变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
自动变速器的工作原理外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
How Automatic Transmissions Workby Karim NiceIntroduction to How Automatic Transmissions WorkIf you have ever driven a car with an automatic transmission, then you know that there are two big differences between an automatic transmission and a manual transmission:There is no clutch pedal in an automatic transmission car.There is no gear shift in an automatic transmission car. Once you put the transmission into drive, everything else is automatic.Both the automatic transmission (plus its torque converter) and a manual transmission (with its clutch) accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. It turns out that the way an automatic transmission does it is absolutely amazing!Automatic Transmission Image GalleryIn this article, we'll work our way through an automatic transmission. We'll start with the key to the whole system: planetary gearsets. Then we'll see how the transmission is put together, learn how the controls work and discuss some of the intricacies involved in controlling a transmission.Just like that of a manual transmission, the automatic transmission's primary job is to allow the engine to operate in its narrow range of speeds while providing a wide range of output speeds.Photo courtesy DaimlerChryslerMercedes-Benz CLK, automatic transmission, cut-away modelWithout a transmission, cars would be limited to one gear ratio, and that ratio would have to be selected to allow the car to travel at the desired top speed. If you wanted a top speed of 80 mph, then the gear ratio would be similar to third gear in most manual transmission cars.You've probably never tried driving a manual transmission car using only third gear. If you did, you'd quickly find out that you had almost no acceleration when starting out, and at high speeds, the engine would be screaming along near the red-line. A car like this would wear out very quickly and would be nearly undriveable.So the transmission uses gears to make more effective use of the engine's torque, and to keep the engine operating at an appropriate speed.The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmission is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of the different gear ratios. The planetary gearset is the device that makes this possible in an automatic transmission.Let's take a look at how the planetary gearset works.Planetary Gearsets & Gear RatiosWhen you take apart and look inside an automatic transmission, you find a huge∙An ingenious planetary gearset∙ A set of bands to lock parts of a gearset∙ A set of three wet-plate clutches to lock otherparts of the gearset∙An incredibly odd hydraulic system that controlsthe clutches and bands∙ A large gear pump to move transmission fluidaroundThe center of attention is the planetary gearset. About the size of a cantaloupe, this one part creates all of the different gear ratios that the transmission can produce. Everything else in the transmission is there to help the planetary gearset do its thing. This amazing piece of gearing has appeared on HowStuffWorks before. You may recognize it from the electric screwdriver article. An automatic transmission contains two complete planetary gearsets folded together into one component. See How Gear Ratios Work for an introduction to planetary gearsets.From left to right: the ring gear, planet carrier, and two sun gearsAny planetary gearset has three main components:∙The sun gear∙The planet gears and the planet gears' carrier∙The ring gearEach of these three components can be the input, the output or can be held stationary. Choosing which piece plays which role determines the gear ratio for the gearset. Let's take a look at a single planetary gearset.One of the planetary gearsets from our transmission has a ring gear with 72 teeth and a sun gear with 30 teeth. We can get lots of different gear ratios out of this gearset.Also, locking any two of the three components together will lock up the whole device at a 1:1 gear reduction. Notice that the first gear ratio listed above is a reduction -- the output speed is slower than the input speed. The second is an overdrive -- the output speed is faster than the input speed. The last is a reduction again, but the output direction is reversed. There are several other ratios that can be gotten out of this planetary gear set, but these are the ones that are relevant to our automatic transmission. You can try these out in the animation below:So this one set of gears can produce all of these different gear ratios without having to engage or disengage any other gears. With two of these gearsets in a row, we can get the four forward gears and one reverse gear our transmission needs. We'll put the two sets of gears together in the next section.Compound Planetary GearsetThis automatic transmission uses a set of gears, called a compound planetary gearset, that looks like a single planetary gearset but actually behaves like two planetary gearsets combined. It has one ring gear that is always the output of the transmission, but it has two sun gears and two sets of planets.Let's look at some of the parts:How the gears in the transmission are put togetherLeft to right: the ring gear, planet carrier, and two sun gearsThe figure below shows the planets in the planet carrier. Notice how the planet on the right sits lower than the planet on the left. The planet on the right does not engage the ring gear -- it engages the other planet. Only the planet on the left engages the ring gear.Planet carrier: Note the two sets of planets.Next you can see the inside of the planet carrier. The shorter gears are engaged only by the smaller sun gear. The longer planets are engaged by the bigger sun gear and by the smaller planets.Inside the planet carrier: Note the two sets of planets.Automatic Transmission GearsFirst GearIn first gear, the smaller sun gear is driven clockwise by the turbine in the torque converter. The planet carrier tries to spin counterclockwise, but is held still by the one-way clutch (which only allows rotation in the clockwise direction) and the ring gear turns the output. The small gear has 30 teeth and the ring gear has 72, so the gear ratio is:Ratio = -R/S = - 72/30 = -2.4:1So the rotation is negative 2.4:1, which means that the output direction would be opposite the input direction. But the output direction is really the same as the input direction -- this is where the trick with the two sets of planets comes in. The first set of planets engages the second set, and the second set turns the ring gear; this combination reverses the direction. You can see that this would also cause the bigger sun gear to spin; but because that clutch is released, the bigger sun gear is free to spin in the opposite direction of the turbine (counterclockwise).Second GearT his transmission does something really neat in order to get the ratio needed for second gear. It acts like two planetary gearsets connected to each other with a common planet carrier.The first stage of the planet carrier actually uses the larger sun gear as the ring gear. So the first stage consists of the sun (the smaller sun gear), the planet carrier, and the ring (the larger sun gear).The input is the small sun gear; the ring gear (large sun gear) is held stationary by the band, and the output is the planet carrier. For this stage, with the sun as input, planet carrier as output, and the ring gear fixed, the formula is:1 + R/S = 1 + 36/30 = 2.2:1The planet carrier turns 2.2 times for each rotation of the small sun gear. At the second stage, the planet carrier acts as the input for the second planetary gear set, the larger sun gear (which is held stationary) acts as the sun, and the ring gear acts as the output, so the gear ratio is:1 / (1 + S/R) = 1 / (1 + 36/72) = 0.67:1To get the overall reduction for second gear, we multiply the first stage by the second, 2.2 x 0.67, to get a 1.47:1 reduction. This may sound wacky, but it works.Third GearMost automatic transmissions have a 1:1 ratio in third gear. You'll remember from the previous section that all we have to do to get a 1:1 output is lock together any two of the three parts of the planetary gear. With the arrangement in this gearset it is even easier -- all we have to do is engage the clutches that lock each of the sun gears to the turbine.If both sun gears turn in the same direction, the planet gears lockup because they can only spin in opposite directions. This locks the ring gear to the planets and causes everything to spin as a unit, producing a 1:1 ratio.OverdriveBy definition, an overdrive has a faster output speed than input speed. It's a speed increase -- the opposite of a reduction. In this transmission, engaging the overdrive accomplishes two things at once. If you read How Torque Converters Work, you learned about lockup torque converters. In order to improve efficiency, some cars have a mechanism that locksup the torque converter so that the output of the engine goes straight to the transmission.In this transmission, when overdrive is engaged, a shaft that is attached to the housing of the torque converter (which is bolted to the flywheel of the engine) is connected by clutch to the planet carrier. The small sun gear freewheels, and the larger sun gear is held by the overdrive band. Nothing is connected to the turbine; the only input comes from the converter housing. Let's go back to our chart again, this time with the planet carrier for input, the sun gear fixed and the ring gear for output.Ratio = 1 / (1 + S/R) = 1 / ( 1 + 36/72) = 0.67:1So the output spins once for every two-thirds of a rotation of the engine. If the engine is turning at 2000 rotations per minute (RPM), the output speed is 3000 RPM. This allows cars to drive at freeway speed while the engine speed stays nice and slow.ReverseReverse is very similar to first gear, except that instead of the small sun gear being driven by the torque converter turbine, the bigger sun gear is driven, and the small one freewheels in the opposite direction. The planet carrier is held by the reverse band to the housing. So, according to our equations from the last page, we have:Ratio = -R/S = 72/36 = 2.0:1So the ratio in reverse is a little less than first gear in this transmission.Gear RatiosThis transmission has four forward gears and one reverse gear. Let's summarize the gear ratios, inputs and outputs:After reading these sections, you are probably wondering how the different inputs get connected and disconnected. This is done by a series of clutches and bands inside the transmission. In the next section, we'll see how these work.Clutches and Bands in an Automatic TransmissionIn the last section, we discussed how each of the gear ratios is created by the transmission. For instance, when we discussed overdrive, we said:In this transmission, when overdrive is engaged, a shaft that is attached to the housing of the torque converter (which is bolted to the flywheel of the engine) is connected by clutch to the planet carrier. The small sun gear freewheels, and the larger sun gear is held by the overdrive band. Nothing is connected to the turbine; the only input comes from the converter housing.To get the transmission into overdrive, lots of things have to be connected and disconnected by clutches and bands. The planet carrier gets connected to the torque converter housing by a clutch. The small sun gets disconnected from the turbine by a clutch so that it can freewheel. The big sun gear is held to the housing by a band so that it could not rotate. Each gear shift triggers a series of events like these, with different clutches and bands engaging and disengaging. Let's take a look at a band.BandsIn this transmission there are two bands. The bands in a transmission are, literally, steel bands that wrap around sections of the gear train and connect to the housing. They are actuated by hydraulic cylinders inside the case of the transmission.One of the bandsIn the figure above, you can see one of the bands in the housing of the transmission. The gear train is removed. The metal rod is connected to the piston, which actuates the band.The pistons that actuate the bands are visible here.Above you can see the two pistons that actuate the bands. Hydraulic pressure, routed into the cylinder by a set of valves, causes the pistons to push on the bands, locking that part of the gear train to the housing.The clutches in the transmission are a little more complex. In this transmission there are four clutches. Each clutch is actuated by pressurized hydraulic fluid that enters a piston inside the clutch. Springs make sure that the clutch releases when the pressure is reduced.Below you can see the piston and the clutch drum. Notice the rubber seal on the piston -- this is one of the components that is replaced when your transmission gets rebuilt.One of the clutches in a transmissionThe next figure shows the alternating layers of clutch friction material and steel plates. The friction material is splined on the inside, where it locks to one of the gears. The steel plate is splined on the outside, where it locks to the clutch housing. These clutch plates are also replaced when the transmission is rebuilt.The clutch platesThe pressure for the clutches is fed through passageways in the shafts. The hydraulic system controls which clutches and bands are energized at any given moment.FROM: /automatic-transmission.htm自动变速器的工作原理耐斯·卡瑞姆介绍自动变速器的工作原理如果你驾驶过带有自动变速器的汽车，那么你一定知道手动变速器与自动变速器之间存在两个很大的区别：·自动变速器中没有离合器踏板·自动变速器中没有换档手柄，一旦让变速器传递动力，那么接下来的一切都是自动完成的了。
变速器介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录附录A 英文文献Transmission descriptionTransmission gearbox's function the engine's output rotational speed is high, the maximum work rate and the maximum torque appears in certain rotational speed area. In order to display engine's optimum performance, must have a set of variable speed gear, is coordinated the engine the rotational speed and wheel's actual moving velocity. The transmission gearbox may in the automobile travel process, has the different gear ratio between the engine and the wheel, through shifts gears may cause the engine work under its best power performance condition. Transmission gearbox's trend of development is more and more complex, the automaticity is also getting higher and higher, the automatic transmission will be future mainstream.Automotive Transmission's mission is to transfer power, and in the process of dynamic change in the transmission gear ratio in order to adjust or change the characteristics of the engine, at the same time through the transmission to adapt to different driving requirements. This shows that the transmission lines in the automotive transmission plays a crucial role. With the rapid development of science and technology, people's car is getting higher and higher performance requirements, vehicle performance, life, energy consumption, such as vibration and noise transmission depends largely on the performance, it is necessary to attach importance to the study of transmission.Transmission gearbox's pattern the automobile automatic transmission common to have three patterns: Respectively is hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT), machinery stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electrically controlled machinery automatic transmission (AMT). At present what applies is most widespread is, AT becomes automatic transmission's pronoun nearly.AT is by the fluid strength torque converter, the planet gear and the hydraulic control system is composed, combines the way through the fluid strength transmission and the gear to realize the speed change bending moment. And the fluid strength torque converter is the most important part, it by components and so on pump pulley, turbine wheel and guide pulley is composed, has at the same time the transmission torque and the meeting and parting function.And AT compare, CVT has omitted complex and the unwieldy gear combination variable transmission, but is two groups of band pulleys carries on the variable transmission. Through changes the driving gear and the driven wheel transmission belt's contact radius carries on the speed change. Because has cancelled the gear drive, therefore its velocity ratio may change at will, the speed change is smoother, has not shifted gears kicks the feeling.AMT and the hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT) is the having steps automatic transmission equally. It in the ordinary manual transmission gearbox's foundation, through installs the electrically operated installment which the microcomputer controls, the substitution originally coupling's separation which, the joint and the transmission gearbox completes by the manual control elects to keep off, to shift gears the movement, realizes fluid drive.Manual transmission gear mainly uses the principle of deceleration. Transmission within the group have different transmission ratio gear pair, and the car at the time of shift work, that is, through the manipulation of institutions so that the different transmission gear pair work. Manual transmission, also known as manual gear transmission, with axial sliding in the gears, the meshing gears through different speed to achieve the purpose of torque variation. Manual shift transmission can operate in full compliance with the will of the driver, and the simple structure, the failure rate is relatively low, value for money.Automatic transmission is based on speed and load (throttle pedal travel) fortwo-parameter control gear in accordance with the above two parameters to automatically take-off and landing. Automatic transmission and manual transmission in common, that is, there are two-stage transmission, automatic transmission can only speed the pace to automatically shift, manual transmission can be eliminated, "setback" of the shift feel.Automatic transmission is a torque converter, planetary gears and hydraulic manipulation of bodies, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of variable-speed torque variation.Also known as CVT-type continuously variable CVT. This transmission and automatic transmission gear generally the biggest difference is that it eliminates the need of complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, and only two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley.CVT transmission than the traditional structure of simple, smaller and it is not the number of manual gear transmission, no automatic transmission planetary gear complex group, mainly rely on the driving wheel, the driven wheel and the transmission ratio brought about by the realization of non-class change.Widely used in automotive internal combustion engine as a power source, the torque and speed range is very small, and complex conditions require the use of motor vehicles and the speed of the driving force in the considerable changes in the scope. To resolve this contradiction, in the transmission system to set up the transmission to change transmission ratio, the expansion of the driving wheel torque and speed range in order to adapt to constantly changing traffic conditions, such as start, acceleration, climbing and so on, while the engine in the most favorable conditions to work under the scope; in the same direction of rotation of the engine under the premise of the automobile can be driven back; the use of neutral, interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idle speed, and ease of transmission or power shift . Transmission is designed to meet the above requirements, so that the conditions in a particular vehicle stability.In addition to transmission can be used to meet certain requirements, but also to ensure that it and the car can have a good match, and can improve the car's power andeconomy to ensure that the engine in a favorable condition to increase the scope of the work of the use of motor vehicles life, reduce energy consumption, reduce noise, such as the use of motor vehicles.Today the world's major car companies CVT are very active in the study. The near future, with electronic control technology to further improve, electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission-type is expected to be a wide range of development and application.附录B 文献翻译变速器介绍发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。
机械加工工艺夹具类外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
附录翻译部分Lathe and TurningThe Lathe and Its ConstructionA lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution flat edges. Based on their purpose ,construction , number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted , and degree of automation ,lathes or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows:(1) Engine lathes(2) Toolroom lathes(3) Turret lathes(4) Vertical turning and boring mills(5) Automatic lathes(6) Special-purpose lathesIn spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation .These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe , which is shown in Fig.11.1.Lathe bed . The lathe bed is the main frame , involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supporis. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting . It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her jib easily and comfortably.Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the silde surface of the bed) . The spindle is driven through the gearbox , which is housed within the headstock. The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds) . Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds, which employ frictional , electrical , or hydraulic drives.The spindle is always hollow , I .e ,it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed througth that hole if continous production is adopted . A lso , that hole has a taperedsurface to allow mounting a plain lathe center . The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck , a face plate , or the like .Tailstock . The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts , its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill . The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guidewayes , and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location , depending upon the length of the workpiece . The intermediate parte is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the the tailstock with that of the headstock . The third part, the quill, is a hardened steel tube, which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required . This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw , around which a nut fixed to the quill is can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device.The carriage. The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and /or cross feeds. It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed . The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair o half nuts , which are fixed to the rear of the apron . When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed , together with carriage, along the bed . when the lever is disengaged , the half nuts are released and the carriage stops. On the other hand , when the feed rod is used, it supplies power to the apron through a wrom gear . The latter is keyed to feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod , which has a keyway extending to cover its whole length. A modern lathe usually has a quick-change gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of gears. It is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate levers, the quick-change gearbox is employed in plain turning, facing and thread cutting operations. Since that gearbox is linked to spindle, the distance that the apron (and the cutting tool) travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the feed.Lathe Cutting ToolsThe shape and geometry of the lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are employed. Turning tools can be classified into tow main groups,namely,external cutting tools andinternal cutting tools , Each of these groups include the following types of tools: Turning tools. Turing tools can be either finishing or rough turning tools . Rough turning tools have small nose radii and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by marking slight depth of cut . Rough turning tools can be right –hand or left-hand types, depending upon the direction of feed. They can have straight, bent, or offset shanks.Facing tools . Facing tools are employed in facing operations for machining plane side or end surfaces. There are tools for machining left-hand-side surfaces and tools for right-hand-side surfaces. Those side surfaces are generated through the use of the cross feed, contrary to turning operations, where the usual longitudinal feed is used.Cutoff tools. Cutoff tools ,which are sometimes called parting tools, serve to separate the workpiece into parts and/or machine external annual grooves.Thread-cutting tools. Thread-cutting tools have either triangular, square, or tranpezoidal cutting edges, depending upon the cross section of the desired thread .Also , the plane angles of these tools must always be identical to those of the thread forms. Thread-cutting tools have straight shanks for external thread cutting and are of the bent-shank type when cutting internal threads .Form tools. Form tools have edges especially manufactured to take a certain form, which is opposite to the desired shape of the machined workpiece . An HSS tools is usually made in the form of a single piece ,contrary to cemented carbides or ceramic , which are made in the form of tipes. The latter are brazed or mechanically fastened to steel shanks. Fig.1indicates an arrangement of this latter type, which includes the carbide tip , the chip breaker ,the pad ,the clamping screw (with a washer and a nut ) , and the shank.. As the name suggests, the function of the chip breaker is to break long chips every now and then , thus preventing the formation of very long twisted ribbons that may cause problems during the machining operations . The carbide tips ( or ceramic tips ) can have different shapes, depending upon the machining operations for which they are to be employed . The tips can either be solid or with a central through hole ,depending on whether brazing or mechanical clamping is employed for mounting the tip on the shank.Fig.1Lathe OperationsIn the following section , we discuss the various machining operations that can be performed on a conventional engine lathe. It must be borne in mind , however , that modern computerized numerically controlled lathes have more capabiblities and do other operations ,such as contouring , for example . Following are conventional lathe operations.Cylindrical turning . Cylindrical turning is the the simplest and the most common of all lathe operations . A single full turn of the workpiece generate a circle whose center falls on the lathe axis; this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the tool. The resulting machining marks are , therefore ,a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the feed . Consequently , the machined surface is always cylindrical.The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest , either manually or automatically, whereas the depths of cuts is controlled by the cross slide . In roughing cuts , it is recommended that large depths of cuts (up to 0.25 in. or 6 mm, depending upon the workpiece material) and smaller feeds would be used. On the other hand , very fine feeds, smaller depth of cut (less than 0.05in. , or 0.4 mm) , and high cutting speeds are preferred for finishing cuts.Facing . The result of a facing operation is a flat surface that is either the whole end surface of the workpiece or an annular intermediate surface like a shoulder . During a facing operation ,feed is provided by the cross slide, whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the carriage or compound rest . Facing can be carried out either from the periphery in ward or from the center of the workpiece outward . It is obvious that the machining marks in both cases tack the form of a spiral. Usually, it is preferred to clamp the carriage during a facing operation, since the cutting force tends to push the tool ( and , of course , the whole carriage ) away from the workpiece . In most facing operations , the workpiece is held in a chuck or on a face plate.Groove cutting. In cut-off and groove-cutting operations ,only cross feed of the tool isemployed. The cut-off and grooving tools , which were previously discussed, are employed.Boring and internal turning . Boring and internal are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first . The drilling tool is held in the tailstock, and latter is then fed against the workpiece.Taper turning . Taper turning is achieved by driving the tool in a direction that is not paralled to the lathe axis but inclined to it with an angle that is equal to the desired angle of the taper . Following are the different methods used in taper-turning practice:（1）Rotating the disc of the compound rest with an angle to half the apex angle of the cone . Feed is manually provided by cranking the handle of the compound rest . This method is recommended for taper turning of external and internal surfaces when the taper angle is relatively large.（2）Employing special form tools for external , very short ,conical surfaces . The width of the workpiece must be slightly smaller than that of the tool ,and the workpiece is usually held in a chuck or clamped on a face plate . I n this case , only the cross feed is used during the machining process and the carriage is clamped to the machine bed .（3）Offsetting the tailstock center . This method is employed for esternal tamper turning of long workpiece that are required to have small tamper angles (less than 8 ) . The workpiece is mounted between the two centers ; then the tailstock center is shifted a distance S in the direction normal to the lathe axis.（4）Using the taper-turning attachment . This method is used for turning very long workpoece , when the length is larger than the whole stroke of the compound rest . The procedure followed in such cases involves complete disengagement of the cross slide from the carriage , which is then guided by the taper-turning attachment . During this process, the automatic axial feed can be used as usual . This method is recommend for very long workpiece with a small cone angle , i.e. , 8 through 10 .Thread cutting . When performing thread cutting , the axial feed must be kept at a constant rate , which is dependent upon the rotational speed (rpm) of the workpiece . The relationship between both is determined primarily by the desired pitch of the thread to be cut .As previously mentioned , the axial feed is automatically generated when cutting a thread by means of the lead screw , which drives the carriage . When the lead screw rotates a single revolution, the carriage travels a distance equal to the pitch of the lead screw rotates a single revolutional speed of the lead screw is equal to that of the spindle ( i. e . , that of the workpiece ),the pitch of the resulting cut thread is exactly to that of the lead screw . The pitch of the resulting thread being cut therefore always depends upon the ratio of the rotational speeds of the lead scew and the spindle :workpiece of pitch screw lead the of Pitch Desired = screwlead of workpiece the of rpm rpm = spindle-to-carriage gearing ratio This equation is usefully in determining the kinematic linkage between the lathe spindle and the lead screw and enables proper selection of the gear train between them .In thread cutting operations , the workpiece can either be held in the chuck or mounted between the two lathe centers for relatively long workpiece . The form of the tool used must exactly coincide with the profile the thread to be cut , I . e . , triangular tools must be used for triangular threads , and so on .Knurling . knurling is mainly a forming operation in which no chips are prodyced . Tt involves pressing two hardened rolls with rough filelike surfaces against the rotating workpiece to cause plastic deformation of the workpiece metal.Knurling is carried out to produce rough , cylindrical ( or concile )surfaces , which are usually used as handles . Sometimes , surfaces are knurled just for the sake of decoration ; there are different types of patterns of knurls from which to choose .Cutting Speeds and FeedsThe cutting speed , which is usually given in surface feet per minute (SFM), is the number of feet traveled in circumferential direction by a given point on the surface (being cut ) of the workpiece in one minute . The relationship between the surface speed and rpm can be given by the following equation :SMF=πDNWhereD= the diameter of the workpiece in feetN=the rpmThe surface cutting speed is dependent primarily upon the machined as well as the material of the cutting and can be obtained from handbooks , information provided by cutting tool manufacturera , and the like . generally , the SFM is taken as 100 when machining cold-rolled or mild steel ,as 50 when machining tougher metals , and as 200 when machining sofer materials . For aluminum ,the SFMis usually taken as 400 or above . There are also other variables that affect the optimal value of the surface cutting speed . These include the toolgeometry, the type of lubricant or coolant , the feed , and the depth of cut . As soon as the cutting sped is decided upon , the rotational speed (rpm) of the spindle can be obtained as follows :N = DSFW π The selection of a suitable feed depends upon many factors , such as the required surface finish , the depth of cut , and the geometry of the tool used . Finer feeds produce better surface finish ,whereas higher feeds reduce the machining time during which the tool is in direct contact with the workpiece . Therefore ,it is generally recommended to use high feeds for roughing operations and finer feeds for finishing operations. Again, recommend values for feeds , which can be taken as guidelines , are found in handbooks and information booklets provided by cutting tool manufacturers.Here I want to introduce the drilling:Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool , which rotates around its axis , against the workpiece .Consequently , the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole .In practice , two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed .Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines . The latter differ in size and construction . nevertheless , the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed . this is contrary to drilling on a lathe .Cutting Tool for Drilling OperationsIn drilling operations , a cylindrical rotary-end cutting , called a drill , is employed . The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes , which can be straight or helical . the function of the flutes is to provide outlet passages for the chips generated during the drilling operation and to allow lubricants and coolants to reach the cutting edges and the surface being machined . Following is a survey of the commonly used drills.Twist drill . The twist drill is the most common type of drill .It has two cutting edges and two helical flutes that continue over the length of the drill body , The drill also consist of a neck and a shake that can be either straight or tapered .In the latter case , the shank is fitted by the wedge action into the tapered socket of the spindle and has a tang , which goes into a slot in the spindle socket ,thus acting as a solid means for transmitting rotation . On the other hand , straight –shank drills are held in a drill chuck that is , in turn , fitted into the spindle socket in the same way as tapered shank drills.The two cutting edges are referred to as the lips , and are connected together by a wedge , which is a chisel-like edge . The twist drill also has two margins , which enable proper guidance and locating of the drill while it is in operation . The tool point angle (TPA) is formed by the lips and is chosen based on the properties of the material to be cut . The usual TAP for commercial drills is 118 , which is appropriate for drilling low-carbon steels and cast irons . For harder and tougher metals , such as hardened steel , brasss and bronze , larger TPAs (130 OR 140 ) give better performance . The helix angle of the flutes of the commonly used twist drills ranges between 24 and 30 . When drilling copper or soft plastics , higher values for the helix angle are recommended (between 35 and 45).Twist drills are usually made of high speed steel ,although carbide tipped drills are also available . The size of twist drills used in industrial range from 0.01 up to 3.25 in . (i.e.0.25 up to 80 mm ) .Core drills . A core drill consists of the chamfer , body , neck ,and shank . This type of drill may be have either three or four flutes and an equal number of margins , which ensure superior guidance , thus resulting in high machining accuracy . It can also be seen in Fig 12.2 that a core drill has flat end . The chamfer can have three or four cutting edges or lips , and the lip angle may vary between 90 and 120 . Core drills are employed for enlarging previously made holes and not for originating holes . This type of drill is characterized by greater productivity , high machining accuracy , and superior quality of the drilled surfaces .Gun drills . Gun drills are used for drilling deep holes . All gun drills are straight fluted , and each has a single cutting edge . A hole in the body acts as a conduit to transmit coolant under considerable pressure to the tip of the drill .There are two kinds of gun drills , namely , the center cut gun drill used for drilling blind holes and the trepanning drill . The latter has a cylindrical groove at its center , thus generating a solid core , which guides the tool as it proceeds during the drilling operation.Spade drills . Spade drills are used for drilling large holes of 3.5 in .(90 mm ) or more . Their design results in a marked saving in cost of the tool as well as a tangible reduction in its weight , which facilitates its handling . moreover , this type of drill is easy to be ground .[13]车床和车削车床及它的结构车床是一个主要用来生产旋转表面和端面的机床。
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译This article discusses the design of a gearbox shell machining process。
The process includes rough machining。
semi-finishing。
and finishing ns。
The article also covers the n of cutting tools。
cutting parameters。
and cutting fluids。
The goal of the process design is to achieve high n and efficiency XXX.nThe gearbox shell XXX power from the engine to the wheels。
The shell must be machined to high n to XXX n。
In this article。
we will discuss the design of a machining process for the gearbox shell.Rough MachiningXXX of the material from the gearbox shell。
This n is XXX。
care must be XXX to the workpiece。
The use of cutting fluids is also important to ce heat n and XXX.Semi-FinishingThe semi-XXX shape and size。
This n is XXX n and surface quality。
The use of cutting fluids is also important to ce heat n and XXX finish.FinishingXXX finishing n is the final step in the machining process。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译45变速箱各档齿轮基本参数的选择
附录：THE FILE TRANSMISSION GEAR SELECTIONOF THE BASIC PARAMETERS1, Reasonable choice of module:Modulus is an important gear basic parameters, the greater the modulus, the greater the tooth thickness, the bending strength of gear is also greater, and its greater carrying capacity. Instead modulus smaller tooth thickness will be thinner, the bending strength of gear will be smaller. The low profile of the gear, due to the low rotational speed, torque, and gear of the relatively large bending stress, so need to choose a larger module in order to ensure its strength. And high-speed file gear, due to the high-speed, torque small gear bending stress is relatively small, so to ensure that the bending strength of gear under the premise of the general selection of the smaller module, so that gear teeth can be increased in order to obtain larger degree of overlap, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing noise.In a modern gearbox design, the file selection module gear is different. For example, a transmission gear of a file to the five-gear gear module are: 3.5; 3; 2.75; 2.5; 2; to change over the past modulus or modulus of the same can not be the situation of Latin America. 2, a reasonable selection of pressure angle:When a gear module and set the number of teeth, the gear diameter is determined, and the gear tooth involute base circle depends on the size, the size of the base circle and under pressure angle. For the same pitch circle of gear, if its pitch circle a different pressure angle, base circle is different. When the greater the pressure angle, the base circle diameter of the smaller, more curved involute, tooth root of the tooth will thicken, increase the tooth surface radius of curvature, which can increase the tooth bending strength and contact strength. When reducing the pressure angle, the base will become larger diameter, involute tooth profile will change some of the straight, thinning of the tooth root, tooth smaller radius of curvature, making the tooth bending strength and contact intensity will decrease, but decrease with the pressure angle, to increase the contact ratio gears, reducing the stiffness of the tooth, and can reduce the entry and exit load at the time of engagement, all of which are beneficial to reduce noise. There-fore, low profile gear, often larger pressure angle in order to meet the strength requirements; and regular use of high-speed file smaller gear pressure angle in order to meet the requirements of its lower noise.For example: a gear module 3, the number of teeth of 30, when the pressure angle of 17.5 degrees for the circular tooth thickness of the base to 5.341; when the pressure angle of 25 degrees, the tooth thickness of the base circle to 6.716; its base circle to increase the tooth thickness 25%, so increase the pressure angle to increase their flexural strength.3, A reasonable selection of Helix Angle:Compared with the straight gear, helical gear drive with a smooth, coincidence degree, the impact is small and the advantages of small noise. As a result of the present with synchronous transmission, and transmission will no longer be a direct mobile gear meshing with another gear, but with all the gears are meshing, so that'll bring convenience to the use of helical gear, so to bring the gearbox synchronizer Most of the use of helical gear.Helical gear as a result of the characteristics of the entire tooth width decision not to enter the mesh at the same time all but one end of first gear into the mesh, with the drive gear along the tooth width direction mesh gradually until all the teeth have wide access to mesh, so the actual meshing helical gear spur the region than the large. When the tooth when a certain width, the contact ratio of helical gear with helix angle increases. Carrying capacity is also stronger, have better stability. In theory, the better helix angle, but the helix angle increases, the axial force will also increase, so that reduces the transmission efficiency.In the modern design of the gearbox, in order to ensure smooth gear drive, low noise and less impact, all . Files for gear should choose a larger helix angle, generally about 30 high-speed gear as a result of the higher speed, for a smooth, low impact, low noise, so the use of small modulus, large helical angle; and low-profile gear module using the larger, smaller helix angle.4, The perspective of a reasonable modification is selected:With good conditions for the lubrication of the hardened gear is generally believed that the main danger is in the cycle under alternating stress, the fatigue crack Dedendum gradual expansion of the tooth root fracture caused by the failure. Failure in the gear transmission is a part of this. In order to avoid a broken tooth, should be to maximize the tooth root bending strength, and the use is changed, and can achieve this objective. Under normal circumstances, the greater the coefficient, the smaller values tooth, tooth bending stress on the smaller, the higher the bending strength of teeth.In the hardened gear, the tooth surface pitting failure is one of the reasons off. Increased engagement angle, can reduce the inter-tooth contact stress and maximum slip rates, can greatly increase the ability of anti-pitting. And increased engagement angle, itmust have a gear shift is introduced, thereby enhancing contact strength of tooth surface can improve the flexural strength of tooth roots, so as to enhance the effect of the carrying capacity of gears. However, for helical gear drive, variable coefficient is too large, and will total tooth length of the contact line, but to reduce its carrying capacity. At the same time, the greater the coefficient, as a result of tooth to tip increases, the thickness of the tip will be smaller, which will affect the strength of the top teeth.Therefore, in the design of a modern gearbox, the majority of all reasonable use of gear shift is the angle in order to maximize its advantages. Mainly in the following design criteria:low profile for the gear pair, the driving gear of the coefficient should be larger than the passive gear shift coefficient, and pair of high-speed profile, the driving gear of the coefficient should be less than passive coefficient gear.gear with the modification coefficient increased gradually stalls xiajiang. This is because low-grade zones as a result of low rotational speed, torque, and gear for high intensity, so the need to use more of the modification coefficient da.The total of the gear profile shift coefficient is positive (of the angle shift as amended), and increased with the stalls and gradually decreased. The smaller the total coefficient, a pair of pair of tooth root of the thickness of the total will be thin, tooth root becomes weak, the lower the bending strength, but decreased as a result of the stiffness of the tooth, easy to absorb shock and vibration, so can reduce the noise. And tooth contact ratio will increase, which bear a single tooth at the time of maximum load Dedendum recent focus distance, the reduced bending moment, which is equivalent to increase the strength of the tooth root, which as a result of thinning and weakened tooth root strength offset factor. Therefore, the greater the overall coefficient, the higher the strength of the tooth root, but the noise may increase. Thus high-speed gear to choose a smaller file of the total coefficient, and low-profile gear must be chosen larger coefficient5, to improve tip high coefficient:Top gear in the transmission of high quality factor, the impact of focusing on adaptation, in the main impact of helical gear contact ratio face. Coincidence degree by the end of the formula, we can see that when the number of teeth and meshing certain angle, the tooth tip is affected by tooth pressure angle coefficient of the top high impact factor the greater the high-tip, round tip the greater the pressure angle, contact ratio is The greater and ore stable drive. However, the high coefficient the greater the tip, the thickness of the top teth will become thin, thus affecting the strength tip. At the same time,at least not from the tooth root formula, the high coefficient the greater the tip, at least not the root will increase the number of gear, otherwise, they would have a root cutting. As a result, guarantees of non-root tip-cut and sufficient strength, increased tooth top high coefficient of coincidence degree for the increase is significant.Top gear in the transmission of high quality factor, the impact of focusing on adaptation, in the main impact of helical gear contact ratio face. Coincidence degree by the end of the formula, we can see that when the number of teeth and meshing certain angle, the tooth tip is affected by tooth pressure angle coefficient of the top high impact factor the greater the high-tip, round tip the greater the pressure angle, contact ratio is The greater and more stable drive. However, the high coefficient the greater the tip, the thickness of the top teeth will become thin, thus affecting the strength tip. At the same time, at least not from the tooth root formula, the high coefficient the greater the tip, at least not the root will increase the number of gear, otherwise, they would have a root cutting. As a result, guarantees of non-root tip-cut and sufficient strength, increased tooth top high coeff-icient of coincidence degree for the increase is significant.The above is from the module, pressure angle, helix angle, coefficient and a high coefficient of this addendum to an independent analysis of the five aspects of gear design trends. In fact between the various para-meters are inter-related, involved with each other, the choice of transmission parameters, it is necessary to take into account their strengths and weaknesses, but also consider the relationship between them, so in order to maximize their strengths and avoid weaknesses to improve transmission performance.变速箱各档齿轮基本参数的选择1、合理选用模数模数是齿轮的一个重要基本参数，模数越大，齿厚也就越大，齿轮的弯曲强度也越大，它的承载能力也就越大。
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。
The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。
该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。
这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。
DIPL.-ING。
THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。
持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。
这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。
由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。
因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。
这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。
变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。
这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。
虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。
这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。
由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。
后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。
机械专业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译
英文资料High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce,produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies forthis, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is i t enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gearbeds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.5.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts tobecome the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.5.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up5.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.5.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes,。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
汽车变速器变速箱外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
TRANSMISSIONOf all transmission technologies, the manual gearbox is the most efficient; around 96 per cent of the energy that is put in comes out of the other end. But not everyone can drive one or wants to. Because you have to dip the clutch pedal, it is less comfortable to drive in heavy traffic. It makes the driver tired and the torque interruptions’ head-nod effect on passengers can be wearing.The driver's clutch control and corresponding torque interruptions are also the manuals weak point. When accelerating up through the gearbox, each up-shift requires the driver to cut the torque momentarily by lifting the gas pedal and dipping the clutch. It may just take a second to complete the operation, but during this time the vehicle is losing speed and acceleration.At the opposite end of the spectrum is the traditional automatic. The modern transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile. It is a type of transmission that shifts itself .A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine.There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whetherthe vehicle is rear wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheel. Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torque converter , then through the transmission and driver shaft until it reaches the final driver where it is split and sent to the two rear wheel .On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined .With the final drive to from what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel driver car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it onthe side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels. In this example, power flows from the engine through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine. From there，The power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles.There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular. A must less popular rear drive arrangement has the transmission mounted to the final drive at the rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling. Another rear drive system mounts everything, the engine, transmission and final drive in the rear. This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets, the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets, the torque converter, the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer consider being an art form.On the automobile planet gear mainly uses in two places, one is the driving axle reduction gear, two is the automatic transmission. Very many net friends all want to know that, the planet gear has any function, why automobile must have it . We knew very well the gear major part all rotates the spool thread fixed gear. For example mechanical type clock and watch, above all gears although all in make the rotation, but their rotation center (with center of a circle position superposition) often installs through the bearing on the cabinet, therefore, their rotating axis all is the relative cabinet fixed, thus also is called "dead axle gear" . Has must have surely moves, the corresponding place, some kind of not that manner knows very well is called "planet gear" the gear, their rotation spool thread is not fixed, but is installs the support which may rotate in (blue color) on(in chart black part is shell, yellow expression bearing). The planet gear (green) besides can look like the dead axle gear such to revolve own rotating axis (B-B) to rotate, their rotating axis also (is called planet) along with the blue color support to circle other gears the spool thread (A-A) to rotate. Circles oneself spool thread the rotation to be called "rotation", circles other gear spool threads the rotation to be called "revolution", looks like in solar system planet such, therefore acquires fame.The spool thread fixed gear drive principle is very simple, meshes mutually in a pair in the gear, some gear takes the driving pulley, the power spreads from its there, another gear takes the driven wheel, the power outputs from it toward outside. Also some gears only take the stopover station, at the same time meshes with the driving pulley, one side meshes in addition with the driven wheel, the power passes from its there.In contains the planet gear in the gear system, the situation was different. Because has the planet frame, in other words, may have three rotating axes permissions power input/Output, but also may use the coupling or the brake and so on method. in needs time limits axis the rotation, is left over two axes to carry on the transmission, as the matter stands, meshes mutually between the gear relations may have the many kinds of combinations: The power from sun gear input, outputs from other sun gear, the planet put through brake mechanism has checked dies; Power from sun gear input, from planet output, moreover a sun gear ecks dies; The power from a planet input, outputs from sun gear, moreover a sun gear checks dies; Two powers separately from two sun gears inputs, after synthesis from planet output; Two powers separately from the planet and sun gear input, after the synthesis output from other sun gear; The power from sun gear input, divides two groups outputs from other sun gear and the planet frame; The power from a planet input, divides two groups to output from two sun gears;Its shift quality is good thanks to its torque converter, but efficiency is relatively poor despite recent advances. Because of this, a lot of the current research is trying to find an efficient alternative to the conventional automatic.The main technologies are continuously variable transmissions (CVTs); dualclutch transmissions (DCTs) and automated manual transmission (AMTs).They all offer different benefits over the conventional planetary automatic.The CVT uses a belt chain or torodial shaped dish drive to vary an infinite number of gear ratios. It has improved efficiency and cost when compared to conventional automatics. Its advantage comes from its simplicity. It consists of very few components；usually a rubber or metal-link belt；a hydraulically operated driving pulley, a mechanical torque-sensing driving pulley, microprocessors and some sensors.The transmission works by varying the distance between the face of the two main pulleys. The pulleys have V－shaped grooves in which the connecting the belt rides. One side of the pulley is fixed axially; the other side moves, actuated by hydraulics.When actuated, the cylinder can increase or reduce the amount of space between the two sides of the pulley. This allows the belt to ride lower or higher along the walls of the pulley, depending on driving conditions. This changes the gear ratio. A torodial-type design works in a similar way but runs an discs and power- rollersThe "step less" nature of its design is CVT's biggest draw for automotive engineers .Because of this, a CVT can work to keep the engine in its optimum power range, thereby increasing efficiency and mileage. A CVT can convert every point on the equine’s operating curve to a corresponding point on its own operating curve.The transmission is most popular with Japanese carmakers and Japanese supplier JATCO is a major producer. But in the US and Europe driving styles are different. Uptake has been slow despite Audi and other manufacturers having Offered CVT operations on their ranges.The DCT is, in effect, two manual gearboxes coupled together. Gear shifts are made by switching from one clutch on one gearbox to another clutch on the other. The shift quality is equal to a conventional automatic, but slip, fluid drag and hydraulic losses in the system result in only slightly improved efficienc y and acceleration over the conventional planetary automatic. Developing the controlstrategy is costly too."Resent advances in conventional automatic technology have weakened the argument to develop and set up production for CVT or DCT," says Bill Martin, managing director of transmission firm Zeroshift "Some carmakers have cancelled DCT projects because of the cost."The cheapest way to build an automatic is with an AMT. AMTs use actuators to replace the clutch pedal and gear stick of a conventional manual. They keep the high efficiency and acceleration of a manual gearbox, but the shift quality on some models is lacking. Torque interruptions and the head-nod effect are the most common complaint.SO what is the alternative? There are always new ideas in transmissions, but Zeroshift says that its technology has efficiency benefits over a manual, delivering fuel economy improvements to city driving. Shift quality can also be equal to that of a refined automatic.Zeroshift's approach is an upgrade to the AMT. The synchromesh is replaced with an advanced dog engagement system.Dog engagement has been used for many years in motor sport to allow fast shifts. Conventional dog Boxes are unsuitable for road use as the large spaces between the drive lugs or 'dogs" create backlash, an uncomfortable shunt caused by the sudden change in torque direction.Zeroshift's technology solves this problem by adding a second set of drive dogs. It has also made each of The two sets of dogs only capable of transmitti ng torque in one or other opposing directions错误!未找到引用源。
自动变速器汽车车辆类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
自动变速器现代自动变速箱是当今汽车迄今为止,最复杂的机械组件.自动变速器包含机械系统、液压系统、电气系统和计算机控制.它们几乎无声地完美和谐的工作在一起,直到出现问题. 这篇文章将帮助您了解这些技术奇迹背念，让你进入当它们工作出在问题如何修复的天地.这篇文章分为四个部分:∙什么是变速器损坏在最简单的条件下，变速器的用途是什么.∙在他们变得更坏前发现问题，展示如何寻找并防止小问题变成大问题.∙维修谈大家也应该知道的预防性维修.∙变速器修理描述典型地执行在变速器从较小调整完成检修的修理形式。
什么是变速器?变速器是一个连接到背面发动机,并将动力从发动机传到驱动车轮的装置. 汽车发动机工作在它最佳的一些转速(转每分钟) 范围内，而变速器的工作就是在发动机转速在一定范围内确保动力被分到各个轮子.这个通过各种齿轮组合来实现的. 在一档里, 发动机快速转动传到驱动轮，而在高挡时发动机空转，即使汽车可能行驶超出70 里/时。
除各种各样的前进齿轮之外,变速器也有一个并没有连接从驱动轮到发动机的中性位置, 并且相反,能使驱动轮相反转动允许你倒退。
最后，是停车位置。
在这个位置, 门闩机制(不似一个非螺栓锁住门) 被插入入一个槽孔在输出轴去锁住驱动轮和保持它们转动, 从而防止车辆滚动.。
有两个基本类型的汽车自动变速器基于是否后轮驱动或前轮驱动.对后轮驱动汽车，变速器通常安装到后面的发动机和位于地板的中心沿着油门踏板位置.一根传动轴连接变速器后方到位于后车轴被用来传递动力到后轮的主减速器. 动力流在这个系统是从引擎简单和直接向前传递, 通过扭矩交换器,然后通过变速器和传动轴直到到达主减速器，分散开传到两个后轮.对前轮驱动汽车，变速器通常由一根传动轴与主减速器结合起来.发动机在前轮驱动车上通常安装在汽车上的侧身和传动轴下面发动机的一侧面面向汽车后方.前轴直接与传动轴相连，提供动力给前轮.这个例子,动力从发动机，通过变矩器传递到一个大链子能够传递动力通过转180度到发动机侧面的变速器.从那里,动力路线通过变速器到主减速器，通过驱动轴分散开传到两个前轮.还有一些其他的布置包括前面驱动发动机安装由前至后代替侧方,还有其他所有四轮驱动但这里所说的两个系统是目前最常用的.较为冷门后轮驱动，发动机在后方直接安装到主减速器通过一个驱动轴连接到还安放在发动机的变矩器. 这个系统被发现在护卫舰和被使用是为了平衡前轮和后轮的重量去改进性能和处理.另一个后轮驱动系统安装一切，发动机，变速器和主减速器在后方.发现问题在它们变得更坏之前∙在汽车下寻找泄漏或污点如果有一个红色持续漏油那一定是来自你的车,你应该去车店看看它是否来自你的变速器或可能从动力转向系统(大部分动力转向系统还利用变速器液及泄漏可能大致出现在地面同一区域和变速器泄漏一样。
汽车变速箱箱体外文翻译
外语文献翻译摘自: 《制造工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版页P560—564美s. 卡尔帕基安(Serope kalpakjian)s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、Tool life obtained;3、Force and power requirements;4、Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability.Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now beinginvestigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability ofsteels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels(liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because ofthe formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leadedfree-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C︒315), and then cooled slowly175to F︒160(F︒80to C︒and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasiveand are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in theload-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperaturedistribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of theworkpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Mostapplications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metalsand alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramicssuch as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life,force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability ofmaterials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure,but also on proper selection and control of process variables.译文：20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
外文翻译变速器箱体机械加工工艺及夹具设计
接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下 列机构组成：
1）接受原始作用力的机构。如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构 等。
2）中间递力机构。如铰链、杠杆等。
3）夹紧元件。如各种螺钉压板等。
其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变
1
作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。
一、夹紧装置的组成
夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。
1． 动力装置
夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。能产生力的装置称 为夹具的动力装置。常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、 电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人 力，所以它没有动力装置。
四、定心夹紧机构
3
当工件被加工面以中心要素（轴线、中心平面等）为工序基准时，为使基 准重合以减少定位误差，需采用定心夹紧机构。
定心夹紧机构具有定心和夹紧两种功能，如卧式车床的三爪自定心卡盘即 为最常用的典型实例。
定心夹紧机构按其定心作用原理有两种类型，一种是依靠传动机构使定心 夹紧元件等速移动，从而实现定心夹紧，如螺旋式、杠杆式、楔式机构等；另一 种是利用薄壁弹性元件受力后产生均匀的弹性变形（收缩或扩张） ，来实现定 心夹紧，如弹簧筒夹、膜片卡盘、波纹套、液性塑料等。
Precision Machining Technology
Peter J. Hoffman
译 名 彼得·J·霍夫 国 籍 曼
Cengage Learning
美国
译文：
精密机械加工工艺
在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等作用，为了保证在 这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致 发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。
汽车变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
TRANSMISSIONManual transmission is one of the most common transmission, referred to as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, two input shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose. The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission.Input shaft also says, it's in front of the spline shaft directly with clutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The first shaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaft gear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmission shaft, through to drive to gear reducer.Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaft gear - oart gnaws gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also control device, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction.Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio, the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can accept power transmission.Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of their gear rotating, transform an "synchronization problem". Two rotating speed different meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use "two feet clutch" method, ShengDang in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Therefore designers to create "synchronizer", through the synchronizer will make the meshing gears reach speed and smooth.Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc, it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization. Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface ofgear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid produces a locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapid decrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spun concurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process. functional(1) change ratio, meet different driving conditions for traction engine, the need to work in the favorable conditions and meet the speed may request. In a wide range of vehicle speed changing the size and automobile driving wheel on the size of the torque. Due to the different demands, automobile driving conditions of vehicle speed and torque can drive in a broad range of change. For example, in high speed can be reached on 100km/h, while in the urban district, speed in 50km/h. In the empty flat roads, road, very little resistanceWhen carrying uphill, driving resistance was great. And the characteristics of automobile engine speed range is lesser, and torque changes more cannot meet the actual conditions range.(2) drive backward, to satisfy the need to drive car backwards. Realizing the backing, engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction, and sometimes need to back, so, often used in the transmission of reverse to realize the car drive backward.(3) in power, interruption, idle running engine starting, auto shift or need to stop the dynamic output, interrupted to transfer the power of the drive wheels.(4), when the clutch engagement realize gap, gearbox can not power output. For example, can ensure drivers in engine flameout loosen the clutch when leaving drivers seat.constituteBy continuously variable transmission gearbox and speed control two parts. The main function of the variable transmission torque and speed is the change of numerical and direction, The main function of the operation is controlled transmission mechanism, realize the transformation of transmission ratio, shift to speed torque. Principle,Mechanical transmission main application of the principle of gear transmission velocity. Say simply, there are a number of different transmission gearbox group of gear pair of vehicle, and behavior, is also shifting gears trunk by manipulating institutions make different gearpair work. As in low-speed, ratio of gear pair work, and in high-speed, let ratio of small gear pair work.Classification,1, according to the change of transmission, transmission way, there can be divided into grade level and synthetical three.(a) : several levels of transmission ratio, can choose the fixed by gear. And can be divided into: gear axis of ordinary gear transmission and fixed gear planetary gear (part) of planetary gear transmission axis of rotation.b) stepless type transmission: ratio can be continuous variation within a certain range, commonly, mechanical and electric hydraulic type etc.(c) comprehensive type transmission by a class type, transmission and stepless type transmission, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values can be in between the scope for several section stepless change.2, press control can be divided into compulsory manipulation, transmission, automatic control and semi-automatic control 3 kinds.(a) mandatory manipulation of transmission by direct manipulation, change gear shift lever drivers.(b) automatic control type transmission ratio of choice and change: the shift is automatic. Drivers simply manipulate accelerated pedal, transmission can according to the engine speed and load control signal signal actuator, realize the transformation of gear.(c) semi-automatic control type transmission can be divided into two kinds: one kind is part of gear, automatic shift gears, manual (mandatory) shift, Another kind is selected by button in mining under gear clutch pedal or accelerated release pedal, the executing agency to shift. Transmission of maintenance1 transmission gears maintenanceTransmission gears are always changing speed, load, gear tooth surface by bluntThe impact of load, which struck gear tooth surface (especially) damage. Common injuries are:(1) gear transmission is worn gear under normal working conditions, shows the wear uniform angled tooth gear, long wear along the direction of the tooth should not exceed 30 percent longer, Tooth thickness should not exceed usd, Gear tooth surface area of not less than two-thirds, Running gear mesh clearance shall be commonly used, 0.15-0.26 mm to 0.8 mm limit, Gear engagement between 0.10-0.15 mm, should use limit for 0.60 mm. Available batches or soft metal rivalries. If more than clearance method for measuring the pairs, should be replaced.(2) gear teeth, broken tooth gear clearance is mainly due to fail to meet the requirements, gear meshing parts or work under great impact load. If you are not greater than 2mm edge of gear oil can smile ShiXiuafter-grinding continue to use, If the scope or have more than three pairs, should smile.(3) often mesh surface of the helical gear often wear face due. 10-0.30 mm, in order to ensure that the axial clearance, if tooth gear good operation within the wear, can repair tank, but the amount of grinding grinding should not exceed. 50.(4) often meshing gears shaft neck, needle roller bearing and wear into seat hole hole meshing gears seat with needle bearings and shaft neck with clearance should be 0.01 - three 0.08 mm, otherwise must be changed.2 the overhaul. Transmission shellGearbox shell is transmissions, to ensure the basis of each part of the transmission is correct position, work under load. Common injuries are:(1) the abrasion of shell bearing hole hole wear will destroy its bearing assembly relation with the bearing, the direct impact of input, output shaft transmission position relative to the hole. Bearing seat with 0-0.03 mm clearance shall be used for the maximum limit, should be replaced or 0.10 mm) shell or pile hole repair.(2) shell threaded holes repair note oil ROM plug hole, dumping screw hole threads connecting bolts damage and between shellThreaded hole, can take damage with screw repair.3 transmission shaft of maintenanceTransmission in the process of operation, each bearing the torsional moment of change, and bending moment, JianChi part is under pressure, impact and sliding friction etc. Various axial load of common injuries are:(1) the shaft neck and neck too worn wear axis gear axis will not only offset, and can bring the change gear clearance, when making noise transmission shaft neck. Also make coordination relationship with bearing damage, may cause ablation. So roller bearings in a place with no more than 0.02 axis wear mm needle bearing shaft neck wear with place, otherwise than 0.07 mm landscape change or chrome.(2) JianChi wear JianChi wear in stress and more serious side of the spline. JianChi with check, when more than 0.25 or and wear with more than usd keyway apprentice, gear engagement mm, combining with the gear with JianChi weeks, according to the mm apprentice woodruff key and shaft neck keyways apprentice to JianChi 0.08 mm over there when the keyway weeks, or should be repaired or replaced shaft.(3) transmission shaft bending thimble resist transmission shaft with maintenance on both ends of the roof, using pinhole batches of shaft radial micrometers, check the deviation should be less than 0.10 mm) pressure correction repair.4 synchronizer overhaulA. lock ring type inertial synchronizer ring maintenance: lock horns cone a about six degrees - 7 degrees, in use, cone Angle deformation ofrapid synchronous, and not be change in time.B. locking pin type inertial synchronizer: locking pin type synchronizer major damage for cone rim wear, when, cone-disk cone rim on the thread of groove depth 0.40 mm wear to 010mm deep, should be replaced. If the cone rim are scratching, face to face, but two turning machining, must not be more than 1mm should be replaced.变速器手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称MT。
汽车手动变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录外文文献Manual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car Volkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual gear transmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue again Control：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages： transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power附录外文文献的中文翻译手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。
机械制造工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：侯亮学号：052115072015年 4 月 3 日外文资料翻译原文Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute toshow. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Rough machining and finishing machiningThere are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more than one roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.Automatic Fixture Design外文资料翻译译文机械制造工艺机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Gearbox shell machining process design《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》Mechanical Industry Press In March 2004, version 1 p560—564（Serope kalpakjian）（Steven R.Schmid）AbstractGearbox shell is a more complex structure of spare parts box, its high precision, complex process, and the processing quality will affect the overall performance engine, so it has become the engine manufacturer's focus parts one.Machining process planning must guarantee the machining quality of parts, to meet the technical requirements stipulated in drawings, at the same time should also have high productivity and efficiency. Therefore, machining process planning design is an important work, requires designers must have a rich experience in production practice and wide range of mechanical manufacturing technology basic theory knowledge. In the specified procedure, should according to the production of parts and the existing equipment conditions, taking the processing quality into account, productivity and economy requirements, after repeated analysis and comparison, to determine the optimal or the best solution.1.Technical Characteristics of the gearbox shellThe gearbox shell process features are: the structure of complex shape; processing plane, more than holes; uneven wall thickness and stiffness is low; processing of high precision typical of box-type processing part. The main processing of the surface of cylinder block top surface, the main bearing side, cylinder bore, the main and camshaft bearing bore holes and so on, they will directly affect the machining accuracy of the engine assembly precision and performance, mainly rely on precision equipment, industrial fixtures reliability and processing technology to ensure the reasonableness.2.The gearbox shell process design principles and the basisDesign Technology program should be to ensure product quality at the same time, give full consideration to the production cycle, cost and environmental protection; based on the enterprises ability to actively adopt advanced process technology and equipment, and constantly enhance their level of technology. Gearbox shell machining process design should follow the following basic principles: 2.1 The selection of processing equipmentThe principle of selection adopted the principle of selection adopted the principle of combining rigid-flexible, processing each horizontal machining center is located mainly small operations with vertical machining center, the key process a crank hole, cylinder hole, balancer shaft hole High-speed processing of high-precision horizontal machining center, an upper and lower non-critical processes before and after the four-dimensional high-efficiency rough milling and have a certain adjustment range of special machine processing;2.2 Concentration process principleFocus on a key process in principle process the body cylinder bore, crankshaft hole, Balance Shaft hole surface finishing and the combination of precision millingcylinder head, using a process focused on a setup program to complete all processing elements in order to ensure product accuracy The key quality processes to meet the cylinder capacity and the relevant technical requirements;3.The gearbox shell machining process design the main contentGearbox shell complex structure, high precision, arge size, is thin-walled parts, there are a number of high precision plane and holes. Engine block machining process characteristics; mainly flat and the hole processing, processing of flat generally use planing, milling methods such as processing, processing of hole used mainly boring, processing and multi-purpose drilling holes. As the cylinder complex structure. so how to ensure that the mutual position of the surface processing precision is an important issue.3.1 The selection of blankGearbox shell on the materials used are generally gray cast iron HT150,HT200,HT250,there is also cast aluminum or steel plate, this engine block using high-strength alloy cast iron. Cylinder in the processing prior to aging treatment in order to eliminate stress and improve the rough casting mechanical properties. Improve the rough accuracy, reduction of machining allowance, is to improve the automated production line system productivity and processing quality of the important measures. As the foreign box-type parts of rough quality and high precision, and its production-line system has been implemented directly on the blank line, not only eliminating the need for blank check device also saves the rough quality problems due to waste of machining time, increase overall efficiency. Therefore, the refinement of rough is to improve the productivity of the most promising way out. For the engine block production line, can be rough in parts on-line pre-milling six face, removing most of the margin, to facilitate direct on-line parts.3.2 Machining process selection and processing of the benchmarkChoose the right processing technology base is directly related to the processing quality can ensure the parts. Generally speaking, process benchmarking can be divided into coarse and fine reference base.3.2.1 Coarse reference baseThe baseline for the on-line thick rough ,which is particularly important the choice of benchmark crude, if crude benchmark choice unreasonable, will the uneven distribution of machining allowance, processing and surface offsets, resulting in waste. In the cylinder production line, we have adopted for the coarse side of the base;3.2.2 Fine reference baseRefined the base of this box for the engine block parts, the general use of "side two sales "for a full range of uniform benchmarks, For the longer automated production positioning. In the gearbox shell of the process, we have adopted to the side, bottom and the spindle hole positioning, in the processing center on the process.3.3 Machining Processing Stages and processes of the arrangementsOften a part of many apparent need for processing, of course, the surface machining accuracy are different. Processing of high precision surface, often afterrepeated processing; As for the processing of the surface of low precision, only need to go through one or two on the list. Thus, when the development process in order to seize the "processing high precision surface, "this conflict, the reasonable arrangement processes and rational division stage of processing. Arrange the order of the principle of process is: after the first coarse refined, the first surface after the hole, the first benchmark other. In the engine block machining, the same should follow this principle.3.3.1 roughing stage engine block machining processThe arrangements for roughing process, to fully carry out rough rough, trim most of the margin in order to ensure production efficiency;3.3.2 semi-finishing phase of the engine block machiningIn order to ensure the accuracy of the middle of some important surface processing, and arrange some semi-finishing operations, will be required accuracy and surface roughness of the surface of the middle of some processing to complete, while demanding the surface of semi-finished, to prepare for future finishing;3.3.3 The finishing stageThe finishing stage of requiring high accuracy and surface roughness of the surface processing; 3.3.4 secondary processingSecondary processing such as small surface screw holes, you can finish of the major surface after the one hand, when the workpiece deformation process little impact at the same time also reduced the rejection rate;In addition,if the main surface of a waste,these small the surface will not have to be processed,thus avoiding a waste of man-hours.However,if the processing is very easy for a small surface bumps the main surface,it should be placed on a small surface finish prior to the main surface finishing;3.3.5 make proper arrangements for secondary processesMake proper arrangements for secondary processes such as product inspection process,in part roughing stage,the key process before and after processing,spare parts all the processing has been completed,should be appropriate arrangements. Stage of processing division,has the following advantages:First,it can take measures to eliminate the rough workpiece after the stress,to ensure accuracy; second,finishing on the back,and will not damage during transport the surface of the workpiece has been processed;again,first roughing the surface defects can be detected early and promptly deal with rough,do not waste working hours.But most small parts,do not sub very thin.3.4 The gearbox shell surface of the main processing and secondary processes3.4.1 Plane processingPlane processing at present, the milling of engine blocks is the primary means of planar processing,domestic milling feed rate is generally 300-400mm/min,and foreign 2000-4000mm/min milling feed rate compared to far cry,to be on increasing,therefore,improve the milling feed rate,reduce overhead time is to improve the productivity of the major means of finishing a number of plane engine block when the milling feed rate to reach 2399mm/min,greatly improved efficiency; Top surface of the cylinder milling is a key process in the process,the flatnessrequirements for 0.02/145mm,the surface roughness of Ra1.6um.Processing in the cylinder,the use of side and spindle bearing bore positioning,top,bottom and middle vagay only aperture while processing used in the processing line outside of the knife device can better meet the engine block machining accuracy;3.4.2 General holes MachiningGeneral holes Machining holes in general are still using the traditional processing of drilling,expansion,boring,reaming,tapping and other craft approach. Issues in the design process of specific programs,use of coated cutting tools,cutting tools and other advanced tools within the cooling,and using a large flow of cooling systems,greatly improving the cutting speed,improved productivity;3.4.3 Deep hole processingDeep hole processing of the traditional processing method is used to grade twist drill feed,low efficiency of their production,processing and quality is poor.The deep hole in the engine block processing,the use of gun drilling process;3.4.4 CleaningCleaning is divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.Machining cylinder automatic production line using a large flow of wet cleaning;3.4.5 DetectionDetect points outside the line detection and line detection of two kinds. Quality inspection in the engine block,according to the actual situation with lines outside the detection,the main use of coordinate measuring machine integrated measurements of the cylinder,each 200 samples 1-5 pieces,each class random one.变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计摘自：《机械工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版美国卡卡尔帕基安·施密德摘要变速箱壳体是变速器机零件中结构较为复杂的箱体零件，其精度要求高，加工工艺复杂，并且加工加工质量的好坏直接影响发动机整个机构的性能，因此，它成为各个发动机生产厂家所关注的重点零件之一。
变速器设计外文翻译(含原文与出处)
外文原文版出处： Publisher - IJEDR (ISSN - 2321-9939)Pubished in - Volume 5 | Issue 2 | April 2017Unique Identification Number - IJEDR1702134International Journal of Engineering Development and Research译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名：译文：摘要--本项目以其设计和工作原理，了解齿轮传动系统原理。
汽车使用不同的齿轮。
齿轮有啮齿来传送驱动器。
根据理论计算，对齿轮箱组件进行了有限元分析，并对减速机的设计进行了简要的研究。
关键词：变速箱设计，变速箱开发1.1介绍变速器是电力传输系统中的一种机器，它提供了控制功率的应用。
通常术语传输仅仅指使用齿轮和齿轮列车提供转速和扭矩转换从一个旋转电源到另一个设备的齿轮箱。
我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。
因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。
但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。
这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。
汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。
为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = wT，其中 w 是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。
当 N 固定的时候，w 与 T 是成反比的。
所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。
汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。
一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。
三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。
不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)
结业论文附件资料之公保含烟创作目录1 英文文献翻译 (1)1.1 Shift gearbox (1)1.2 变速箱的换挡方式 (12)1 英文文献翻译1.1 Shift gearboxClassification usually gearbox as follows:Manual transmissionThe general automatic gearbox / common automatic transmission with tiptronic CVT stepless gearbox with gear box of the /CVTDual clutch gearboxSequential gearbox(1) manual gearboxManual transmission, also known as manual gear, English name is manual transmission, referred to as MT, which push the shift lever to change gears meshing position inside the transmission, changing the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Step on the clutch, can move the shift lever.The working principle of a manual gearboxThe manual gear box is composed of different gear ratio of the gear group, its basic principle is through the gear group work in different, to realize the transformation of gear ratio. As the key link for power distribution, transmission must have the power input shaft and the output shaft of the big two, together constitute the transmission gear, is a manual transmission is the most basic component. The power input is connected with the clutch shaft clutch transmission, from the power to directly through the input shaft to the group, the gear set is composed of different diameter gear, gear power transmission effect of different proportion reached is completely different, the usual shift driving also refers to change gear ratio.Next, let us through a simple model to tell you, the principle of manual gearbox shift. Below is a simple structural model of 3 axis 2 speed gearbox.The input shaft (green) is also called the first shaft, connected by a clutch and engine, shaft and the gear is a hard connected components. Red is called the intermediate gear shaft. Enter the two gear shaft and intermediate shaft is in constant mesh state, so when the input shaft rotates will drive shaft rotation. Yellow is the output shaft, it is also called the second shafts and connected to the drive shaft (only for rear wheel drive, the precursor is generally two), and then through the differential drive vehicles.When the wheel rotates the same with spline shaft to rotate together, at this time, blue gear shaft can occur on the spline shaft relative free rotation. Therefore, the engine stops, and the wheel is rotated, the blue gear and shaft in the stationary state, and the spline shaft with wheels. The principle and the rear axle of the bicycle flywheel is similar. Blue gear and spline shaft is composed of a sleeve to connect, sleeve with spline shaft to rotate, but also can be free to slide on the spline shaft to gear.With these, the shifting process is very good understanding, when connectingsleeve and a blue gear, engine power will be transmitted to the output shaft through the shaft, at the same time, blue gear left in free rotation, but because there is no and sleeve engaged, so it does not affect the spline shaft. If the sleeve between the two blue gear, the gearbox in neutral position, the two blue gear on the spline shaft rotate freely, without mutual interference.Principle of a conventional 5 speed manual gearbox shift is the same, only the gearbox structure increased the number of sleeve and the gear sets, so that it has more gear. But the reverse is based on the intermediate shaft (red) and the output shaft (blue) is added between a gear to achieve. Due to the increase of a gear, the reverse gear will always rotate toward other gear in the opposite direction. The gear because only to change gear rotation direction function, so it is also called the idler.5 block two shaft transmission structure, the input shaft and the driving gear are integrated into a whole, simplifies the structure and saves spaceIn addition to the traditional three axis manual gearbox, the widespread use of cars is two axis manual transmission, its structure and the three shaft of the gearbox is similar, only the input shaft and intermediate shaft as a shaft, therefore has the advantages of simple structure, small size advantages, in addition, it also has the middle gear transmission high efficiency, and low noise characteristics, so it is more suitable to be the precursor home car general car transmission form, is currently the most widely used, its shortcomings is not set up direct gear, transmission and file than the design cannot be too high. While driving, three shaft gearbox used is still the traditional.Manual gearbox in general, is through the push rod is connected or cable to control the shift. Push rod shift control connection, more direct but vibration will be large; and the cable type although no vibration, but the shift is not very clear, it is each to have good and bad. In addition to shift the two pure mechanical control, in addition, and the use of electronic shift device of manual transmission, which cancombine the merits of push and pull the shift between the good. This kind of gear box in the shift when the gear shift lever, shifting to the corresponding gear, the transmission will be motor drive the corresponding fork control sleeve and the gear is engaged, so that there is no gear is not clear, but the shift schedule can be controlled in the ideal range.So, a good manual transmission need to have what characteristic? The first transmission must have good gear handle, each gear position clear, have reasonable horizontal and vertical stroke, into the block resistance is small and with suction. What is more important is, the gear tooth between than arrangement must be reasonable. Because each gear position than distribution, directly affect the cohesion power vehicles moving in a smooth, usually require a low gear can effectively accelerate, high block to achieve high speed and efficient, and the distance between each block should be uniform, otherwise will be very easy to cause the channeling shift when the car.Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of manual gearboxAdvantages Obviously, which is simple in structure, reliable performance, manufacturing and maintenance cost is low, and the transmission efficiency is high (theory will be more fuel-efficient), also, because it is pure mechanical control, shift reaction is fast, and can be more direct expression of driver's intention, and therefore more driving pleasure, these are the advantages of manual gearbox. But compared to automatic transmission, its operation is complicated, and frustration in gear switch when the obvious disadvantage is irreparable.(2) automatic gearboxAutomatic transmission AT, the full name of Auto Transmission, which is composed of hydraulic torque converter, composed of planetary gear and hydraulic control system, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve variable speed moment.Compared with the manual transmission, automatic transmission is very different in structure and usage. The manual is mainly regulated by different gear combination to change gear, and the automatic transmission is through the hydraulic transmissionand gear combination to achieve the purpose of changing speed. Hydraulic torque converter is one of the most characteristic of the automatic gearbox parts, which is composed of a pump, turbine and guide wheel and other components, pump wheel and turbine is a combination of work, through the liquid pump wheel drives the turbine to rotate, and the wheel between the pump and turbine wheel through the reaction between the pump wheel and turbine implementation the speed difference and implementation of variable torque function, the driver, you only need to different intensity slam the pedal, the gearbox can automatically stop lifting. Since the torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so in a later series several rows of planetary gear to improve efficiency, the hydraulic control system will change with the engine to manipulate the planetary gear, so as to realize the automatic transmission torque. In order to meet a variety of running process needs (such as parking, reversing), automatic transmission also has some manual shift lever position, like the P block (R block (anchor), after the block), block N (neutral), D (forward), block.From the performance that the more gear automatic gearbox, the car in the process of running more smoothly, acceleration is better, and more fuel-efficient. In addition to providing a comfortable driving feeling, automatic transmission also has insurmountable defects. Dynamic automatic transmission response is not directly, which makes it in the "driving pleasure" slightly shortage. In addition, because of the use of hydraulic transmission, the automatic transmission gearbox transmission power loss.Tiptronic automatic transmissionHands appeared gearbox is in order to improve the automatic gearbox and operating economy and increase the setting, let the original computer automatic shift time back into the hands of drivers. At the same time, if in the city traffic in, or you can always switch back to automatic.A tiptronic automatic transmission is actually automatic gearbox, first appeared in a Porsche 911, manual gearbox electronic control system through the simulation of the operation of a manual gearbox. It appears, giving the driver a greater degree offreedom in the operation, can block up the blocking or shift paddles on the steering wheel to choose their own gear and shift the timing right, thereby greatly improving the driving pleasure.(3) CTV non-polar transmissionCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuously variable transmission, which is continuously variable transmission. We often say, just as its name implies is that there is no clear and specific file, which operate on similar automatic gearbox, gear jump process but the ratio change is different from the automatic gearbox, but a continuous, so the power transmission continues smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt is WordStrd, each block is V structure is composed of two intervertebral disk, engine shaft is connected through a small pulley, steel belt drive pulley. Mystery lies in this special pulley: drive pulley structures CVT strange activity, divided into halves, can be close to or separate relative. Cone disc can tighten or open the thrust hydraulic, extrusion sheet steel chain so as to adjust the V slot width. When the cone disc inside mobile tightened, steel chain in the extrusion cones to center outside of the directionof movement (centrifugal direction), but moving to the center of the circle. In this way, steel chain drives the disc diameter increases, the transmission ratio is changed.The CVT gearbox what are the advantages?1, because there is no general automatic transmission gear, there will be no shift process of automatic transmission, shift the resulting sense of frustration will disappear, so the power output of CVT gearbox is linear, in actual driving very smooth.Theory of transmission system of 2 CVT, the gear can be an unlimited number of gear set, more freedom, the traditional transmission gear ratio, speed ratio and performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions balance, are more likely to achieve.3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, the province is oily considerably better than the automatic transmission common, after manual gearbox, fuel economy is much better than.Since there are so many advantages, why not let all the cars using CVT gearbox?There are two factors:1, compared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is high; and the operation is undeserved word, the higher probability.2, CVT gearbox itself still has its shortcomings, is the transmission of the steel belt can withstand strength is limited, generally more than 2.8L capacity or power above 280N • M is its limit, but we also see that there are more an d more cars such as Audi, or Nissan, has broken the limit, believe strip the problem will be solved gradually.(4) dual clutch gearboxDual clutch gearbox DCT, English name is Dual Clutch Transmission, because it has two clutches, so called "dual clutch transmission".Technology introducedDual clutch gearbox combines the advantages of manual transmission and automatic transmission, no torque converter, instead of using two sets of clutch, through two sets of clutch alternately work, to achieve seamless shift effect. Two clutches respectively control the odd block and even block, that is to say, in the shift before, DSG had the next gear meshing, after shifting instruction, DSG quickly sends instructions to the engine, the engine speed increases, the previous meshing gears quickly, while the first group of clutch fully liberalized, the completion of a rise to block the action time, action and so on.Because without the torque converter, so the power of the engine can be fully played out, while the two clutch alternately work, shift time making, dynamic fault engine may be very limited. As the driver is the feeling that we are the most direct, switch gear action very quickly and smoothly, dynamic transmission process of almost uninterrupted, vehicle dynamic performance can be fully play. Compared with the traditional automatic transmission with torque converter, the DSG shift more directly, the power loss is smaller, so the fuel consumption can be reduced by more than 10%.DeficienciesHowever, with the traditional automatic transmission ratio, DSG also has someinherent disadvantages, firstly it is because there is no use hydraulic torque converter, nor realize manual transmission "linkage" action, so for the small-displacement engine, low speed torque characteristic is not enough to be completely exposed; secondly, because the DSG transmission using computer control, belonging to an intelligent transmission, it needs to send electronic signals to the engine block in the process of falling in the L /, the engine after reply, and the engine to be completed with L / reduction gear. A large number of electronic components, but also increases the probability of its failure.The dual clutch common with Volkswagen's DSG, Ford Powershift, Mitsubishi SST and Porsche PDK.(5) sequential gearboxSequential gearbox (AMT) is improved on the traditional manual gear transmission based on; it combines hydromechatronics automatic transmission has the advantages of both AT and MT; AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission common automatic transmission, and the retention efficiency of the original manual transmission gear transmission, the high cost of low, simple structure, easy manufacture. It is the reform in the present manual transmission, retained most of the original assembly, only to change the shift lever manual operating system part, the production of succession, to transform the input costs less, is very easy to be manufacturers to accept.The driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) control signal transmission; electronic control unit collects the engine speed sensor, the speed sensor signal, the time to master the running state of the vehicle; electronic control unit (ECU) based on the best program according to these signals stored therein, optimal shifting rules, clutch fuzzy control rules engine oil, adaptive control law, action and temporal separation of the engine, clutch and transmission shift binding, the three to achieve the best matching. In order to obtain the excellent fuel economy and power performance and ability to smooth start and rapid shift, in order to achieve the desired results.But the AMT transmission is not perfect, the biggest disadvantage of AMTgearbox is shifting comfort is poor, and generate power interruption in the process of shifting, the shift in the process of speed performance is not good.AMT mechanical gearbox, its basic structure and conventional manual gearbox consistent, generally only one input shaft and an output shaft (RWD usually a middle shaft), which generally is the input shaft 5 forward gear and output shaft gear is in constant mesh state, wherein the output shaft of the 1 gear and a reverse gear, 2 block and the 3 block, 4 block and 5 block were shared by the three shift fork. The mechanism of two adjacent gear with a shifting mechanism, when the shift action, fork need once upon a gear defect, through neutral to the next gear gear meshing, due to three actions is the order, even if each action will be the time to a minimum, is still very difficult to obtain the shift speed fast enough."Independent innovation shift fork"The ISR gearbox has a unique structure, the gear arrangement it is different with the traditional AMT gearbox, also different from the dual clutch gearbox. The use of four independent shift fork, two stalls adjacent to the gear shift fork is composed of different control. Four independent fork respectively control 1 gear and reverse gear; block 3 and block 5, block 2 and block 4, block 6 and block 7, that is to say, from 1 until 6 block, two adjacent stalls are composed of two independent fork to respectively control.Because of this design, the shifting process can be further shortened: when two adjacent gear to gear switch, a shift fork and the current gear gear detachment, another gear meshing has already started, and a shift fork action and activates the electronic clutch three, because the action is almost synchronously, so that the whole time shorten. Lamborghini is compared originally claimed, performance is very good before the generation of the E-gear sequential gearbox, shift speed upgrade 40%, shift speed of 50 milliseconds is close to F1 gearbox level.Gear shift mechanism of ISR is driven by the electric hydraulic pump, a maximum of 60 bar pressure ensures the necessary operating speed, 7 hydraulic valve controls the gear shift mechanism of action, and the electric pump to provide power, double plate clutch tough also driven by hydraulic pressure, will be responsible for thetorque of the 690Nm transmitted to the four wheels. Synchronizer gear ring is made from carbon fiber, not only wear but also reduce the overall quality of the gearbox.In the design process, the transmission is not only fast, shift quality is equally important, VOCIS design control procedure is also fully take into account the daily driving comfort. The gearbox can choose three kinds of work modes: Strada (Road) or full automatic mode can provide comfortable for shift operation oriented; Sport (motion) mode will postpone shifting node and provides a more rapid gear switch; Corsa (track) model can provide the best track shift strategy, the model can also provide the starting control, also is the ejection start function.1.2变速箱的换挡方式通常变速箱的分类为以下几种：手动变速箱普通自动变速箱/普通自动变速箱带手自一体CVT无级变速箱/CVT带挡位的变速箱双离合变速箱序列变速箱(1) 手动变速箱手动变速器，也称手动挡，英文全称为manualtransmission，简称MT，即用手拨动变速杆才华改动变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改动传动比，从而到达变速的目的.踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆.手动变速箱的任务原理手动变速箱是有分歧齿比的齿轮组构成的，它任务的基来源根基理就是通过切换分歧的齿轮组，来实现齿比的变换.作为分配动力的关键环节，变速箱必需有动力输入轴和输出轴这两年夜件，再加上构成变速箱的齿轮，就是一个手动变速箱最根本的组件.动力输入轴与离合器相连，从离合器传递来的动力直接通过输入轴传递给齿轮组，齿轮组是由直径分歧的齿轮组成的，分歧的齿轮比例所到达的动力传输效果是完全分歧的，平常驾驶中的换挡也就是指换齿轮比.接下来，让我们通过一个复杂的模型来给年夜家讲讲，手动变速箱换挡的原理.下图是一个简易的3轴2档变速箱的结构模型.输入轴（绿色）也叫第一轴，通过离合器和发起机相连，轴和上面的齿轮是一个硬衔接的部件.白色齿轮轴叫做中间轴.输入轴和中间轴的两个齿轮是处于常啮合状态的，因此当输入轴旋转时就会带动中间轴的旋转.黄色则是输出轴，它也叫第二轴直接和驱动轴相连（只针对后轮驱动，前驱一般为两轴），再通过差速器来驱动汽车.当车轮转动时同样会带着花键轴一起转动，此时，轴上的蓝色齿轮可以在花键轴上发作相对自由转动.因此，在发起机停止，而车轮仍在转动时，蓝色齿轮和中间轴出在运动状态，而花键轴则随车轮转动.这个原理和自行车后轴的飞轮很相似.蓝色齿轮和花键轴是由套筒来衔接的，套筒随着花键轴转动，但同时也可以在花键轴上左右自由滑动来啮合齿轮.说完这些，换挡的进程就很好了解了，当套筒和蓝色齿轮相连时，发起机的动力就会通过中间轴传递到输出轴上，在这同时，左边的蓝色齿轮也在自由旋转，但由于没有和套筒啮合，所以它分歧毛病花键轴发作影响.而如果套筒在两个蓝色齿轮之间时，变速箱在空挡位置，此时两个蓝色齿轮都在花键轴上自由转动，互不干预.一个传统的5速手动变速箱换挡的原理也是一样的，只是变速箱结构中增加了套筒和齿轮组的数目，使之拥有更多的挡位.而倒档则是通过在中间轴（白色）和输出轴（蓝色）之间增加一个齿轮来实现的.由于增加了一个啮合齿轮，因此倒挡的齿轮始终会朝其他齿轮相反的方向转动.这个齿轮由于只起到改动齿轮旋转方向的作用，因此也称为惰轮.5挡二轴变速器结构，输入轴与主动齿轮整合为一体，简化了却构也节省了空间除了上述的传统三轴手动变速箱，目前轿车上普遍使用的是二轴手动变速箱，它的结构和三轴变速箱根本相似，只是其输入轴和中间轴整合为一根轴，因此具有结构复杂，尺寸小的优势，另外，它还有中间档位传动效率高，且噪音较小等特点，因此更适合一般的前置前驱家用车，是目前使用最广的轿车变速器形式，它的缺点是不能设置直接挡，且一档的传动比不能设计的太高.而在后驱车上，使用较多的仍是传统的三轴式变速箱.一般的手动变速箱，都是通过推杆衔接或许是拉线来控制换挡的.推杆衔接的换挡控制方式，更为直接然则传递的振动会很年夜；而拉线式的虽然没有振动，然则挡位显得不是很清晰，可谓是各有优劣.除了这两种纯机械式的换挡控制，此外，还有使用电控装置换挡的手动变速箱，它可以很好的结合推杆和拉线换挡之间的优点.这种变速箱在换挡的时候，挡拨动变速杆到相应的挡位，在变速器里就会有电机驱动相应的拨叉控制套筒与齿轮咬合，因此不存在挡位不清晰的问题，而且换挡的行程也可以控制在很理想的范围.那么，一台优秀的手动变速箱需要具有哪些特点呢？首先变速箱必需要拥有良好的挂档手感，每个挡位清晰，拥有合理的横向和纵向行程，入挡的阻力小并带有吸入感.除此之外更重要的是，各挡位之间的齿比排布必需合理.因为各个挡位间的传动比散布，直接影响车辆行进中动力衔接的畅顺性，通常要求低挡能有力减速，高挡能达致高速同时省油，且各挡间的间隔要平均，否则就会很容易造成换挡时窜车的情况.手动变速箱的优缺点剖析优点显而易见，它结构复杂，性能牢靠，制造和维护本钱昂贵，且传动效率高（实际上会更省油），另外，由于是纯机械控制，换挡反响快，且可以更直接的表现驾驶者的意愿，因此也更富驾驶乐趣，这些都是手动变速箱的优点.不外相比自动变速箱，它把持繁琐，而且在挡位切换时顿挫明显的优势也是无法弥补的.(2) 自动变速箱自动变速箱简称AT，全称AutoTransmission，它是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压把持系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来到达变速变矩.和手动挡相比，自动变速箱在结构和使用上有很年夜分歧.手动挡主要通过调节分歧齿轮组合来改换挡位，而自动变速箱是通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来到达变速的目的.其中液力变扭器是自动变速箱最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，泵轮和涡轮是一对任务组合，泵轮通过液体带动涡轮旋转，而泵轮和涡轮之间的导轮通过反作用力使泵轮和涡轮之间实现转速差并实现变速变矩功用，对驾驶者来说，您只需要以分歧力度踩住踏板，变速箱就可以自动停止挡位升降.由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不足年夜，因此在涡轮前面再串联几排行星齿轮提高效率，液压把持系统会随发起机任务变卦自行把持行星齿轮，从而实现自动变速变矩.为了满足行驶进程中的多种需要(如停车、倒车)等，自动变速箱还设有一些手动拨杆位置，像P挡(停泊)、R挡(后挡)、N挡(空挡)、D挡(前进)等.从性能上说自动变速箱的挡位越多，车在行驶进程中也就越平顺，减速性也越好，而且更加省油.除了提供轻松惬意的驾驶感受，自动变速箱也有无法克制的缺陷.自动变速箱的动力响应不足直接，这使它在“驾驶乐趣”方面稍显缺乏.此外，由于采用液力传动，这使自动挡变速箱传递的动力有所损失.手自一体自动变速箱手自一体变速箱的呈现其实就是为了提高自动变速箱的经济性和操控性而增加的设置，让原来电脑自动决议的换挡时机重新回到驾驶员手中.同时，如果在城市内堵车情况下，还是可以随时切换回自动挡.手自一体自动变速箱实际上还是自动变速箱的一种，最早呈现在保时捷911上，手自一体变速箱通过电控系统模拟出手动变速箱的把持.它的呈现，在把持上给予驾驶者更年夜的自由度，可以通过挡把上的加减挡或许方向盘上的换挡拨片来选择自己认为适宜的挡位和换挡时机，从而年夜年夜提高了驾驶乐趣.(3) CTV无极变速箱CVT（Continuously VariableTransmission），直接翻译就是延续可变传动，也就是我们常说的无级变速箱，望文生义就是没有明确详细的档位，把持上相似自动变速箱，然则速比的变卦却分歧于自动变速箱的跳挡进程，而是延续的，因此动力传输继续而顺畅.CVT传动系统里，传统的齿轮被一对滑轮和一只钢制皮带所取代，每个滑轮其实是由两个椎形盘组成的V形结构，引擎轴衔接小滑轮，透过钢制皮带带动年夜滑轮.玄机就出在这特殊的滑轮上：CVT的传动滑轮结构比拟奇怪，分红活动的左右两半，可以相对接近或别离.锥型盘可在液压的推力作用下收紧或张开，挤压钢片链条以此来调节V型槽的宽度.当锥型盘向内侧移动收紧时，钢片链条在锥盘的挤压下向圆心以外的方向（离心方向）运动，相反会向圆心以内运动.这样，钢片链条带动的圆盘直径增年夜，传动比也就发作了变卦.CVT变速箱有哪些优点？1、由于没有了一般自动挡变速箱的传动齿轮，也就没有了自动挡变速箱的换挡进程，由此带来的换档顿挫感也随之消失，因此CVT变速箱的动力输出是线性的，在实际驾驶中十分平顺.2、CVT的传动系统实际上挡位可以无限多，挡位设定更为自由，传统传动系统中的齿轮比、速比以及性能、耗油、废气排放的平衡，都更容易到达.3、CVT传动的机械效率、省油性年夜年夜优于普通的自动挡变速箱，仅次于手动挡变速箱，燃油经济性要比好很多.既然有这么多优点，为什么不让所有的汽车都采用CVT变速箱呢？有两方面因素：1、相比传统自动挡变速箱而言，它的本钱要略高；而且把持欠妥的话，出问题的概率更高.·M以上的动力是它的上限，不外我们也看到现在有越来越多的车型，诸如奥迪或许日产，都已经打破了这个上限，相信钢带的问题会逐步失掉解决.(4) 双离合变速箱双离合变速箱简称DCT，英文全称为Dual ClutchTransmission，因为其有两组离合器，所以有人称“双离合变速器”.技术介绍双离合变速箱结合了手动变速箱和自动变速箱的优点，没有使用变矩器，转而采用两套离合器，通过两套离合器的相互交替任务，离开达无间隙换挡的效果.两组离合器辨别控制奇数挡与偶数挡，详细说来就是在换挡之前，DSG已经预先将下一挡位齿轮啮合，在失掉换挡指令之后，DSG迅速向发起机收回指令，发起机转速升高，此时先前啮合的齿轮迅速结合，同时第一组离合器完全放开，完成一次升挡举措，前面的举措以此类推.因为没有了液力变矩器，所以发起机的动力可以完全发扬出来，同时两组离合器相互交替任务，使得换挡时间极短，发起机的动力断层也就十分有限.作为驾驶者我们最直接的觉得就是，切换挡举措极端迅速而且平顺，动力传输进程简直没有连续，车辆动力性能可以失掉完全的发扬.与采用液力变矩器的传统自动变速器比拟起来，由于DSG的换挡更直接，动力损失更小，所以其燃油消耗可以降低10%以上.缺乏之处不外与传统的自动变速器比起来，DSG也存在一些固有的弊端，首先就是由于没有采用液力变矩器，又不能实现手动变速器“半联动”的举措，所以关于小排量的发起机而言，低转速下的扭矩缺乏的特性就会被完全流露出来；其次，由于DSG变速器采用了电脑控制，属于一款智能型变速器，它在升/降挡的进程中需要向发起机收回电子信号，经发起机回复后，与发起机配合才华完成升/降挡.少量电子元件的使用，也增加了其故障呈现的机率.目前罕见的双离合有群众的DSG、福特的Powershift、三菱的SST以及保时捷的PDK等.(5) 序列变速箱序列变速箱（AMT）是在传统的手动齿轮式变速器根底上改良而来的；它揉合了AT和MT两者优点的机电液一体化自动变速器；AMT既具有普通自动变速器自动变速的优点，又保管了原手动变速器齿轮传动的效率高、本钱低、结构复杂、易制造的优点.它是在现手动变速器上停止改造的，保管了绝年夜局部原总成部件，只改动其中手动把持系统的换档杆局部，生产继承性好，改造的投入费用少，十分容易被生产厂家承受.驾驶员通过减速踏板和把持杆向电子控制单位（ECU）传递控制信号；电子控制单位收集发起机转速传感器、车速传感器等信号，时刻掌握着车辆的行驶状态；电子控制单位（ECU）依据这些信号按存储于其中的最佳顺序，最佳换档规律、离合器模糊控制规律、发起机供油自适应调节规律等，对发起机供油、离合器的别离与结合、变速器换档三者的举措与时序实现最佳匹配.从而取得优良的燃油经济性与动力性能以及平稳起步与迅速换档的能力，以到达驾驶员所期望的后果.不外AMT变速箱并不是完美的，AMT变速箱最年夜的缺点就是换挡舒适型欠安，且在换挡进程中发作动力中断，使得换挡进程中极速性能欠好.普通的AMT变速箱，其根本结构是和传统的手动变速箱相一致的，一般只有一根输入轴和一根输出轴（后驱车一般会多出一根中间轴），其结构一般情况是输入轴上5个前进挡齿轮与输出轴齿轮处于常啮合状态，其中输出轴上的1挡和倒档，2挡和3挡，4挡和5挡辨别共用三个换挡拨叉.这种机构相邻两个齿轮使用同一个换挡机构，当换挡举措停止时，拨叉需要早年一挡位处脱离，经过空挡才华与下一个档位齿轮停止啮合，由于三个举措是顺序停止的，即使将每个举措的时间缩至最短，依旧很难取得足够快的换挡速度.立异的“独立换挡拨叉”ISR变速箱拥有一个共同的结构，它的齿轮安插方式既有别与传统AMT变速箱，也分歧于双离合变速箱.其使用四个独立的换挡拨叉，相邻的两个档位齿轮则由分歧换挡拨叉控制.四个独立拨叉辨别控制1挡和倒档；3挡和5挡，2挡和4挡，6挡和7挡，也就是说，从1挡一直到6挡，相邻的两个档位都是由两个独立的拨叉来辨别控制的.正因为这个设计，使得换挡的进程得以进一步缩短：当相邻的两个挡位要。
变速箱外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速箱在我国工程机械主要核心元部件中，唯有传动元部件国内配套体系最完善，市场满足率也最高，且也是最具自主知识产权的关键配套件。
国产核心元部件之一的液压元件，从价值上讲，国产配套满足率只有30%30%，特别是价值很高的变量，特别是价值很高的变量液压元件，几乎全依赖进口。
而传动核心元部件的国产配套件的满足率在70%70%～～75%75%以上，只有少数高档传动元部件及大规格传动元部件仍需进口。
以上，只有少数高档传动元部件及大规格传动元部件仍需进口。
在变速箱方面，世界上一直是两大流派，一种是像德国采埃孚和美国德纳那样的定轴式箱，另一种就像目前我国用得最多的及卡特、小松等所用的行星式变速箱。
行星式变速箱中，像我国目前的只有两个行星排，叫简单行星式，制造、维护相对比较容易一些。
另一种像卡特、小松等复杂行星式，制造工艺比较复杂。
这两种流派各有优劣，因此两大流派一直在世界上并存。
但对中国的实际情况，复杂行星式制造难度更大，川齿引进卡特技术，最终未形成产品就是一个例子。
老的简单行星式变速箱，虽然目前仍在最广泛地使用，但由于某些缺陷已从根本上无法克服，技术也再无突破性发展。
因此变速箱在整个行业的技术发展中，瞄准了世界一流水平的采埃孚箱。
既有杭齿引进采埃孚技术基础，又有柳工与采埃孚合资的技术基础，埃孚合资的技术基础，同时又有广泛地使用、同时又有广泛地使用、同时又有广泛地使用、维护及配件基础。
维护及配件基础。
维护及配件基础。
另外与其配套的另外与其配套的冲压焊接式变矩器已在陕西航天动力开发成功，并已大批量配套。
因此中国目前新型双变技术主流方向，已正在向采埃孚型方向发展。
主要配套件企业杭齿所生产的高水平采埃孚双变已批量推向了市场，并从装载机变速箱经过变型设计已发展到压路机、平地机等多种工程机械产品上。
主机企业柳工、龙工、厦工、成工等，都已不同程度地研发出或正在研发该系列变速箱。
并已从3t 型、5t 型到6t 型,已逐步开始形成了中等型号系列新型双变系统。
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Gearbox shell machining process design《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》Mechanical Industry Press In March 2004, version 1 p560—564（Serope kalpakjian）（Steven R.Schmid）AbstractGearbox shell is a more complex structure of spare parts box, its high precision, complex process, and the processing quality will affect the overall performance engine, so it has become the engine manufacturer's focus parts one.Machining process planning must guarantee the machining quality of parts, to meet the technical requirements stipulated in drawings, at the same time should also have high productivity and efficiency. Therefore, machining process planning design is an important work, requires designers must have a rich experience in production practice and wide range of mechanical manufacturing technology basic theory knowledge. In the specified procedure, should according to the production of parts and the existing equipment conditions, taking the processing quality into account, productivity and economy requirements, after repeated analysis and comparison, to determine the optimal or the best solution.1.Technical Characteristics of the gearbox shellThe gearbox shell process features are: the structure of complex shape; processing plane, more than holes; uneven wall thickness and stiffness is low; processing of high precision typical of box-type processing part. The main processing of the surface of cylinder block top surface, the main bearing side, cylinder bore, the main and camshaft bearing bore holes and so on, they will directly affect the machining accuracy of the engine assembly precision and performance, mainly rely on precision equipment, industrial fixtures reliability and processing technology to ensure the reasonableness.2.The gearbox shell process design principles and the basisDesign Technology program should be to ensure product quality at the same time, give full consideration to the production cycle, cost and environmental protection; based on the enterprises ability to actively adopt advanced process technology and equipment, and constantly enhance their level of technology. Gearbox shell machining process design should follow the following basic principles: 2.1 The selection of processing equipmentThe principle of selection adopted the principle of selection adopted the principle of combining rigid-flexible, processing each horizontal machining center is located mainly small operations with vertical machining center, the key process a crank hole, cylinder hole, balancer shaft hole High-speed processing of high-precision horizontal machining center, an upper and lower non-critical processes before and after the four-dimensional high-efficiency rough milling and have a certain adjustment range of special machine processing;2.2 Concentration process principleFocus on a key process in principle process the body cylinder bore, crankshaft hole, Balance Shaft hole surface finishing and the combination of precision millingcylinder head, using a process focused on a setup program to complete all processing elements in order to ensure product accuracy The key quality processes to meet the cylinder capacity and the relevant technical requirements;3.The gearbox shell machining process design the main contentGearbox shell complex structure, high precision, arge size, is thin-walled parts, there are a number of high precision plane and holes. Engine block machining process characteristics; mainly flat and the hole processing, processing of flat generally use planing, milling methods such as processing, processing of hole used mainly boring, processing and multi-purpose drilling holes. As the cylinder complex structure. so how to ensure that the mutual position of the surface processing precision is an important issue.3.1 The selection of blankGearbox shell on the materials used are generally gray cast iron HT150,HT200,HT250,there is also cast aluminum or steel plate, this engine block using high-strength alloy cast iron. Cylinder in the processing prior to aging treatment in order to eliminate stress and improve the rough casting mechanical properties. Improve the rough accuracy, reduction of machining allowance, is to improve the automated production line system productivity and processing quality of the important measures. As the foreign box-type parts of rough quality and high precision, and its production-line system has been implemented directly on the blank line, not only eliminating the need for blank check device also saves the rough quality problems due to waste of machining time, increase overall efficiency. Therefore, the refinement of rough is to improve the productivity of the most promising way out. For the engine block production line, can be rough in parts on-line pre-milling six face, removing most of the margin, to facilitate direct on-line parts.3.2 Machining process selection and processing of the benchmarkChoose the right processing technology base is directly related to the processing quality can ensure the parts. Generally speaking, process benchmarking can be divided into coarse and fine reference base.3.2.1 Coarse reference baseThe baseline for the on-line thick rough ,which is particularly important the choice of benchmark crude, if crude benchmark choice unreasonable, will the uneven distribution of machining allowance, processing and surface offsets, resulting in waste. In the cylinder production line, we have adopted for the coarse side of the base;3.2.2 Fine reference baseRefined the base of this box for the engine block parts, the general use of "side two sales "for a full range of uniform benchmarks, For the longer automated production positioning. In the gearbox shell of the process, we have adopted to the side, bottom and the spindle hole positioning, in the processing center on the process.3.3 Machining Processing Stages and processes of the arrangementsOften a part of many apparent need for processing, of course, the surface machining accuracy are different. Processing of high precision surface, often afterrepeated processing; As for the processing of the surface of low precision, only need to go through one or two on the list. Thus, when the development process in order to seize the "processing high precision surface, "this conflict, the reasonable arrangement processes and rational division stage of processing. Arrange the order of the principle of process is: after the first coarse refined, the first surface after the hole, the first benchmark other. In the engine block machining, the same should follow this principle.3.3.1 roughing stage engine block machining processThe arrangements for roughing process, to fully carry out rough rough, trim most of the margin in order to ensure production efficiency;3.3.2 semi-finishing phase of the engine block machiningIn order to ensure the accuracy of the middle of some important surface processing, and arrange some semi-finishing operations, will be required accuracy and surface roughness of the surface of the middle of some processing to complete, while demanding the surface of semi-finished, to prepare for future finishing;3.3.3 The finishing stageThe finishing stage of requiring high accuracy and surface roughness of the surface processing; 3.3.4 secondary processingSecondary processing such as small surface screw holes, you can finish of the major surface after the one hand, when the workpiece deformation process little impact at the same time also reduced the rejection rate;In addition,if the main surface of a waste,these small the surface will not have to be processed,thus avoiding a waste of man-hours.However,if the processing is very easy for a small surface bumps the main surface,it should be placed on a small surface finish prior to the main surface finishing;3.3.5 make proper arrangements for secondary processesMake proper arrangements for secondary processes such as product inspection process,in part roughing stage,the key process before and after processing,spare parts all the processing has been completed,should be appropriate arrangements. Stage of processing division,has the following advantages:First,it can take measures to eliminate the rough workpiece after the stress,to ensure accuracy; second,finishing on the back,and will not damage during transport the surface of the workpiece has been processed;again,first roughing the surface defects can be detected early and promptly deal with rough,do not waste working hours.But most small parts,do not sub very thin.3.4 The gearbox shell surface of the main processing and secondary processes3.4.1 Plane processingPlane processing at present, the milling of engine blocks is the primary means of planar processing,domestic milling feed rate is generally 300-400mm/min,and foreign 2000-4000mm/min milling feed rate compared to far cry,to be on increasing,therefore,improve the milling feed rate,reduce overhead time is to improve the productivity of the major means of finishing a number of plane engine block when the milling feed rate to reach 2399mm/min,greatly improved efficiency; Top surface of the cylinder milling is a key process in the process,the flatnessrequirements for 0.02/145mm,the surface roughness of Ra1.6um.Processing in the cylinder,the use of side and spindle bearing bore positioning,top,bottom and middle vagay only aperture while processing used in the processing line outside of the knife device can better meet the engine block machining accuracy;3.4.2 General holes MachiningGeneral holes Machining holes in general are still using the traditional processing of drilling,expansion,boring,reaming,tapping and other craft approach. Issues in the design process of specific programs,use of coated cutting tools,cutting tools and other advanced tools within the cooling,and using a large flow of cooling systems,greatly improving the cutting speed,improved productivity;3.4.3 Deep hole processingDeep hole processing of the traditional processing method is used to grade twist drill feed,low efficiency of their production,processing and quality is poor.The deep hole in the engine block processing,the use of gun drilling process;3.4.4 CleaningCleaning is divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.Machining cylinder automatic production line using a large flow of wet cleaning;3.4.5 DetectionDetect points outside the line detection and line detection of two kinds. Quality inspection in the engine block,according to the actual situation with lines outside the detection,the main use of coordinate measuring machine integrated measurements of the cylinder,each 200 samples 1-5 pieces,each class random one.变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计摘自：《机械工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版美国卡卡尔帕基安·施密德摘要变速箱壳体是变速器机零件中结构较为复杂的箱体零件，其精度要求高，加工工艺复杂，并且加工加工质量的好坏直接影响发动机整个机构的性能，因此，它成为各个发动机生产厂家所关注的重点零件之一。