外文翻译：手动变速器如何工作
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器的工作原理手动变速器是汽车传动系统中的重要部件，它通过改变齿轮的组合来实现车辆的不同速度和转矩输出。
在汽车行驶过程中，手动变速器的工作原理对于车辆的性能和燃油经济性有着重要的影响。
下面我们来详细了解手动变速器的工作原理。
手动变速器由输入轴、输出轴、齿轮组、离合器和换挡机构等部件组成。
当驾驶员踩下离合器踏板时，离合器分离输入轴和输出轴，使发动机与变速器脱离连接。
而当离合器踏板松开时，发动机与变速器重新连接，传递动力。
在手动变速器中，齿轮组的工作原理是核心。
齿轮组由不同大小的齿轮组成，通过齿轮的组合来实现不同的变速比。
当驾驶员换挡时，换挡机构会使得不同的齿轮组合参与传动，从而改变车辆的速度和转矩输出。
手动变速器的工作原理可以用一个简单的例子来解释。
当车辆需要爬坡时，驾驶员可以通过换挡机构将变速器换入低速档，这样可以提供更大的转矩输出，帮助车辆顺利爬坡。
而当车辆需要高速行驶时，驾驶员可以将变速器换入高速档，这样可以提供更高的车速。
除了换挡机构外，手动变速器还有倒档和空挡等功能。
倒档是用于倒车的功能，当驾驶员将换挡机构置于倒档位置时，齿轮组会使车辆朝相反方向行驶。
而空挡则是将发动机与变速器脱离连接，车辆处于滑行状态，适用于临时停车等情况。
手动变速器的工作原理在实际驾驶中有着重要的意义。
驾驶员需要根据路况和车速合理地选择变速档位，以保证车辆的性能和燃油经济性。
同时，在使用手动变速器时，驾驶员需要注意换挡时的顺畅性，避免过快或过慢的换挡造成车辆行驶不稳定。
总之，手动变速器通过离合器和齿轮组的协同工作，实现了车辆的不同速度和转矩输出。
了解手动变速器的工作原理有助于驾驶员更好地掌握车辆的驾驶技巧，提高行驶安全性和燃油经济性。
希望本文能帮助读者更深入地了解手动变速器的工作原理。
外文翻译：手动变速器概述
Manual transmissionManual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car V olkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual geartransmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue again Control：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages：transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power手动变速器手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。
The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。
该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。
这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。
DIPL.-ING。
THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。
持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。
这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。
由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。
因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。
这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。
变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。
这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。
虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。
这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。
由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。
后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器是一种常见的机械装置，用于控制汽车的传动比例。
它的主要工作原理可以简单地归纳为以下几个步骤：
1. 输入轴：手动变速器连接到发动机的输入轴，将发动机的动力传递给变速器。
2. 齿轮系统：手动变速器内部包含一组不同大小的齿轮，这些齿轮通过不同的组合来实现不同的传动比例。
这些齿轮根据其大小的不同来决定车辆的速度和扭矩。
3. 离合器：手动变速器的一部分是离合器，它用于断开或连接输入轴和传动轴之间的机械连接。
通过踩下离合器踏板，驾驶员可以使发动机和变速器之间的连接断开，从而实现换档操作。
4. 换挡杆：手动变速器配备有一个换挡杆，它允许驾驶员选择不同的齿轮组合。
通过移动换挡杆，驾驶员可以改变齿轮之间的机械连接，从而改变传动比例。
5. 输出轴：手动变速器的输出轴将动力传递给车辆的驱动轮。
根据所选的齿轮组合，输出轴的旋转速度和扭矩会相应地改变。
总的来说，手动变速器通过齿轮组合和离合器的操作，实现了不同的传动比例和换挡操作，从而使驾驶员能够根据需要调整车辆的速度和扭矩输出。
外文翻译-手动变速器
附录附录A.Manual TransmissionIt’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work?A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic――such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup――the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox．We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a loo k at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the transmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and a transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears inside the transmission change the vehicle’s drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque．Lower(numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standstill.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmissions and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or countersha ft gear――a series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any time the clutch is engaged to a running engine，whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basic――and now obsolete――sliding-gear type，nothing is turning inside the transmission case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaft, which is mounted directly above the clust er. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engine’s power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds.All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However，all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub that’s positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving shift linkage moves the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully "synchronized" manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typically consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates，lock rings（or springs）and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings，the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment.A synchro’s inner hub and sleeve are made of steel, but the blocking ring――the partof the synchro that rubs on the gear to change its speed――is usually made of a softer material, such as brass. The blocking ring has teeth that match the teeth on the dog clutch. Most synchros perform double duty――they push the synchro in one direction and lock one gear to the mainshaft. Push the synchro the other way and it disengages from the first gear, passes through a neutral position, and engages a gear on the other side.That’s the basics on the inner workings of a manual transmission. As for advances, they have been extensive over the years, mainly in the area of additional gears. Back in the 60’s, four-speeds were common in American and European performance cars．Most of these transmissions had 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are standard on practically all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.Overdrive is an arrangement of gearing that provides more revolutions of the driven shaft（the driveshaft going to the wheels）than the driving shaft（crankshaft of the engine）. For example, a transmission with a fourth-gear ratio of 1:1 and a fifth-gear ratio of 0.70:1 will reduce engine rpm by 30 percent, while the vehicle maintains the same road speed. Thus, fuel efficiency will improve and engine wear will be notably reduced. Today, six-speed transmissions are becoming more and more common. One of the first cars sold in America with a six-speed was the ’89 Corvette. D esigned by Chevrolet and Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen（ZF）and built by ZF in Germany, this tough-as-nails six-speed was available in the Corvette up to the conclusion of the ’96 model year. Today，the Corvette uses a Tremec T56 six-speed mounted at the back of the car.Many cars are available today with six-speeds, including the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster S and 911, Dodge Viper, Mercedes-Benz SLK320, Honda S2000, Toyota Celica GT-S and many others. Some of these gearboxes provide radical 50-percent (0.50:1) sixth-gear overdrives such as in the Viper and Corvette, while others provide tightly spaced gear ratios like in the S2000 and Celica for spirited backroad performance driving. While the bigger cars mentioned above such as the Viper and Vette often have two overdrive ratios（fifth and sixth）the smaller cars like the Celica and S2000 usually have one overdriven gear ratio（sixth) and fifth is 1:1.Clearly a slick-shifting manual transmission is one of the main components in a fun-to-drive car, along with a powerful engine，confidence-inspiring suspension and competent brakes.附录B.手动变速器相对于自动变速箱的车手动变速箱汽车开起来有更好的驾驶乐趣这是众所周知的。
手动变速器-工作原理
手动变速器-工作原理
手动变速器是一种用于汽车传动系统的机械装置，具有多个不同的齿轮比。
它的工作原理如下：
1. 车辆驱动力传递给引擎，引擎产生动力。
2. 动力通过离合器传递给变速器。
3. 变速器内部包含主轴和从轴，主轴与引擎相连，而从轴与驱动轮相连。
齿轮通过齿轮轴与主轴或从轴相连。
4. 在启动车辆时，车辆处于空挡，离合器踏板踩下，动力无法传递到驱动轮。
5. 踩下离合器踏板后，将换挡杆从空挡位置移到目标档位。
使用手动变速器时，通常有5个或6个档位可供选择。
6. 当离合器踏板松开时，离合器片离合器压盘紧密接合。
此时，动力从引擎传递到主轴，通过相应的齿轮传递到从轴。
7. 随着车速的增加和引擎转速的改变，驾驶员可以通过选择不同的档位来改变齿轮比。
较低的齿轮比提供更高的扭矩，适用于加速或爬坡。
而较高的齿轮比则提供更高的速度，适用于高速行驶。
8. 在变速时，驾驶员使用离合器来断开引擎和变速器之间的连接。
随后，他们通过变速杆将车辆从当前档位换到另一个档位。
然后，他们松开离合器踏板，使离合器片与压盘接合并传递动力。
9. 重复上述步骤，驾驶员可以根据需要不断改变齿轮比，以适应不同的行驶条件和驾驶风格。
综上所述，手动变速器通过选择不同的齿轮比，将引擎输出的动力传递到驱动轮，从而使驾驶员能够控制车辆的速度和扭矩。
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器：
1. 什么是手动变速器
手动变速器是汽车变速箱的一种，它使汽车能够调节速度、变换档位
并调整驱动力，以满足不同情境下的引擎和车辆的要求。
2. 手动变速器的结构
手动变速器的结构通常由输入轴、出口轴和转换系统组成。
输入轴与
发动机连接，接收发动机提供的动力；出口轴将这股动力传递给车轮，从而移动车辆；转换系统包括档杆、档簧、档块、小齿轮等部件，能
够改变变速器的档位，使车辆的行驶速度更灵活、更迅速。
3. 手动变速器的工作原理
当汽车启动时，发动机将动力传递给变速箱输入轴，进而经过转换系统，其他动力元件如同步轴、啮合轮和差速器等都会受到影响，从而
引起汽车的行为变化，使车辆在不同速度更改情况下，能够表现出更
佳的性能。
此外，变速器还可以提升汽车的整体动力性能，以便使汽
车能够以更高的速度行驶。
4. 手动变速器的优缺点
优点：
(1) 手动变速器的对照、操作比较简单，也比较容易理解；
(2) 手动变速器具有节能和节资的特点，能够减少汽车的油耗；
(3) 手动变速器的表现比自动变速器更加灵活和敏捷，它能手动调节汽车的行为；
(4) 手动变速器可以减少汽车的维护成本。
缺点：
(1) 手动变速器在占据汽车内部空间和质量上比自动变速器要大，并且需要额外的驾驶技能；
(2) 手动变速器会让汽车在换挡过程中产生较大的震动，有时可能会影响到换档的准确性，而没有这样的问题；
(3) 有时当汽车拥有长时间的坡路开车过程时，手动换挡可能会给司机带来不便，容易出现拉挂的情况；
(4) 由于操作者的能力有限或者换档过程频繁，变速器受到细微损坏可能性较高。
汽车手动变速器实训报告
一、实习目的与要求本次实习旨在让学生掌握汽车手动变速器的结构、工作原理、拆装方法及注意事项，提高学生的动手能力，为今后从事汽车维修和保养工作打下基础。
二、实习内容1. 手动变速器概述手动变速器（Manual Transmission，简称MT）是一种通过驾驶员手动操作变速杆来改变传动比，从而实现变速的装置。
手动变速器主要由壳体、传动组件、操纵组件等组成。
2. 手动变速器结构及工作原理（1）手动变速器结构手动变速器主要由以下几部分组成：①壳体：壳体是变速器的骨架，用于容纳和固定其他部件。
②传动组件：传动组件包括输入轴、输出轴、齿轮、同步器等。
③操纵组件：操纵组件包括变速杆、换挡拉杆、拨叉等。
（2）手动变速器工作原理手动变速器的工作原理是通过拨动变速杆，切换中间轴上的主动齿轮，通过大小不同的齿轮组合与动力输出轴结合，从而改变驱动轮的转矩和转速。
3. 手动变速器拆装方法及注意事项（1）手动变速器拆装方法①拆下变速器上盖，观察变速器内部结构。
②拆下变速器后盖，取出调整垫片和密封圈。
③拆下换挡杆、换挡拉杆、拨叉等操纵组件。
④拆下传动组件，包括输入轴、输出轴、齿轮、同步器等。
⑤清洗各部件，检查磨损情况。
⑥根据实际情况，更换磨损部件。
⑦按照拆卸相反顺序，安装各部件。
（2）手动变速器拆装注意事项①拆装过程中，注意保持各部件的清洁和完整。
②拆卸时，注意观察各部件的安装位置和连接方式。
③使用专用工具，避免损坏零件。
④拆装过程中，注意安全，防止意外伤害。
⑤拆装完成后，检查各部件是否安装正确，确保变速器正常工作。
三、实习过程及心得体会1. 实习过程本次实习，我们按照实习指导书的要求，进行了手动变速器的拆装实训。
在实习过程中，我们首先了解了手动变速器的结构和工作原理，然后按照拆装方法，拆装了变速器。
在拆装过程中，我们遇到了一些困难，但在老师和同学的指导下，我们克服了困难，完成了实习任务。
2. 心得体会通过本次实习，我对手动变速器的结构、工作原理、拆装方法及注意事项有了更深入的了解。
手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器是机动车辆中常用的变速器，是将发动机的输出转矩和车轮的实际行驶速度进行转换的装置，它的作用是使发动机的输出转矩适应变化的车轮的行驶速度，从而使车辆能够顺利行驶。
手动变速器有几个主要组成部分，例如变速箱、动力轴、变速器、齿轮和桥。
其中，动力轴连接发动机和变速箱，变速器安装在变速箱中，由多个齿轮组成，桥是连接变速器和车轮的重要元件。
变速箱负责将发动机轴上的动力传递给变速器，同时保持变速器及其内部零部件在一定的润滑状态。
变速器由一系列的内外齿轮组成，它是主要的变速元件。
内齿轮与外齿轮的尺寸和啮合方式决定了桥和车轮之间的传动比，以及转矩的输出。
桥由一系列齿轮配合而成，桥和主轴之间的连接方式决定车轮所能实际行驶的最低速度和最高速度。
手动变速器的具体工作原理如下：连接变速器和发动机的动力轴上的转矩先通过变速箱和变速器的内部齿轮传输给变速器，然后由变速器的内齿轮和外齿轮进行相应的转矩转换，转换后的转矩再被传递给桥，最后桥的齿轮连接到主轴，将传动比传递给车轮，达到变速的效果。
当发动机给定的输出转矩传输到变速箱和变速器上时，根据操纵者按动换挡拨片，有不同的变速齿轮会带动变速器内齿轮、外齿轮和桥上的其它齿轮发生相应的运动，使变速器内部齿轮之间和车轮之间的传动比发生变化，从而实现车轮的不同速度。
所以，由于变速器的作用，使发动机在维持低速度下的功率能够极大的提高，也就使车辆的行驶平稳安全，并且能在相同的发动机功率下行驶不同的距离，从而提高汽车的能耗效率。
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器的工作原理
手动变速器是一种机械装置，用于改变发动机输出转矩的传输比，以适应不同的行驶工况和车速要求。
它由多个齿轮组成，可以手动选择不同的齿轮组合来实现不同的车速。
手动变速器的工作原理如下：
1. 输入轴：输入轴连接到发动机，将发动机的转动力矩传递给变速器。
2. 输出轴：输出轴连接到驱动轮，将变速器输出的动力传递给车轮。
3. 齿轮组：手动变速器由一系列齿轮组成，包括主轴和从动轴。
主轴上有多个齿轮，并与发动机输入轴相连。
从动轴上也有多个齿轮，并与输出轴相连。
4. 操作杆：操作杆用于手动选择相应的齿轮组合。
通过移动操作杆，可以将主轴上的不同齿轮与从动轴上的齿轮相连，从而改变输出的传输比例。
5. 离合器：手动变速器还配备有离合器机构，用于将发动机与变速器分离，以实现换挡和停车。
在使用手动变速器时，驾驶员通过操作离合器和操作杆来选择适当的齿轮组合，从而实现不同的传输比例。
较低的齿轮比能够提供更大的扭矩输出，适用于起步和爬坡等高负荷工况。
而
较高的齿轮比则可以提供更高的车速，适用于平路行驶和高速巡航。
总而言之，手动变速器通过合理选择齿轮组合，使发动机输出的力矩通过不同的齿轮之间的传递和减速，适应不同的行驶条件和车速需求。
手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器是一种传动装置，用于改变发动机的转速和车轮的转速之间的关系，以在不同的道路和驾驶条件下提供合适的动力和速度。
其工作原理如下：
1. 手动变速器通常由一系列齿轮组成，这些齿轮根据车辆的需求来传递动力和控制转速。
2. 变速器的主要部分是输入轴和输出轴，其中输入轴连接着发动机，输出轴连接着车轮。
发动机的动力通过输入轴传递到齿轮系统中。
3. 变速器通过多个齿轮的组合来改变输出轴的速度和力矩。
不同的齿轮比可以提供不同的速度和转矩输出。
4. 齿轮之间的换挡操作通过离合器的控制来完成。
离合器可以连接或断开发动机和变速器之间的动力传递。
5. 在换挡时，驾驶员通过操作离合器和换挡杆来选择合适的齿轮。
当离合器踏板踩下时，发动机的动力不再传递到齿轮系统中，此时可以进行换挡操作。
6. 一旦换挡杆移动到目标齿轮的位置，驾驶员释放离合器踏板，使其连接发动机和变速器，实现换挡。
此时，发动机的动力重新传递到齿轮系统，输出轴的速度和力矩发生相应的变化。
通过操作离合器和换挡杆，驾驶员可以根据驾驶需求和道路条件选择合适的齿轮比，以实现理想的动力和速度输出。
手动变速箱的工作原理控制形式
手动变速器，也称手动挡，英文全称为manual transmission，简称MT，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。
踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆。
手动变速箱的工作原理手动变速箱是有不同齿比的齿轮组构成的，它工作的基本原理就是通过切换不同的齿轮组，来实现齿比的变换。
作为分配动力的关键环节，变速箱必须有动力输入轴和输出轴这两大件，再加上构成变速箱的齿轮，就是一个手动变速箱最基本的组件。
动力输入轴与离合器相连，从离合器传递来的动力直接通过输入轴传递给齿轮组，齿轮组是由直径不同的齿轮组成的，不同的齿轮比例所达到的动力传输效果是完全不同的，平常驾驶中的换挡也就是指换齿轮比。
『手动变速箱原理』接下来，让我们通过一个简单的模型来给大家讲讲，手动变速箱换挡的原理。
下图是一个简易的3轴2挡变速箱的结构模型。
输入轴（绿色）也叫第一轴，通过离合器和发动机相连，轴和上面的齿轮是一个硬连接的部件。
红色齿轮轴叫做中间轴。
输入轴和中间轴的两个齿轮是处于常啮合状态的，因此当输入轴旋转时就会带动中间轴的旋转。
黄色则是输出轴，它也叫第二轴直接和驱动轴相连（只针对后轮驱动，前驱一般为两轴），再通过差速器来驱动汽车。
当车轮转动时同样会带着花键轴一起转动，此时，轴上的蓝色齿轮可以在花键轴上发生相对自由转动。
因此，在发动机停止，而车轮仍在转动时，蓝色齿轮和中间轴出在静止状态，而花键轴则随车轮转动。
这个原理和自行车后轴的飞轮很相似。
蓝色齿轮和花键轴是由套筒来连接的，套筒随着花键轴转动，但同时也可以在花键轴上左右自由滑动来啮合齿轮。
说完这些，换挡的过程就很好理解了，当套筒和蓝色齿轮相连时，发动机的动力就会通过中间轴传递到输出轴上，在这同时，左边的蓝色齿轮也在自由旋转，但由于没有和套筒啮合，所以它不对花键轴产生影响。
而如果套筒在两个蓝色齿轮之间时，变速箱在空挡位置，此时两个蓝色齿轮都在花键轴上自由转动，互不干涉。
手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器（Manual Transmission）是汽车的重要配件，它可以将发动机的输出功率调节到合适的车辆转速，从而满足不同路况和负载需求。
它的工作原理是：通过离合器和换挡器将发动机的输出功率转换成不同的车辆转速。
手动变速器的结构一般包括发动机、换挡器、离合器和车轮。
发动机的输出功率通过离合器传递到换挡器，换挡器再将功率传递到车轮，实现车辆的运动。
发动机的输出功率是不断变化的，而换挡器的作用是将发动机的输出功率转换成合适的车辆转速，并实现车辆的变速功能。
换挡器一般由档位齿轮、换挡齿轮、换挡杆、换挡把手等组成，档位齿轮可以改变换挡齿轮之间的传动比，从而调整车辆的变速比。
离合器是一种可控制的机械设备，它可以控制发动机和车轮之间的联系，当操纵换挡把手找到合适的档位时，离合器会将发动机的输出功率传递到换挡器，换挡器再将功率传递到车轮，实现车辆的运动。
车轮将换挡器传递的功率转换成车辆的运动，车轮的转速受到换挡器的调节，从而实现车辆的变速功能。
总之，手动变速器是一种将发动机的输出功率调节到合适的车辆转
速，从而满足不同路况和负载需求的机械设备。
它的工作原理是：通过离合器和换挡器将发动机的输出功率转换成不同的车辆转速，由车轮将换挡器传递的功率转换成车辆的运动，从而实现车辆的变速功能。
手动变速器 原理
手动变速器原理手动变速器是汽车输送动力的装置，通过它可以改变汽车发动机和车轮之间的传动比，实现不同车速和牵引力的要求。
它的主要工作原理是通过变速器内部的齿轮组和离合器来实现不同车速的调节。
下面我们将从变速器的结构和工作原理两个方面来详细介绍手动变速器的工作原理。
首先，我们来介绍手动变速器的结构。
手动变速器通常包括输入轴、输出轴、齿轮组、离合器和操作机构等组成部分。
其中，输入轴连接着发动机，当发动机转动时，输入轴也随之转动。
输出轴则连接着车轮，它负责将传动力作用在车轮上。
齿轮组包括一系列不同齿数的齿轮，它们通过齿轮轴固定在变速器壳体内，通过不同齿数的齿轮组合，可以实现不同的传动比。
离合器安装在输入轴和齿轮组之间，它在起到连接输入轴和齿轮组的作用时，可以实现传动；在分离输入轴和齿轮组时，可以实现变速器的空档状态。
操作机构则是通过操纵离合器和齿轮组之间的连接方式，来实现不同挡位的调节。
手动变速器的工作原理如下。
当我们操纵离合器时，离合器会分离输入轴和齿轮组的连接，这时变速器处于空档状态。
当我们踩下离合器踏板时，输入轴不再传递动力到齿轮组，车辆就处于空档状态，可以自由推动。
当我们松开离合器踏板时，离合器回复连接状态，输入轴的动力通过变速器的齿轮组传递给输出轴，实现车辆的运动。
当我们通过操作机构将离合器与齿轮组连接时，就可以实现不同挡位的调节。
根据齿轮组的不同组合，可以实现不同的传动比，从而实现不同车速和牵引力的调节。
手动变速器的工作原理就是通过操作离合器和齿轮组的连接方式，来实现不同挡位的切换，从而改变输入轴和输出轴之间的传动比，从而改变车辆的车速和牵引力。
不仅如此，手动变速器还可以通过操作机构实现倒挡、倒车挡等功能，提高了汽车的灵活性和多功能性。
在实际操作中，通过操纵离合器和操作机构，可以实现不同挡位的转换，从而满足不同路况和驾驶要求。
例如，在起步时可以选择低挡位，以获得更大的牵引力；在高速行驶时可以选择高挡位，以获得更高的车速和更低的燃油消耗。
汽车手动变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录外文文献Manual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car Volkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual gear transmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue again Control：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages： transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power附录外文文献的中文翻译手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。
汽车制造与装配技术《课件：手动变速器的工作》
• device n装置，设备; • 译文：变速器是一个安装在汽车发动机和车
轮间某个位置上的变换速度和动力的装置 。
第一页，共九页。
• Two tyission are the manual and the automatic
• Contemotive manual transmissions are generally available with four to si forward gears and one reverse gear, although manual transmissions have been built with as few as two and as many as eight gears
第七页，共九页。
第八页，共九页。
内容总结
A transmission is a se point between the engine and driving wheels of the vehicle
第九页，共九页。
• 译文：变速器可以分为手动式和自动式两种 。
第二页，共九页。
• The gear shift mechanism consists of a lever, shift fors shaft, shift fors, locs and a reverse speed safety device
• 译文：齿轮换挡装置包括换档杆、拨叉轴、 换档拨叉、保持架、换档锁和倒档平安装置 。
第五页，共九页。
• Ⅱ Translate the following sentences into English
手动挡工作原理
手动挡工作原理
手动挡（又称手动变速器）是一种车辆传动系统，其工作基于驾驶员手动操作离合器和变速器来实现换挡。
在手动挡车辆中，离合器是关键部件。
离合器连接发动机和变速器，使得发动机的动力可以传递给车轮。
当驾驶员用脚操作离合器踏板时，离合器会分离发动机与变速器之间的连接，并断开发动机的输出动力，使得车辆可以停车或者换挡。
变速器是手动挡的另一个重要组成部分。
变速器能够改变发动机输出动力的转速，并将其传递到车轮上。
手动挡车辆通常配备有多个速度档，驾驶员可以根据需求选择适当的挡位。
通过操作换挡杆，可以切换到不同的挡位，从而改变发动机输出转速和驱动力的大小。
换挡的过程中，驾驶员必须先离合，然后才能切换挡位。
当需要换挡时，驾驶员会将离合器踏板踩下，断开发动机输出动力的连接。
之后，使用换挡杆将变速器切换到目标挡位，并逐渐松开离合器踏板，使得发动机输出动力重新连接到变速器，实现换挡。
换挡的顺畅与否取决于驾驶员的操作技巧和配合度。
总而言之，手动挡的工作原理是通过驾驶员手动操作离合器和变速器，来实现发动机动力的传递和转速的调整，从而实现换挡和车辆驱动的控制。
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How Manual Transmissions WorkIf you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your head.How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter?When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode?In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual transmission.Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline engine. First, any engine has a redline --a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without exploding. Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their maximum. For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 rpm. The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows down. You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best performance.Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm value. That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT).A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear ratios. In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production automobiles. These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more common. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT.The transmission is connected to the engine through the clutch. The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine.A five-speed transmission applies one of five different gear ratios to the input shaft to produce a different rpm value at the output shaft.A Very Simple TransmissionTo understand the basic idea behind a standard transmission, the diagram below showsa very simple two-speed transmission in neutral:Let's look at each of the parts in this diagram to understand how they fit together:The green shaft comes from the engine through the clutch. The green shaft and green gear are connected as a single unit. (The clutch is a device that lets you connect and disconnect the engine and the transmission. When you push in the clutch pedal, the engine and the transmission are disconnected so the engine can run even if the car is standing still. When you release the clutch pedal, the engine and the green shaft are directly connected to one another. The green shaft and gear turn at the same rpm as the engine.)The red shaft and gears are called the layshaft. These are also connected as a single piece, so all of the gears on the layshaft and the layshaft itself spin as one unit. The green shaft and the red shaft are directly connected through their meshed gears so that if the green shaft is spinning, so is the red shaft. In this way, the layshaft receives its power directly from the engine whenever the clutch is engaged.The yellow shaft is a splined shaft that connects directly to the drive shaft through the differential to the drive wheels of the car. If the wheels are spinning, the yellow shaft is spinning.The blue gears ride on bearings, so they spin on the yellow shaft. If the engine is off but the car is coasting, the yellow shaft can turn inside the blue gears while the blue gears and the layshaft are motionless.Now, let's see what happens when you shift into first gear.First GearIn this picture, the green shaft from the engine turns the layshaft, which turns the blue gear on the right. This gear transmits its energy through the collar to drive the yellow drive shaft. Meanwhile, the blue gear on the left is turning, but it is freewheeling on its bearing so it has no effect on the yellow shaft.When the collar is between the two gears (as shown in the first figure), the transmission is in neutral. Both of the blue gears freewheel on the yellow shaft at the different rates controlled by their ratios to the layshaft.From this discussion, you can answer several questions:When you make a mistake while shifting and hear a horrible grinding sound, you are not hearing the sound of gear teeth mis-meshing. As you can see in these diagrams, all gear teeth are all fully meshed at all times. The grinding is the sound of the dog teeth trying unsuccessfully to engage the holes in the side of a blue gear.The transmission shown here does not have "synchros" (discussed later in the article), so if you were using this transmission you would have to double-clutch it. Double-clutching was common in older cars and is still common in some modern race cars. In double-clutching, you first push the clutch pedal in once to disengage the engine from the transmission. This takes the pressure off the dog teeth so you can move the collar into neutral. Then you release the clutch pedal and rev the engine to the "right speed." The right speed is the rpm value at which the engine should be running in the next gear. The idea is to get the blue gear of the next gear and the collar rotating at the same speed so that the dog teeth can engage. Then you push the clutch pedal in again and lock the collar into the new gear. At every gear change you have to press and release the clutch twice, hence the name "double-clutching."You can also see how a small linear motion in the gear shift knob allows you to change gears. The gear shift knob moves a rod connected to the fork. The fork slides the collar on the yellow shaft to engage one of two gears.In the next section, we'll take a look at a real transmission.A Real TransmissionThere are three forks controlled by three rods that are engaged by the shift lever. Looking at the shift rods from the top, they look like this in reverse, first and second gear: Keep in mind that the shift lever has a rotation point in the middle. When you push the knob forward to engage first gear, you are actually pulling the rod and fork for first gear back.You can see that as you move the shifter left and right you are engaging different forks (and therefore different collars). Moving the knob forward and backward moves the collar to engage one of the gears。