电气工程及其自动化外文翻译--继电保护发展现状

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电气工程及其自动化外文翻译----继电保护发展现状

毕业设计（外文翻译材料）学院：专业：学生姓名：指导教师：电气与电子工程学院电气工程及其自动化- 1 -Relay protection development present situationAbstract: Reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, propose the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization.Key word: relay protection, present situation development, future development1 relay protection development present situationThe electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection propose unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time.After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50's, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology, has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60's. This is a- 2 -time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our countries relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the end of the 50's, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60's to the 80's，it is the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely used. Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kV transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500kV line , finished the 500kV line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70's, start based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the completely series to at the end of 80's integrated circuit protection, substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development, the production, the application the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90's still were in the dominant position, this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated electricity road work frequency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power automation research institute high frequency protected the vital role, the Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi- strip 220kV and on the 500kV line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70's, the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunner's function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, southeast the university, the North China electric power institute, the Xian Jiao tong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiao tong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle, the different pattern microcomputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed- 3 -the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the evaluation and in the system the find application, had opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protect the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect, the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develop loses magnetism protection, the generator protection and the generator? Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989、1994 through appraisal and investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microcomputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection, the Xian Jiao tong University and the Xuchang Relay Factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through the appraisal. Here, the different principle, the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique, provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine, the function has been complete, the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device research, in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software, algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result. May say started our country relay protection technology from the 90's to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.2 relay protections future developmentThe relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes, networked, the intellectualization, will protect, the control, the survey and the data communication integration development.2.1 computerizesAlong with the computer hardware swift and violent development, the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing. The original- 4 -North China electric power institute develops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases: Is published from 8 lists CPU structure microcomputer protection, does not develop to 5 years time to the multi- CPU structure, latter developed to the main line does not leave the module the big modular structure, the performance enhances greatly, obtained the widespread application. Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection also is from 8 CPU, develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundation 32 microcomputers protection.The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has developed 16 CPU is the foundation microcomputer line protection, obtained the big area promotion, at present also is studying 32 protections hardware system. Southeast the university develops the microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and the enhancement many times. The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the development take more than 16 CPU as the foundation microcomputer line protection, in 1988 namely started to study take 32 digital signals processor (DSP) as the foundation protection, the control, the survey integration microcomputer installment, at present cooperated with the Zhuhai automatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules, a module was a minicomputer. Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the precision, because of the precision the a/d switch resolution limit, is surpassed time 16 all is accepts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect; 32 microcomputers chips have the very high integration rate more importantly, very high operating frequency and computation speed, very big addressing space, rich command system and many inputs outlet. The CPU register, the data bus, the address bus all are 32, has the memory management function, the memory protection function and the duty transformation function, and (cache) and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in CPU.The electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances unceasingly, besides protection basic function, but also should have the- 5 -large capacity breakdown information and the data long-term storage space, the fast data processing function, the formidable traffic capacity, with other protections, the control device and dispatches the networking by to share the entire system data, the information and the network resources ability, the higher order language programming and so on. This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function. In the computer protection development initial period, once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer. At that time because the small machine volume big, the cost high, the reliability was bad, this tentative plan was not realistic. Now, with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor controlling machine function, the speed, the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine, therefore, made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machine the opportunity already to be mature, this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected. The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installment which Cheng Yong tong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less than one kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes. This kind of equipment merit includes: has the 486pc machine complete function, can satisfy each kind of function request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer. size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar, the craft excellent, quakeproof, guards against has been hot, guards against electromagnetic interference ability, may move in the very severe working conditions, the cost may accept. Uses the STD main line or the pc main line, the hardware modulation, may select the different module willfully regarding the different protection, the disposition nimble, and is easy to expand.Relay protection installment, computerizes is the irreversible development tendency. How but to satisfies the electrical power system request well, how further enhances the relay protection the reliability, how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency, still must conduct specifically the thorough research.- 6 -2.2 networkedThe computer network has become the information age as the information and the data communication tool the technical prop, caused the human production and the social life appearance has had the radical change. It profoundly is affecting each industry domain, also has provided the powerful means of communication for each industry domain. So far, besides the differential motion protection and the vertical association protection, all relay protections installment all only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit. The relay protection function also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part, reduces the accident to affect the scope. This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method. Overseas already had proposed the system protection concept, this in mainly referred to the safe automatic device at that time. Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope (this is most important task), but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement. This requests each protection unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data, each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze this information and in the data foundation the synchronized action, guarantees the system the security stable movement. Obviously, realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire system each main equipment protective device with the computer network, that is realization microcomputer protective device networked. This under the current engineering factor is completely possible.Regarding the general non- system protection, the realization protective device computer networking also has the very big advantage. The relay protection equipment can obtain system failure information more, then to the breakdown nature, the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate. Passed through the very long time to the auto-adapted protection principle research, also has yielded the certain result, but must realize truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction auto-adapted, must obtain the more- 7 -systems movement and the breakdown information, only then realization protection computer networked, can achieve this point.Regarding certain protective device realization computer networking also can enhance the protection the reliability. The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Gorges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi-return routes generatrix one kind of distributional generatrix protection principle, developed successfully this kind of equipment initially. Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain (with to protect generatrix to return way to be same) the generatrix protection unit, the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen, each protection unit joins with the computer network, each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage, after transforms it the digital quantity, transmits through the computer network for other all return routes protection unit, each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network, carries on the generatrix differential motion protection the computation, if the computed result proof is the generatrix interior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker, Breakdown generatrix isolation. When generatrix area breakdown, each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act. This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which realizes with the computer network has the high reliability compared to the traditional central generatrix protection principle. Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalculation when moves by mistake, only can wrongly jump the book size return route, cannot create causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises, this regarding looks like the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key position to be extremely important.By above may know, microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performance and the reliability greatly, this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend.- 8 -2.3 protections, control, survey, data communication integrationsIn realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition, the protective device is in fact a high performance, the multi-purpose computer, is in an entire electrical power system computer network intelligent terminal. It may gain the electrical power system movement and breakdown any information and the data from the net, also may protect the part which obtains it any information and the data transfer for the network control center or no matter what a terminal. Therefore, each microcomputer protective device not only may complete the relay protection function, moreover in does not have in the breakdown normal operation situation also to be possible to complete the survey, the control, the data communication function that is realization protection, control, survey, data communication integration.At present, in order to survey, the protection and the control need, outdoor transformer substation all equipment, like the transformer, the line and so on the secondary voltage, the electric current all must use the control cable to direct to . Lays the massive control cable not only must massively invest, moreover makes the secondary circuit to be extremely complex. But if the above protection, the control, the survey, the data communication integration computer installation, will install in outdoor transformer substation by the protection device nearby, by the protection device voltage, the amperage is changed into after this installment internal circulation the digital quantity, will deliver through the computer network, then might avoid the massive control cable. If takes the network with the optical fiber the transmission medium, but also may avoid the electromagnetic interference. Now the optical current transformer (OTA) and the optical voltage transformer (OTV) in the research trial stage, future inevitably obtained the application in the electrical power system. In uses OTA and in the OTV situation, the protective device should place is apart from OTA and the OTV recent place, that is should place by the protection device nearby. OTA and the OTV light signal inputs after this integration installment in and transforms the electrical signal, on the one hand serves as the protection the computation judgment; On the other hand took the survey quantity, delivers through- 9 -the network. May to deliver from through the network by the protection device operation control command this integrated installment, carries out the circuit breaker operation from this the integrated installment. In 1992 the Tianjin University proposed the protection, the control, the survey, the correspondence integration question, and has developed take the tms320c25 digital signal processor (DSP) as a foundation protection, the control, the survey, the data communication integration installment.2.4 intellectualizationsIn recent years, the artificial intelligence technology like nerve network, the genetic algorithms, the evolution plan, the fuzzy logic and so on all obtained the application in electrical power system each domain, also started in the relay protection domain application research. The nerve network is one non-linear mapping method, very many lists the complex non-linear problem with difficulty which the equation or solves with difficulty, the application nerve network side principle may be easily solved. For example exhibits in the situation in the transmission line two sides systems electric potential angle to occur after the transition resistance short-circuits is a non-linear problem, very difficult correctly to make the breakdown position from the protection the distinction, thus creates moves by mistake or resists to move; If thinks after the network method, passes through the massive breakdowns sample training, so long as the sample centralism has fully considered each kind of situation, then in breaks down time any all may correctly distinguish. Other likes genetic algorithms, the evolution plan and so on also all has its unique solution complex question the ability. May cause the solution speed these artificial intelligence method suitable unions to be quicker? The Tianjin University carries on the nerve network type relay protection from 1996 the research, has yielded the preliminary result. May foresee, the artificial intelligence technology must be able to obtain the application in the relay protection domain, by solves the problem which solves with difficulty with the conventional method.3 conclusions- 10 -Since the founding of China's electric power system protection technology has undergone four times. With the rapid development of power systems and computer technology, communications technology, relay technology faces the further development of the trend. Domestic and international trends in the development of protection technologies: computerization, networking, protection, control, measurement, data communications integration and artificial intelligence, which made protection workers difficult task, but also opened up the activities of vast.- 11 -继电保护发展现状摘要：回顾我国电力系统继电保护技术的发展过程，概述了微机继电保护技术成果，提出了未来继电保护技术的发展趋势将是：计算机化，网络化，保护，控制，调查，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。

外文翻译--变电站与电力系统继电保护

中文3826字附录1：外文资料翻译A1.1 Substation and Power System ProtectionWith the development of undertaking of the electric wire netting , the pattern of national network has already taken shape basically. Scientific and technological level raise, electric environmental protection can strengthen, make scientific and technological competence and advanced international standards, Chinese of power industry close day by day. Electric management level and service level are being improved constantly, strategic planning management of electric power development, production operate manage , electric market administration and electric information management level , high-quality service level ,etc. general to raise enterprise.The purpose of a substation is to transform the characteristics of the electrical energy supplied to some form suitable for use, as for example, a conversion from alternation current to direct current for the use of city railway service, or a change from one voltage to another, or one frequency to another. Their functions include: Tap.─TO be economical, transmission of larger amounts of power over long distances must be done at voltages above 110,000 volts. Substations for supplying small amounts of power from such high-voltage lines are not satisfactory from the standpoint of operation and are also uneconomical. It is, therefore, common practice to install a few substations at advantageous points along the high-tension lines and step down the high-transmission voltage to a lower secondary-transmission voltage from which numerous small loads may be supplied.Distribution.─Any substation that is used to transform electrical energy to a potential that is low enough for general distribution and utilization is a distributing substation. Such a substation will generally receive its energy over a few comparatively high-tension lines and distribute it over a large number of low-voltage lines.Industrial.─When fairly large blocks of power are required by industrial plants, it often becomes necessary and advisable to install an individual substation to supply such a load directly from the main high-voltage line or secondary line of lower voltage. Its simplest form would comprise only switching equipment, there being no voltage transformation. In most cases a voltage transformation is probably needed; hence transformer equipment is included.Sectionalizing.─In very long high-voltage large capacity lines, particularly when several circuits are run in parallel, it is often necessary to split the lines into sections, in order that proper protection to the line and service can be obtained. Such a substation is , therefore, helpful in sectionalizing damaged sections of a line, providing continuity of service. Such a substation will generally comprise only switching equipment. In long lines it may also serve to supply power-factor-correcting equipment.Transmission-line Supply.─It is becoming more and more common to install the high-tension equipment of apower plant outdoors, the installation becoming nothing more than a step-up substation receiving its power at generator voltage, then stepping up its voltage and finally sending it out over high-voltage transmission lines. Such a substation is nothing more than an outdoor distributing substation turned around, the voltage being stepped up instead of stepped down.Power-factor Correction.─The voltage at the end of long lines tends to increase as the load supplied is decreased, while on the other hand it tends to decrease as the load is increased. Owing to the inductance and capacity effects, this variation in voltage is accompanied by a wide variation in power factor of a line, it is necessary to use synchronous condensers at the end of the line. To supply such a machine the transmission-line voltage must be stepped down, hence a power-factor-correcting substation will include switching equipment, transformers, and all equipment necessary for the operation of synchronous condensers.Railway.─Substations supplying railways may be generally classified under two heads, namely, as alternating current and as direct current. In the cases of alternating-current substations the problem is generally one of voltage transformation and of supplying single-phase power to the trains. It is, however, possible to supply single-phase to three-phase inside the locomotive by the use of a phase converter. In the case of direct-current railways, the substations are generally supplied whit three-phase power and converted to direct current by means of rotary converters, motor-generator sets, or rectifiers.Direct current for Light and Power.─There are still a few sections in some of out large cities, which are supplied with direct-current three-wire systems. Such a supply is invariably obtained from synchronous converters. There are also certain types of motor loads in industrial plants, which require direct current.Because many cities have experience rapid growth, their substations have often reached the limits of their capacity. As a result, downtown distribution systems are often overworked and many need a major, overhaul, overhaul, or expansion. However, space is scarce. Downtown business owners do not want “ugly” new substation marring the area’s appearance, but nor do businesses and residents grid the prospect of grid disturbances.One example of a system capable of integrating equipment monitoring with substation automation is the GE Harris integrated Substation Control System (ISCS). The system can integrate data from both substation system and equipment online monitoring devices into a common data base. The data can then be processed by an expert system into information on the status and health of monitored equipment using self-diagnostic programs. This information is then sent to a CMMS for automatic generation and tracking of maintenance work orders leads directly to the significant efficiencies found with condition-based maintenance programs.ABB Power and its industry partners have combined to develop the ABB Power System software. The system contains a diagnostic and maintenance system that reports necessary maintenance before failure. It allows utilities and industrial customers to easily expand from a single computer to a full system, without re-engineering.the directional protection basisEarly attempts to improve power-service reliability to loads remote from generation led to the dual-line concept. Of course, it is possible to build two lines to a load, and switch the load to whichever line remains energized after adisturbance. But better service continuity will be available if both lines normally feed the load and only the faulted line is tripped when disturbances occur. Fig.14-1 shows a single-generator, two-line, single-load system with breakers properly arranged to supply the load when one line is faulted. For the arrangement to be effective it is necessary to have the proper relay application. Otherwise, the expensive power equipment will not be able to perform as planned. Consider the application of instantaneous and/or time delay relays on the four breakers. Obviously the type of the relay cannot coordinate for all line faults. For example, a fault on the line terminals of breaker D. D tripping should be faster than B, however, the condition reverses and B should be faster than D. It is evident that the relay protection engineer must find some characteristic other than time delay if relay coordination is to be achieved.The magnitude of the fault current through breakers B and D is the same, regardless of the location of the fault on the line terminal of breaker B or D. Therefore relay coordination must be based on characteristics other than a time delay that starts from the time of the fault. Observe that the direction of current flowing through either breaker B or D is a function of which line the fault is on. Thus for a fault on the line between A and B, the current flows out of the load bus through breaker B toward the fault. At breaker D the current flows toward the load bus through breaker D. In this case breaker B should trip, but breaker D should not trip. This can be accomplished by installing directional relays on breakers B and D that are connected in such a way that they will trip only when current flows through them in a direction away from the load bus.Relay coordination for the system shown in Fig.14-1 can now be achieved by their - salvations of directional over current time delay relays on breakers B and D. Breakers A and C can have no directional over current time delay relays. They may also now have instantaneous relays applied. The relays would be set as follows: The directional relays could be set with no intentional time delay. They will have inherent time delay. The time delay over current relays on breakers A and C would have current settings that would permit them to supply backup protection for faults on the load bus and for load equipment faults. The instantaneous elements on breakers A and C would have current settings that would not permit them to detect faults on the load bus. Thus the lines between the generator and the load would have high-speed protection over a considerable portion of their length. It should be observed that faults on the line terminals of breakers A and C can collapse the generator voltage. The instantaneous relays on breakers A and C cannot clear the circuit instantaneously, because it takes time for power equipment to operate. During this period there will be little or no current flow through breakers B and D. Therefore, B or D cannot operate for this fault condition until the appropriate breaker at the generating station has operated. This is known as sequential tripping. Usually, it is acceptable under such conditions.Direction of current flow on an a. c. system is determined by comparing the current vector with some other reference vector, such as a voltage vector. In the system of Fig. 14-1 the reference voltage vector would be derived from the voltages on the load bus. Direction of current or power flow cannot be determined instantaneously on a. c. systems whose lines and equipment contain reactance. This is apparent from the fact that when voltage exists, the lagging current can be plus or minus or zero, depending on the instant sampled in the voltage cycle. Accordingly, the vector quantities must be sampled over a time period. The time period for reasonably accurate sampling may be fromone-half to one cycle. Work is proceeding on shorter sampling periods where predicting circuits are added to the relay to attempt to establish what the vectors will be at some future time. The process is complex, because it must make predictions during the time when electrical transients exist on the system. Usually, the shorter the time allowed for determining direction, the less reliable will be the determination.differential protectionMuch of the apparatus used on a power system has small physical dimensions when compared to the length of general transmission-line circuits. Therefore, the communications between the apparatus terminals may be made very economically and very reliably by the use of direct wire circuit connections. This permits the application of a simple and usually very effective type of differential protection. In concept, the current entering the apparatus is simply compared against the current leaving the apparatus. If there is difference between the two currents, the apparatus is tripped. If there is no difference in the currents, the apparatus is normal and no tripping occurs. Such schemes can usually be made rather sensitive to internal faults and very insensitive to external faults. Therefore, relay coordination is inherent in the differential relay scheme.The simplest application of differential relaying is shown in Fig. 14-4. Here one simple power conductor is protected by a differential relay. The relay itself usually consists of three coils, one of which is the coil that detects the difference current and initiates circuit tripping. It is called the operating coil and is designated by an O in the figure. The other two coils are restraint coils and are designated by R in the figure. The restraint coils serve a practical purpose. They prevent operation for small differences in the two current transformers that can never be exactly identical, as a result of manufacturing and other differences. Otherwise, the restraint coils serve no theoretical purpose. Fig. 14-4 shows the condition of current flow for an external fault during which the relay should not trip. The current I1 enter and leaves the power circuit without change. The current transformers are assumed to have a 1 : 1 ratio for simplicity, and their secondary windings are connected to circulate the I1 currents through the restraint coils of the differential relay only. If current left or entered the power circuit between the two current transformers (an internal fault), then the currents in the transformers would be different, and the difference current would flow through the operating coil of the relay.本文译自《电力英语阅读》A1.2 变电站与电力系统继电保护随着电力电网事业的发展，全国联网的格局已基本形成。

电力系统继电保护技术的现状与发展

电力系统继电保护技术的现状与发展电力系统继电保护技术是电力系统中的一项基础技术，目的是保护电力系统各种元件，在电力故障和事故发生时迅速、准确地分离故障部分，保证系统稳定运行，有效预防电力故障和事故的发生。

这项技术是电力系统可靠性、安全性和经济性的重要保证。

目前，电力系统继电保护技术已经经历了多年的发展，其现状和发展主要表现在以下几个方面：继电保护技术的传统发展主要集中在继电保护装置的硬件设计和制造上，包括使用数字技术对精度和准确度进行提高，使用高速芯片对反应速度进行提高等。

同时，在传统的电力系统保护中，采用了许多电力保护的传统原理，例如过流保护、欠压保护和过电压保护。

二、数字化继电保护技术的发展随着电力系统的快速发展，数字化继电保护技术逐渐成为新的研究热点。

数字化继电保护技术采用数字信号处理机、集成电路和专用算法进行保护，具有抗干扰性强、保护精度高等优点，能够更好地满足电力系统的需求。

随着电力系统的智能化发展，智能化继电保护技术得到了越来越广泛的应用。

智能化继电保护技术是基于智能继电保护装置开发的，以实现智能化的电力系统保护为目标，能够实现更加准确的保护分析、快速的处理速度和更完善的保护数据处理功能。

四、通信技术在继电保护中的应用通信技术对于电力系统的保护、调度和监测具有重要的作用。

采用通信技术的继电保护系统可以大大提高电力系统的安全性和可靠性，同时可以实现对电力系统的远程监测和控制。

通信技术可以适用于各类保护及其辅助系统，如网络保护、差动保护、母线保护等。

总的来说，电力系统继电保护技术现状和发展表现出多样化的趋势，在不断探索和实践中，电力系统继电保护技术将不断创新，逐渐趋向智能化和数字化，并且具备更为高效准确的分析、判断和保护功能，为电力系统的发展和安全运行提供更大的保障。

电气工程及其自动化的发展现状研究

电气工程及其自动化的发展现状研究摘要：电气工程及其自动化是当前我国每一个行业发展中非常重要的一项技术，该技术不仅可以实现智能化、自动化的操作，同时也可以有效的减少能源的浪费，提高状的系统的运行水平和应用效果。

关键字：电气工程；自动化；发展现状引言目前，随着电气工程行业的快速发展，电气自动化技术的发展水平也在持续提高。

为了更好提升电气工程应用效率与水平，强化电气自动化技术合理、科学应用显得尤为必要。

主要对电气工程、自动化技术等内容进行了分析和研究，并对电气自动化技术应用的优势与意义展开了有效分析，进而提出更加行之有效的应用策略与方法，促进中国电气工程行业发展更加快速且持续。

1电气工程自动化及其重要性电力系统是电力系统安全可靠的重要组成部分。

在工业生产中，各种先进的智能设备和仪器不断地被运用到生产中，因而在电力工程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

从50年代起，电力自动化逐渐形成，以化工行业为例，到今天，随着自动化技术与设备技术的飞速发展，它的发展速度和应用范围也在飞速扩展，在过去的数十年里，由单纯的人工操作向连续生产的快速发展，对整个行业的发展作出了重大的贡献。

随着工艺单的不断发展，对产品的稳定性要求也不断提高，仪表的使用也日益广泛，自动化技术在国民经济中的应用日益广泛，涉及的范围很广，从一个简单的回路闭环控制到一个单元设备的完全自动化，所采用的仪器也从气动组合仪表、电动组合仪表到DCS，在化工行业得到广泛的应用，其控制水平也在不断提高，从单一参数控制回路到多变量复合控制技术，并且正在以一种欣欣向荣的方式影响着人类的生产和生活。

当前，快速反应、临界稳定工艺、能量综合平衡技术已被广泛采用，可以说，在日常生活中，自动化的身影随处可见。

随着工业化进程的不断扩大，尤其是在化学工业领域，对自动化的需求越来越大。

同时，信息化对化学自动化技术的发展产生了巨大的影响，其应用范围也越来越广。

2电气工程及其自动化的发展现状随着当前我国各个行业领域对于电气工程及其自动化技术的重视力度在不断的加强，这一技术也得到了全面的发展，并且逐步的融合到了每一个行业中。

继电保护外文翻译

外文资料APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PATTERN RECOGNITION IN DEVELOPING RELAY PROTECTION AND CONTROLV.E.GLazyrinNovosibirsk State Technical UniversityReliable and timely recognition of emergency states in electrical systems requires solutions that are adequate for the technical equipment being used. For more than ten years discrete computing devices have been widely implemented in relay protection and control. The appearance of microprocessors has given developers extremely powerful tools for using new principles and algorithms in designing relay systems. Despite this, the design strategy remains practically unchanged, though the new element base exceeds the capabilities of the conventional one to the degree that it is simply on a qualitatively higher level. In connection with this, the necessity has ripened for qualitatively new approaches to designing relay systems.Conventional design methods very much depend on the intuition and experience of the developer. The execution of the work is frequently unpredictable, since the developer must simultaneously represent the state of many (sometimes more than ten) parameters. At the same time, a person has a limited capacity to simultaneously keep in mind many objects. This causes not only complexity in developing new devices, but also causes the subjective phenomenon of a group of relay protection experts which have on an intuitive level mastered a combination a several groups of concepts.This reduces the number of objects which must be kept in mind simultaneously, but the formation of these combined groups has not been formalized, which hinders mutual understanding.During the development of new complex devices of relay systems, the quantity of parameters,with which the developer has to work simultaneously increases even more. This not only complicates the design, but also increases the probability of errors, whichsimultaneously hinders the control of the accuracy of the execution of activities for creating algorithms, designing devices, writing programs and conducting correction tests. In the conventional design approach, a successive analysis of signals is made and decisions are made as they are received. In so doing the evaluation of the current state of the examined object is carried out by the successive analysis of transitions of measuring from one condition to another. This approach to developing algorithms has also become a constraining factor in developing effective algorithms.As an example, we shall consider one of the complex relay system devices, detectors of asynchronous operation. The most developed are those detectors having remote units and units for direction of power. An asynchronous mode is recognized by analyzing the sequence of transitions of the measured resistance value which is defined by the relationship with the voltage and current inputted into the measuring units. During the operation of the object, the end of the vector Z, can move relative to the operating ranges of the units depending on the character of the operational mode.The standard device consists of three relay assembly of resistance, having various characteristics of switching, of maximum relay assembly of power and of counter of cycles of asynchronous operation. In addition, it contains a unit for determining the sign of the slip, circuits for registering the asynchronous mode in the first cycle, circuits for controlling the period of asynchronous operation, a unit for additional time. grading, unit for resetting the device, and also circuits for registering a fault in the device, the signaling system , and the output circuits. The device consists of three stages, each of which has output circuit .The first stage is intended for the fastest detection (in the first cycle) of an asynchronous mode in the controlled section and the sign of the slip. The second stage is intended for the detection of an asynchronous mode in the controlled section and the sign of the slip at the end of the second, third or fourth cycles. The third stage is intended for liquidation of the asynchronous mode after executing measures for resynchronization, if during the additional time lag a specific quantity of cycles of the asynchronous mode are registered. Besides that,in order to make sure the device does not operate during short-circuits a unit of reverse sequence for blocking thedevice in asymmetrical modes is advisable.Thus, it is clear, that the device contains a great number of units working jointly. It should also work in various ways depending not only on the combination of the states of its units, but also on the relationship between the times that input units are found in various states. That means that the behavior of the device should depend on a combination of the states of a large number of operational units, and the time relationships of appearance and disappearance of signals from various units also must be taken into consideration. The description of the logic of the operation of such a device constructed using a conventional element base is adduced in and takes more than 20 pages. The device itself is made in the form of a standard relay panel. Attempts to make a formal description of the logic of the device's operation, which would be convenient to use to create an effective program for a microprocessor, have turned out to be very labor-consuming and have not given a reliable outcome.To overcome this difficulty a special mathematical apparatus has been applied that has received the title "theory of a pattern recognition". It has broad application in other areas of science and engineering, such as radio-location, echo-location, processing the outcomes of air photography for agricultural needs, and also for technical diagnostics. Applying the method of pattern recognition assumes parallel information processing. The prototype for such processing is human perception, which takes the entire input data and practically instantly comes to the most valid solution which determines its response to changes in its external environment.For the design of a microprocessor detector of asynchronous modes the following characteristics of operation of measuring devices were adopted. For remote devices the characteristics of operation are adopted as anti-parallel programs, whose bases coincide and lateral legs are located in such a manner that the sensitive device envelops a larger area, than the rough one, and middle lines coincide. The power direction unit has the characteristic of a straight line running along the middle line and its extensions. The position of operational zones of remote devices in a complex plane of resistance is selected so that they envelop a financial calculation center of hunting.In such an arrangement of operational characteristics, the entire complex plane of resistance is broken into 6 zones. If the resistance 2, falls into the operating range of any unit, then it corresponds to a "1" in the appropriate position of the unit state register. Otherwise "0" is installed in this position. Thus, for the full description of the state 2, relative to the operating ranges it is enough to have three positions, which are combined into "a code of the state of measuring devices" (CSMD). Since for the detection of an asynchronous mode it is not important in what zone is 2, at the given moment but in what order and with what speed it passes these zones, a 16-digit word is formed, in which current CSMD values are recorded in turn at the moment of transition of 2,from one zone to another (before recording CSMD in rightmost positions of the word there is a logical shift to the left by three positions). Thus, the information on the trajectory of motion of the end of vector 2, during the period it passes by four boundaries between zones is stored in one 16-digit word.Possible paths of motion of the end of vector 2, during asynchronous mode correspond to a rather limited dictionary of indicators, which allows, not only an asynchronous mode to be discovered but also allows the determination of the direction of relative motion of EMF, vectors in an asynchronous mode.Research of the behavior of the microprocessor detector, using' this method of analysis of the system state, has shown that detection of an asynchronous mode in the first cycle is impossible without taking into account the duration of time of the presence of the end of vector Z, in each zone. Therefore, for a more full characteristic of a transient image, a check of the duration of the presence of the end of vector 2in each zone is entered in the algorithm. If its duration in an appropriate zone turns out to be more than a given threshold, then the fact of its exceeding the limit is recorded in an additional register "code of a timer conditions" (CTC). Similarly to CSMD, values formed in CTC at the moment of transition from one zone to another, are recorded in a word of time states (whose formation is implemented by a logical shift of the previous value and an adding of the new value).The introduction of additional information has permitted expansion of the dictionary, by including in it combinations which take into account not only trajectory of motion, but also theduration of the end of vector Z, in each zone. To realize an operational algorithm of the asynchronous mode detector it is enough to register an excess of duration of the end of vector Z, in the given zone above the threshold value.The use of time thresholds allows to reliably determine, whether the preceding mode was a long normal mode of joint activity of power systems. Because of this, the "first stage" of an asynchronous mode detector is realized, since the first cycle of an asynchronous mode will always come after a long working mode. For detection of a long working mode it is enough to make sure that over a large enough time span the end of vector Z has been outside of the operating ranges of remote devices.The control of the duration of the end of vector Z in one of the zones is also necessary for detection of a distinctive feature of an asynchronous mode which is exhibited most clearly in the first cycle, substantial difference in the time between the entrance of the end of vector Z, in the operating range of the sensitive remote device and its entrance into the operating range of the rough one.The use of this indicator allows to reliably distinguish a short-circuit mode, in which the transition from the normal mode zone into the operating range of the rough remote device happens practically instantly.One more important factor that limits the efficiency of using conventional asynchronous mode detectors is the large switching time of analog measuring devices near a operational zone boundary. This is the reason for failures in operation when the slip is large. The application of digital algorithms in the construction of remote devices and power direction device enables this shortcoming to be overcome.In selecting device parameter settings for liquidation of an asynchronous mode a big difficulty is selecting operating zones of measuring devices because the selected thresholds should satisfy the whole set of operational modes of the considered section. Frequently selecting thresholds for one set of measuring devices turns out to be difficult. Using several detectors to detect an asynchronous mode in one section is not usually considered because of the cost of this solution. But, implementing microprocessors using the theory of patternrecognition can provide the necessary quantity of detectors, which have various zones of measuring device operation, without additional hardware costs. Hence, enough detectors can be realized in the microprocessor system, that the necessary properties can be achieved.It should be noted that the approach to detecting abnormal and emergency operation in relay systems using the theory of pattern recognition is not limited only to asynchronous mode detectors. It would be expedient to investigate the possibility of using this approach in the synthesis of algorithms and other kinds of complex devices of relay systems.中文翻译继电保护发展和控制中图样识别理论的应用V.E.GLazyrin俄罗斯新西伯利亚州工业大学电力系统紧急情况状态的可靠和实时性识别要求对使用的技术设备作出恰当的反应。

电气工程及其自动化的发展现状及发展趋势

电气工程及其自动化的发展现状及发展趋势一、引言电气工程及其自动化是现代工程领域中的重要学科，涵盖了电力系统、电机与电器、电力电子技术、自动控制技术等方面。

本文将对电气工程及其自动化的发展现状进行详细分析，并展望未来的发展趋势。

二、电气工程及其自动化的发展现状1. 电力系统电力系统是电气工程的核心领域之一。

目前，电力系统正朝着高效、可靠、可持续发展的方向发展。

智能电网技术的应用使得电力系统具备了更好的调度能力和故障自愈能力。

同时，可再生能源的大规模接入也成为电力系统发展的重要方向。

2. 电机与电器电机与电器是电气工程的基础和重要组成部分。

近年来，电机与电器技术在高效能耗、小型化、智能化方面取得了重要突破。

新型电机材料的应用、高效能耗技术的研究以及智能控制系统的开发，使得电机与电器领域的产品更加节能环保、智能化。

3. 电力电子技术电力电子技术是电气工程中的重要分支，广泛应用于电力变换、调节和控制等方面。

目前，电力电子技术正朝着高效、小型化、可靠性高的方向发展。

功率半导体器件的进步、拓扑结构的优化以及智能控制算法的应用，使得电力电子技术在能源转换和电力质量控制等方面取得了显著的进展。

4. 自动控制技术自动控制技术是电气工程中的重要支撑技术，广泛应用于工业控制、机器人技术、交通运输等领域。

近年来，自动控制技术在智能化、自适应、网络化方面取得了重要进展。

智能控制算法的发展、传感器技术的进步以及通信网络的普及，使得自动控制技术在各个领域都得到了广泛应用。

三、电气工程及其自动化的发展趋势1. 智能化随着人工智能技术的快速发展，电气工程及其自动化领域也将朝着智能化方向发展。

智能化的电气设备和系统可以实现自主学习、自主决策和自主控制，提高工作效率和生产效益。

2. 可持续发展随着能源紧缺和环境污染的日益严重，电气工程及其自动化领域将更加注重可持续发展。

发展清洁能源、提高能源利用效率、减少能源消耗和环境污染，将成为未来发展的重要方向。

浅谈电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与展望

浅谈电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与展望电气工程是一门关于电力、电子、电磁和相关技术的学科，广泛应用于各个领域，如能源、通信、交通、工业等。

随着科技的发展和社会的进步，电气工程也在不断地发展和创新。

自动化是电气工程中的一个重要分支，主要研究如何利用电气技术和计算机技术实现系统的自动控制。

目前，电气工程及其自动化在全球范围内得到广泛的应用和发展。

特别是在工业领域，电气工程已经成为实现生产自动化的重要手段。

各种工厂、生产线、机器设备都离不开电气工程的应用。

电气工程不仅可以提高生产效率，降低生产成本，还可以提高产品质量和降低事故发生率。

除了工业领域，电气工程及其自动化还广泛应用于能源领域。

随着能源需求的增加和环境问题的加剧，电气工程的发展对于能源的合理利用和节约非常重要。

通过电气工程的应用，可以实现能源的智能化管理、高效利用和可持续发展。

电气工程及其自动化还可以应用于建筑领域、交通领域、通信领域等众多领域，提高生活质量和社会效益。

未来，电气工程及其自动化的发展前景非常广阔。

随着科技的不断进步，新的技术和理论都会被应用到电气工程中。

人工智能、大数据、物联网等技术的发展将会给电气工程带来重大影响。

这些新技术和理论将使得电气工程的应用更加智能化、自动化和高效化。

预计未来，电气工程及其自动化将会在能源、工业、交通、通信等各个领域得到广泛应用，并且会有更多的创新和突破。

电气工程及其自动化的发展也面临着一些挑战。

技术的发展速度非常快，新的技术和理论不断涌现，这就需要电气工程师不断学习和更新知识。

电气工程的应用范围非常广泛，每个领域都有自己的需求和特点，这就需要电气工程师具备跨学科的知识和能力。

电气工程的应用涉及到安全问题，需要保证系统的稳定性和可靠性。

电气工程及其自动化的发展需要政府、企业和学术界的支持和合作，共同推动电气工程的创新和发展。

电气工程及其自动化在现代社会中起着重要的作用。

它不仅推动着经济的发展和社会的进步，还改善了人们的生活质量。

电气工程及自动化专业外文翻译--无人值班变电站与变电站自动化

外文原文：Unattended substation and substation automation The development of automatic reclosing made the unattended substation practical .Automatic operation ,without the continuous presence of an attendant(operator),was first tried on the synchronous converter substations supplying an interurban electric railway i n 1914.In the early 1920s,the development of automatic reclosing ,protective relays ,and means for automatic control of voltage made it possible for ac substations to be completely automatic .During the period when the substations had to be controlled manually ,it was necessary that they handle enough power to justify the operator`s wages .This dictated large stations ,frequently serving large areas by means of many feeders .The feeders that served the more distant parts of an area had to go a long way before they picked up any load .Furthermore ,as the load on a large substation grows ,transformer capacity has to be added .This increases the short-circuit current on the secondary side sometimes the short-circuit capacity exceeds the interrupting capacity of the circuit breakers already installed .Appropriate remedies include bus sectionalizing ,the installation of reactors or some combination of the two .Such measures are frequently expensive and inconvenient and they constitute an undesirable limitation on operating flexibility.Once the unattended substation became a reality ,the substation could be made smaller .Located nearer the load ,and long feeders were no longer necessary .This new method of distribution had become available since load growth could now be accommodated by installinganother substation that could carry parts of the area loads formerly carried by adjacent substations .Usually ,there is no interconnection between the circuits energized by the various substations .Consequently ,there is no increase in short-circuit severity .however ,at the distribution level ,tie switches are used to switch feeders or feeder sections between transformers in the same station or to adjacent substations for substation transformer load management.Automatic control has been applied to larger and larger substations ,and to many hydroelectric generating stations .It is also used on individual circuits and equipment in many attended stations .For example ,even in many stations where an operator is on duty ,outgoing overhead feeders are controlled by automatic reclosing relays .Under some circumstances ,it may be impractical to make a station completely automatic .These circumstances could exist because of technical ,economic ,or safety considerations .A station need not be attended even though it is not fully automatic ,it is possible to control a station from another location ,such as a larger attended station or the system operating office .This can be done by means of supervisory control(a form of remote control).By means of a SCADA system ,an operator at a dispatch center can cause operations such as the opening and closing of breakers ,the starting and stopping of condensers ,and the changing of the taps on transformers with load tap changer .The operator can receive an indication that the operation has been completed .All of this can be done over a voice-grade communication channel .Itis the use of voice-grade ,two-way communication channels that distinguishes supervisory control from direct-wire remote control ;The latter requires one direct-wire circuit for each control from direct-wire remote control ;The latter requires one direct-wire circuit for each controlled device .SCADA equipment supplements automatic control .All of the protective relays and most of the control relays required for automatic control are also necessary when supervisory control is used .Only the initiating devices may be different or omitted .For example a fully automatic synchronous condenser is started and stopped by an initiating device responsive to voltage or current or both .In addition ,there are many protective and control relays .If the condenser is to be controlled by supervisory control ,all the other devices are still necessary ,and only the initiating devices can be omitted.With the recent revolution in microelectronic performance and costs ,digital automation systems are now being developed for power systems .These automation systems provide an integrated systems concept for protection ,control ,and monitoring functions .The approach utilizes distributed microprocessor-based modules located within the substations and ort on the transmission and distribution system .This provides protection and control decisions out on the system where the data is located .By automatic transmission and distribution systems ,major benefits will be obtained .There include greater utilization of existing facilities ,reduction of communication requirements ,deferral of major system investments ,optimized operations and maintenance ,improved system reliability ,more efficient-systemoperation through lower losses and rapid restoration of service after a fault the functions implemented by using this integrated systems approach include :Transmission automation functions and distribution substation and feeder automation functions.The transformer substation automation and unmanned on duty are the popular topics that the charged barbed wire net adjusts one degree automation realm nowadays, its development power head is just on the up.The abroad has a kind of standpoint to think, the person is subjected toenvironment,motion,personality,disease...etc. many factor influence easily, so oneself be a not dependable factor.Really there aren't a few troubles to being cause by the artificial mistake operation of, seeing from this angle, no man the on duty really can raise to circulate credibility.For example ZHENG4 ZHOU DI4 adjust as early as 1959 to start adopt the remote control technique, more than 30 in the last yearseses never take place a mistake operation;Again if after power supply bureau in Shenzhen carry out a transformer substation no man on duty, mistake operation the trouble rate lowered 60%.The transformer substation automation is at the calculator technique and the network correspondence technical foundation up develop.The abroad has already had the dispersion type transformer substation automation to publish in 80's, taking Siemens(SIEMENS) company as an example, that company the 1st whole dispersion type transformer substation automation LSA678 as early as 1985 circulates in the German Hanover devotion, the transformer substation that go to various electric voltage grade that 1993beginning of years have already had more than 300 systems in Germany and Europe circulate.The transformer substation automation the work start of the our country to compare with night,, about since 90's, the beginning start the stage mainly develops with produce a concentration type of transformer substation automation, example type DISA-1 the ［ is one ］ , type BJ-1 the ［ is 2 ］s, types iES-60ses, A XWJK-1000 types, etc.s FD-97.Start develop dispersion the type transformer substation automation in mid 90's, such as the types DISA-2s, type DISA-3 ［ 3, 4 ］s, BJ-F3s, type CSC-2000 the ［ is 5 ］s, DCAP3200 typeseses, FDK type etc., compared with the foreign advanced level have a margin about for 10 years.Many high school,research units,the manufactory house and programming design,the seting up with circulate section at study and draw lessons from abroad forerunner technical of in the meantime, is combine the actual circumstance joint effort of the our country to continue to develop to match more our country the transformer substation automation ［ of the state of the nation 3, 4, 6-12 ］s.Can anticipate, it will development and expansion from now on of speed would more and more quick, with abroad of the margin will contract gradually.One,the transformer substation categorize:Transformer substation's press the electric voltage grade can is divided into the high pressure,extra high voltage,high pressure and medium low pressure especially is 4.Especially high pressure transformer substation:1 000 KV, 750 kVs;Extra high voltage transformer substation:500 KV, 330 kVs;High pressure transformer substation:220 KV, 110 kVs, 35 kVs;Medium low-pressure transformersubstation:(call to go together with the electricity station again)10 The kV and following electric voltage grade.The transformer substation presses in the position in the charged barbed wire net can is divided into the vital point station,the terminal station with to turn 3 of stand.The vital point stand:In the charged barbed wire net regardless is the net, a structure still a burden levels all are placed in prominent position;The terminal stand:Only the high pressure enters line, locating the circuit bitter end of the charged barbed wire net;Win to turn a station:There are 2 road high pressures to enter line, locate the circuit middle.Transformer substation's press the control method can is divided in to gather to control a station(again call a base a station) and be controled a station.(call son a station again)The former is adjusted one degree center control, and as to it's the surroundings son station take to have already adjusted one degree operation mission;The latter and the terminal station are similar, but be placed in the wreath form charged barbed wire net probably in Two,BE gather to control the station control:The transformer substation presses to circulate mode demarcation to turn on duty for someone:This is the most familiar movement mode currently;Unmanned on duty:Have no fixed movement on duty a personnel, reserve only individual guard personnel, be responsible for station inside of safe security work and the trouble abnormality circumstance of urgent processing;No man value guard:No man of the real meaning station, at some flourishing west nation, if the United States,Canadian etc. is more familiar.Three,concentrate to go together with to hold mode:This kind of mode the application is the most in currently the domestic lately set up the transformer substation, and have already obtained more mature movement experience.The product of the greatly parts of factory house all belongs to this kind, among them applied have types DISA-3s,type BJ-1s,iESs,A XWJK-1000 etc.s morely.That mode and traditional mode compare, the biggest differentiation lie in RTU remote control,signal,measure,electric powercharge,correspondence etc. the function difference set hold, but from 1 or 2 control unit always through a string to go the correspondence with each function unit(hold a cabinet) and the tiny machine protection and break down to record correspondences, such as wave and the place of honor machine...etc..(see figure 3)Its characteristics is control,protect two greatest functions as a whole to consider, two back track designs greatly for simplify. Four,whole dispersion types:That mode the main characteristics take a main equipments,such as switch,transformer,female line etc., as to install unit, control,I/O,shut the unit dispersions, such as lock and protection...etc., install right on the spot on a main equipments(hold a cabinet).The station controls unit(control in the lord indoor) to go and the one for each equipments to hold a cabinet(on the spot) to connect with each other through a string, and adjust one degree center correspondence with the place of honor machine and far-away place.Concrete implement again is divided into 2 kinds of modes:Protect opposite independence, control to unite as one with diagraph, if SIEMENS etc. the product of thecompany;Protect,the control and diagraph unite as one, such as ABB, GE, the MERLIN GERIN etc. the product of the company.The SIEMENS LSA678 systemses are the typical models that the adoptions protect opposite and independent mode, having already had several hundred sets movement experience in the whole world, having already hadn't a few applied solid examples as well in the domestic in the last few years.(for example Suzhou Singapore industrial park,LIU3 ZHOU power supply bureau in Guangxi...etc.)The local factory house also releases whole dispersion type systems successively in recent years, such as the DISA-2, BJ-F3, CSC-2000, DCAP3200 etc.s(see figure 4), this mode the more suitable for request save to cover the area and two situations of electric cables, for example the city(downtown) transformer substation.The part dispersion type:This mode synthesized the characteristics of the concentrated type and dispersion type, adopting dispersion a type of system structure, but control to concentrate to go together with to hold with protection ually go together with concentration to hold to install in the dispersion of the equipmentssmallly.Equipments small at an equipments neighborhood, can establish several equipmentses according to the electric voltage grade and scale of the transformer substation small, manage nearby, economical electric cable.This mode can used for various transformer substation of electric voltage grade, being applicable to the 500 kVs and the large 220 kV station particularly.This kind of product contain DISA-3, FDK, etc.s iES-70.(see figure 5) Five,the development strategy:In the concrete implement process of the transformer substation automation, have a different implement method because of being influence by the existing profession division of labour and management system:A kind of assertion station inside supervise and control to take move(RTU) far as a data to collect with the foundation for control, correspond of the equipments also adjusts a degree by charged barbed wire net to change into foundation automatically, protecting opposite independence;Another a kind of then lay claim to a station inside supervise and control to take protect(tiny machine protection) as a data to collect with the foundation for control, the protection and control,measure to combine together, there is already this product in domestic, if etc.s CSC-2000.The latter is become a kind of development trend and consensus, so design,manufacturing,circulate and manage a section and break professional boundary, carry out integral whole to turn gradually.This is a necessity to the 110 kVs and following transformer substation.Perfectly right, current movement system,personnel from the our country equipment,profession division of labour to see, the former occupies bigger advantage doubtless.Design from the programming regardless,research manufacturing,install to adjust to try and circulate a maintenance etc. everyone's noodles, control and protect two dissimilarity profession for being all independent mutually, so the former matches the our country state of the nation more.And then because of hard provide clearer interface of trouble analysis and processing but still is circulate not easily a section to accept at that time.But install again from the developmenttrend,the technique rationality and the decreaseequipments,simplification maintenance workload etc. the aspect consider, the latter again have it the superiority.The angle flowed from the information see, theprotection(include break down to record an etc.) is with the control,measure of information sources all come from the spot TA, the TV measures exportation two times, just requesting a dissimilarity.The breakdown abnormality appearance information protected to mainly collect an equipments, request TA, the TV measures scope to compare breadth, usually according to 1000% sums settle value consideration, but measure accuracy to have lower request, the error margin is above 3%.But the control and diagraph mainly collect the movement appearance information, requesting TA, the TV measure the scope is more narrow, usually Be measuring a sum settle the value neighborhood motion, have certain request to the diagraph accuracy, measure an error margin a request at 1% in. The control that always control(CPU) unit to receive to come from the place of honor machine(the region) or far-away place directly outputs an order, can act to the protection operation back track directly after the school pit of the necessity, the province goes to controls from a distance exportation and control from a distance a performance etc. link, simplify an equipments, raise credibility.See from no man on duty angle, not only request to simplify a lord to connect the line and main equipments, but also request to simplify two back tracks and equipments, so the protection and control, measure of the integral whole turn to be advantageous tosimplifying an equipments and reduce a daily maintenance workload, to 110 kVs and the following is a 10 kVs to go together with the electricity station particularly, in addition to the voltmeter fee,power always adds etc. have diagraph accuracy to request but the beard connect the measurement TA, TV outside, other measurements make surveillance to circulate the work condition only it use, completely can with protection TA, the TV suitable for use.Can share on area net(LAN) various information of the bureau in addition, control,measure etc. all need not install each from of the data collect hardware.The control of the normal regulations hold,the information hold,imitate to hold etc. cancel may also. The transformer substation automation and no man turn on duty an implement of circulate the mode, being decided by the credibility of the equipments to a large extent.The equipments that points here not only is automate an equipments, more important electricity main equipments.Suggests the supervisor section draws up the relevant equipments manufacturing and connect oscular norm standard according to the characteristics of the transformer substation automation.Automating an equipments a manufacturer should and electricity the main equipments manufacturer strengthen a cooperation, providing a technique to unite as one of product, with convenience design,circulate a section to choose a type.Amount of logarithms the more 10 kVs go together with the electricity station, because of connecting line simple, have lower request towards protect oppositely, in order to simplify an economical investment of equipments, the suggestion is completed the circuit protection and double female line by RTU to cutover(have from hurl) etc. the protection function.Need in the RTU software to increase a protection to circulate judgment function for this, such as back up power supply from hurl function, can pass to carry out towards corresponding female line segment to lose to press to judge with the logic of the related switch appearance signal come.The transformer substation will automate from now on of the movement mode will turn on duty from no man, someone the value guard gradually toward no man a value to guard a transition.So the seeing a warnning technique(fire prevention,guard againsttheft,defend ,the waterproof vapor leak and the far-away place keep watch on etc.) and will emerge with the tide of the times, and get a quick development.Because the calculator and the network correspond by letter a technical development, RTU/LTU inside the station or protection supervision unit will get to the Internet directly, passing the network and the backstage machine(the place of honor machine) and the work station correspondence.Cancel traditional of placed the processing machine link ago, removed the correspondence"bottleneck" phenomenon thus and thoroughlySix,conclusion:a. To the extra high voltage transformer substation and the 220 kVs, the 110 kV vital point station or gather to control a station to say, proper adoption someone on duty of automation mode, still proper adjust a degree by charged barbed wire net to change into foundation automatically, protect opposite independence.But be subjected to the 110 kVs and the following to control a station,theterminal station, especially the 10 kVs go together with an electricity to stand proper doption no man on duty mode, change into foundation automatically in the programming the design the hour can the consideration with the station, then protection and control and measure the integral whole turn of project, the local function can simplify to go to cancel, generation it has a conversation window way function by person's machine of the front-panel.b. Whole dispersion type the transformer substation automations are a new topics, the manufactory house and base that need to program a design,a equipments,two equipmentses and automation equipments set up,install,circulate a section to match with closely, the orchestration arrangement.Because domestic and a manufacturing craft,material,structure of equipments and protection,control,measure unit to descend quakeproof after put,defend interference and use environment, etc. all exists a problem, should give a full value, and open an exhibition expansion work actively and steadily.c. Design the top of the manufacturing should insure to have an equipments to defend mistake operation measure,protective region and the far-away place hurl to slice(soft press plank),modify whole settle a value,return to an au to equip and the region and far-away place control to operate an equipments of ability, and promise the far-away place and control in the region, allow an an among those kinds of mode in same time valid.d.To the transformer substation automation of the whole dispersions types, it is proper to choose to use the LAN method, especially equal network, such as the total line type(lie thequality share) net, each nodes on the net the ability correspond by letter with any and other nodes directly, removing a lord thus and by the root from the bottleneck phenomenon in the way.Go together with to have another a wrong and high anti- voice of the main type CANnet net or LonWorks net and strong and carry many road of a wiretap an interview/the CSMA/CD method collide with, can add power for important information, promise the solid hour of[with] important information, raise the correspondence efficiency.e. Because the transformer substation automate the further expansion that the technical development and no man turn on duty the station movement mode, the profession of[with] protection and automation also Be permeating mutually, combine also gradually close, the original professional division of labour will break, causing a research,design thus,manufacturing,install and circulate a section of professional constitution,personnel equipment up of re- adjust a combination, with orientation protection,control,measure the integral whole turn of transformer substation automation mode.f. Suggest to greatly in particularly college the existing profession constitution do to correspond adjustment, for the convenience of in development since acquaint with to control charged barbed wire net to adjust a technical professional talented person of one degree automation again after the electricity protection.In the research design,make circulate management section and should also avoid a professional division of labour with gearing over thin,lack an orchestration consider of limit.中文译文：无人值班变电站与变电站自动化自动重合闸的研制使无人值班变电站得以实现。

电力系统继电保护技术的现状及发展趋势探析

图１
２电力系统继电保护技术的发展趋势
图２
２．１网络化
１．２继电保护装置运行的条件当电路出现故障时，常常会出现以下情
况：
（１）电流的突然增大：（２）电压的快速降低：
信息共享有利于计划的有效进行，在某个错误出现的时候就立即解决，有助于接下来的程序正常运行。如今的继电保护只局限于装置接入处的保护，对于其外部区域出现的故障并不能做出有效地反应。显而易见，未来的继电保护需要进行全系统的控制，把各个部件通过网络平台联系起来，在网络平台上快速分析、处理问题，再将问题解决方案反馈给各个部分。微机强大的数据储存能力与快速处理数据的能力让继电系统的网络化进程加快，但是系统自动处理解决故障的能力也待解决。
ＣＰＵ以及一些相关部件的性能的大幅度提升，制造工艺又显著提高，这些软实力进一步推动了继电技术智能化进程。继电技术通过与微机技术的结合，功能越来越强大，此方面的发展空间也更大。
３小结
如今我国电力系统的继电保护状态较于建国时已经取得巨大进步，但是国外的继电保护技术也一直在发展，并且在很多地方比我国技术更精进，我国应该有选择性地多吸收先进国家的经验。继电保护技术的智能化对于微机技术也提出了更高的要求，同时也使电力系统更安全，故障处理速度更快，故障检测更灵敏．其发展前景一片大好。
２．２装置运行一体化（３）电压和电流两相电的角度之差改变；（４）继电保护装置安装处电压与电流的在整个电路系统中，继电保护装置就犹比值改变，这些电气参数的非正常情况出现时如人的大脑，在收到各个部分的反馈时，快速、继电保护装置就会开始工作。参考文献有效做出应对措施。微机的运行其实是独立的。如图２所示。［ｉ］孙奇逊．微型机继电保护基础［Ｍ］．北京：它并不能在故障出现时，进行全系统的处理，图中１、Ｉ ’ 是发生故障时立即作出反应的水利水电出版社，１９８８．完整的控制保护装置应该是一体的，它能将各原件：Ｓ ’是在电路正方向出现功率故障时做［２］段玉清，贺家李．基于人工神经网络方法出动作的原件；ｔ，是为了防止在Ｉ发讯后，信部分有效联系起来，从而提升电力系统的安全的微机变压器保护［Ｊ】．中国电机工程学性和可靠性。号返回保护原件Ｉ ’ 、Ｓ又做出反应，引起正常报，Ｉ９９８．部分出现跳闸现象；ｔ２是在保护原件Ｉ ’ 、Ｓ动２．３智能化【３］葛耀中．数字计算机在继电保护中的应用作时，配合通道延时保证右侧收到正确信号。［Ｊ］．继电器，１９７８（０３）．故障发生分为保护区内部和保护区外部：人工智能是针对计算机科学某一方向的（１）当保护区内出现故障时，保护原件Ｉ ’ 、研究，它的目的使计算机拥有像人类一样处理作者单位Ｓ做出反应后，闭锁发讯，保护原件Ｉ、Ｓ不问题的能力，如今它也被运用在各个领域。继内蒙古电力（集团）有限责任公司阿拉善电发讯，系统对于保护区做出跳闸反应。电系统的智能化对于微机的要求更高，它需要业局内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗（２）当保护区外出现故障时，保护原件微机处理问题、发现问题的能力更强，微机继７５０３０６Ｉ做出反应后启动发讯，Ｓ不做出反应，在Ｉ电保护运行效率更高，操作也更方便、便捷。

电力系统继电保护的现状与发展趋势

电力系统继电保护的现状与发展趋势继电保护是对测量继电器与逻辑继电器进行合理整定，使之完成待定功能。

电力系统继电保护主要应用在电力系统线路、元件上的保护。

本文从继电保护的发展状况出发，分析了电力系统继电器保护的原理，对继电保护技术的发展趋势进行了阐述。

标签：电力系统；继电保护；现状；原理；趋势电力系统由发电机、变压器、母线、输配线路及用电设备组成。

在电力系统中经常出现一系列的故障问题，长期发展会引发事故，使工作无法正常进行，以致整个系统遭到严重的破坏，影响用户用电的正常使用，甚至会损害设备，对人身造成伤害。

因此，加强电力系统的保护具有极为重要的作用。

1 继电保护的发展现状电力系统的飞速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术、计算机技术与通信技术的飞速发展又为继电保护技术的发展不断地注入了新的活力，因此，继电保护技术得天独厚，在40余年的时间里得到很大发展。

2 电力系统继电器保护的原理2.1 电力系统继电保护的基本要求为实现其目标，作用与跳闸的继电保护装置在技术性能上必须满足以下四个基本要求：2.1.1 选择性其基本含义是保护装置动作时，仅将基本元件从电力系统中切除，使停电范围尽量减少，以保证系统中非故障部分继续安全运行。

2.1.2 速动性速动性是指继电保护装置应以尽可能快的速度断开故障元件。

这样就能减轻故障設备的损坏程度，减小用户在低电压情况下工作的时间，提高电力系统的稳定性。

故障切除时间等于保护装置和断路器动作时间之和。

目前保护动作速度最快的约0.02s，加上快速断路器的动作时间，故障可在0.1s以内切除。

应考虑不同电网对故障切除时间的具体要求和经济性、运行维护水平等条件以便确定合理的保护动作时间。

2.1.3 灵敏性保护装置对其保护范围内的故障或不正常运行状态的反应能力称为灵敏性（灵敏度）。

灵敏性常用灵敏系数来衡量。

它是在保护装置的测量元件确定了动作值后，按最不利的运行方式、故障类型、保护范围内的指定点校验，并满足有关规定的标准。

继电保护外文翻译、中英对照

毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译外文题目： Protection Relay 中文题目：继电保护学院名称：电子与信息工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化班级：电气082继电保护摘要：继电保护非常重要，因为大部分的用户，是从分布线和分配制度以来，比任何其他部分的系统更容易受到破坏。

回顾我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。

关键词：继电保护，继电保护现状发展，继电保护的未来发展一、继电保护原理及现状电力系统的迅速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术，计算机技术的快速发展不断为继电保护技术的发展注入新的活力，因此，继电保护技术是有利的，在40多年的时间里已完成发展了4个历史阶段。

建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器制造工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走过了先进国家半个世纪走过的道路。

50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地吸收、消化、掌握了国外先进的继电保护设备性能和运行技术，建成了一支具有深厚继电保护理论造诣和丰富运行经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的建立和成长起了指导作用。

阿城继电器厂引进消化了当时国外先进的继电器制造技术，建立了我国自己的继电器制造业。

因而在60年代中我国已建成了继电保护研究、设计、制造、运行和教学的完整体系。

这是机电式继电保护繁荣的时代，为我国继电保护技术的发展奠定了坚实基础。

自50年代末，晶体管继电保护已在开始研究。

60年代中到80年代中是晶体管继电保护蓬勃发展和广泛采用的时代。

其中天津大学与南京电力自动化设备厂合作研究的500kv晶体管方向高频保护和南京电力自动化研究院研制的晶体管高频闭锁距离保护，运行于葛洲坝50 0 kv线路上，结束了500kv线路保护完全依靠从国外进口的时代。

在此期间，从70年代中，基于集成运算放大器的集成电路保护已开始研究。

继电保护外文翻译

Relay protection development present situation Abstract reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement proposed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes networked protects the control the survey the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization. Key word relay protection present situation development，relay protections future development1 relay protection development present situationThe electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request the electronic technology computer technology and the communication rapiddevelopment unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development therefore the relay protection technology is advantageous has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time.After the founding of the nation our country relay protection discipline the relay protection design the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50s our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption the digestion have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical teams establishment. The acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research the design the manufacture the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60s. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prosper swas our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the end of the 50s the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60s to the 80s in are the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from the protection moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv line finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70s started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to at the end of 80s integrated circuit protection substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development the production the application the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90s still were in the dominant position this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated electricity road work frequency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power automation research institute high frequency protected the vital role the Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi- strip 220kv and on the500kv line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70s the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunners function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology southeast the university the North China electric power institute the Xian Jiaotong University the Tianjin University Shanghai Jiaotong University the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation researchinstitute one after another has all developed the different principle the different patternmicrocomputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal and in the system the find application had opened in our country relay protection history the new page protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection the generator protection and the generator Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989 in 1994 through appraisal investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microcomputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993 in 1996 through the appraisal. Heres the different principle the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine the function has been complete the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device research in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result. May say started our country relay protection technology from the 90s to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.2 relay protections future development -2-The relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes networked the intellectualization will protect the control the survey and the data communication integration development.2.1 computerizes Along with the computer hardware swift and violent development the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing. The original North China electric power institute develops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases: Is published from 8 lists cpu structure microcomputer protection does not develop to 5 years time to the multi- cpu structure latter developed to the main line does not leave the module the big modular structure the performance enhances greatly obtained the widespread application. Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection also is from 8 cpu develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundation 32 microcomputers protection.The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has developed 16 cpu is the foundation microcomputer line protection obtained the big area promotion at present also is studying 32 protections hardware system. Southeast the university develops the microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and the enhancement many times. The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the development take more than 16 cpu as the foundation microcomputer line protection in 1988 namely started to study take 32 digital signals processor dsp as the foundation protection the control the survey integration microcomputer installment at present cooperated with the Zhuhai Jin automatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules a module was a minicomputer. Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the precision because of the precision the a/d switch resolution limit is surpassed time 16 all is accepts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect 32 microcomputers chips have the very high integration rate more importantly very high operating frequency and computation speed very big addressing space rich command system and many inputs outlet. The cpu register the data bus the address bus all are 32 has the memory management function thememory protection functionand the duty transformation function and cache and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in cpu.The electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances unceasingly besides protection basic function but also should have the large capacity breakdown information and the data long-term storage space the fast data processing function the formidable traffic capacity with other protections the control device and dispatches the networking by to share the entire system data the information and the network resources ability the higher order language programming and so on. This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function. In the computer protection development initial period once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer. At that time because the small machine volume big the cost high the reliability was bad this tentative plan was not realistic. Now with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor controlling machine function the speed the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine therefore made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machine the opportunity already to be mature this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected. The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installment which Cheng Yongtong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less thanone kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes. This kind of equipment merit includes: has the 486pc machine complete function can satisfy each kind of function request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer. size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar the craft excellent quakeproof guards against has been hot guards against electronmagetic interference ability may move in the very severe working conditions the cost may accept. uses the std main line or the pc main line the hardware modulation may select the different module wilfully regarding the different protection the disposition nimble is easy to expand.Relay protection installment computerizes is the irreversible development tendency. How butto satisfies the electrical power system request well how further enhances the relay protection the reliability how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency still must conduct specifically the thorough research.2.2 networked The computer network has become the information age as the information and the data communication tool the technical prop caused the human production and the social life appearance has had the radical change. It profoundly is affecting each industry domain also has provided the powerful means of communication for each industry domain. So far besides the differential motion protection and the vertical association protection all relay protections installment all only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit. The relay protection function also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part reduces the accident to affect the scope. This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method. Overseas already had proposed the system protection concept this in mainly referred to the safe automatic device at that time. Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope this is most important task but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement. This requests each protection unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze these information and in the data foundation the synchronized action guarantees the system the security stable movement. Obviously realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire system each main equipment protective device with the computer network that is realization microcomputer protective device networked. This under the current engineering factor is completely possible.Regarding the general non- systemprotection the realization protective device computer networking also has the very big advantage. The relay protection equipment can obtain system failure information more then to the breakdown nature the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate. Passed through the very long time to the auto-adapted protection principle research also has yielded the certain result but must realize truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction auto-adapted must obtain the more systems movement and the breakdown information only then realization protection computer networked can achieve this point.Regarding certain protective device realization computer networkings also can enhance the protection the reliability. The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Gorges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi- return routes generatrix one kind of distributional generatrix protection principle developed successfully this kind of equipment initially. Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain with to protect generatrix to return way to be same the generatrix protection unit the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen each protection unit joins with the computer network each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage after transforms it the digital quantity transmits through the computer network for other all return routes protection unit each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network carries on the generatrix differential motion protection the computation if the computed result proof is the generatrix interior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker Breakdown generatrix isolation. When generatrix area breakdown each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act. This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which realizes with the computer network has the high reliability compared to the traditional central generatrix protection principle. Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalculation when moves by mistake only can wrongly jump the book size return route cannot create causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises this regarding looks like the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key position to be extremely important.By above may know microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performance and the reliability greatly this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend.2.3 protections control survey data communication integrations In realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition the protective device isin fact a high performance the multi-purpose computer is in an entire electrical power system computer network intelligent terminal. It may gain the electrical power system movement and breakdown any information and the data from the net also may protect the part which obtain.翻译后：继电保护的发展现状摘要回顾了我国电力系统继电保护技术发展的过程，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展的趋势是：计算机化网络化保护控制测量数据通信一体化和人工智能化。

电力系统继电保护技术的现状与发展

电力系统继电保护技术的现状与发展电力系统的飞速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术、计算机技术与通信技术的飞速发展又为继电保护技术的发展不断地注入了新的活力，因此，继电保护技术得天独厚，在40余年的时间里完成了发展的4个历史阶段。

标签：继电保护；电力系统；现状1. 继电保护发展现状建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器制造工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走过了先进国家半个世纪走过的道路。

阿城继电器厂引进消化了当时国外先进的继电器制造技术，建立了我国自己的继电器制造业。

因而在60年代中我国已建成了继电保护研究、设计、制造、运行和教学的完整体系。

这是机电式继电保护繁荣的时代，为我国继电保护技术的发展奠定了坚实基础。

自50年代末，晶体管继电保护已在开始研究。

60年代中到80年代中是晶体管继电保护蓬勃发展和广泛采用的时代。

从70年代中，基于集成运算放大器的集成电路保护已开始研究。

到80年代末集成电路保护已形成完整系列，逐渐取代晶体管保护。

到90年代初集成电路保护的研制、生产、应用仍处于主导地位，这是集成电路保护时代。

我国从70年代末即已开始了计算机继电保护的研究，高等院校和科研院所起着先导的作用。

1984年原华北电力学院研制的输电线路微机保护装置首先通过鉴定，并在系统中获得应用，揭开了我国继电保护发展史上新的一页，为微机保护的推广开辟了道路。

不同原理、不同机型的微机线路和主设备保护各具特色，为电力系统提供了一批新一代性能优良、功能齐全、工作可靠的继电保护装置。

随着微机保护装置的研究，在微机保护软件、算法等方面也取得了很多理论成果。

可以说从90年代开始我国继电保护技术已进入了微机保护的时代。

浅谈电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与展望

浅谈电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与展望1. 引言1.1 电气工程及其自动化的定义电气工程是研究电力系统、电力设备与电力电子技术等领域的工程学科，其主要目的是研究电力的生产、传输、分配和利用，以及利用电力进行自动化控制和信息处理。

电气工程涉及到电力系统的建模、分析与设计，电力设备的选型与维护，电力电子技术的应用等方面，是现代工业、交通、通信、医疗等领域不可或缺的重要学科。

而电气工程自动化是指利用先进的电子技术、通信技术和计算机技术，对电力系统进行自动控制和监测，实现电力生产、传输、分配和利用过程的自动化管理和优化。

电气工程自动化的发展，使得电力系统的运行更加稳定可靠，提高了电力系统的效率和安全性，促进了电力行业的现代化和智能化发展。

电气工程及其自动化对现代社会和经济发展具有重要意义，为各行各业提供了可靠的电力支持，推动着社会的进步和发展。

1.2 电气工程及其自动化的重要性电气工程及其自动化在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色。

电气工程的发展和应用为现代社会的各个领域提供了强大的支撑。

从家庭电器到大型工业设备，几乎所有领域都需要电气工程技术来确保正常运行和高效生产。

电气工程自动化的引入大大提高了生产效率和质量，降低了人工成本和错误率。

通过自动化技术的应用，工业生产得以智能化、自动化，提高了生产效率和产品质量，为企业创造了更大的经济效益。

电气工程及其自动化的发展也为科学技术的进步和社会发展提供了推动力。

随着数字化、智能化时代的到来，电气工程自动化将扮演着更为重要的角色，为各行各业提供更加智能、高效的解决方案，为社会经济发展注入动力和活力。

电气工程及其自动化的重要性不可低估，值得我们对其发展前景进行深入探讨和研究。

2. 正文2.1 电气工程的发展历程电气工程的发展历程可以追溯到19世纪初叶，当时人们开始研究电学现象并尝试利用电力改善生活。

首次使用电力进行远距离传输的实践是在1882年，纽约和明尼阿波利斯之间的110英里距离上建造了一个直流输电线路。

电气工程及自动化中现状与展望

电气工程及自动化中现状与展望电气工程及自动化是现代工业的重要组成部分，它涉及到能源、电气设备、自动化控制、信息传输等多个领域。

随着科技的发展和社会经济的进步，电气工程及自动化的应用范围越来越广泛，对人类社会的生产生活起着举足轻重的作用。

本文将就电气工程及自动化的现状与展望进行探讨和分析。

电气工程及自动化技术已经在能源、交通、通信、家电、工业生产等各行各业得到了广泛的应用。

在能源领域，电气工程技术被应用于电力系统、电能质量、新能源开发等方面。

交通领域，电气工程技术被用于轨道交通系统的设计、控制和运行管理。

在通信领域，电气工程技术被应用于通信网络的建设和维护。

在家电领域，电气工程技术被应用于家电产品的设计和制造。

在工业生产领域，电气工程技术被用于自动化生产线的控制和监控。

电气工程及自动化技术已经融入了人类社会的方方面面，为社会经济的发展和人民生活的改善发挥着重要作用。

在电气工程领域，随着电力系统的规模不断扩大和电能需求的增长，电力系统的稳定运行和电能质量成为了亟待解决的问题。

目前，电气工程技术在电力系统的输配电设备、智能化控制系统、新能源开发等方面取得了诸多进展。

智能变电站的建设和运行管理，智能电网的研发和应用等都为电力系统的安全稳定运行提供了有力支持。

在自动化领域，智能制造、工业4.0和人工智能等技术的快速发展也为工业自动化带来了新的挑战和机遇。

随着智能制造和工业互联网的兴起，工业生产的各个环节都将实现信息化、智能化和自动化。

传感器技术、机器视觉技术、无人化操作技术等正在成为工业生产的核心技术，它们将为工业生产带来更高的效率、质量和灵活性。

未来，电气工程及自动化技术将继续向智能化、绿色化、高效化和安全化的方向发展。

随着智能制造、工业4.0和人工智能等技术的不断进步，工业生产将实现全面智能化。

生产设备将更加智能化，智能机器人将承担更多的生产任务，制造业的生产模式将从传统的大规模生产向定制化、柔性化和个性化方向发展。

电力系统继电保护技术现状及发展趋势

电力系统继电保护技术现状及发展趋势近年来，随着我国经济的快速发展，人们生产、生活用电需求的不断增长，电力工程的负荷在不断增大。

继电保护技术作为电力系统的安全保障，对电力工程的作用尤其重要。

继电保护装置可以将电力系统故障的发生率降至最低，实现电力系统经济效益的最大化。

本文简要介绍了继电保护技术的发展历程，分析了继电保护技术的应用现状，并对其发展趋势作出预测，以期对电力工作者有所帮助。

标签：继电保护技术；应用现状；发展趋势1 继电保护技术发展历程继电保护技术在我国已经发展了60 余年，经历了 4 个阶段。

第1 个阶段是在中华人民共和国建国后的10 年间。

在这期间，我国的继电保护学科从无到有，并建立起了继电保护技术队伍。

第2 个阶段是20世纪60—80年代。

在这一阶段晶体管继电保护技术得到了蓬勃发展与广泛应用，同时，我国也开始了计算机继电保护技术的研究，国家主要理工学院也相继开设了计算机保护装置的研究课程。

第3阶段是计算机继电保护技术阶段。

1984 年，以华北电力学院杨奇逊教授开发出输电线路微机保护装置并且通过鉴定落实使用是进入该阶段的标志。

在该阶段，不断有更先进更有效的微机保护装置被研发出来。

第4个阶段是自20世纪90年代开始的，随着正序故障分量方向高频保护等技术的研发与应用，继电保护技术研究更加深入，各种先进技术得以应用。

我国继电保护技术已进入微机保护时代，同时由于通信技术、网络技术与电子技术的发展，继电保护技术又有了新的活力。

2 继电保护技术应用现状（1）技术的发展与研究的深入使继电保护装置具有了多样性，故而，现阶段我们可根据电力系统实际需求来选择设备。

在电力系统继电保护装置的应用中，应首先做好继电保护装置的选择工作。

在选择时要遵循以下2点原则：一是所选择的电力系统继电保护装置首先要有足够的功能可完成任务。

继电保护装置至少要能够实现电力系统运行状况监测、系统故障的自动判断与切除等。

同时，随着网络技术与监控技术的发展及应用，现在的继电保护装置还需能支持网络监控系统，实现电力系统的网络化和自动化。

电气工程专业英语(电力类)翻译

实用资料：电气工程专业课(电力类)翻译参考专业外语：Professional English电路（上）electrical circuit (I)电路（下）electrical circuit (II)金工实习machinery practice电机（上）electrical machinery (I)电工实验与测试electrical experiment & test电子综合实践integrated electronic practice信号与系统signal & system电子技术基础（模拟）fundamentals of electronic (analog)电磁场electromagnetic field电子技术实验electronic experiment(I)电子辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic(I)发电厂动力工程基础Heat power engineering in generating plant企业管理enterprise management电气主系统electrical system principle电力系统稳态/暂态分析Steady-State/ Transient-State Analysis of Power System 电力系统继电保护Power System Relaying Protection电力系统潮流计算机分析：Computer Analysis of Power Flow数字电子技术Digital Electrical Technique微机原理microcomputer principle电子技术基础（数字）fundamentals of electronic (digital)自动控制automatic control theory电力系统分析electric power system analysis电子技术基础实验electronic experiment(II)电气主系统课程设计electrical system principle-course design电子辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic(II)通信与计算机网络communication & computer networks电力系统继电保护electric power system relaying电力系统继电保护Power System Protective Relaying电力系统远动技术electric power system remote protocol生产实习productive practice Technology继电保护课程设计electric power system relaying-course design电力电子技术power electronics电力电子技术基础：Fundamentals of Electronics Power Technology电力电子课程设计Power electronics course design电力系统自动控制electric power system control & automation高电压技术High voltage engineering Technology变电站自动化substation automation电力经济electric power system economics电能质量控制electric power quality control配电网自动化distribution system automation电力系统新技术new techniques on electric power system控制电机electrical machine control调度自动化与能量管理energy management & automation灵活交流输电系统flexible AC transmission system计算机保护computer protection电力系统电磁兼容EMC in electric power system毕业实习graduation practice毕业设计graduation dissertation数字信号处理：Digital Signal Processing自动控制理论：Automatic Control Theory电气工程基础：Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering电磁场概论：Introduction to Electro-Magnetic Field计算机继电保护：Microcomputer-Based Relaying Protection电气设备的绝缘检测与故障诊断：Insulation Diagnostics and Troubl-Shooting for Electrical Installations电网规划：Power System Planning可编程控制器原理及应用：Principles of PLC (Programmable logic Controller) And Application电磁场数值计算：Numerical Computation of Electro-Magnetic Field电力系统继电保护：Relay Protection of Power System电力系统自动装置原理The Principle of Electric Power System Automatic Equipment电力通信系统及调度自动化：Power System Communication and Dispatching Automatic专业方向电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology。

电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与展望研究

电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与展望研究摘要：电气工程及其自动化专业是一门电气信息领域新兴学科，是一种基础性和工程性都很强的专业学科。

电气工程与工业生产以及人们的日常生活密切相关，随着信息通信技术、微电子技术、计算机科学与技术的广泛发展，电气工程及其自动化学科的发展日新月异，已经成为高新科技产业的重要组成部分，在国民经济发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用，但在专业发展过程以及专业建设过程中也面临着许多问题和挑战。

关键词：电气工程及其自动化；发展现状；研究电气工程及其自动化专业在很多领域均有广泛的应用，小到日常生活中的电灯、开关，大到航空航天器材、国防军事设备。

从专业的要求上来说，自动控制理论和电网理论是基础，电力电子技术、计算机技术为其主要技术手段，电力电子与电力传动、电力系统及其自动化、高电压与绝缘技术、电机与电器及其控制为其主要内容，其专业的特点为硬件软件相结合、强电弱电相结合、机械与电子相结合，是一种涉及多种方面的、综合性很强的学科。

一、电气工程及其自动化技术的发展现状电气工程及其自动化学科自成立至今，已逾两个多世纪，电气工程学科的发展已日趋精细化。

电气工程及其自动化的延伸学科包括：电力电子与电力传动、电力系统及其自动化、高电压与绝缘技术、电机与电器及其控制。

随着电力电子器件的发展，电力电子技术经历了由电器件、半导体器件、集成电路、到超大规模集成电路的变革，电力电子与电力传动广泛应用于电能变换、钢铁、冶金、电力牵引、船舶推进等领域；电机与电器及其控制主要研究步进电机、无刷励磁直流电机、感应同步器等特种电机的控制、调速，在电机驱动方面，如电动汽车、高性能可靠电机等领域有较好的发展前景；电力系统及其自动化作为电气工程及其自动化的另一个延伸学科也获得了长足的发展。

21世纪是知识与科技的时代，科学技术作为第一生产力在社会发展中起着核心作用。

无论是国家的进步还是个人的发展，只有依靠科技的进步和知识的力量，才能立足于世界，在社会中谋得一席之地。

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电气工程及其自动化外文翻译--继电保护发展现状