public speaking-one

Seven Elements of Communication Process
• • • • • • • Speaker-演讲者 Message-信息 Channel-渠道 Listener-听众 Feedback-反馈 Interference-干扰 Situation-场景
Speaker
Your success as a speaker depends on: • Personal credibility • Knowledge of the subject • Preparation of the speech • Manner of speaking • Sensitivity to the audience and the occasion • Enthusiasm
Commemorative Speech
• To pay tribute to (称赞，歌颂）a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea • Seek to use language creatively and imaginatively so as to invest the topic with dignity, meaning, and honest emotion.
• Improve skills of writing and presenting effective public speeches • Special emphasis on informative and persuasive discourse • Benefit you in your future career and life as a citizen in a gl Visualization
• Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation • Repeat this visualization several times in the days before you speak • It doesn’t guarantee your success, but will help control your nervousness and make a successful presentation
positive nervousness
• Stage fright is considered as stage excitement or stage enthusiasm
Ways of Making It
• • • • • • Acquire speaking experience Prepare, prepare, prepare Think positively Use the power of visualization Don’t expect perfection Additional tips
Channel
• Means by which a message is communicated • Use one or more channels, each of which will affect the message received by the audience • Radio, television, microphone, etc.
Message
• Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else • Depends on what you say (verbal message) and how you say it (nonverbal message) • Narrow your topic down to something you can discuss adequately in the time allowed for the speech
• Choose supporting details to make your ideas clear and convincing • Organize your ideas well • Express your message in accurate, clear, vivid and appropriate words • Send a message with your tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact • Make sure your nonverbal message not distract from your verbal message
Situation
• The time and place in which speech communication occurs • Certain situations: funerals, weddings, graduation ceremonies, open ceremonies • Physical setting: a speech is presented indoors or out, to a densely packed crowd or to a handful(少量的，难以掌控 的) of scattered souls
Interference
• Anything that impedes the communication of a message • External: traffic outside, people’s conversation in the hall, a room that is stifling hot or freezing cold • Internal: toothache, any other pain, worry about the exams, brood about(think of) an argument with his girlfriend
Show off yourself
• Becoming a confident speaker: a) nervousness is normal b) dealing with nervousness
Dealing With Nervousness
• Not try to eliminate stage fright • Transform it from a negative force into
Feedback
• The message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker • Lean forward; applaud in approval; laugh at your jokes; quizzical（puzzled） looks on their faces; shuffle their feet(拖脚、 抖脚) and gaze at the clock • Be alert to these reactions and adjust your message accordingly
Listener
• Person who receives communicated message • Take account of listeners’ frames of reference (参考框架，观点；sum of person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes) • Audience-centered
• I’m always nervous when I give a speech-Everyone’s nervous. If other people can handle it, I can too • No one will be interested in what I have to say-I have a good topic and I’m fully prepared. Of course they’ll be interested • For each negative thought, counter with at least five positive ones
Ways of Transforming Negative Thoughts into Positive Ones
• I wish I didn’t have to give this speechThis speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker • I’m not a great public speakerNo one’s perfect, but I’m getting better with each speech I give
Objectives
• To improve your ability to write effective public speeches • To improve your ability to deliver effective public speeches • To improve your ability to think critically and to apply the skills of critical thinking to the analysis of written and oral texts • To improve your ability to listen effectively to public speeches
Informative Speech
• Inform the audience about an object, concept, process, or event • Use of a visual aid is required
Persuasive Speech
• To persuade the audience for or against a question or policy • Seek either passive agreement or immediate action from the audience • Emphasis is given to evidence and reasoning in constructing persuasive arguments
The Art of Public Speaking
Overview of Public Speaking • • • Objectives Types of speeches 7 elements of communication process • Show off yourself
Introduction
Types of Speeches
• Introductory speech • Informative speech • Persuasive speech • Commemorative speech
Introductory Speech
• Introduce yourself (or anyone around you) • Focus on some aspect of your (anyone’s) personality, background, beliefs, or aspirations