2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷九)

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托福阅读真题第9套

第9套The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth CenturyShortly after the death of emperor Theodosius in395A.D.,the Roman Empire was permanently divided into Eastern and Western empires.By the fifth century A.D.,the power of the Western Roman Empire had declined considerably,though the Eastern Roman Empire centered in Byzantium continued to flourish.Various problems contributed to this undermining of the West.1.The word unfavorable in the passage is closest in meaning toA.negativeB.uncontrollableC.unexpectedD.long lastingThe accessions of Arcadius and Honorius,sons of Theodosius,as emperors in the East and West,respectively,illustrate the unfortunate pattern of child heirs that had unfavorable effects for both empires.When Arcadius died in408,he was succeeded by his seven-year-old son,Theodosius II.Reigning until423,Honorius was succeeded by his nephew Valentinian III,who was only five.Because of their young ages,【Theodosius'sons and grandsons could not rule without older advisors and supervising regents upon whom they naturally became dependent and from whom they were unable to break away after reaching maturity.】As powerful individuals vied for influence and dominance at court,the general welfare was often sacrificed to private rivalries and ambitions.Moreover,it was the women of the dynasty who were the more capable and interesting characters.Holding the keys to succession through birth and inheritance,they became active players in the political arena.2.According to paragraph2,which of the following was one result of the pattern of rule by child emperorsA.The common people lost respect for the position of emperor.B.Regents and advisors attempted to put an end to traditional rivalries for dominance within the court.C.Women within the dynasty gained increased influence and power.D.Traditional rules of succession by inheritance were changed.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage.Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【Theodosius'sons and grandsons could not rule without older advisors and supervising regents upon whom they naturally became dependent and from whom they were unable to break away after reaching maturity.】A.As young rulers,the sons and grandsons of Theodosius necessarily depended onolder advisors,and as adults,they were unable to rule independently of these advisors.B.The sons and grandsons of Theodosius were too young when they came to power to rule without the assistance of older advisors.C.On reaching maturity,the sons and grandsons of Theodosius attempted to break away from the older officials who had advised them since childhood.D.Because the sons and grandsons of Theodosius were young when they became rulers,older advisors were able to prevent them from breaking away.Compared with the East,however,the West faced a greater number of external threats along more permeable frontiers.Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier,the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for1,000miles.The East,however,only had to guard the last500miles of the Danube.In addition,the East had many more human and material resources with which to pursue its military and diplomatic objectives.The East also had a more deeply rooted unity in the Greek culture of the numerous Greek and Near Eastern cities that Rome had inherited from earlier Grecian tin culture had not achieved comparable penetration of the less urbanized West outside of Italy.The penetration of Germanic culture from the north had been so extensive along the permeable Rhine-Danube frontier that it was often difficult to distinguish between barbarians(speakers of German and other languages unrelated to Latin)and Romans in those regions by the fifth century anyway.4.In describing the frontiers of the Western Empire as more permeable the author means that these frontiersA.had more places where crossings could occurB.were more distant from the centerC.were more likely to be changedD.were more poorly equipped5.The word pursue in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expandB.engage inC.controlD.avoid6.The word comparable in the passage is closest in meaning toA.similarB.desirableC.necessaryD.noticeable7.Which of the following is NOT identified in paragraph3as a factor contributing to the greater stability and success of the Eastern empireA shorter border subject to invasion by Germanic tribesB.Greater cultural unity among the inhabitantsC.More resources available for achieving political goalsD.Lower population densities outside of urban areas8.In paragraph3,why does the author discuss the Germanic cultureA.To compare the less urbanized West outside of Italy to the more urbanized EastB.To explain why Roman military and political objectives necessarily changed in the fifth centuryC.To emphasize that the Romans had more of a cultural disadvantage in the West than in the EastD.To explain why there were as many speakers of German as there were Romans on the western frontierOne of the most outstanding features at the beginning of this period was the prominence of Germanic generals in the high command of the Roman Imperial army. The trend became significant,and several practical reasons can explain it.The foremost probably was the sheer need for military manpower that made it attractive to recruit bands of Germanic peoples for the armies,which,in turn,gave chieftains and warlords the opportunity to gain Imperial favor and advance in rank.Second,one way to turn Germanic chieftains from potential enemies into loyal supporters was to offer them a good position in the Roman military.Third,although Theodosius had risen to power as a military leader,he was also a cultured aristocrat and preferred to emphasize the civilian role of the emperor and to rely for protection on Germanic generals whose loyalties were primarily to him,their patron.9.Which of the following is NOT identified in paragraph4as a reason the practice arose of making Germanic chieftains generals in the Roman high commandA.It helped reduce the number of possible enemies against the empire.B.It helped make it possible to maintain an imperial military force of sufficient size.C.It was cheaper than recruiting and training Roman generals.D.It gave Theodosius confidence that his generals would remain loyal while he focused on other matters.10.According to paragraph4,by becoming generals in the Roman army,Germanic chieftains were given a chance toA.obtain benefits from the emperorB.influence Roman civilian lifeC.help shape military policyD.attract Germanic recruits into the Roman armyUnfortunately,the high positions achieved by Germanic officers often aroused the jealousy and hostility of high-ranking Roman military and civilian officials.Such positions also gave their Germanic holders a chance to act on both personal and tribalanimosities in the arena of Imperial politics.Internal Roman rivalries and power struggles aggravated the situation.Rival factional leaders often granted Imperial titles and conceded territory to one Germanic leader or another in return for help against fellow Romans.While the Romans were thus distracted by internal conflict,other tribes seized the opportunity to cross into Roman territory unopposed.When the Romans could not dislodge them,peace was bought with further titles and territorial concessions as allies.In the midst of it all,alliances and coalitions between Roman emperors or powerful commanders and various tribes or tribal kings were made, unmade,and remade so often that it is nearly impossible to follow their course. Accordingly,all of these situations proved dangerous to the peace and safety of the West.11.Which of the following is identified in paragraph5as a negative consequence of making Germanic chieftains high-ranking officers in the Roman armyA.Romans no longer sought achievement through the military.B.Germanic generals sometimes used their military power to advance their own and their tribes'interests.C.Germanic soldiers focused on achieving imperial titles rather than military success.D.Greater divisions developed between the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire, which lacked military leadership.12.According to paragraph5,what is one way that internal conflict in Rome endangered the peace and safety of the WestA.The conflict made it more difficult to make peace through the process of granting imperial titles and territorial concessions.B.The conflict made it easier for invaders to cross the frontier and enter Roman territory.C.The conflict discouraged Roman leaders from creating alliances and coalitions with Germanic tribes.D.The conflict made it nearly impossible to track the activities of enemy tribes outside Roman territory.13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Once within Roman borders,they proved difficult to remove.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Unfortunately,the high positions achieved by Germanic officers often aroused the jealousy and hostility of high-ranking Roman military and civilian officials.Such positions also gave their Germanic holders a chance to act on both personal and tribal animosities in the arena of Imperial politics.Internal Roman rivalries and power struggles aggravated the situation.Rival factional leaders often granted Imperial titles and conceded territory to one Germanic leader or another in return for help againstfellow Romans.While the Romans were thus distracted by internal conflict,other tribes seized the opportunity to cross into Roman territory unopposed.【A】When the Romans could not dislodge them,peace was bought with further titles and territorial concessions as allies.【B】In the midst of it all,alliances and coalitions between Roman emperors or powerful commanders and various tribes or tribal kings were made,unmade,and remade so often that it is nearly impossible to follow their course.【C】Accordingly,all of these situations proved dangerous to the peace and safety of the West.【D】14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.The division of the Roman Empire into two parts was particularly damaging for the Western Empire because it relied on the Eastern Empire for economic support.B.The heirs of Theodosius came to the throne as young children,allowing them to be dominated by advisors who competed for influence at the expense of the empire's welfare.C.Western emperors after Theodosius were unable to emphasize their civilian role because of their need to rely on the protection of Germanic generals loyal to them.pared to the Eastern Empire,the Western Empire had many disadvantages, including more foreign enemies and fewer material and human resources.E.Resentment against Germanic chieftains achieving high rank in the Roman military and factionalism among Roman leaders were among the causes of the period's considerable instability.F.As the resources needed to secure Rome's borders increased,serious conflicts developed among Roman leaders over how best to protect Roman territory against invading tribes.Features of Tropical MammalsThere are several important features of tropical mammals and their habitats that differentiate them from temperate-zone mammals.First,tropical mammals face different environmental stresses than do temperate-zone mammals,and they respond to stresses in different ways.Many temperate-zone mammals,of course,must endure extreme variation within a year;from cold winters with snow and low food supplies to hot summers with dry weather and abundant food.Many mammals respond with hibernation,staying more or less dormant for several months until conditions improve.【Tropical mammals,except in the high-altitude mountains,do not encounter such extreme annual changes,but they do face dry seasons,up to five months long,that sometimes severely reduce food supplies.】For some surprising reasons,they cannot alleviate this stress by hibernating,waiting for the rainy season to arrive with its increased food supplies.When a mammal in Canada or Alaska hibernates,many of its predators leave the area.This is not the case in the tropics.A mammal sleeping away the dry season in a burrow would be easy prey to snakes and other predators.Moreover,a big danger to sleeping mammals would be army ants.These voracious insects are very common in the tropics and would quickly eat a sleeping mouse or squirrel.Also,external parasites,such as ticks and mites,which are inactive in extreme cold,would continue to be very active on sleeping tropical mammals, sucking blood and doing considerable st,the great energy reserves needed to be able to sleep for an extended period through warm weather may be more than any mammal can physically accumulate.Therefore,tropical mammals need to stay active throughout the year.One way they counter the dry season's reduction in their normal foods is to switch food types seasonally.For instance,some rodents that eat mostly insects during the rainy season switch to seeds during the dry season;some bats that feed on insects switch to dry-season fruits.1.The word extreme in the passage is closest in meaning toA.greatB.repeatedC.unusualD.constant2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【Tropical mammals,except in the high-altitude mountains,do not encounter such extreme annual changes,but they do face dry seasons,up to five months long,that sometimes severely reduce food supplies.】A.Most tropical mammals do not experience extreme temperature changes but can suffer severe food losses from long dry seasons.B.Tropical mammals in high-altitude mountains encounter more severe food shortages than other tropical mammals.C.Dry seasons up to five months long cause as much damage to food resources of tropical mammals as extreme annual changes.D.Dry seasons do not severely reduce the food supplies of tropical mammals every year but they do occur sometimes.3.According to paragraph1,mammals in the tropics encounter extreme temperature variations in which of the following situationsA.During hot summersB.During the dry seasonC.In high-altitude mountainsD.During the rainy season4.According to paragraph1,a tropical mammal hibernating throughout the dry season would encounter all of the following difficulties EXCEPT:A.It would be easy prey for predators such as snakes.B.It would not be able to maintain a steady body temperature.C.It might be attacked by army ants.D.It could not accumulate sufficient energy reserves.The abundance of tropical fruit brings up another interesting difference between temperate and tropical mammals:a surprising number of tropical mammals eat a lot of fruit,even among the carnivore group,which,as its name implies,should be eating meat.All the carnivores in Brazil,save pumas,jaguars,and otters,are known to eat fruit on occasion.Upon reflection,however,it makes sense that these mammals consume fruit.Fruit is very abundant in the tropics,available throughout much of the year,and,at least when it is ripe,easily digested by mammalian digestive systems.A consequence of such frugivory(fruit eating)is that many mammals have become, together with frugivorous birds,major dispersal agents of fruit seeds,which they spit out or which travel unharmed through their digestive tracts to be deposited in feces far from the mother tree.Some biologists believe that,even though the carnivores plainly are specialized for hunting down,killing,and eating animal prey,it is likely that fruit has always been a part of their diet.5.The phrase Upon reflection in the passage is closest in meaning toA.For this reasonB.After considerationC.Most importantlyD.In general6.Paragraph2indicates which of the following about fruit trees in the tropicsA.They have been the plants most studied by biologists in the tropics.B.They don't need to grow much before they begin to produce fruit that tropical animals can eat.C.They can spread to areas far from the mother tree,in part because of the eating habits of some carnivores.D.They have become the main source of food for pumas,jaguars,and otters.Finally,there are some differences in the kinds of animals inhabiting tropical and temperate regions.For instance,in tropical regions there are few social rodents like beavers and prairie dogs and very few rabbit species.On the other hand,some groups occur solely in the tropics and do extremely well there.There are about75to 100species of New World monkeys(depending on which primate specialist you consult),all of which occur in tropical areas.Arboreal(tree-living)mammals such as monkeys and sloths are plentiful in tropical forests,probably because there is a rich, resource-filled,dense canopy to occupy and feed in.The closed canopy blocks light to the ground,which allows only an undergrowth that is sparse and poor in resources, and consequently permits few opportunities for mammals to live and feed there.Bats thrive in the tropics,being very successful both in terms of number of species and in their abundances.Nine families of bats occur in Brazil,including more than140 species;only four families and40species occur in the entire United States,an areasimilar in size to Brazil.While most North American bats feed on insects,the diets of Brazilian bats are more varied and include fruit,nectar,and fish.7.The word consult in the passage is closest in meaning toA.believeB.admireC.findD.ask8.Why does the author provide the information that The closed canopy blocks light to the groundA.To illustrate why rodents living in tropical forests live in social groupsB.To illustrate why tropical forests have so many species of batsC.To explain why there are few mammals that live on the groundD.To explain why some species of monkeys do very well in the tropics9.It can be inferred from paragraph3that the animals most likely to inhabit tropical regions are animals thatA.live in treesB.outnumber social rodentsC.do not require a variety of food resourcesD.prefer the dark10.Select the TWO answer choices that indicate ways in which Brazilian and North American bats discussed in paragraph3differ.To obtain credit,you must select TWO answers.A.Their dietsB.Their ability to co-exist with abrboreal mammalsC.The size of their habitatsD.The number of species in each location11.What can be inferred from paragraph3about the greater variety of bats in Brazil compared to bats in North AmericaA.North America is too cold for many varieties of bats.B.The more varied diets of Brazilian bats allow more diversity in the bat population.C.An insect diet is less nutritious than a diet of fruit,nectar,and fish.D.Brazilian bats are arboreal and North American bats are not.12.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.A possible explanation for this difference is related to what they eat.Where would the sentence best fit.Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Finally,there are some differences in the kinds of animals inhabiting tropical and temperate regions.For instance,in tropical regions there are few social rodents like beavers and prairie dogs and very few rabbit species.On the other hand,some groups occur solely in the tropics and do extremely well there.There are about75to 100species of New World monkeys(depending on which primate specialist you consult),all of which occur in tropical areas.Arboreal(tree-living)mammals such as monkeys and sloths are plentiful in tropical forests,probably because there is a rich, resource-filled,dense canopy to occupy and feed in.The closed canopy blocks light to the ground,which allows only an undergrowth that is sparse and poor in resources, and consequently permits few opportunities for mammals to live and feed there.【A】Bats thrive in the tropics,being very successful both in terms of number of species and in their abundances.【B】Nine families of bats occur in Brazil,including more than 140species;only four families and40species occur in the entire United States,an area similar in size to Brazil.【C】While most North American bats feed on insects,the diets of Brazilian bats are more varied and include fruit,nectar,and fish.【D】13.Directions:Select from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize tropical mammals and the phrases that correctly characterize temperate-zone mammals.Drag each phrase you select into the appropriate column of the table.Two of the phrases will NOT be used.This question is worth3points. Answer ChoicesA.Endure extreme temperature fluctuationsB.May reproduce several times a yearC.Endure a long dry seasonD.Have thick fur coatsE.Some amass large energy reservesF.Some have predators that are not present all yearG.Remain active all yeartropical mammals temperate-zone mammalsHoneybee SocietyHoneybee colonies are essentially societies of females.In a hive of perhaps20,000 bees,only a few hundred will be male bees,called drones.【A】They are around only in the spring or summerlong enough to rise to treetop level in a comet-like swarm, chasing after one of the queen bees that have assembled from various hives at a mating site.【B】Of the many drones assembled,only10to15will actually mate with a queen during one of her mating flights.【C】Each drone that is successful dies in the process,however,and a similar fate awaits drones that aren't successful;once matingis done,they will be expelled from their hives or killed.【D】1..The phrase expelled from in the passage is closest in meaning toA.forced fromB.carried fromC.left byD.guided from2..It can be inferred from paragraph1that drones are around only in spring or summer becauseA.they are born in these seasonsB.mating flights occur in these seasonsC.they are expelled from the hive in these seasonsD.they are unable to survive in colder seasons3..According to paragraph1,all of the following are true about honeybee drones EXCEPT:A.They are a small percentage of the bees in a hive.B.They die in the process if they mate with a queen bee.C.They are accepted back in the hive if they fail to mate.D.They swarm at mating sites to chase after a queen bee.The week of mating flights prepares the queen for a lifetime of prodigious egg laying; she will produce up to2,000fertile eggs a day for years.Nearly all of the offspring that hatch from these eggs are female;they are the hive's worker bees;and they are well named,for it is they who will maintain the hive,forage for food,store the food away,care for newly laid eggs,and more.It is they who will do everything for the colony,in other words,except lay eggs and mate with the queen.4..Which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of bee society in paragraphs1and2A.Male bees have no function other than to mate with the queen.B.Male bees have higher status than female bees in the hive.C.Female bees produce numerous offspring.D.Female bees play a relatively unimportant role in the hive.Over their brief adult lives of perhaps six weeks,every worker bee takes on,in a predictable order,nearly all the worker tasks that the hive has to offer.For the first three days of her life,a worker is primarily a cleaner of the cells that the bee larvae (immature,wormlike bees)are stored in.As the days pass,she becomes primarily a larvae feeder,then a hive construction worker,then an entrance guard and food storer, and finally a forager,going out to secure nectar,pollen,and water for the colony. Within this structure,however,a worker's life is one of surprising flexibility.After becoming a construction worker,for example,she still engages in some cell cleaning;and throughout her life,she spends a good deal of time resting and patrolling the hive.5..According to paragraph3,the main task for the most mature worker bees isA.storing nectar and pollenB.cleaning bee larvae cellsC.guarding the entrance to the hiveD.obtaining food and water for the hiveImportantly,there is no chain of command in a colonyno group of workers communicating the message more food needed now or cell cleaning needed over here. How,then,does all this work get organized among tens of thousands of bees Bees are prompted to act either because of environmental conditions(the temperature of the hive,for example)or because of signals or cues they receive from other bees.The signals are explicit acts of communication,as with the famous waggle dance that bees perform to inform their fellow workers of the location of food sites.6..The word prompted in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ableB.requiredC.programmedD.stimulated7..The word explicit in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unusually creativeB.clearly expressedC.ordinaryD.necessary8..Why does the author mention the famous waggle dance that bees perform in the passageA.To give an example of a signal shared between worker beesB.To indicate how worker bees are able to find good food sitesC.To show how environmental conditions affect bee behaviorD.To illustrate how the presence of food stimulates bee activityQuite often,however,bees are reacting to cues they get from other bees that simply imply a given condition.Take,as an example,a cue that researcher Thomas Seeley confirmed that has to do with unloading time at the hive.In a well-fed hive,forager bees gather food only from flower patches that have lots of nectar.When a hive is near starvation,however,the foragers aren't so choosy;then low-yield flower patches will do.So,how does a forager know whether to be choosy or not How is she informed of the nutritional status of the colony,in other words Her informational source is the length of time it takes her to unload her food.Providing the cues are the food-storer bees,which receive the food the foragers bring back and then process itinto honey and pack it away in the hive.It takes a returning forager a relatively long time to make contact with a food-storer bee in a well-fed hive,but a relatively short time in a starving hive.Why Because in a well-fed hive,the food storers have plenty to keep them busythere is plenty of food to store away.If,however,a forager can make contact with a food storer within15seconds of entering the hive,the forager knows the colony is low on food and will start paying visits to low-yield sites.This is but one example of how life in the colony is self-organizing;each bee's behavior is shaped by the behavior of other bees.9..The word imply in the passage is closest in meaning toA.introduceB.suggestC.stateD.reveal10..According to paragraph5,which of the following describes forager bee activity when a hive has not been receiving sufficient foodA.The foragers spend time looking for high-yield flower patches.B.The foragers return to the hive only infrequently.C.The foragers bring nectar from low-yield as well as high-yield flower patches.D.The foragers travel long distances looking for nectar.11..According to paragraph5,how does a returning forager bee know that the hive is well fedA.The food-storer bees signal the foragers to remain in the hive.B.The food-storer bees are producing honey,not storing food.C.The food-storer bees ignore forager bees that are bringing low-quality food.D.The food-storer bees are busy and not readily available to unload food.12..In which of the following ways does paragraph5relate to paragraph4A.Paragraph5continues the discussion of the location of food sites begun in paragraph4.B.Paragraph5elaborates on the topic introduced in paragraph4about types of communication between bees.C.Paragraph5discusses the research that made the waggle dance in paragraph4 famous.D.Paragraph5explains in further detail the foraging activities of worker bees mentioned in paragraph4.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Lacking the body parts to collect nectar and pollen,they have no function in the community once the opportunity to mate has passed.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the。

2020年高考英语模拟卷(九)(pdf,含解析)

2020年高考英语模拟卷及答案解析（九）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

ASuper CampsWe are a leading provider of childcare in the UK,offering OFSTED registered holiday camps to children aged4to14throughout the school holidays.Operating at60＋locations,we have holiday camps available in London and the South East,as far south as Cornwall and all the way up to North Yorkshire.Whether you are looking for fun holiday clubs and kid activities,a five-day specialist holiday camp for older children or a combination of the two to keep your children entertained throughout the school holidays,we have your childcare covered!Our multi-activity holiday camps offer an abundance of fun, age-oriented(导向的)activities(4-5-year-olds,6-9-year-olds and 10-12-year-olds),from swimming and go-karting to arts and crafts and LEGO workshops.These day camps are a great choice for parents looking for regular childcare service,available as individual days or a week at a time.For children looking for a school holiday experience,our specialist holiday camps are the ideal choice.Our Cookery:International Cuisine, a5-day specialist course is a cookery camp with a difference,where children can really master their cooking skills!Bushcraft:Rainforest Adventure is the perfect outdoor adventure camp for children with a passion for bush craft and survival skills,with activities like Laser Tag and making campfires to inspire the interest of young adventurers!Meanwhile,our LEGO Play course is a holiday camp focusing on the art of building amazing creations with LEGO bricks.This camp really motivates the imagination of children in a way that only uses LEGO bricks!All new for2019,our Chelsea Foundation FC Camps invite all football fans to take a shot at our Multi-Dimensional soccer camps! Children will receive hours of on-pitch training and competition with Chelsea FC approved coaches,as well as hours of off-pitch sessions around nutrition,recovery and lifestyle!To find your nearest holiday camp,simply enter your postcode or town in the box above or choose your camp by county here and BOOK ONLINE TODAY!1.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?A.To advertise holiday camps.B.To encourage donations.C.To introduce camping skills.D.To tell the history of SuperCamps.2.What do we know about SuperCamps?A.It operates camps all over the world.B.It provides camps for people of all ages.C.It asks parents to send children to the nearest camp.D.It organizes different activities for different age groups.3.Which camp should a child attend if he/she wants to learn survival skills?A.Cookery:International Cuisine.B.Bushcraft:Rainforest Adventure.C.LEGO Play.D.Chelsea Foundation FC Camps.【答案】ADB【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。

2020年高考英语模拟试题及答案(九)

2020 年高考英语模拟试题及答案（九）第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分 40 分）第一节（共 15 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

AAs the most wonderful tools for learning and teaching English, iPads appeal to more and more students who use them to access online resources in their classrooms. With the help of the thousands of education and language apps available in Apple's app store, students make effective use of the iPad to learn in an interactive environment. Given below is a list of some of the best iPad apps for learning and teaching English.Grammar UpGrammar is the heart of any language and, thus, the Grammar Up app is one of the most highly recommended apps for English Learners. This app is specifically designed for people who want to improve their grammar, vocabulary and word selection. It consists of more than 1800 multiple-choice questions grouped under twenty different grammar categories.Learn English The Fun Way"Learn English the fun way" is an amazing app for grammar and matching lessons in which English learners get to do simple exercises such as matching an animal or a short description of something to its picture.SpeakingPalRecommended as one of the best apps for English educators and learners, SpeakingPal allows users to record and compare their speech with a native Englishspeaker. This amazing app combines video with automatic speech recognition software that tests your English speaking skills. You just have to speak with a video character and get immediate response on how well you said and pronounced all your English words. In short, this app basically understands and rates your speech.Wordflex Touch DictionarTurn your word-meanings search into a fun experience with the Wordflex Touch Dictionary app! Developed exclusively for iPad in association with the Oxford University Press, the Wordflex Touch Dictionary app converts your word entries into attractive trees which you can move, drag, share and reorganize using touch gestures. This app is among the best as it also contains audio pronunciations both in UK and US English, which is a great benefit for English learners.iBooksiBooks is a complete book library for the iPad users. It includes the iBookstore and allows users to download and read books for free. It also allows users to save their favorite classics for free. The app features a beautiful bookshelf on which you can browse various books; tap a book to open and read it, and add notes to your favorite paragraphs in the book. You can also create your own texts and upload them into the app.1.Which app might be the best choice for a kid who is beginning to learn grammar?A.Grammar UpB. Wordflex Touch DictionaryC. Learn English The Fun WayD. SpeakingPal2.Which of the following is Right according to the passage?A.The Grammar Up app is the best recommended app for English learners.B.Wordflex Touch Dictionary provides pronunciation in British and American English.C.SpeakingPal allows users to compete with a native English speaker.D.iBooks is a free book library for English learners and teachers.3.What's the purpose of the text?A.To advertise Apple's app store.B.To attract users to iPad.C.To distinguish some apps for English learning.D.To introduce some apps for English learners and educators.【答案】1. C2. B3. D【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文（一...

新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文（一...第一篇：新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文(一)Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast/tuofukecheng/zhiboke/第二篇：《宋史忠义一》原文阅读及译文赵师旦字潜叔，枢密副使稹之从子。

美容仪，身长六尺。

少年颇涉书史，尤刻意刑名之学。

用稹荫，试将作监主簿，累迁宁海军节度推官。

知江山县，断治出己，吏不能得民一钱，弃物道上，人无敢取。

以荐者改大理寺丞、知彭城县，迁太子右赞善大夫，移知康州。

侬智高破邕州，顺流东下，师旦使人觇贼，还报曰：“诸州守皆弃城走矣！”师旦叱曰：“汝亦欲吾走矣。

”乃大索，得谍者三人，斩以徇。

而贼已薄城下，师旦止有兵三百，开门迎战，杀数十人。

会暮，贼稍却，师旦语其妻，取州印佩之，使负其子以匿，曰：“明日贼必大至，吾知不敌，然不可以去，尔留，死无益也。

”遂与监押马贵部士卒固守州城。

召贵食，贵不能食，师旦独饱如平时；至夜，贵卧不安席，师旦即卧内大鼾。

迟明，贼攻城愈急，左右请少避，师旦曰：“战死与戮死何如？”众皆曰：“愿为国家死。

”至城破无一人逃者。

矢尽，与贵俱还，据堂而坐。

智高麾兵鼓噪争入，胁师旦，师旦大骂曰：“饿獠，朝廷负若何事，乃敢反邪！天子发一校兵，汝无遗类矣。

”智高怒，并贵害之。

贼既去州人为立庙事平赠光禄少卿赐其母王长安县太君冠帔录其子弟并从子三人。

师旦遇害时，年四十二。

柩过江山，江山之人迎师旦丧，哭祭于路，络绎数百里不绝。

同时有王从政者，以东头供奉官、阁门祗候，与侬智高战于太平场，被执，骂贼不已，至以沸汤沃之，终不屈而死。

赠信州刺史，录其孙二人。

（节选自《宋史?忠义一》4．下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句，正确的一项是（3分）（）A．贼既去州∕人为立庙事∕平∕赠光禄少卿∕赐其母王∕长安县太君冠帔∕录其子弟∕并从子三人。

B．贼既去∕州人为立庙事∕平∕赠光禄少卿∕赐其母王长安县太君冠帔∕录其子弟∕并从子三人。

2020中石油托福考试模拟题

2020中石油托福考试模拟题题目一：托福阅读托福考试是世界上最具权威性的英语水平考试之一，被广泛认可和采用。

在2020年的中石油托福考试模拟题中，阅读部分将是考试的重要组成部分。

本文将针对2020中石油托福考试模拟题中的阅读部分进行解析和探讨。

首先，让我们来看一道典型的托福阅读题目：Passage 1: Fossils in Greenland。

这道题目要求考生们通过阅读一篇关于格陵兰岛化石的文章，并回答相关问题。

阅读材料将围绕格陵兰岛的地质构造、化石种类和形成时间等方面展开。

在解答问题之前，我们应该先通读全文，掌握阅读材料的大意和主要内容。

接下来，我们需要开展逐题分析。

每道题目都有其特定的要求和难点，我们需要抓住关键词，理清答题思路。

例如，题目一要求我们判断下列哪个选项正确地描述了格陵兰岛地质构造的变化。

我们可以通过定位关键词，并结合文中相关段落，找到正确答案。

此外，托福阅读还会考察考生们的词汇理解能力，对于一些生词和专业术语的掌握是必要的。

在遇到生词时，我们可以通过上下文来猜测其意思，或者借助词根词缀的知识进行推测。

除了阅读理解之外，本次托福模拟考试还设置了一些其他类型的阅读题目，例如配对题、细节理解题等。

针对这些题型的答题要求，我们需要加强对文章细节的理解，通过逐行阅读和标注关键信息的方式来提高答题准确率。

在备考过程中，没有捷径可走，唯有多加练习。

阅读大量的英语文章，并进行适当的阅读速度和理解力的训练，可以提高自己的阅读水平和应对考试的能力。

在结尾处，我们总结了本文讨论的重点。

在2020中石油托福考试模拟题中，阅读部分的复杂性不容小觑。

掌握阅读技巧、扩充词汇量、培养快速阅读能力，都是提高阅读成绩的关键。

希望本文提供的解析和建议能够对考生备考托福阅读部分有所帮助。

题目二：托福听力托福考试中的听力部分是每位考生需要关注和重视的重要环节。

2020中石油托福考试模拟题中的听力部分涵盖了不同场景和话题，要求考生们能够快速听懂并准确理解听力材料的内容。

托福TPO9阅读第二篇原文及答案解析

托福TPO9阅读第二篇原文及答案解析托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读第二篇原文及答案解析，希望大家喜欢。

托福TPO9阅读原文Part2Reflection in TeachingTeachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing" conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing welearned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea."The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect - for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.Paragraph 1: Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in thediscipline of teaching.托福TPO9阅读题目Part21. The word "justified" in the passage is closest in meaning to○supported○shaped○stimulated○suggested2. According to paragraph 1, it was believed that reflection could help teachers○understand intellectual principles of teaching○strengthen their intellectual connection to their work○use scientific fact to improve discipline and teaching○adopt a more disciplined approach to teachingParagraph 2: Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing" conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy. The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.3. The word "flourish" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ continue○ occur○ succeed○ apply4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:○It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from others.○It was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.○It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom events.○It involved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching.5. According to paragraph 2, Wildman and Niles worried that the teachers they were working with might feel that○ the number of teache rs involved in their program was too large○ the concepts of teacher reflection were so abstract that they could not be applied○ the ideas involved in reflection were actually not new and refreshing○ several years would be needed to acquire the habit of reflecting on their teachingParagraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributoryfactors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.6. The word "objective" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ unbiased○ positive○ systematic○ thor ough7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?○Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection.○Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect.○Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms.○Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection.Paragraph 4: Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.8. How is paragraph 4 related to other aspects of the discussion of reflection in the passage?○It describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passage.○It ch allenges the earlier claim that teachers rarely have the time to think about their own or others' teaching.○It identifies advantages gained by teachers who followed the training program described earlier in the passage.○It explains the process used to de fine the principles discussed later in the passage.Paragraph 5: Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea."9. The word "compelling" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ commonly held○ persuasive○ original○ practicalParagraph 6: The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar pointabout the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect - for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because○ it is not generally supported by teacher educators○ the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately ○ it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time○ they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners11. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information○The practice of being reflective is no longer simply a habit among teachers but something that is externally motivated.○Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists.○Many aspects of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, including the comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers.○There has not been enough exploration of why teachers practice reflection as a habit with or without external motivation.Paragraph 4: Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. ■This process took time and patience and effe ctive trainers. ■The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.Paragraph 5: ■Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. ■The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea."12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, changing teachers' thinking about reflection will not succeed unless there is support for reflection in the teaching environment.Where could the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching●●●Answer Choices○Through their work with Virginia teac hers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.○Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.○Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.○Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement ofothers to practice reflection.○There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.○Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect托福TPO9阅读答案Part2参考答案：1. ○12. ○23. ○34. ○45. ○26. ○17. ○38.○19. ○210. ○211. ○312. ○313. Wildman and Niles found thatWildman and Niles concluded thatThere are numerous obstacles to托福TPO9阅读翻译Part2参考翻译：教学中的反思教师被认为受益于反思实践--有意识地更深入思考、仔细地检查发生在他们自己教室里的事件和相互影响。

2020年12月20日托福阅读真题

2020年12月20日托福阅读真题12月20日托福阅读第一篇：
讲树木的年轮问题，通过同时比较生活在同一时间段同一地点同一物种的树木的年龄能够得出这个地区的降雨量气温之类的历史纪录;最后一段说的是能够通过年轮来得出气候变化情况，但是年轮会受各种因素影响，在气候比较harsh的时候甚至可能没有年轮长出来(有考点)所以用年轮推测气候变化不是很靠谱，但是如果说树木长在比较极端的环境下的话可能会受某一因素影响大一点，这种情况下能够通过年轮推测这个因素的变化。

12月20日托福阅读第二篇：
讲罗马帝国的经济发展的，罗马的发展和旺盛的需求带动了周边地区经济的发展，同时也带动了港口的发展;平均继承制使得地越分越少，所以更多的人迁徙到城市里，然后富裕的农场主们通过在郊区建立一些公共设施来提升自己的社会地位。

最后说的是罗马城的发展也使得旁边的小城市衰落，因为富裕的农场主都希望在罗马里谋求一个更高的地位，所以就不会留下来建设小城市了。

12月20日托福阅读第三篇：
讲鸟类储存能量;鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但是这个只能缓解食物短缺，不能彻底解决这个问题;越小的鸟就越需要更多的能量来生长，储存能量难度也更大，特别举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食;大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生长，所以储存的能量能够撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁殖。

还说了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳动物冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能每天晚上to some degree(词汇题)都会这样。

托福TPO9阅读原文翻译及答案：Part1

托福TPO9阅读原文翻译及答案：Part1托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了便利大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读原文翻译及答案：Part1，盼望大家喜爱。

托福TPO9阅读原文：Part1It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadianmountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmarks hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breedingpopulations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.托福TPO9阅读题目Part11. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called intoquestion by○paleoecologist Glen MacDonalds argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed○the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believed○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed2. The word persuasively in the passage is closest in meaning to○aggressively○inflexibly○convincingly○carefullyParagraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to○ discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected○ present the evidence on which the theory was based○ cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect○ explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible4. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning to○ before○ immediately after○ during○ in spite of5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?○They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.○They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.○They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.○They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmarks hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmarks hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmarks hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vastareas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to○ indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis○ indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously○ explain why humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants did○ show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State8. The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning to○Frozen○Various○Isolated○HugeParagraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that○ humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environments○ animals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausible○ humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor○ the continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began10. The word inhospitable in the passage is closest in meaning to○ not familiar○ not suitable○ not dangerous○ not reachable11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as○16,000 years ago○14,000 years ago○12,500 years ago○10,000 years agoParagraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.12. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to○ chance○ protection○ possibility○ incentiveParagraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. ■The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor.●●●Answer Choices○Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.○Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a morevaried economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.托福TPO9（阅读答案）Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○33. ○44. ○15. ○16. ○37. ○18.○49. ○310. ○211. ○212. ○413. ○414. There is growing supportRecent geologic evidenceThere is evidence suggesting托福TPO9阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：US西北海岸的移民这种观念被人们接受很长时间了：美洲被一群来自亚洲的移民殖民统治着，他们在上一个冰河时代缓慢地跨越了一个叫做白令的大陆桥(现在白令海峡位于东北亚和阿拉斯加之间)。

托福TPO9阅读真题（文本+答案+翻译）：Part3

托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3，望喜欢！托福TPO9阅读文本：Part3The Arrival of Plant Life in HawaiiWhen the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantlysupplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. Theycould travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon theclose cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.托福TPO9阅读题目：Part31. The phrase "at random" in the passage is closest in meaning to○finally○over a long period of time○successfully○without a definite pattern2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island communities.○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island environments.○The first organisms on these islands worked toget her closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginningstages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plantspropagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.4. The word "abundantly" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ occasionally○ plentifully○ usefully○ fortunately5. The word "propagate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ multiply○ emerge○ live○ evolve6. According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in the development of plant life on Hawaii?○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable soil.○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by lichens.○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the sam e rocky environments.○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic areas.Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. Thiswas a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.7. The word "This" in the passage refers to○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands○the evolution of ferns○the development of plants that produce seeds8. According to paragraph 4, why do seeds have a greater chance of survival than spores do? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer choices.○Seeds need less water to grow into a mature plant than spores do.○Seeds do not need to rely on outside sources of nutrients.○Seeds are better protected from environmental dangers than spores are.○Seeds are heavier than spores and are therefore more likely to take root and grow.9. Why does the author mention "a nut", "a peach", and "a cherry"?○To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than others○To point out that many angiosperms can be eaten○To provide examples of blooming plants○To illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds10. The word "dormant" in the passage is closest in meaning to○hidden○inactive○underground○preservedParagraph5: Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores.Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.11. According to paragraph 5, a major reason that coconuts can establish themselves in distant locations is that their seeds can○survive long exposure to heat on island beaches○float and survive for long periods in ocean water○use saltwater for maintenance and growth○maintain hard, protective coats even after growing roots12. According to the passage, which of the following characteristics do spores and seeds have in common?○They may be surrounded by several layers of covering.○They are produced by flowering plants.○They may be spread by wind.○They are able to grow in barren soils.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. ■These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or bywind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant life.●●●Answers Choices○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of photosynthesis.○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growthof spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and growth.○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds' ability to survive and to move to different areas托福TPO9阅读答案：Part3参考答案：1. ○42. ○13. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○17. ○48. ○2, 39. ○410. ○211. ○212. ○313. ○214. The first successful plants…Lichens helped create favorable…Seed-bearing plants arrived…托福TPO9阅读翻译：Part3参考翻译：夏威夷植物的到来大约500万年以前，当夏威夷群岛作为火山从海洋中出现的时候，它们与其他大陆相距甚远。

2020年高考英语模拟卷含答案解析(9)

2020年高考英语模拟卷（9）第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

ACrazy-Creative Traditions in SchoolsHere are a few schools’ crazycreative traditions that will probably have you wish to go there so you could celebrate in all the graduation fun. Learn about them all in the below.Attire(服装) and Flowers at College of CharlestonYou fashionista will love this one. During the December ceremony, women wear black dresses and men wear black tuxedos(无尾礼服). During the May ceremony, women wear white dresses and men wear summer tuxedos. It’s also been a tradition since the 1930s to carry flowers onto the stage：women carry bouquets of six red roses in a red bow and men wear a single red rose boutonniere(胸花). So classy!Hoop Rolling at Wellesley CollegeThis allwomen’s college tradition was originally held on May Day, but it’s now held in April. The purpose was to allow students to essentially leave all their worries behind and just participate in some fun games outdoors. Back in the day, it was said that the winner of the hoop rolling race was the first to be married, and in the 1980s she would be the first to be a CEO. Nowadays, the winner would be the first to achieve her own happiness...that is, after being thrown into Lake Waban by all her classmates.Fabric and Green Grad Recycling Program at the University of New HampshireYou’ll absolutely love this tradition. UNH’s vendor provides wrinkleresistant caps and gowns made of recycled plastic bottles. Graduates then have the opportunity to donate their gowns to be cleaned and reused. Graduates are still able to keep their caps and tassels as keepsakes, all while helping to save the environment.1．If you want to participate in the December ceremony, you can choose ________．A．College of CharlestonB．Wellesley CollegeC．University of New HampshireD．Oxford University2．Hoop Rolling at Wellesley College is aimed at enabling the students to ________．A．be a CEO B．have funC．achieve happiness D．be married3．What are UNH’s caps and gowns made of?A．Flowers. B．Silk and cotton.C．Leather. D．Recycled plastic bottles.BWhen I was three years old, I couldn’t speak. It was a strange reality tha t none of the doctors I visited could understand.One day, I was shadowing(尾随) my mother. She found herself looking in a mirror, and through it our eyes met. She began to speak to me through the reflection, and I slowly began to mimic(模仿) her mouth’s mo vements until I formed a word.It turned out that I’m deaf in my left ear, and have a slight problem in my right. Being hard of hearing has been difficult, but I’ve never lived in a state of selfhating sorrow. Imagine being able to shut out all sound as you lay your head down to sleep by simply rolling over onto one side. That’is my reality when I sleep on my good ear，and it makes me feel like a superhero sometimes.People call my deaf side my “bad ear”，but when I wear my hearing aid, I have access to a range of features that som e other deaf people don’t. In cinemas, for example, with one click of a button I can enjoy a whole film as though it we re whispered to me from the mouths of the actors.Owning a hearing aid hasn’t always felt good, however. On the first day I got my aid, when I was eight, I took it to school for show and tell. As I explained how it worked to my classmates, a boy yelled out, “Aren’t those for old men？” At that moment, I felt different. It took a long time for me to get over that sense of being so unlike my peers.But it’s not just schoolkids who can make us deaf and hardofhearing people feel like burdens. Every video on social media that lacks subtitles(字幕), for example, means an entire community of deaf people is unable to enjoy it. Completely deaf people are excluded from enjoying many movies too, as subtitles in cinemas are almost impossible to find.And with hearing aids costing around $2, 500 each, it can be hard for many people to afford to be able to listen to things that others take for granted. As for me, I can listen to music, enjoy films, and catchconversations I’m lucky. I’m deaf, but I can still hear everything. I’ve been blessed with wo nderful life experiences, and I am human. And when it comes to sleeping, I’m even superhuman.4．How does the author view his hearing difficulty?A．It’s a disaster and causes him a lot of trouble.B．It gave him a chance to experience something special.C．It made him feel embarrassed in front of his classmates.D．It helped him to live in his own world without being interrupted.5．What can be inferred from the passage about the author?A．He was born deaf.B．He is optimistic and helpful.C．His family and classmates have supported him a lot.D．The hearing aid brings much convenience to his daily life.6．Wh at is the author’s attitude toward his life?A．Grateful. B．Anxious.C．Excited. D．Disappointed.7．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage?A．To give advice on life to disabled people.B．To show how difficult life is for disabled people.C．To share his experience of treating a disadvantage with gratitude.D．To show the convenience a hearing aid could bring.CIt is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds tend to do less well in the education system. In an attempt to help the children of poor families, a nationwide program called Head Start was started in the US in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into preschool institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help them succeed in school. But the results have been disappointing, because the program began too late. Many children who entered it at three were already behind their peers in language and intelligence and the parents were not involved in the process. At the end of each day, “Head Start” children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment.To improve the results, a nother program was started in Missouri that concentrated on parents as the child’s first teachers. This program was based on research showing that working with the family is the mosteffective way of helping children get the best possible start in life. The four-year study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and represented different socioeconomic statuses, ages and family structures. The program involved trained educators visiting and working with the parent or parents and the child. The program also gave the parents some guidance, and useful skills on child development.At three, the children involved in the Missouri program were evaluated with the children selected from the same socioeconomic backgrounds and family situations. The results were obvious. The children in the program were more advanced in language development, problem solving and other intellectual skills than their peers. They performed equally well regardless of socioeconomic backgrounds or family structures. The one factor that was found to affect the child’s development was the poor quality of parentchild interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.The Missouri program compares quite distinctly with the Head Start program. Without a similar focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational unfairness.8．What caused the failure of the “Head Start” program?A．The large number of poor families.B．The disapproval from children.C．The late start of the program.D．The long period of time.9．What do we know about the “Missouri” program?A．It focused on the children’s first school teachers.B．It helped the children return to the same home.C．It made the children improved in many aspects.D．It gave the parents advice on their development.10．According to the passage, what is like ly to influence children’s performance?A．The number of family members.B．The parent-child communication.C．The intelligence of their parents.D．The teacher-student relationship.11．How does the author develop the passage?A．By listing figures.B．By making comparisons.C．By presenting ideas.D．By drawing conclusions.DIn the story of the Crow and the Pitcher from Aesop’s Fables, a thirsty crow drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. Inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crow. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.However, the birds handled awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously did n’t real ize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.12．How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?A．By breaking the tube.B．By dropping in erasers.C．By standing on the wood.D．By removing the wood.13．What does the underlined part “the birds handled awkwardl y” mean in Paragraph 4?A．They were unable to tell different shapes.B．They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.C．They were not aware of the snack at first sight.D．They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.14．What does the text mainly focus on?A．Stories of Aesop’s Fables.B．The development of crows.C．Crows’ intelligence.D．Human-animal communication.15．What do we know about crows in the passage?A．Crows are almost as clever as first-graders in some aspects.B．Crows understand water displacement completely.C．Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.D．The story of the Crow and the Pitcher lacks evidence.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

2020年托福听力模拟试题及答案(卷九)

2020年托福听力模拟试题及答案（卷九）Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductivematerials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a less effective type of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_CThe Filibuster1 The term filibuster has been in use since the mid-nineteenth century to describe the tactic of delaying legislative action in order to prevent the passage of a bill. The word comes from the Dutch freebooter, or pirate, and most likely developed from the idea that someone conducting a filibuster is trying to steal away the opportunity that proponents of a bill have to make it successful.2 In the earlier history of the U.S. Congress, filibusters were used in both the House of Representatives and in the Senate, but they are now much more a part of the culture of the Senate than of the House. Because the House is a much larger body than is the Senate, the House now has rules which greatly limit the amount of time that each member may speak, which effectively serves to eliminate the filibuster as a mechanism for delaying legislation in the House.3 In the Senate, the smaller of the two bodies, there are now rules that can constrain but not totally eliminate filibusters. The Senate adopted its first cloture rule in 1917, a rule which requires a vote of two-thirds of the Senate to limit debate to one hour on each side. The rule was changed in 1975 and now requires a vote of three-fifths of themembers to invoke cloture in most situations.4 The longest filibuster on record occurred in 1957, when Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina wanted to delay voting on civil rights legislation. The filibuster was conducted for twenty-four hours and 18 minutes on August 28 and 29, when Thurmond held the floor of the Senate by lecturing on the law and reading from court decisions and newspaper columns. It was his hope that this filibuster would rally opponents of civil rights legislation; however, two weeks after the filibuster, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed.14. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that around 1800(A) the first filibuster took place(B) legislative action was never delayed(C) the term filibuster was not in use in the U.S. Congress(D) the Dutch introduced the term freebooter15. It can be determined from paragraph 1 that a freebooter was most likely someone who(A) served in the Senate(B) robbed passing ships(C) enacted legislation(D) served in the Dutch government16. It is implied in paragraph 2 that, in its early years, the House(A) had no rules against filibusters(B) had few filibusters(C) had fewer filibusters than the Senate(D) had the longest filibuster on record17. Based on the information in paragraph 3, a vote of cloture would most likely be used to(A) initiate filibusters(B) break filibusters(C) extend filibusters(D) encourage filibusters18. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 3 that the 1975 rule change(A) increased the number of people needed to vote for cloture(B) made it easier to limit a filibuster(C) covered all types of Senate votes(D) decreased the number of people in the Senate19. It is implied in paragraph 4 that Senator Thurmond was opposed to(A) filibusters(B) lecturing on the law(C) speaking in the Senate(D) the Civil Rights Act of 1957参考答案：14-19：A、B、A、B、DTiger MothsOne of the most beautiful of the more than 100,000 known species in the order Lepidoptera are the tiger moths, moths known for the striking appeal of their distinctive coloration. This type of moth is covered with highly conspicuous orange-and-black or yellow-and-black patterns of spots and stripes. Such boldly patterned color combinations are commonplace in the animal world, serving the function of forewarning potential predators of unpleasant tastes and smells. This is unquestionably the function served by the striking coloration of the garden tiger moth, which is quite visually attractive but is also poisonous to predators. Certain glands in the garden tiger moth produce strong toxins that circulate throughout the insect's bloodstream, while other glands secrete bubbles that produce a noxious warning smell. The tiger moth, indeed, is a clear example of a concept that many predators intuitively understand, that creatures with the brightest coloration are often the least suitable to eat.1. It is implied in the passage about the order Lepidoptera that(A) all members of the order are moths(B) there may be more than 100,000 species in this order(C) all members of the order are brightly colored(D) there are most likely fewer than 100,000 species in this order2. It can be inferred from the passage that the tiger moth was so named because(A) its coloration resembles that of a tiger(B) it is ferocious predator, like the tiger(C) its habitat is the same as the tiger's(D) it is a member of the same scientific classification as the tiger3. What would most likely happen to a predator that wanted to eata tiger moth?(A) The predator would be unable to catch it(B) The predator would capture it by poisoning it.(C) The predator would be unable to find it.(D) The predator would back away from it.4. Which of the following would a predator be most likely to attack successfully?(A) A purple and orange moth(B) A green and blue moth(C) A brown and grey moth(D) A red and yellow moth参考答案：1-4：B、A、D、CIsland Plant LifeIslands are geographical formations that are completely surrounded by water, yet many islands are covered with a rich assortment of plant life. It may seem surprising that so much plant life exists on many islands, yet there are surprisingly simple explanations as to how the vegetation has been able to establish itself there. Some islands were formerly attached to larger bodies of land, while others were created on their own. Islands that were created when flooding or rising water levels cut them off from their neighbors often still have the plant life that they had before they were cut off. In cases where islands formed out of the ocean, they may have plant life from neighboring lands even though they were never actually attached to the neighboring lands. Winds carry many seeds to islands; some plants produce extremely light seeds that can float thousands of feet above the Earth and then drift down to islands where they can sprout and develop. Birds also carry seeds to islands; as birds move over open stretches of water, they can serve as the transportation system to spread seeds from place to place.Answer Choices (choose 3 to complete the chart):(1) Some seeds are able to float great distances in the air.(2) Some plant life existed before islands were cut off from larger bodies of land.(3) Some islands have many different varieties of plants.(4) Birds sometimes carry seeds to islands.(5) Some islands were created when rising water cut them off from larger bodies of land.(6) Some plant seeds are carried to islands by the wind.参考答案：（2）、（4）、（6）Ben and Jerry1 All successful businesses are not established and run in the same way, with formal business plans, traditional organizational structures, and a strong focus on profits. Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, the entrepreneurs responsible for the highly successful ice cream business that bears their names, were businessmen with a rather unconventional approach.2 They were rather unconventional from the start, not choosing to begin their careers by attending one of the elite business schools but instead choosing to take a five-dollar correspondence course from Pennsylvania State University. They had little financial backing to start their business, so they had to cut corners wherever they could; the onlylocation they could afford for the startup of their business was a gas station that they converted to ice cream production. Though this start-up was rather unconventional, they were strongly committed to creating the best ice cream possible, and this commitment to the quality of their product eventually led to considerable success.3 Even though they became extremely successful, they did not convert to a more conventional style of doing business. In an era where companies were measured on every penny of profit that they managed to squeeze out, Ben and Jerry had a strong belief that business should give back to the community; thus, they donated 7.5 percent of their pretax profit to social causes that they believed in. They also lacked the emphasis on executive salary and benefits packages that so preoccupy other corporations, opting instead for a five-to-one policy in which the salary of the employee receiving the highest pay could never be more than five times the salary of the employee receiving the lowest pay.Answer Choices (choose 3 to complete the chart):(1) They each had a personal commitment to social causes.(2) They began their business with little background andinvestment.(3) They believed strongly in producing a very high-quality product.(4) They had a salary structure that limits the salaries of high-level executives.(5) They set aside a noteworthy portion of their profits for social causes.(6) They borrowed several thousand dollars from friends to start their business.参考答案：(2)、(4)、(5)paragraph The Bald Eagle1 When the bald eagle became the national symbol of the United States in 1782, soon after the country was born, it is estimated that there were as many as 75,000 nesting pairs in North America. By the early 1960s, however, the number of nesting pairs had been reduced to only around 450.2 The demise of the bald eagle is generally attributed to the effects of the pesticide DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane). This pesticide was used to kill insects harmful to agriculture, thereby increasing agricultural production. One unintended negative result of the use of DDT was that, while it did get rid of the undesirable insects, it also made its way along the food chain into fish, a favorite food source of the bald eagle.3 The bald eagle is now protected by federal laws. It was originally protected by the Bald Eagle Act of 1940 and later by the Endangered Species Act of 1973. However, it is not just the laws directly related to endangered species that aided in the resurgence of the bald eagle; its resurgence has also been widely attributed to the banning of DDT in 1972. Today there are more than 5,000 pairs of bald eagles, a tenfold increase over the low point of 450, and the bird was removed from the list of endangered species in july, 1999.Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) the numbers of bald eagles were greatly reduced, at least in part due to the effects of a pesticide.(2) The legislation has had a positive effect on the number of bald eagles.(3) The bald eagle was named as the national symbol of the United States in the late eighteenth century.(4) Early in the history of the United States, there were hugenumbers of bald eagles.(5) Two different pieces of legislation that affected the bald eagle were enacted 33 years apart.(6) The federal government enacted legislation specifically designed to protect the bald eagle as well as to outlaw the pesticide DDT.参考答案：(1)、(2)、(4)、(6)Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes,which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：（5）、（7）第二栏：（1）、（3）William Faulkner1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected anddramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries suffered during a fall from a horse.Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim(5) Was considered merely a regional writer(6) Wrote novels about various American regions(7) Made his living as a novelist(8) Made his living with writing other than novels参考答案：第一栏：（2）、（5）、（8）第二栏：（1）、（4）、（7）The Clovis Culture1 Archeologists have found sites all over North America that contain similar tools dating from a period about 12,000 years ago. The culture that developed these tools has been named Clovis after the site near Clovis, New Mexico, where the first tools of this sort were discovered in 1932. The tools are quite sophisticated and are unlike any tools that have been found in the Old World.2 In the years since the first tools of this sort were discovered inNew Mexico, archeologists have discovered Clovis tools in areas ranging from Mexico to Montana in the United States and Nova Scotia in Canada. All of the Clovis finds date from approximately the same period, a fact which suggests that the Clovis spread rapidly throughout the North American continent.3 From the evidence that has been discovered, archeologists have concluded that the Clovis were a mobile culture. They traveled in groups of 40 to 50 individuals, migrating seasonally and returning to the same hunting camps each year. Their population increased rapidly as they spread out over the continent, and they were quite possibly motivated to develop their sophisticated hunting tools to feed their rapidly expanding populace.11. What is stated in paragraph 1 about Clovis tools?(A) They date from around 10,000 B.C.(B) They have been in use for 12,000 years.(C) They have been found at only one location.(D) They were discovered by archeologists hundreds of years ago.12. According to paragraph 1, the town of Clovis(A) is in Mexico(B) was founded in 1932(C) is where all members of the Clovis culture lived(D) is where the first remnants of an ancient culture were found13. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the tools found near Clovis, New Mexico, were(A) very rudimentary(B) similar to others found prior to 1932(C) rather advanced(D) similar to some found in Africa and Europe14. According to paragraph 2, what conclusion have archeologists drawn from the Clovis finds?(A) That the Clovis tended to remain in one place(B) That the Clovis expanded relatively quickly(C) That the Clovis lived throughout the world(D) That the Clovis were a seafaring culture15. It is mentioned in paragraph 3 that it is believed that the Clovis(A) lived in familial groups of four or five people(B) had a relatively stable population(C) lived only in New Mexico(D) spent summers and winters in different places参考答案：11-15：A、D、C、B、DThe Postage Stamp1 The postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage was first proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled"Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that postal rates should not be based on the distance that a letter or package travels but should instead be based on the weight of the letter or package and that fees for postal services should be collected in advance of the delivery, rather than after, through the use of postage stamps.2 The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be separated with scissors and provided enough postage for a letter weighing 14 grams or less to any destination. In 1843, Brazil was the next nation to produce national postage stamps, and various areas in what is today Switzerland also produced postage stamps later in the same year. Postage stamps in five-and ten-cent denominations were first approved by the U.S. Congress in 1847, and by 1860 postage stamps were being issued in more than 90 governmental jurisdictions worldwide.6. According to paragraph 1, postage stamps were first suggested(A) in the first half of the eighteenth century(B) in the second half of the eighteenth century(C) in the first half of the nineteenth century(D) in the second half of the nineteenth century7. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that Sir Rowland Hill believed that postage fees(A) should be paid by the sender(B) should be related to distance(C) should have nothing to do with how heavy a package is(D) should be collected after the package is delivered8. What is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A) It was designed by Queen Victoria.(B) It contained a drawing of a black penny.(C) It was produced in sheets of 14 stamps.(D) It could be used to send a lightweight letter.9. According to paragraph 2, Brazil introduced postage stamps(A) before England(B) before Switzerland(C) after the United States(D) after Switzerland10. It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that in 1847(A) postage stamps were in use in 90 different countries(B) it cost fifteen cents to mail a letter in the United States(C) two different denominations of postage stamps were introduced in the United States(D) the U.S. Congress introduced the "penny black" stamp参考答案：6-10：A、A、D、B、CLake Baikal1 Crescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in length and 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds one-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more than the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in spite of its less-than-impressive area because it is by far the world's deepest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point, is more than 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) deep.2 Lake Baikal, which today is located near the center of the Asian peninsula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the deepest of the world's lakes.1. What is stated in paragraph 1 about the shape of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider than it is long.(B) It is circular in shape.(C) Its width is one-half of its length.(D) It is shaped like a new moon.2. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less than the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater than the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great Lakes3. According to paragraph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds one-fifth of the world's water(B) holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C) holds one-ninth of the world's water(D) holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water4. According to paragraph 1, the Olkhon Crevice is(A) outside of Lake Baikal(B) 400 meters below sea level(C) the deepest part of Lake Baikal(D) 5,000 meters deep5. It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that Lake Baikal(A) is not as old as some other lakes(B) formed when sections of the Earth were moving away from each other(C) was fully formed 25 million years ago(D) is today located on the edge of the Asian peninsula参考答案：1-5：D、A、D、C、BNew World EpidemicsA huge loss of life resulted from the introduction of Old World diseases into the Americas in the early sixteenth century. The inhabitants of the Americas were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe by rising oceans following the Ice Ages, and, as a result, they were isolated by means of this watery barrier from numerous virulent epidemic diseases that had developed across the ocean, such as measles, smallpox, pneumonia, and malaria. Pre-Columbian Americans had a relatively disease-free environment but also lacked the antibodies needed to protect them from bacteria and viruses brought to America by European explorers and colonists. A devastating outbreak of disease the strikes for the first time against a completely unprotected population is known as a virgin soil epidemic. Virgin soil epidemics contributed to an unbelievable decline in the population of native inhabitants of the Americas, one that has been estimated at as much as an 80 percent decrease of the native population in the centuries following the arrival of Europeans in the Americas.10. The word they in the passage refers to(A) the inhabitants(B) epidemic diseases(C) rising oceans(D) the Ice Ages11. The word that in the passage refers to(A) a disease-free environment(B) this watery barrier(C) virulent epidemic diseases(D) the ocean12. The world them in the passage refers to(A) pre-Columbian Americans(B) the antibodies(C) bacteria and viruses(D) European explorers and colonists13. The word one in the passage refers to(A) a virgin soil epidemic(B) an unbelievable decline(C) the population of native inhabitants(D) the arrival of Europeans参考答案：10-13：A、C、A、B。

TPO9阅读详细答案

THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII1. at random随机，所以D的without definite pattern无固定模式正确，原句说spore 能够被风搬运到很远的地方，并且怎么样散落到mountain flank，风吹的东西明显不可能很确定。

A最后B很久C成功都没有体现出风搬运的特点，错2. 以lichen, fungus和algae做关键词定位至第三句以后，说algae捕获太阳能并储存，而fungi从土壤中吸收矿物质，滋养algae。

问的是fungi如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A正确。

B虽然提到sun，但不是保护，注意不要错选；C和D都没说3. 原文说岛上最早的生物是能够symbiosis的，然后解释了symbiosis。

A说最早的symbiosis，原文说最早的生物，所以A偷换概念，错；原文说生物能symbiosis，然后才说symbiosis很重要，B遗漏信息，错；C正确；D完全改变了原文的结构，错4. abundantly充足地，充分地，所以B的plentifully正确。

原句说lichens加快了岩石的分解，怎么样提供了岩石中的mineral，岩石分解了，岩石中的矿物会分散到土壤中，肯定就多了。

A的occasionally说反；C和D完全不靠谱5. propagate繁殖，推广，所以multiply正确。

原句说这些植物通过产生小的spore 来干嘛，对spore的解释是小的细胞，包含making a new plant的所有必要信息，从making a new plant看出是繁殖的意思，B出现C生存D进化都不对6. 以lichen和fern做关键词定位至前两句，说lichen分解了岩石，准备了富含矿物质的土壤，接着其他的植物就来了，然后就出现了fern，所以lichen对fern的作用是提供适合生长的土壤，A正确。

B错，原文说decomposition的不是fern，是岩石；C和D都没说7. this指代之前的整个句子，就近原则看后半句，说另外一个flora在地球上进化出来，冒号之后就是那个flora，所以后面的那个this应该指的是这个flora的进化，答案D。

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2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九）
托福阅读文本：
The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.
In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch.
Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.
The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.
After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The woman also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.
托福阅读题目：
1. Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage
mainly discuss?
(A) Methods of food preservation
(B) How diet was restricted by the environment
(C) The contributions of women to the food supply
(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms
2. The word "unique" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) comprehensible
(B) productive
(C) intentional
(D) particular
3. The word "attained" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) achieved
(B) modified
(C) demanded
(D) spread
4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is
(A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers
(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers
(C) more widespread than that of hunters and foragers
(D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers
5.According to the passage , what is true of the "division of labor" mentioned in line 5?
(A) It was first developed by NativeAmericans of the north Pacific Coast.
(B) It rarely existed among hunting
(C) It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared with many other
peoples.
(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly。