人为的物种引进，但是clim ate最显著，让migrate提前；6、讲化学风化和生物风化。

chemistry weathering 跟biolog y weathering，讲rock腐蚀。

有三种过程：水化氧化和碳酸化，化学的有三种：湿度、氧气、钙化物；7、temporary pools，主要说生物在这些pool里的好处，比如说main predator fish没法在那个dry的环境里生存之类的8、碳断代法在北美F考古点的应用。

最初的研究发现人类最早在north American，是F群落，然后研究sample来证明中间出了问题，但是后来reexam的时候证实了，但是后来又discovery了一些spearpoints，发现其实Celvius更早。

是Radio Carbon一个方法分析一个人种的时间，大长段落。

一直以为是很古老的，但是俩人做了research以后发现比它年轻很多，然后有人又做了research证明确实如此；9、在16世纪，欧洲人口增长了大约三分之一。

人口的增长极大地影响了普通欧洲人的生活。

第一阶段的增长有益的，农场的盈余带动了城镇的经济增长。

然而随着人口增多问题也逐渐显现，对政府财政和普通人的生活都造成了严重影响；10、土星pluto’s status；11、蝙蝠定位bats echolocation12、New England农业13、天文，chronites14、动物数量和捕食数量，成功率的关联；15、19世纪美国的文化与艺术。

主要讲美国文学从英国中分离，逐渐演化出国家特色和民族特色，举了很多名人、作家和艺术家的例子；16、一篇讲bat，超声波回声定位，很精准可以捕捉猎物。

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(3)

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers andfruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established thestill life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and criticalsocial commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of thePeales' pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests.The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of manydifferent parts, not always compositionally integrated, withall objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United Statesfrom Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both,often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, thebeautifully painted objects carry additional meanings —butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life,a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolizedto many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in theUnited States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as acharacteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale?(A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word "biting尖利的" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word "It" in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales' pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The word "heightened" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word "meticulous" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "repertoire" (line 5)(B) "satire" (line 8)(C) "additive" (line 17)(D) "rendering" (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundanceCADAD ACBD。

2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案

2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福考试几乎是每个店铺的学生，都需要参加的考试，那么最近的托福考试真题是怎样的呢？来和看看2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage1 Why Paleozoic Insects were So Large？为何古生代昆虫如此之大？（重复2016.12.10）本文共4段。

第1段提出Paleozoic 之前大气含氧量不是很大；第2段讲到Paleozoic 含氧量大大提升，因此 insects 可以吸收更多氧气，所以变得更大。

第3段讲到air got denser 所以更多insects可以飞；第4段讲到为什么insects没有变得像飞机一样大，因为都有limit。

Passage 2 Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements美索不达米亚和埃及的定居方式（重复2017.11.18）美索不达米亚和埃及的城市分布情况。

美索不达米亚的城市共用语言、钱币，城市间的精英之间有土和资源的竞争，城市和城市之间会进行资源交换，所以其城市的大小取决于可以从相邻城市所获得的利润的多少。

埃及的城市分布在尼罗河流域，每个地区都可以使用到水资源，并且其贸易很公平，埃及的城市的人口分布非常均匀，所以埃及的城市时间比美索不达米亚的时间长。

Passage 3 The Chaco Roads查科道路（重复2017.02.25）主要讲的是美国有一个地方道路有神秘性，平时没有动物或者推车之类的经过。

对于这个地方有两种不同的说法。

一是这条路还是目的在于交通和运输，另一个说法是除了交通运输的作用，这条道路可能也有着某些宗教性用途，论证的过程中有图片作为证据。

细节描述了几条从Chaco峡谷里的大房子Pueblo Bonito 和大房子Chetro Ketl 延伸出来的狭窄小路向上攀升，攀上了Chaco峡谷的北缘，然后这几条小路汇聚于Pueblo Alto变成一条道路。

2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案

2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案刚过去的托福考试相信大家都很感兴趣，题目有多难？答案是怎样的？就跟着店铺来一起看一看2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

概述Distribution of Seaweeds（重复14年4月19日考题）Early life-forms and Earth’satmosphere（重复14年6月15日考题）Colonial America and the NavigationActs（重复15年3月7日考题）Historical Trends in European UrbanDesign（重复15年4月18日考题）Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。

P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用；P3指出上一段理论问题，说protowing需要和身体连接hinged，并且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。

）Dynastic Egypt and the Nile River（重复17年5月20日考题）The Origin and Development ofEgyptian Agriculture（重复18年9月9日考题）The Dawn of Life（重复18年9月16日考题）The Heavy Bombardment and Life onEarth（重复18年1月6日下午考题）Nile Floods（重复18年9月9日考题）Text in Dutch Painting（重复19年1月12日考题；艺术绘画中文字的演变）The Dawn ofLife（重复18年9月16日考题）最早的有生命痕迹的证据在澳大利亚southwesternGreenland的岩石上被发现，距今有35亿年。

2019年1月5日托福阅读考试真题及答案

2019年1⽉5⽇托福阅读考试真题及答案
1⽉5⽇新⼀期的托福考试已经顺利完成，相信⼤家对真题及其答案⾮常感兴趣，接下来就和店铺⼀起看看2019年1⽉5⽇托福阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage One
学科分类：地质类
题⽬：全球⽓候的形成
内容回忆：科学家通过研究北冰洋冰架核，通过研究⽕⼭，判断过去全球⽓候
词汇题：
1. relatively = comparatively
2. episode = occurrence
3. amplify = strength
Passage Two
学科分类：⽣物类
题⽬：⽕在植物⽣长中的作⽤
内容回忆：⽕对于植物有益处也有害处，益处是可以把腐殖质燃烧，让他快速
变成植物可以⽤的营养。

后⾯举例说明美国黄⽯国家公园在 1988
年着⽕，让部分之前消失的物种重新出现
词汇题：
1. completely = entirely
2. uniform = same
3. magnitude= size
4. readily=easily
Passage Three
学科分类：天⽂
题⽬：地球海洋的形成
内容回忆：海洋的形成，通过研究地球轨道 orbit 运动，太阳活动的变化去猜
测海洋的形成，最终得出结论地球海洋形成是慢慢演变的
词汇题：
1. extreme = intense
2. collide= mix together
3. in retrospect=reconsider the past。

2019年托福阅读真题解析：泥土如何形成

2019年托福阅读真题解析：泥土如何形成5月28日托福阅读真题三篇文章是Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Lifestyle(重建史前人类的生活方式)，How Soil isFormed(泥土如何形成)和Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)。

分别重复2015.09.17第一篇，2014.07.12第二篇，和2015.10.24第三篇，是典型的老题拼盘重复。

三篇文章，集合了人类考古、地质和生物学三个常见话题，专业词汇泛滥，长难句增多，篇章结构的整体性增强。

下面，给出今天第二篇和第三篇文章的知识框架和词汇串讲。

第二篇 How Soil is Formed(泥土如何形成)第1段：泥土形成是一个动态过程(a dynamic process)，受到母体材料(parent material)、气候、地形(topography)和时间的影响。

第2段：母体材料是松散的一堆物质(unconsolidated mass)，在此之上泥土开始形成。

来源上看，母体材料能够是原处的地质基底物质(geological substrate)，也能够是通过风吹、水流、冰川移动或重力沉降而从远处带来的沉淀物(sediment/deposit)。

因为远方沉淀物的多样性，所以由远方沉淀物形成的泥土往往更肥沃(fertile)。

不管母体材料的来源是什么，最终形成的泥土组成都是地质岩石类物质，例如火成岩(igneous rocks)、沉淀岩(sedimentary rocks)和变质岩(metamorphic rocks)，这些岩石的化学组成决定了泥土的组成。

第3段：气候影响着风化过程的强度和性质(the intensity and nature of weathering)，并且影响着当地植被类型(vegetation type)，这些进而都对泥土形成产生影响。

具体来看，日温差和季节温差导致泥土物质的冷热交替。

2019托福阅读考试试卷真题和答案(10页)

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。

2019托福阅读考试真题(4)

2019年托福考试专项培训测试题及答案三The sculptural legacy that the new United Statesinherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentationsfor furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the varioustechnical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.1. What is the main idea of the passage ?(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.2. The word "motifs" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tools(B) prints(C) signatures 签名(D) designs3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?(A) European sculptors(B) Carpenters(C) Stone carves(D) Cabinetmakers4. The word "others" in line 6 refers to(A) craftspeople(B) decorations(C) ornamentations(D) shop signs5. The word "distinct" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior6. The word "rare" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.(B) He was well known for his wood carvings(C) He produced sculpture for churches.(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.(C) Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.(D) The materials found abroad were superior.9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?(A) It was less time-consuming(B) It was more dangerous.(C) It was more expensive.(D) It was less refined.BDCAA BABD。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三.doc

2019 年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三托福阅读原文Two species of deer have been prevalent inthe PugetSound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest ofthe UnitedStates. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-sidecousin of the mule deer ofeastern Washington, is now the mostcommon. The other species, the Columbianwhite-tailed deer, inearlier times was common in the open prairie country; itisnow restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plainsalong the lowerColumbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can bepart of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthofgrass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browseson huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub orherb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay anddormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browseareas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. Evenwith snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstory is exposed;also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar,hemlock,red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedly since theentry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. Theearlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in theearly 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned thelack of this succulent game animal. Famousexplorers of thenorth American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouthof the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and notuntil the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 peoplealive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And whengame moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided toreturn east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early yearsof the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of theHudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in theanimal life around the fort during the period between his firstvisit in 1825and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographerstates ：" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should haveboded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deerwas to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.Recallthe fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, says that"since the early1940s, the state has had more deer than atany other time in its history, thewinter populationfluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex andany ageannually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound areconsequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer —wolves,cougar, and lynx —have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation hasbeen insured by limiting times forand types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of theforests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested bylogging, fire, or bothhave become ideal feeding grounds ofdeer. In addition to finding an increaseof suitable browse,like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, foundquality of browse in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grownvegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown inclearings.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing istrue of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A.mity is native to lowlands and marshes.B.it is more closely related to the muledeer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C.hits has replaced the black-tailed deerin the open prairie.D.It no longer lives in a particular typeof habitat that it once occupied.2.It can be inferred from the discussion inparagraph 2 that winter conditionsA.cause some deer to hibernateB.make food unavailable in the highlandsfor deerC.make it easier for deer to locateunderstory plantsD.prevent deer from migrating during thewinter3.The word "inhibits" in thepassage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.consists ofbinesC.restrictsD.establishes4.The phrase "in the same breath"in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.impatientlyB.humorouslyC.continuouslyD.immediately5.The author tells the story of theexplorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustratewhich of thefollowing points?A.The number of deer within the Puget Soundregion has varied over time.B.Most of the explorers who came to thePuget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C.There was more game for hunting in theEast of theUnited States than in the West.D.Individual explorers were not assuccessful at locating games as were the trading companies.6.According to paragraph 3, how had FortVancouver changed by the time David Douglas returnedin 1832?A.The fort had become the headquarters forthe Hudson'sBay Company.B.Deer had begun populating the meadowsaround the fort.C.Deer populations near the fort had beendestroyed.D.Crop yields in the area around the forthad decreased.7.Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white- tailed deer ”(paragraph 4) in the discussionof changes in the wilderness landscape?A.To provide support for the idea thathabitatdestruction would lead to population declineB.To compare how two species of deer causedbiotic changes in the wilderness environmentC.To provide an example of a species ofdeer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD.To argue that some deer species must begiven a protected status8.The phrase “indefinite period ”in thepassage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to periodA.whose end has not been determinedB.that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD.whose importance remains unknown9.Which of the following statements aboutdeer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A.Deer populations reached their highestpoint during the 1940s and then began to decline.B.The activities of settlers contributed inunexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C.The cleaning of wilderness land forconstruction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer populationhas never recovered.D.Since the 1940s the winter populations ofdeer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.10.The word “rebound”in the passage(paragraph 5) s closest in meaning toA.declineB. recoveryC. exchange。

2019年12月1日托福阅读考试真题答案

2019年12月1日托福阅读考试真题答案托福考试在今年进入了最后一个月，12月初的考试情况怎么样呢？接下来就来和店铺一起看看2019年12月1日托福阅读考试真题答案。

一、考题解析Passage 1 欧洲中世纪的饥荒（重复2019.07.07）欧洲中世纪的饥荒对农业的影响。

Passage 2 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2019.06.01，2018.11.04，2018.03.24，2017.05.20，2015.03.07）17-18世纪，英国对北美殖民地颁布实施了一系列法案，用以打击海外竞争者保护英国本国产业，这些法案对北美殖民地的经济也产生了一些影响，包括港口城市化的发展，大米烟草等商品需求增加，经济多样化，英国进口商品价格降低。

Passage 3 Inca Highland Adaptations 印加高地适应性（重复2018.05.12，2017.10.28，2017.07.15）生活在高地（highland）上的印加人主要依赖农业，高地有充足的降雨但也有自然灾害。

为预防这些灾害，印加人有两种办法：一是根据海拔的不同种植多种农作物以抵抗不同的自然灾害；二是发明了一种存多余农作物的方法，可以存土豆之类的。

Passage 4 Vocalization in Frogs 青蛙叫声（重复2018.05.19，2018.05.12，2015.05.09，2017.09.09）科学家发现雄性的南美洲泡蟾（tungara frogs）能发出两种叫声，一种是单纯的whine，在没有交配竞争者的情况下发出，另一种是whine-chuck，在有竞争者出现的时候发出。

为探究雄性泡蟾在什么情况下发出第一种叫声，什么情况下发生第二种叫声，以及叫声的作用，科学家们进行了一系列的实验。

科学家们假设它们平时不发出whine-chuck是为了节省能量，但实际上并不是，是因为这种声音也很吸引捕食者。

2019年托福阅读试题及答案

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example,seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivateenzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案

2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

A map of the Levant with Natufianregions across present-day Israel，Palestinian territories，and a long armextending into Lebanon and SyriaClimate Change and the NatufianPeople（14年6月15日考题）Did Sauropods live in Swamps？（重复15年9月17日，17年12月16日和19年4月14日考题；腕龙是否生活在沼泽里？最大的蜥脚类动物，一直认为它生活在沼泽中，依靠水中浮力支撑庞大体重，身体构造也适合在水中，比如长脖子让鼻孔露在水面呼吸；反驳观点认为它无法承受巨大的水压，胸腔无法承受无法正常呼吸，并且它的腿脚可以承受巨大的体重；长脖子的用处并不是用于吃更高处的植物，因为计算机模拟发现脖子的运动幅度只能吃地面2-3米高的植物）Life In the Desert（重复16年10月16日考题）Towns in the High Middle Ages（重复16年9月11日和17年4月1日考题；中世纪欧洲主要是农业社会，城镇的特点有：人口密度大；劳动分工；以市场贸易为基础，被地主控制，商人们为此和地主之间有竞争。

）The Qualities of a Good TroutStream（16年12月3日，17年4月15日和18年12月1日考题；trout 鲑鳟鱼）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复17年11月18日，18年12月8日和19年5月4日考题；恐龙是否是温血动物，灭绝是否跟环境巨变有关）Extinction of the Mammoths（重复17年10月28日和1月7日考题；冰川期猛犸象灭绝理论，涉及气候因素，但有局限性）1968混乱年（重复18年3月24日，7月14日，19年1月5日和6月16日考题；the mostturbulent year，战后反对集权统治，要求自由平等，媒体力量大，带来变革，影响了社会，宗教等）Optimal Foraging Among Primates（18年1月13日和19年5月11日考题，猿类使用工具，最大化获得的营养，最小化消耗的能量）The role of the Horse inTransportation埃及的发展钢材对于美国工业发展的重要意义美国某种A开头的公路，从不被接受到被接受，讲了这类公路的好处第一次工业革命促进了德国城镇发展，经济上走向统一某种海洋植物，长度可达50米，从海底长到接近海面，形成海洋森林，具有两种不同的繁殖季且后代会有不同的基因，可以形成生态圈sea otter的生存情况和其对kelp生长的影响（吃它的根部），也讲了人类对于sea otter的影响，猎捕其皮毛。

2019年5月7日托福阅读真题

2019年5月7日托福阅读真题阅读部分词汇题第一篇题材划分：环境类绝大部分淡水存有冰川中，可用的地表水只有40%左右。

因为人们过度用来灌溉和饲养牲畜，所以地表水愈来愈少。

当refill跟不上用的速度了，地表水就开始缺乏。

地表水层由沙子石头等组成，水少了以后就开始collapse，出现一些holes，这样地表水层的空间就更小了。

有个400米深的水井，人们就大量使用导致周围的浅一点地方都没有水了，人们只能废弃那些地方。

后来又讲了一种叫做土地盐碱化的相关灾害对海边的影响。

相似TPO练习推荐TPO-14 Maya Water ProblemsTpo24 Lake Water相关背景资料：Soilsalinity is the salt content in thesoil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Saltsoccur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by naturalprocesses such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation.Causes of soil salinityThe excess accumulation of salts, typicallymost pronounced at the soil surface, can result in salt-affected soils. Saltsmay rise to the soil surface by capillarytransport from a salt-laden watertable and then accumulatedue to evaporation. They can also become concentratedin soils due to human activity, for example the use of potassium as fertilizer,which can form sylvite, a naturally occurring salt. As soil salinity increases,salt effects can result in degradation of soils and vegetation.Salinization as a processcan result from：-high levels of salt inwater.-landscape features thatallow salts to become mobile (movement of water table).-climatic trends that favoraccumulation.-human activities such asland clearing.-Irrigation - salt runofffrom streets (in winter if the streets are salted for snow)第二篇题材划分：地质类主要内容：火星是否存有生命体火星探索发现表面没有水，减少了有生命的可能。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三托福阅读原文Two species of deer have been prevalent inthe PugetSound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest ofthe UnitedStates. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer ofeastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbianwhite-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; itisnow restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lowerColumbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar,hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. Theearlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in theearly 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned thelack of this succulent game animal. Famousexplorers of thenorth American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouthof the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and notuntil the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 peoplealive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And whengame moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided toreturn east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early yearsof the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of theHudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in theanimal life around the fort during the period between his firstvisit in 1825and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographerstates：" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should haveboded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deerwas to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, says that"since the early1940s, the state has had more deer than atany other time in its history, thewinter populationfluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any ageannually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound areconsequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves,cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation hasbeen insured by limiting times forand types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of theforests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or bothhave become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increaseof suitable browse,like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, foundquality of browse in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grownvegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown inclearings.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing istrue of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A.mity is native to lowlands and marshes.B.it is more closely related to the muledeer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C.hits has replaced the black-tailed deerin the open prairie.D.It no longer lives in a particular typeof habitat that it once occupied.2.It can be inferred from the discussion inparagraph 2 that winter conditionsA.cause some deer to hibernateB.make food unavailable in the highlandsfor deerC.make it easier for deer to locateunderstory plantsD.prevent deer from migrating during thewinter3.The word "inhibits" in thepassage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.consists ofbinesC.restrictsD.establishes4.The phrase "in the same breath"in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.impatientlyB.humorouslyC.continuouslyD.immediately5.The author tells the story of theexplorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustratewhich of thefollowing points?A.The number of deer within the Puget Soundregion has varied over time.B.Most of the explorers who came to thePuget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C.There was more game for hunting in theEast of the United States than in the West.D.Individual explorers were not assuccessful at locating games as were the trading companies.6.According to paragraph 3, how had FortVancouver changed by the time David Douglas returnedin 1832?A.The fort had become the headquarters forthe Hudson's Bay Company.B.Deer had begun populating the meadowsaround the fort.C.Deer populations near the fort had beendestroyed.D.Crop yields in the area around the forthad decreased.7.Why does the author ask readers to recall“the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” (paragraph 4) in the discussionof changes in the wilderness landscape?A.To provide support for the idea thathabitat destruction would lead to population declineB.To compare how two species of deer causedbiotic changes in the wilderness environmentC.To provide an example of a species ofdeer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD.To argue that some deer species must begiven a protected status8.The phrase “indefinite period” in thepassage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to periodA.whose end has not been determinedB.that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD.whose importance remains unknown9.Which of the following statements aboutdeer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A.Deer populations reached their highestpoint during the 1940s and then began to decline.B.The activities of settlers contributed inunexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C.The cleaning of wilderness land forconstruction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer populationhas never recovered.D.Since the 1940s the winter populations ofdeer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.10.The word “rebound” in the passage(paragraph 5) s closest in meaning toA.declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD.movement11.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5) ? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Arthur Einarsen’s longtime f amily withthe Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had anincrease insuitable browse.B.Arthur Einarsen found that deforestedfeeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C.Biologist like Einarsen believe it isimportant to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer toinhabit.D.According to Einarsen, huckleberry andvine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition ofdeer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.12.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A.A reduction in the number of predatorsB.Restrictions on huntingC.The effects of logging and firews that protected feeding grounds ofdeer13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Therefoodis available and accessible throughout the winter.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. █【A】Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. █【B】Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed;also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.█【C】The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry ofEuropeans into Puget Sound country. █【D】The earlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorersof the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of theColumbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They hadexperienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until thesecond of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of thelowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than facepossible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deerpopulations continued to fluctuate. DavidDouglas, Scottish botanical explorerof the 1830s, founda disturbing change in the animal life around the fortduring the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact withthe fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states：" The deer which oncepicturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in1832], hunted toextermination in order to protect the crops."Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions： An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideasthat not presentedin the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a widevariety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the PugetSound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer nowoutnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, butearlysettlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C. In the long term, black-tailed deer inthe Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through theelimination of their natural predators, and more andbetter food in deforestedareas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it wasand still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living atany one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that humansettlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer todecrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlifebiologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may createnutritional deficiencies for deer.托福阅读答案1.以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句，说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活准确，其他的都没说2.以winter condition做关键词，没有，但最后一句有windand snow on the ground，就是指冬天了，读这句话，说understory会暴露，understory指的是林下植被，而且还说风会把blabla吹开，所以既然挡在上面的东西都被吹走了，结果是林下植被露出地面，前文又说any plant of林下植被都是鹿的食物，所以答案C准确。

2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案

2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周末完成了最新一期的托福考试，大家一定很想知道自己考得怎么样？来和看看2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

阅读篇章Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum ofNatural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs.The Decline in the Population（重复11年4月9日考题；文章主要讲英国伦敦在罗马时期的人口衰退，原因有四。

伦敦一场大火，造成人口下降。

苏格兰什么政策。

货物在本地生产，贸易人员流动少。

战争时期因为英国士兵把一些瘟疫带了回来，造成大量人口死亡。

）讨论恐龙是否被孵化（文章内容可以参考15年2月1日和18年8月26日考题Dinosaurs and Parental Care）Domestication（重复15年10月31日考题）The Postwar Economic Boom（重复16年1月24日考题）The Development of Agriculture（重复16年11月21日和18年5月19日考题）The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）The Evolution of Grass andHerbivores（17年2月18日，7月2日和11月11日，19年2月24日考题；植物防御技能的进化演变）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复18年12月8日，19年5月4日和10月26日考题；恒温还是变温）Greece Emerges from the Dark Ages （重复18年7月14日考题）Irrigation and Early Civilizations（重复18年3月31日和19年4月14日考题）Amphibian Distribution andAbundance（新题）Calcium Carbonate in the Ocean（新题）石头对考古的重要性厄尔尼诺（可以参考TPO43-3）罗马供水系统The molars（磨牙，臼齿）ofthree species of elephant illustrate their different feedingpreferences （l-asian elephant，c-african elephant， r-Mastodonginganteum）篇章详解The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）第1段：The green revolution can date as far back to 1930s。

2019年托福阅读真题解析：鸟类配偶选择

2019年托福阅读真题解析：鸟类配偶选择今天阅读三篇文章是Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Lifestyle(重建史前人类的生活方式)，How Soil is Formed(泥土如何形成)和Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)。

分别重复2015.09.17第一篇，2014.07.12第二篇，和2015.10.24第三篇，是典型的老题拼盘重复。

三篇文章，集合了人类考古、地质和生物学三个常见话题，专业词汇泛滥，长难句增多，篇章结构的整体性增强。

下面，给出今天第三篇文章的知识框架和词汇串讲。

第三篇 Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)第1段：与雌鸟相比，雄鸟在羽毛(plumage)和体型上彼此差别很大(引出话题)。

达尔文认为这是雄鸟针对雌鸟的配偶竞争(mate competition)导致的。

伴随着繁殖成功，这些导致繁殖成功的特定性状(specific traits)也流传于后代，如硕大体型、花哨俏丽的羽毛(fancy plumage)、复杂婉转的歌声(intricate songs)和惊艳的表演(striking displays)。

虽然达尔文对于雄鸟配偶竞争的理论被认可，但现实中雄鸟的竞争，雌鸟对于雄鸟的选择，以及配偶之外的资源竞争以更加错综复杂的关系相连。

第2段：配偶对象之间的相互评估(mutual assessment)对求偶成功起着重要作用。

雄性的装饰炫耀(the ornaments and displays)能够表明它所处的优越状态，进而吸引雌性选择自己作为伴侣。

雌性钟爱能够长时间表演的雄性，这说明它们有更多的脂肪储备，所以有水平和自己产下更多的后代(descendant/offspring)。

第3段：为什么雌性会选择羽毛鲜艳和长时间表演的雄性?科学家提出优秀基因假说(good-genes hypotheses)解释这个现象。

2019年8月托福真题回忆

2019年8月托福真题回忆梦想在前方，努力在路上。

对于考生来说，拿到证书就是我们向往的远方。

无忧考网搜集整理了2019年8月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。

2019年8月举行了3场考试，时间分别为8月10日、8月24日、8月25日。

以下内容仅供参考。

8月10日托福阅读真题回忆：Passage1. 关于地球的温度，之前比现在热。

以前认为是二氧化碳浓度高，而现在通过对植物某种化学物质的监测发现，现在的二氧化碳浓度和以前差不多，是因为其他物质释放导致。

Passage2.美国东北沿海岸地带很繁华，是海港以及贸易港湾。

Passage3.某种化学物质决定了工蜂在不同的年龄阶段分工不同。

Passage4.土壤里面的氮的来源。

Passage5.英国工业革命的几大促进因素。

Passage6.远古地球的大气跟现在不同，氧含量很低，通过一种铁的氧化物来证明。

Passage7.地球气候变化的影响因素，除了围绕太阳公转的变化和自倾角的变化，还有其他的影响因素。

Passage8.冰川时代。

Passage9.大陆版块漂移。

Passage10.斑马的黑白条纹/光谱，出现了四个人各种新发现做实验。

Passage11.Bronze 和 Iron，关于铁的冶金术。

Passage12.用 Spetrum 推测星球的元素组成。

Passage13.Empire 的衰落和让它兴盛的因素可能是同一个，可能不是，environment，人口数量，疾病等。

Passage14.indus 的 stamp 和 seal 上面有语言符号，然后还没有 decipher。

Passage15.英国工业革命的几大促因。

Passage16.船的问题。

Passage17.瓷器。

词汇题1.vulnerable2.appropriate3.soar4.extended5.discontent6.sequence7.interval8.abrupt9.allow for10.myriad11.progressively12.Amass8月10日托福口语真题回忆：Q1 ： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement ： it is disrespectful for tourists to take photos of strangers without their permission.游客不经人同意给陌生人拍照是不是不尊重人的行为。

2019托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣

2019托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣有些同学担心考托福阅读的时候遇到加试的情况，想要找一些习题热身，下面小编给大家带来2019托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣，望喜欢~托福阅读真题之经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣版本一：本文主要讨论鸟叫这种本领究竟是先天遗传的还是后天习得的，并为此做了三个实验，得出了不同的结论。

1. 概述：虽然鸟类都会唱歌，但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。

为了研究它们唱歌的技能是a先天遗传(基因)?b还是后天习得(外界因素)的?researchers 做了很多实验。

2. 试验一中研究人员如何对待小chaffinch?Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小chaffinch 带离_，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其他大chaffinch 隔离isolate，不让它听到大鸟唱歌song。

3. 试验一的结果如何?结果显示该chaffinch 还是会唱这种歌，只是调子有方言(variation)、很简单、不连续(disconnected)。

这就证明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本领的。

4. 试验二中white necked crow是否被隔离?Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小white necked crow与其它大鸟隔离，不让它听到大鸟的歌。

5. White necked crow学习唱歌的过程?在刚开始的3 个月，还没有形成自己的歌声前，给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带recording。

它很快就学会了recording 里的鸟的叫声(dialect)。

6. 试验二的结果是?White necked crow的dialect 不是由基因决定，而是与环境有很大关系。

研究还发现4 个月以后，它都只会唱自己的调调，再给它听别的recording，它也学不会了。

说明后天学习也有时间限制.7. 词汇：unreceptive无法接受的8. 试验三的内容?另一种鸟，F 开头的。

说这种鸟如果不让它们听到自己的声音，它们就只能形成破碎的音节而已，连不成歌。

2019年托福阅读专项模考练习试题及答案三

2019年托福阅读专项模考练习试题及答案三3. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior4. On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.The word "rare" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected5. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Insteadof trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.The word "maintaining" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) measuring(B) inheriting(C) preserving(D) delaying3 A4 B5 C。