博士入学考试_2012年重庆大学博士入学考试真题

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2012年清华博士生资格考试题

电工理论与新技术博士生资格考试题目2012年10月一、基本题（只需简要回答，10选5）1. 一根铜的直导线，两端施加电压源，频率从0到无穷大。

如何描述该铜直导线的电路模型？2. 电路的基本量有几个？它们对应的场量是什么？电路的基本量与其对应的场量之间是什么关系？由以上关系简要说明工程电磁场分析与电路（磁路）分析（包括分布参数电路和集总参数电路）的关系。

对一个实际问题在何种情况下场可以简化为路的问题，何种情况下不可以？3. 何谓时域分析，它有哪些特点？何谓频域分析，其又有哪些特点？4. )(t f 为任意时域波形。

试问：)(t f 的频谱与[])()()(τεε--t t t f 的频谱有什么区别？()(t ε是单位阶跃函数，τ是任意实数。

)5. 无源电路的定义是什么？含受控源的电路和无源电路之间是什么关系？由无源R 、L 、C 元件组成的电路，其策动点函数有什么特点？其转移函数（传递函数）是否与策动点函数具有相同的性质？6. 如果要你设计并实现汽车的自动侧位泊车系统，控制的基本原理是什么？描述最主要的测、控环节是什么？7. 测量电阻用的电桥为什么有单比电桥和双比电桥之分？假设现有一1010量级的被测电阻器，试问：你能否用单比电桥较准确地测出它的阻值？8. 电气测量中常见的误差有哪些？可采取怎样的方法来消除或减少相应的误差？9. 如何从时域和频域描述平稳随机信号，时域描述与频域描述之间有何联系？10. 举出可分别用时变电阻、时变电容、时变电感建模的实际元件各一例。

二、专业题电磁场（4选2）1. 写出麦克斯韦方程组的4个方程，说明每个方程描述的物理意义或对应的定理；并由此说明何为库仑电场强度、何为感应电场强度？给出两种电场的特性区别（可从数学和物理方面尽量多地总结它们的特性）。

2. 对于一根导线，若通有直流电流，利用电压表测量导线上两点的电压，无论如何测量（或无论谁去测量），原则上讲会得到同样的值；而若导线中通有变化的电流，原则上讲不同人所测出的电压会得到不同的值；请解释原因。

重庆医科大学病理学2012年考博真题试卷

重庆医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
（1）病理名解（2*10）：
1.原发综合征、2.癌前病变、3.growth fraction of tumor cell、4.嗜酸性脓肿、5.caseous necrosis、6.伤寒小结、7.pulmonary emphysema、8.tumor stem cell、9.畸胎瘤、10.pseudomembranous inflammation
8.乳腺癌最常见的病理组织类型是；
9.酒精性痢疾具有全身症状，肠道症状，严重者可出现；
11.尖锐湿疣是由感染引起；
12.阿米巴痢疾是由感染引起，病理镜下主要病变特征为，
13.甲状腺乳头状癌的生存预后与肿瘤大小，与局部淋巴结转移；
（3）简答（7*5）
1.什么是羊水栓塞？其病理诊断有什么特征；
（2）填空（0.5*30）：
1.交界性肿瘤是指和介于之间的肿瘤；
2.永久性细胞包括、、三种细胞；
3.小叶性肺炎的病变特征是以为中心的炎症；
4.R-S细胞对于诊断具有特征性病理意义；
5.消化性溃疡并发症包括、、和；
6.细胞水肿与细胞脂肪变性可通过染色和染色鉴别；
7.侵袭性葡萄胎肿瘤与绒毛癌最大的病理区别在于后者具有；
2.晚期肾小球肾炎的临床表现；阐述其病理机制；
3.结核基本病变与机体免疫状态关系；
4.简述炎症介质的作用；
5.男性患者，60岁，检查发现左上肺一大小约2.5cm团块，列出有可能的疾病诊断，并简述各种可能疾病的病理特点；

中国科学院大学-博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(2012年)

中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2012年12月-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：I V英译汉30分钟15分V写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORPh.D PROGRAMDecember 2012PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with asingle bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerSheet.1. John made ________ keys for the house: one for his wife and one for himself.A. facilitatedB. sophisticatedC. duplicateD. intricate2. It's difficult to be great without being ________: a doctor should never belittle a patient's concerns, regardless of how trivial they may seem to the doctor.A. patheticB. compassionateC. fussyD. sentimental3. Marriage is based upon the complete willingness of the two parties. Neither party shall use ________ and no third party is allowed to interfere.A. collisionB. compensationC. compulsionD. collaboration4. They would be ________ buying a product if it had not been tested on animals.A. deterred fromB. derived fromC. dismissed fromD. deserted from5. As long as students can form a sound personality and ________ future well-being, the university has served its purpose.A. persevere inB. convert intoC. live throughD. strive for6. This is a ________ misconception in many people’s minds--that love like merchandise can be “stolen.”A. populatedB. prevalentC. plaguedD. pretentious7. Language may be ________ of as a process which arises from social interaction.A. comprisedB. conceivedC. disposedD. deprived8. Some companies are making ________ efforts to increase the proportion of women at all levels of employment.A. solitaryB. statisticalC. susceptibleD. strenuous9. ________, Mr. Hall admits that he pushed too hard, and ultimately his efforts failed.A. In retrospectB. In due courseC. In vainD. In essence10. The final ________ cry comes when he complains about her selling their story toa newspaper; she was endangering his future and freedom.A. patientB. patrioticC. patheticD. prominent11. When a failing plant began to ________, she believed it was her good work that somehow brought about good results.A. perishB. shootC. witherD. thrive12. As rumor is ungrounded, it can 't spread ________; a person is speechless when justice is not on his side.A. by and largeB. far and wideC. back and forthD. hot and cool13. Japanese firms in the late 1980s used shady accounting practices to ________ financial problems.A．conclude B. compromiseC. concealD. contaminate14. Most earthquakes are in remote areas; but every now and then a quake may ________ volcanic eruptions or drown the coastlines with tsunamis, death-dealing tidal waves.A. yieldB. triggerC. transmitD. evolve15. However, very interesting dynamics regarding the competition and market structure are ________.A. seeing the lightB. shedding lightC. bringing to lightD. coming to light16. The politicians also ________ a mixture of tactics in a campaign to defend the Prime Minister.A. employedB. mobilizedC. endeavoredD. experienced17．Cancers are described as being more or less ________ in proportion to their more or less rapidly growing and being invasive.A. mischievousB. miscellaneousC. maliciousD. malignant18. Some manufacturers have tried to partially ________ the pain to buyers through straightforward price increases.A. put outB. hold upC. pass onD. hand over19. The company has had a lot of problems in the past, but it has always managed to ________.A. turn overB. hold upC. set upD. bounce back20. Public interest in and support for film festivals have grown throughout the US, giving new filmmakers broad ________.A. exposureB. horizonC. reputationD. revelationPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choicewith a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Kevin Davies sent a sample of his saliva to a genetic testing laboratory in Iceland to learn about his health risks. When he received his results, Mr. Davies learned that, __21__ his genetic makeup, he had an above-average risk of __22__ prostate cancer.Out of __23__, he checked back three months later and found that the company, called deCODE, had changed its assessment: His risk was now __24__ average.DeCODE had recalculated its algorithm, based on new data. Davies, who is himself a geneticist by training, wasn't too __25__ by this about-face: "The information that these companies can give you can change and evolve __26__ time," he says.That isn't the only way today's genetic tests offer __27__ conclusions. Accordingto a US government study, results often vary __28__ among genetic-testing companies, largely because __29__ has its own way of choosing and analyzing data.When the project to __30__ human DNA was finally completed in 2003, many predicted a revolution. Drugs could be chosen to match individual patients with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effects, the __31__ of so-called personalized medicine.__32__ a summer downpour of troubling stumbles for genetic-testing companies and programs shows just how long and twisting the road can be __33__ advances in basic scientific research and their application.It also has __34__ the question of how medicine will be practiced in an era __35__ anyone can research ailments and treatments on the Internet, sometimes becoming more familiar with new therapies and tests than their physicians.21. A. despite B. based on C. in line with D. in contrast to22. A. contracting B. affecting C. intervening D. associating23. A. excitement B. pleasure C. curiosity D. irritation24. A. above B. below C. on D. off25. A. satisfied B. captivated C. encouraged D. surprised26. A. on B. in C. over D. by27. A. slippery B. positive C. complicated D. convincing28. A. gradually B. intensely C. highly D. widely29. A. that B. each C. it D. such30. A. remove B. transplant C. calculate D. map31. A. advent B. censorship C. cultivation D. methodology32. A. But B. For C. Thus D. Though33. A. at B. with C. between D. on34. A. enlightened B. spotlighted C. provoked D. modified35. A. that B. which C. where D. whenPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and thenselect the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracketson your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneThe Super Bowl and the Oscars are the moon and sun of American communal rituals. Together, more Americans watch them than attend church or vote in presidential elections.Like it or not, they are America’s preeminent means of announcing itself to the world; we can share our ideals with hundreds of millions of our friends (and enemies) around the planet.Of the two events, one emphasizes the spirit of collective effort, by gathering anonymous men in identical uniforms to sacrifice themselves for the shared ideals of the tribe. The other glorifies the exceptional individual, who is celebrated for the very beauty and talent that sets him or her apart from lesser members of the species. Virtually anywhere there is a television—in Afghanistan, in Uruguay—these grand pageants are watched.The Super Bowl offers us a model of the kind of moral clarity that can be elusive on the playing fields of our lives. Its scores are settled on neutral territory, and its teams are governed by inflexible rules. There is little room for favoritism or sentimentality or emotional nuance. Football knows right from wrong. The Super Bowl shows us a world we all can agree on—one in which, far removed from the messiness of everyday life, strength and skill and practical intelligence prevail. Its champions earn their trip to Disneyland, because they prove themselves to be rulers of a magical kingdom.The Oscars, on the other hand, restore us to the commotion of the social world. They allow charm, money, fame and influence to matter. Sex and youth count above all, which is why, to the Oscars’ disgrace, women over 40 are rarely on display. Like Greek gods, the stars of the show are magnifications of the best and worst in all of us. No matter that they arrive bedecked with jewels or with a supermodel on their arm or with a complexion whose glow is suspiciously youthful, at the Oscars they are stripped to their most vulnerable selves, utterly at the mercy of the unpredictable. The Oscars give us unfiltered human spectacle, in which one is either called to the stage to meet with approval or forced to sit and contend with feelings of neglect and disappointment.36. The author holds that the Super Bowl and the Oscars are ________.A. two key events that draw most of the world’s attention to AmericaB. the moon and the sun to Americans as well as to the rest of the worldC. the rituals that are much more important than presidential electionsD. two important occasions for the realization of American dreams37. The Super Bowl and the Oscars are similar in ________.A. giving recognition of many personal sacrificesB. conferring an honor on certain achievementsC. encouraging an endeavor for national gloryD. placing a high priority on individual talent38. The kind of moral clarity showed in the Super Bowl most probably refers to a sense of ________.A. fair playB. social responsibilityC. self-disciplineD. collective identity39. According to the author, what we all agree on about the world shown by the Super Bowl is ________.A. the possibility that everyone can winB. the types of award to the championsC. the ways of showing one’s strengthD. the criteria for judging success40. The author emphasizes that the stars at the Oscars are ________.A. a symbol of human dignityB. images of Greek godsC. a mirror of ourselvesD. ideals of social elite41. According to the author, the Oscars offer us a human scene that shows a contrast between ________.A. trust and suspicionB. justice and injusticeC. wealth and povertyD. delight and dismayPassage TwoMore than 50 years ago, the psychologist Carl Rogers suggested that simply loving our children wasn’t enough. We have to love them unconditionally—for whothey are, not for what they do.As a father, I know this is a tall order, but it becomes even more challenging now that so much of the advice we are given amounts to exactly the opposite. In effect, we’re given tips in conditional parenting, which comes in two flavors: turn up the affection when they’re good, withhold affection when they’re not.Conditional parenting isn’t limited to old-school authoritarians. Some people who wouldn’t dream of spanking choose instead to discipline their young children by forcibly isolating them, a tactic we call “time out.” Conversely, “positive reinforcement” teaches children that they are loved only when they do whatever we decide is a “good job.” The primary message o f all types of conditional parenting is that children must earn a parent’s love.The child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, who readily acknowledged that the version of negative conditional parenting known as time-out can cause “deep feelings of anxiety,” nevertheless endorsed it for that very reason. “When our words are not enough,” he said, “the threat of the withdrawal of our love and affection is the only sound method to impress on him that he had better conform to our request.”But research suggests tha t love withdrawal isn’t particularly effective at getting compliance, much less at promoting moral development. Even if we did succeed in making children obey us, is obedience worth the possible long-term psychological harm? Should parental love be used as a tool for controlling children?Albert Bandura, the father of the branch of psychology known as social learning theory, declared that unconditional love “would make children directionless and quite unlovable”—an assertion entirely unsupported by empirical studies. The idea that children accepted for who they are would lack direction or appeal is most informative for what it tells us about the dark view of human nature held by those who issue such warnings.In practice, unconditional acceptance should be accompanied by actively imagining how things look from the child’s point of view. Most of us would protest that of course we love our children without any strings attached. But what counts is how things look from the perspective of the children—whether they feel just as loved when they mess up or fall short.42. The author thinks what Carl Rogers suggested is ________.A. hard to practice todayB. unlikely to workC. harmful to childrenD. unpopular among parents43. In conditional parenting, when childr en don’t behave themselves, parents will ________.A. warn them of the consequencesB. give them a physical punishmentC. hold back their love of themD. stress their good behavior44. Bettelheim believes that time-out ________.A. is a useful means in some casesB. causes psychological disorderC. is an unconditional parenting styleD. causes children’s disobedience45. According to research, love withdrawal would ________.A. help children build a sense of independenceB. improve a long-term parent-child relationC. do little for fostering children’s ethical valuesD. cause children to develop an aggressive tendency46. In Albert Bandura’s opinion, children accepted for who they are would ________.A. disrespect their parentsB. lack a sense of responsibilityC. be inconsiderate of othersD. be disliked by others47. According to the passage, in practicing unconditional acceptance it is essential for parents to ________.A. show respect for children’s ideasB. set a moral example for childrenC. consider environmental factorsD. watch for children’s frustrationsPassage ThreeIt’s a Monday night at MIT, just a few weeks before final exams. Grad students Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk could be studying or relaxing. Instead, they’re hustling through a maze of basement hallways in search of notorious energy hogs: vending machines. The average soda dispenser consumes 3,500 kilowatts a year—more than four times the juice for a home refrigerator. To conserve electricity, MIT’s administrators have been installing devices called Vending Misers, which use motion detectors to turn off a machine’s lights and cooling systems when people aren’t nearby, cutting energy consumption by 50%. Trouble is, MIT isn’t exactly sure whereall its vending machines are located, or which ones already have the devices installed. So tonight it’s enlisted the MIT Energy Club to help figure it out.It’s just one event on the club’s very busy calendar. With 750 students, the four-year-old group is MIT’s fastest-growing extracurricular organization. Many of its members aim to build careers in “green tech” fields, and club events offer a chance to network and learn about the challenges and opportunities in emerging energy fields. In recent weeks, members had lunch with the U.S. Energy Secretary and toured a nuclear reactor. Others discussed national biofuel policy as part of a biweekly discussion held over beer and pizza at a local pub. Club members say the group exposes them to people and ideas from other disciplines; as a result, M.B.A. types become better versed in the science of climate change, while science geeks get comfortable reading business plans and understanding concepts like return on investment. In contrast to left-leaning campus environmentalists of a decade ago, who might have joi ned Greenpeace after school, “most of our members really believe in the power of the tools of capitalism to solve the problem,” says founder Dave Danielson, who earned a Ph.D. in material sciences last fall.Down in the basement at MIT, Teich and Schenk have found a group of eight vending machines. Four of them are hooked up to Vending Misers, but only one is functioning. “This is like wiring a stereo,” Schenk says, untangling wires to make the devices work. Teich climbs on top of a different machine to pick off layers of masking tape left over from a paint job that had rendered the gizmo’s sensor inoperable. “We probably just saved MIT $100” in reduced electricity bills, Teich says. It won’t save the planet—but every bit counts.48. Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk are ________.A. fourth-year students at MITB. members of the MIT Energy ClubC. good at machine maintenanceD. environmental engineering majors49. What does the passage say about Vending Misers?A. They failed to function well as expected.B. They were designed by the MIT Energy Club.C. They can detect the presence of people.D. They keep soda dispensers working consistently.50. Many members join club’s events for ________.A. career preparationsB. leisure enjoymentsC. answering Greenpeace’s callD. opposing nuclear energy51. The club has enabled its members to ________.A. help the government with decision-makingB. become brave enough to challenge the authoritiesC. decide to invest in biofuel in the futureD. acquire much interdisciplinary knowledge52. It is implied that Greenpeace ________.A. suffered some business lossesB. prefers to recruit science studentsC. is suspicious of capitalismD. was founded by Dave Danielson53. What does the last paragraph imply about “a paint job”?A. It caused a problem to the Vending Miser.B. It was needed for repairing the Vending Miser.C. It improved the Vending Miser’s efficiency.D. It was part of what the Vending Miser did.Passage FourNo doll outshines Barbie’s celebrity. If all the Bar bies and her family members—Skipper, Francie and the rest—sold since 1959 were placed head to toe, they would circle the Earth more than seven times. And sales boomed in 2009, when the fashion doll celebrated her 50th birthday on March 9th.Barbie starred at an array of global events honouring her milestone, including a glamorous affair at New York’s Fashion Week in February. On her birthday, Mattel, the company that makes her, launched a souvenir doll honouring the original Barbie in her black-and-white striped swimsuit and perfect ponytail. It was available for purchase only that one day. Another Golden Anniversary doll targets collectors. Barbie fans planned hundreds of events, including the National Barbie Doll Collectors Convention in Washington, DC, which was sold out.When Ruth Handler created Barbie in 1959, a post-war culture and economy thrived but girls still played with baby dolls. These toys limited the imagination; so Handler introduced Barbie the Teen-Age Fashion Model, named after her daughter, Barbara. Jackie Kennedy soon walked onto the world stage and Barbie already had a wardrobe fit for a first lady. Barbie bestowed on girls the opportunity to dream beyond suburbia, even if Ken (Barbie’s fictional boyfriend) at times tagged along.Barbie entranced Europe in 1961 and now sells in 150 countries. Every second three Barbies are sold around the world. Her careers are myriad—model, astronaut, Olympic swimmer, palaeontologist and rock star, along with 100 others, includingpresident. Like any political candidate, controversy hit Barbie in 1992 when Teen Talk Barbie said “Math class is tough” and girls’ education became a national issue. She has been banned (in Saudi Arabia), tortured (by pre-teen girls, according to researchers at the University of Bath’s School of Management) and fattened (in 1997).Feminists continue to batter Barbie, claiming that her beauty and curves treat women as objects. But others see her as a pioneer trendsetter, crashing the glass ceiling long before Hillary Clinton cracked it.High-tech entertainment now attracts girls and Barbie also faces fierce competition from various copycats including the more fashionable, but less charming, Bratz dolls. The Bratz suffered a setback in 2008. Mattel sued MGA Entertainment, Bratz’s producer, for copyright infringement. A judge awarded Mattel $100m in damages.54. According to Paragraph One, Barbie ________.A. was born earlier than the dolls of any other brandsB. has long been number one in the world of dollsC. has beaten other dolls in sales 7 times since 1959D. was once taken aboard a spaceship circling the earth55. To celebrate Barbie’s 50th birthday, ________.A. a Barbie fan club was set up in Washington, DCB. the original Barbie was displayed in New YorkC. fashion shows were held worldwide on March 9thD. Barbies based on its original design appeared on the market56. Ruth Handler created Barbie in the hope that it would ________.A. dress as attractively as Jackie Kennedy didB. encourage girls to become fashion modelsC. help girls generate new ideas and wishesD. become her daughter’s constant companion57. We can infer from Paragraph 4 that Barbie used to ________.A. cause a debate in the U.S. about girls learning mathB. act as a role model in more than 100 occupationsC. face denial by the parents of many pre-teen girlsD. become fatter to cater to the overweight girls58. Feminists hate Barbie mostly because it symbolizes women’s ________.A. material comfortsB. sexual attractionC. political powerD. multiple talents59. According to the passage, MGA Entertainment ________.A. lost a fortune by losing a lawsuitB. sold a toy cat to compete with BarbieC. beat traditional Barbie with hi-techD. filed a lawsuit against MattelPassage FiveAs he has done frequently over the last 18 months, Andy Roost drove his blue diesel Peugeot 205 onto a farm, where signs pointed one way for “eggs” and another for “oil.”He unscrewed the gas cap and chatted casually as Colin Friedlos, the proprietor, poured three large jugs of used cooking oil—tinted green to indicate environmental benefit—i nto the Peugeot’s gas tank.Mr. Friedlos operates one of hundreds of small plants in Britain that are processing, and often selling to private motorists, used cooking oil, which can be poured directly into unmodified diesel cars, from Fords to Mercedes.The global recession and the steep drop in oil prices have now killed many of those large refining ventures. But smaller, simpler ones like Mr. Friedlos’s are moving in to fill the void with their direct-to-tank product, with a flood of offers of free oil from restaurants.Used cooking oil has attracted growing attention in recent years as a cleaner, less expensive alternative to fossil fuels for vehicles. In many countries, including the United States, the oil is collected by companies and refined into a form of diesel. Some cities use it in specially modified municipal buses or vans. And the occasional environmentalist has experimented with individually filtering the oil and using it as fuel.Peder Jensen, a transport specialist at the European Environment Agency, said that cooking oil fuel was “feasible” for diesel engines—Rudolf Diesel predicted that his engine, patented in the 1890s, would run on it—and that it was, “from an environmental point of view, a good idea, taking this waste and making it useful.”Others disagree. Stuart Johnson, manager of engineering and environment at V olkswagen of America, called putting raw vegetable oil in cars “a bad idea” and said, “We don’t recommend it.” The inconsistent quality of cookin g oil fuel, he said, means that “it may contain impurities and it may be too viscous,” especially for newer, more complex diesel engines with injection systems.None of that seems to stir concern in Mr. Nicholson, the Welsh entrepreneur. He said. “There is a lot of resistance,” he said, “to putting something into your preciouscar that you brewed in the kitchen sink.”60. What is true about Andy Roost with respect to using cooking oil fuel for his diesel Peugeot?A. He’s been relying on it.B. He’s just started to try it.C. He’s keen on its green color.D. He’s curious about its effect.61. Unlike those large refining ventures, Mr. Friedlos’s plant ________.A. has been enjoying an economic revivalB. operates for protecting the environmentC. produces its product at a very low costD. has switched to serve private motorists62. As to the advantage of used cooking oil over fossil fuels, the former is ________.A. based on greater sources of raw materialB. more easily processed into a form of fuelC. purer so that it is better for diesel enginesD. used more widely in the world as car fuel63. According to the passage, Rudolf Diesel was ________.A. an environmentalistB. a car ownerC. an engine designerD. a car producer64. Some people oppose the use of cooking oil fuel because it may ________.A. give little help to environmental protectionB. pose a threat to some fossil fuel businessesC. do damage to some kinds of diesel enginesD. contain things harmful to the user’s health65. Mr. Nicholson thinks that the negative opinions about the use of used cooking oil are ________.A. understandableB. unimaginableC. unreasonableD. unacceptableSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction:In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed fromthe original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does notfit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneIn a survey last year the bosses of small businesses overwhelmingly came out in favour of hard work and a strong character over formal qualifications. Two thirds rated character and attitude as very important, whereas only 3 per cent considered university degrees to be a real asset. 66) ________Historically, it can be summarised like this: on the one hand the self-educated leaders of small businesses have viewed graduates as time-wasting and costly upstarts, while graduates have sneered at the provincial mindset and paltry pay of the non-corporate office.But according to David Bishop, of the Federation of Small Businesses, it has got more to do with practical issues. “Because of th eir size, small businesses look for generalists with broader responsibilities rather than specialists,” he says. “They are not like a major employer with hundreds of employees each assigned a specific role.”Take IT, for example. 67) ________Certainly, there is resistance within the SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) community to employing graduates. The most frequently cited reasons reported by owner managers are: perceived high costs, worries about recruitment, retention and the graduate’s commitm ent, and concern about the high risk of recruiting graduates who are seen as inexperienced and often too academic.68) ________“Recruitment is a challenge in terms of competition and costs when you can’t offer the package of an international bank, but gra duates are valuable because they are on top of innovative research and development.”69) ________Afzal Akram, chairman of Business Link for London, says that small businesses are beginning to realise the potential employee resources found in universities.“In today’s business environment, people are the real differentiator, so getting the best is crucial. Tapping the graduate recruitment market allows small businesses to access candidates with excellent skills, training and education, who are hungry and mo tivated.”70) ________They undertake projects that benefit the host business, ranging from website design, marketing and accounting system implementation to product development.。

2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解

20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。

Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。

2012年重庆大学博士入学考试回忆篇

2012年重庆大学博士入学考试回忆篇（尽我最大努力回忆，请谅解）考试科目：英语题型：阅读理解40分，选词填空15分，英译汉15分，改错10分，作文20分第一篇阅读是GMAT的一道题，在网上搜索到了原题，请查附录1第二篇阅读不知道来源，但在网上搜索到了原题，请查附录2第三篇阅读是雅思6, test 4里面的reading passage 3，请自己查找选词填空没有找到原题英译汉没有找到原题改错是2005年12月六级原题，请自己查找作文题目是你对job satisfication的看法考试科目：图论题型：判断题5道（考基础，定理，推论等），共10分；算法题4道（考最小生成树，最短路径，欧拉图，最大匹配），共60分；证明题3道（平面图，着色等），共30分考试科目：计算机网络与数据仓库数据挖掘（综合，各占50分）计算机网络部分：第一道考RIP（路由信息协议）的报文格式及两个路由器之间如何修改路由表第二道考提高信道利用率的方法？第三道考据你所知，物联网对计算机网络提出了那些要求和挑战？第四道考以太网和无线网收到帧后，是否给出应答，为什么？第五道考IP报文为什么要分组发送？第六道考什么是HTTP协议无状态？第七道考移动IP通信中的三边路由的工作机制是什么？数据仓库与数据挖掘部分：第一道考OLAP与OLTP的区别第二道考k-means聚类原理和算法步骤第三道考多维数据查询，还有方和维。

第四道考朴素贝叶斯算法个人看法：英语的难度适中偏难一点，题型有可能每年变化；图论考的证明题，我认为比较难，而且有点偏，有可能我没有复习到吧；计算机网络很难猜中考什么题，感觉变化挺大；数据仓库与数据挖掘考的不算难，而且感觉不偏。

最后，个人认为对于计算机网络和数据仓库与数据挖掘科目，今年考过的明年考的概率不大，因为我把前两年的复习了，今年都没有考。

以上纯属个人看法，仅供参考。

附录1：Passage 42Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independentproducers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict theirfuture capacity for innovative product development.Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizersoverhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backwardintegration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation meansadopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components,backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example,a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten thelong-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are oftenforced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers inbusiness.257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations(D) reliability of a source of necessary components (B)(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts258. According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important componentof the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the samecomponent may(A) withhold technological innovations from the assembler(B) experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products(C) lower their prices to protect themselves from competition(D) suffer finanicaldifficluties and go out of business (A)(E) stop developing new versions of the component259. Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?(A) The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.(B) A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.(C) Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragrap.(D) Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic. (B)(E) A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.260. According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits andinvestments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advancedcomponents?(A) Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are low.(B) Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.(C) Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.(D) Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low. (D)(E) Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.附录2：How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by nomeans an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment(D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor3. The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930’s(B) unemployment now has less severe effects(C) social programs are more needed now(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty(E) poverty has increased since the 1930’s4. Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.5. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that(A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers(E) full-time workers who become unemployed7. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long(B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work(D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed(E) many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployedworkers9. Whic h of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.1. 1. E2. D3. B4. A5. B6. A7. B8. A9. A2. 1. E2. D3. B4. B5. B6. A7. E8. C9. A3. EDBBBAECA4. 1 E 02:582 D 01:003 B 00:164 C 00:315 E 01:376 E 00:437 E 01:068 C 00:419 C 01:365. 1. E2. D3. B4. C5. D6. A7. E8. C9. E6. 1 E2 D3 B4 C5 B6 A7 E8 C9 A7.1- C2- D3- B4- A5- B6- B7- B8- A9- A8. 1 E2 D3 B4 C5 B6 A7 B (should be E)8 D9 A9.EDBCBAECAE D B C B A E C A。

重庆医科大学心血管内科学2012年考博真题试卷

重庆医科大学
医பைடு நூலகம்考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：心血管内科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.短绌脉
2.心肌重构
3.病窦综合征
4.稳定性心绞痛
5.心绞痛
6.主动脉夹层
7.急性冠脉综合征
8.X综合征
9.高血压危象
10.心包叩击音
二、简答题+论述题
1.高血压药物的分类并举例
2.心衰的临床分期
3.冠心病、高血压合并房颤治疗策略
4.房颤的临床分类
5.血尿定义、病因及临床意义
6.室上速的机制
7.脑钠肽及意义
8.急性心肌梗死心律失常的治疗原则
9.β受体阻滞剂在心血管疾病中的应用

2011年博士生入学考试试题答案

重庆大学2011年博士生入学考试试题避免不凝气体的积累，提高对流传热系数。

3. 传质过程中，什么时侯气膜阻力控制? 什么时侯液膜阻力控制?当溶质溶解度很大，1/Hk L <<1/k G , 所以K G ≈ k G ，传质阻力集中在气相一侧的气膜内，称气膜控制。

当溶质溶解度很小，1/Hk L >>1/k G ，所以K L ≈ k L ，传质阻力集中在液相一侧的液膜内，称液膜控制。

4. 恒沸精馏与萃取精馏的主要异同点是什么?相同点：都加入第三组份改变相对挥发度；区别：①前者生成新的最低恒沸物，加入组分塔从塔顶出；后者不形成新恒沸物，加入组分从塔底出。

②操作方式前者可间隙，较方便。

③前者消耗热量在汽化潜热，后者在显热，消耗热量较少。

5. 全回流与最小回流比的意义是什么？各有什么用处?全回流时，是指塔顶液滴全部回流，不生成产品，此时达到指定分离要求所需的理论板数最少。

全回流主要用在精馏装置开停工和实验室研究等场合。

开工时为不稳定过程，为了尽快达到分离要求，采用全回流操作，然后再慢慢减小回流比，至规定回流比。

最小回流比，是指达到指定分离要求的理论板数最多到无穷，是选择适宜回流比的依据。

一般适宜回流比是最小回流比的1.1～2.0倍。

6. 湿空气在进入干燥器之前，为什么常常先进行预热?湿空气在进入干燥器之前，常常先进行预热，好处：一是使湿空气的相对湿度下降，增大了其吸取水汽的能力；二是提高其温度，增大焓值，使其传给物料的热增多，以供给汽化水分所需的热量，同时还提高了干燥器热效率。

三、读图题 (10分)已知水-空气体系的干球温度、湿球温度分别为80ºC 和40ºC ，查图求体系的湿度、焓、水汽分压和露点。

解：湿度: 0.031kg/kg 干空气, 焓：162kJ/kg ，水汽分压：5.7kPa ，露点：33 ºC.四、计算题解：（1）将流量q v = 0.21m 3/min 代入离心泵的特性方程：2.3021.0222402224022=⨯-=-=v q H在两储槽液面之间列伯努力方程：f e Hg u Z pg p H g u Z pg p +++=+++22222221112228.3351083.9202.06004.05003.010v v e q q H +=⨯⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯⨯⨯⨯+=π代入q v = 0.21m 3/min ，H e = 24.8 m ，30.2>24.8, 所以泵适用。

2012年重庆大学研究生入学考试复习纲要

2012年重庆⼤学研究⽣⼊学考试复习纲要2012年研究⽣⼊学考试范围与作答参考系统⼯程导论?科⽬复习纲要（红⾊为相对11年变动内容）复习参考教材（本科⽣教材）：《运筹学》，清华⼤学出版社，第2版《系统⼯程》，西安交通⼤学，汪应洛主编，机械⼯业出版社，第4版⼀、系统⼯程基础理论1.什么是系统？系统的特性有那些？（结合实际情况举例说明）答：系统是由相互制约、相互作⽤的⼀些组成部分组成的具有某种功能的有机整体。

系统的特点有：整体性、集合性、层次性、相关性、⽬的性、环境适应性。

2.什么是系统⼯程（按照第三版的定义来记忆）？系统⼯程的特点是什么（为什么会有这些特点）？系统⼯程⽅法的特征是什么？系统⼯程的理论基础有哪些？控制论的发展经历？什么是系统⼯程⽅法论？系统⼯程⽅法论的主要应⽤领域包括哪些？考题类型：例如可能从这些应⽤领域中选取⼀个，如教育系统⼯程，⽤系统⼯程的相关理论，系统⼯程⽅法论进⾏分析。

答：系统⼯程是从整体出发合理开发、设计、实施和运⽤系统技术从⽽达到全局最优的⼀门⼯程技术，它是系统科学中直接改造世界的⼯程技术。

系统⼯程具有三个基本特点：整体性、综合性、最优性。

系统⼯程⽅法的特征：先总体后详细的设计程序、综合即创造的思想、系统⼯程的“软科学”性。

系统⼯程的理论基础：系统论、信息论、控制论以及运筹学等。

控制论的发展经历了：经典控制论、现代控制论、⼤系统控制论三个时期。

控制论最重要的观点是：反馈和信息。

系统⼯程⽅法论是分析和解决系统开发、运作及管理实践中的问题所应遵循的⼯作程序、逻辑步骤和基本⽅法，是系统⼯程考虑和处理问题的⼀般⽅法和总体框架。

3.作为系统⼯程重要基础的信息论可分为哪三种不同的类型？答：狭义信息论、⼀般信息论、⼴义信息论。

4.霍尔系统⼯程⽅法论和切克兰德系统⼯程⽅法论的核⼼是什么？其⽅法和步骤各有什么特点?⼆者有何区别和联系？霍尔三维体系结构的具体内容？霍尔三维集中体现了系统⼯程⽅法的哪些特点？什么是硬系统和软系统？霍尔系统⼯程⽅法论的核⼼是“最优化”，切克兰德系统⼯程⽅法论的核⼼是“⽐较”和“学习”。

2012年博士研究生招生入学考试(抽象代数)

西南大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
学科、专业：基础数学研究方向：有限群论
试题名称：抽象代数试题编号：2025
（答题一律做在答题纸上，并注明题目番号，否则答题无效）
1．（20分）设，令。
（1）证明：C(A)为的子空间；
（2）当A=E时，求C(A)，其中E为n阶单位矩阵；
（3）当
时，求C(A)的维数和一个基。
2．（20分）证明：阶为45的群一定是交换群。
3．（20分）设R为实ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ域，在中定义运算：
，
。
证明：是一个域。
4．（20分）环L中元素eL称为一个左单位，如果对所有的aL，有eLa=a；
元素eR称为一个右单位，如果对所有的aL，有aeR=a。证明：
（1）如果L既有左单位又有右单位，则L具有单位元素；
（2）如果L有左单位，L无零因子，则L具有单位元素；
（3）如果L有左单位，但没有右单位，则L至少有两个左单位。
5．（20分）设M，N为两个R-模，用表示M到N的R-模同态的集合，它对同态的加法成一交换群。证明。其中表示Z对模n的剩余类加群。

2012年重庆大学计算机学院博士入学复试题目

2012年博士生入学面试试题一、论述题（任选3题）1. 试简述服务科学的主要研究内容。

2. 试论述网络安全在电子商务系统中的作用和地位。

3. 试简述物联网的关键技术与应用前景。

4. 试简述图像处理的主要研究内容。

5. 云计算与分布式计算有何异同？6. 试谈一谈你对所报研究方向的认识。

二、英译中At present, it is common to access content across the Internet independently without reference to the underlying infrastructure. This infrastructure consists of data centers that are monitored and maintained around the clock by content providers. Cloud computing is an extension of this paradigm wherein the capabilities of business applications are exposed as sophisticated services that can be accessed over a network. Cloud service providers are incentivized by the profits to be made by charging consumers for accessing these services. Consumers, such as enterprises, are attracted by the opportunity for reducing or eliminating costs associated with “in-house” provision of these services. However, since cloud applications may be crucial to the core business operations of the consumers, it is essential that the consumers have guarantees from providers on service deliver. Typically, these are provided through Service Level Agreement (SLAs) brokered between the providers and consumers.。

重庆大学硕士研究生入学考试2012.07.08.09.10.11试题答案【马伟明】

重庆大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案（建筑学基础）一、名词解释1、用地红线：各类建筑工程项目用地的使用权属范围的边界线。

（民用建筑设计通则）2、耐火极限：建筑构件按时间－温度标准曲线进行耐火试验，从受到火的作用时起，到失去支持能力或完整性被破坏或失去隔火作用时止的这段时间，用小时表示。

（高层民用建筑设计防火规范）3、金厢斗底槽：宋代《营造法式》中列举的四种空间（单槽、双槽、分心斗底槽、金厢斗底槽）划分方法之一。

其特点是殿身内有一圈柱列与斗拱，将殿身空间划分为内外两层。

内外柱高相等，但柱径略有差别。

实例：山西五台山佛光寺东大殿、日本奈良唐招提寺金殿。

(百度百科或中建史P146) 4、城市设计：城市设计（又称都市设计，英文Urban Design）的具体定义在建筑界通常是指以城市作为研究对象的设计工作，介于城市规划、景观建筑与建筑设计之间的一种设计。

现在普遍接受的定义是“城市设计是一种关注城市规划布局、城市面貌、城镇功能，并且尤其关注城市公共空间的一门学科”。

（百科）5、建筑密度：在一定范围内，建筑物的基底面积总和与占用地面积的比例(％)。

（民用建筑设计通则）6、多层住宅：指四层到六层由两个或两个以上户型上下叠加而成的住宅。

（百科）7、CBD：中央商务区英文名称：central business district;CBD定义：城市中商业和商务活动集中的主要地区。

(百科)8、折衷主义：折衷主义（Eclecticism）是一种哲学术语，导源于希腊文，意为“选择的”，“有选择能力的”。

后来，人们用这一术语来表示那些戏认同某一学派的学说，又接受其他学派的某些观点，表现出折衷主义特点的哲学家及其观点。

它把各种不同的观点无原则地拼凑在一起，没有自己独立的见解和固定的立场，只把各种不同的思潮、理论，无原则地、机械地拼凑在一起的思维方式，形而上学思维方式的一种表现形式，它的应用领域十分广泛。

（百科或外国近现代建筑史P9）9、光气候：所谓光气候就是由太阳直射光，天空扩散光，地面反射光，形成的天然光平均状况。

北航2012博士研究生入学考试试题

北航2012博士研究生入学考试试题北京航空航天大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：1001英语(共14页)考生注意：所有答题务必书写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。

Part I Listening Comprehension(20points)Section A(10%)Directions:In this section,you will hear10short conversations.At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A,B,C and D and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. A.He probably calls his brothers frequently.B.He should call his brothers more often.C.He does a lot of traveling.D.He’s saving money to visit his brothers.2. A.The battery is not correctly positioned.B.She doesn’t know how the calculator works.C.The calculator needs a new battery.D.The man should enter the numbers in a different order.3. A.They can get a guidebook in Montreal.B.It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.C.He doesn't mind the cost of a guidebook.D.It’s no use trying to study on a trip,4. A.Being hungry.B.Having a big lunch.C.The weather.D.Cooking.5. A.Tom’s apartment probably costs more than the man’s.B.The man’s place is becoming more expensive.C.Her apartment is better than the man’s.D.She wants to see Tom’s new apartment.6A.Drop out of the play.B.Switch parts with another actor.C.Be patient about learning his part.D.Have his lines memorized by tomorrow.7. A.She agrees with the man.B.The man missed the last study mission.C.She didn't understand the last chemistry class.D.The man should be more serious about his studies.8. A.He can’t meet the woman at the engineering building.B.He can’t give the woman a ride.C.He has already passed the engineering building.D.He’ll meet the woman after his appointment.9. A.He'll give the quiz at a later time.B.The quiz will be very short.C.The quiz won't be ready until Thursday.D.He’ll score the quiz quickly.10.A.Take the medicine as she was directed to do.B.Schedule another appointment with her doctor.C.Stop taking the medicine.D.Rest her back for a few days.Section B(10%)Directions:In this section you will hear2passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passageand the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear one question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage111.A.Luxury tax.B.Property tax.C.Income tax.D.Sales tax.12.A.The tax percentage increases as a family's income increases.B.The tax percentage inc reases as a family’s salaries increase.C.The tax percentage decreases as a family's expenses increase.D.The tax percentage increases as a family's property increases.13.A.How long the family owns the property.B.The property's value.C.The owner’s incom e.D.The property’s value and the owner's income.14.A.Public schools.B.Public safety.C.Roads,parks and benefits for the poor.D.All of the above.15.A.To the state government.B.To the federal government.C.To the local government.D.To the community.Passage216.A.The government gives direct subsidy to every faith.B.There is no law by Congress respecting the establishment of religion.C.There is a law by Congress to prohibit the free exercise of religion.D.There is no freedom for Americans to choose their religious faith.17.A.One of the biggest increases in church membership.B.The event of prohibiting the free exercise of religion.C.A big decrease in church membership.D.The emergence of classes in religious study.18.A.9%. B.60%.C.45%.D.52%.19.A.The federal government.B.Public educational institutions.C.Various religious groups.D.The local government.20.A.Their member’s voluntary donations.B.The State Government.C.The private schools.D.Religious groups.Part II Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them,there are4choices marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage1The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends.This basic,but often overlooked,principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis.The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis.That is,one reason that some of the world’s leading economies—from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole—are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels(2.1children per woman)for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees,which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole.Indeed,one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades.Even China may see its sky-high growth“come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks”because of its one-child policy,as Carlos Cavalle and I argued in a recent report.The Sustainable Demographic Dividend.By contrast,a recent Rand study suggests that“In dia will have more favorable demographics than China”over the next few decades,insofar as its work force is poised to grow.In fact,the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic advantage to outpace China's economic growth rates by the end of the century.Finally,it’s not just fertility that matters;it’s also marriage.At least in the West,children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family,In the U.S.,for instance,children are more likely to graduate from highschool,complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact,married family.And around the globe,men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attention when they are married;this is one reason men worldwide enjoy“marriage premiums”in their income,ranging from about14 percent(Mexico)to19percent(UnitedStates)to35percent(Russia).So,at least when it comes to men,research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity.The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home;rather,the size of families,and their stability and quality,has important implications for the health of the global economy.Questions21to25are based on the passage.21.The main idea of this passage is that_________.A.women should bear more children in order to boost the economy.B.both marriage and fertility affect a country’s economy.C.marriage has important implications for worker productivity.D.India will outpace China’s economic growth rate by the end of the century.22.One reason that the world’s leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that______.A.there is a global economic crisis in recent years.B.there are fewer babies,and consequently,people spend less on many commodities.C.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many years.D.there are tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole.23.“...its work force is poised to grow”(para.3)probably means____________.A.its work force pauses to grow.B.its work force continues to grow fast.C.its work force continues to grow steadily.D.its work force grows slowly.24.From the passage we know that_________.A.children from an intact,married family are more likely to have a better life.B.the more people a country has,the stronger economy it will have.C.the health of the global economy depends entirely on individual families.D.men are likely to work harder when they are going to have children.25.According to the passage,all the following can affect economy EXCEPT_____________.A.the size of families.B.the stability of families.C.the quality of families.D.men and women ratio within the families.Passage2We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them.But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down,and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us,that is,scientific discoveries andideological revolutions.Our nature is not considered as immutable,either socially or biologically.As we approach the beginning of the21st century,the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles,responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex,and yet,scarcely twenty years ago,these were thought to be“beyond dispute”.We can safely say,with a few minor exceptions,that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the19th century to the1960s.The role distinction,raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model,lasted throughout this period,appealing for its justification to nature,religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time.The woman bore children and took care of the home.The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family,by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes.Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things.It was felt to be against nature,a deviation from the norm.Sex roles were determined according to the“place”appropriate to each.Women’s place was,first and foremost, in the home.The outside world,i.e.workshops,factories and business firms,belonged to men.This sex-based division of the world(private and public)gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes,which conferred on each its special identity.The woman,sequestered at home,“cared,nurtured and conserved”.T o do this,she had no need to bedaring,ambitious,tough or competitive.The man,on the other hand,competing with his fellow men,was caught up every day in the struggle for survival,and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man.Today,many women go out to work,and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably.Besides the traditional financial incentives,we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances,and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all,for all women,work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.Questions26to30are based on the passage.26.It is only in recent years that we have recognized that______.A.there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.B.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.C.the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.D.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.27.From paragraph1we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because______.A.the change in sex roles is out of the question.B.women’s lib has been going on for many years.C.ideas about the roles of women have been changing.D.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women’s roles.28.The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the1960s was______.A.preferable.B.prevalent.C.presumable.D.precedent.29.According to the fourth paragraph,the author seems to think that______.A.female passivity is natural.B.men and women are physically identical.C.men are born competitive and aggressive.D.some different sex identity is acquired.30.According to the author,which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work?A.Wish to claim their rights and freedom.B.Ambition and self-fulfillment.C.Financial incentives.D.Desire for a social life.Passage3BBC’s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation.But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage.Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies,the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society.One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor,something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom.The poor have no option but to wait in vain.The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed.The new consent forms could have been draftedby some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory.The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and,even if they try,the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing.In consequence,the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics.Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research.The United States,for example,refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of“potential persons”.Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide enlightenm ent.When is this “potential”supposed to kick in?In case you were wondering,these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying.Thankfully,the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe,in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research.It is possible that,in years to come,scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy.The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare,a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lackself-consciousness.Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living,pain-sensitive animals.Questions31to35are based on the passage.31.What has caused the chronic organ shortage?A.a decrease in donation ratesB.inefficient governmental policyC.illegal trade in human organsD.news media's indifference32.The expression“pussyfooting around”(Line3,Paragraph1)might mean______________.A.unfairB.hesitantC.secretD.strict33.The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that___________.A.the government has stopped the experiment on human tissueB.the donation consent forms are difficult to understandC.the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle to important medical researchD.embryonic research shows disregard for human life34.To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?A.The rich and the poor are equal in the face of death.B.More scientists are needed for the medical advancement.C.There is a double standard in medical ethics.D.The dead deserve the same attention as the living.35.The author is most critical of______.A.the mediaB.doctorsC.U.S.LegislatorsD.the British governmentPassage4When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace,scientists immediately get to work,trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes,success is achieved,as medical science is able to isolate the parasite,germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it.In the most serious of cases,in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk,it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination,so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that,if it is encountered,one can ward it off naturally.To accomplish this,a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment,so that his body's immune system can leam to fight the invader /doc/75b0b238a98271fe900ef90f.html rmation on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally,in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.This makes sure that,should the patient later come into contact with the real problem,his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it,having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process,however.On occasion,even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle,resulting inthe immune system succumbing,and, therefore,the patient's death.Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine,designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.Approximately1in10,000people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it.Thus,if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000Americans would be left dead.Fortunately,the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early1970s,ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America.In the event of a reintroduction of the disease,however,mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination.The process,which is truly a mixed blessing,may indeed hide some hidden curses.Questions36to40are based on the passage.36.The best title for the text may be____________.A."Vaccinations:A Blessing or A Curse"B."Principles of Vaccinations"C."Vaccines:Methods and Implications"D."A Miracle Cure under Attack"37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?A.The passible negative outcome of administering vaccines.B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.C.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.D.The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.38.The phrase"ward it off naturally"(Paragraph2)mostprobably means______________.A.dispose of it naturally.B.fight it off with case.C.see to it reluctantly.D.split it up properly.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is____________.A.to comment and criticizeB.to demonstrate and argueC.to interest and entertainD.to explain and informPart III Vocabulary(10points)Directions:In this part,there are20uncompleted sentences with four choices below each sentence.Choose the best one from the4choices to fill the blanks.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41.This restaurant is frequently______by tourists because of its famous cooking.A.patronizedB.servicedC.attendedD.utilized42.The miser will not donate any money to charity because he is______________.A.greedyB.thriftyC.stingyD.careful43.Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement:each lesson is accompaniedby a loss of______.A.perspectiveB.innocenceC.permissionD.veracity44.The rain________our spirits because we were planning to go for a picnic.A.decreasedB.dampenedC.moistenedD.hampered45.Their view that women are the natural______of morality is not my view.A.guardiansB.guardsC.guidesD.soldiers46.Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animal’s thought processes in a sound manner requires a heavy dose of______from our own mental patterns,which weaccess introspectively.A.estimationB.calculationC.skepticismD.inference47.The colonialists managed to wipe out the entire____________population.A.aboriginalB.original/doc/75b0b238a98271fe900ef90f.html rgeD.regional48.As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community,the people of our town feel theobligation,and rightly so,to____in support of the victim and his family.A.entrenchB.rallyC.disseminateD.apologize49.Mr.Smith became very_________when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant50.It can not be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted,but scientists are______to concedethe inevitability of that day,realizing that new energies can be found in the near future.A.boundB.unpreparedC.hesitantD.likely51.Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods;the rest of us have to make do with science and its______.A.imperfectionsB.conclusionsC.methodologiesD.hyperbole52.This was a five-digit national coding system to____________each postal delivery section.A,testify B.count C.clarify D.identify53.His physical and emotional___________to Oxford and to Mississippi,to the land and to the people thatshaped him,was at the core of his being.A.personalityB.characterC.fidelityD.morality54.Most people choose a lawyer on the basis of such_____________consideration as his cost,his field ofexpertise,and the fees he charges.A.humanisticB.irrelevantC.personalD.pragmatic55.Though sometimes__________,all too often technology is seen as a panacea for the great economic,social,and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the path of modernization.B.effectiveC.ignoredD.calamitous56.Among all the changes resulting from the___________entry of women into the work force,thetransformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A.massiveB.quantitativeC.surplusD.formidable57.There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons,but my favorite time is the_________from fall to winter.A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer58.The development of these gene technologies may be far in the future,but the moral and social issues raised by them should be discussed______,for once a technology has been invented,it may be difficult to stop or control.A.presentlyB.summarilyC.seriouslyD.hesitantly59.The local government has__________the landowners to fish these waters.A.transformedB.transferredD.allocated60.The plan for the new office tower went ahead____________of local opposition.A.on accountB.in the light ofC.outD.regardlessPart IV Cloze(10points)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits in to the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Many years ago people thought the earth was flat.They believed that the sky__61__a big upside-down bowl and that the sun,moon,and stars were lamps hanging from the top of the /doc/75b0b238a98271fe900ef90f.htmlter,people__62__better.They found out that the earth__63__round.We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy,__64__we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Early astronomers thought the earth was the center of__65__.They thought the heavens spun__66__the earth. Later,they changed their__67__.They knew the earth was not the center.They believed that the earth and the __68__planets spin around the sun.Today we know this is true.Ancient scientists studied the skies__69__simple instruments.The first person__70__a telescope was named Galileo.In1610__71__four moons around the planet Jupiter.Today__72__use more complex equipment. Some of thesemeasure the brightness of light.__73__break lights up into different colors.Radio telescopes make stars and planets__74__far closer than Galileo's telescope could.Early astronomers__75__five planets in the sky.Besides Earth,they knew about mercury,Venus,Mars, Jupiter,and Saturn.In1781a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus.Years later,astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune.The ninth planet to be found is called Pluto.It was not__76__until1930.Today scientists can__77__almost anywhere.They have reached the heavens with their spacecraft,in1959,a spacecraft__78__took pictures of the dark side of the moon.Ten years later a spacecraft landed two Americans on the moon.Other important journeys into space__79__.Who knows?Maybe__80__human beings will live on another planet.Maybe you will be one of them.61.A.is B.was C.had been D.were62.A.spoke B.told C.knew D.swan63.A.was B.had been C.is D.were64.A.and B.but C.yet D.still65.A.anything B.nothing C.something D.everything66.A.around B.round C.about D.along67.A.jobs B.minds C.suggestion D.advice68.A.other B.another C.rest D.remained69.A.by B.on C.with D.within70.A.to use /doc/75b0b238a98271fe900ef90f.html ed /doc/75b0b238a98271fe900ef90f.html es D.of using71.A.invented B.created C.saw D.discovered72.A.musicians B.carpenters C.astronomers D.scholars73.A.The others B Others C.Another D.The other74.A.look B.looking C.to look D.looks75.A.could have seen B.could see C.had seen D.saw76.A.trapped B.served C.discovered D.settled77.A.run B explore C.play D.relax78.A.first B.firstly C.for the first D.first of all79.A.followed B.had followed C.were following D.Follow80.A.someday B.some day C.some days D.somedaysPart V Translation(15points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.Scholars and students have always been great travelers.81.The official case for“academic mobility”is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world,and debated in the corridors of Europe,but it is certainly nothing new.Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies;in search of the purest philosophy,the most effective medicine,the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas,their transference across frontiers,their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people.82.The point of learning is to share it,whether with students or with colleagues;one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery,or a new technique.It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same。

XXX博士入学考试历年试题(完整版)

XXX博士入学考试历年试题(完整版)XXX的博士入学考试历年试题包括教育学、训练学和运动生理。

但是由于往年的英语试题无法获取，考生们对于考试的题型一开始完全不了解。

后来通过多条渠道，考生们才了解到了英语试题的题型。

现在的英语试题包括词汇题、完形填空、阅读理解、英语翻译汉语、汉语翻译英语和作文。

在复词汇时，考生们以为考博至少应该是6级以上的，因此复时以6级和考研词汇为主。

但是当看到题目后才发现自己的复思路错了。

大部分的词汇都是词组，6级词汇一个都没有出现。

例如，第一道题是关于hang on、hang up等词汇辨析，题目大意是一个人在打电话，然后说：“我去拿一下笔和纸”。

因此，基本上20道题都是考这种词组辨析。

此外，还有考语法，考生们猜到了基本要考倒装和虚拟。

因此，这两部分搞清楚了语法应该可以拿得下来。

完形填空就没有什么好讲的了，因为题量大，基本每道题目都是只看一遍。

所以完型填空考得什么内容也想不起来了。

但是总体感觉完型填空不会很难，不会到那种你自己都看晕的地步。

阅读理解虽然有6篇，但是并不是每篇篇幅都很长。

这次第5篇阅读很短，好像我记忆中只有两三个小问题。

但是考生们需要注意的是，阅读理解的难度会逐渐增加。

英语翻译汉语和汉语翻译英语都是比较基础的题型，但是需要注意的是翻译的准确性和语言表达的流畅度。

作文的分值只有15分，但是也需要注意语言的表达和逻辑性。

Recently。

a student shared their XXX taking the Beijing Sport University entrance exam。

XXX。

vocabulary。

XXX。

The student found that the exam was manageable。

XXX。

and the XXX。

the exam was not overly difficult。

but it is XXX.1、分析不同运动强度下肌肉糖原的利用情况及其对运动表现的影响。

重庆大学考博真题英语 2012 部分试题

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts
exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.

2012年博士研究生入学考试试题

中国政法大学研究生院
2011年博士研究生入学考试试题
招生专业或研究方向:思想政治教育
考试科目:马克思主义思想政治教育原著宣读
考生须知
1.所有试题均在答题纸上写清题号作答,在试题上答题不给分。

2.将答题纸和试题一起交回,否则以零分。

3.考生必须按照选题要求回答下列各题,即按照要求完成必答题和选答题。

一、简答题
1.简述实践范畴在马克思主义哲学中的地位
2.论马克思主义人的本质观点，并评论“人的本质自私论”。

3.社会主义的道德体系及其建立主要依据
4.论科技创新与人的思想道德的关系
5.简述人的主体性的主要表现，并简要阐述当代丧失主体性的现象
二、论述题
1.论述列宁的灌输原理，并阐述其实质及其实现意义与理论地位。

2.恩格斯在《反杜林传》中如何阐述马克思主义传统道德观？试论述现阶段我们应如何对待传统道德？。

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