鱼类免疫或肠道免疫

1. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2014 Oct;40(2):634-43. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.020.
Epub 2014 Aug 21.

Adaptive immune responses at mucosal surfaces of teleost fish.

Rombout JH(1), Yang G(2), Kiron V(3).

Author information:
(1)Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bod?,
Norway; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The
Netherlands. (2)Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal
Resistance Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan
250014, China. (3)Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland,
8049 Bod?, Norway. Electronic address: kvi@uin.no.

This review describes the extant knowledge on the teleostean mucosal adaptive
immune mechanisms, which is relevant for the development of oral or mucosal
vaccines. In the last decade, a number of studies have shed light on the presence
of new key components of mucosal immunity: a distinct immunoglobulin class (IgT
or IgZ) and the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). In addition, intestinal T cells and
their putative functions, antigen uptake mechanisms at mucosal surfaces and new
mucosal vaccination strategies have been reported. New information on pIgR of
Atlantic cod and common carp and comparison of natural and specific cell-mediated
cytotoxicity in the gut of common carp and European seabass, is also included in
this review. Based on the known facts about intestinal immunology and mucosal
vaccination, suggestions are made for the advancement of fish vaccines.

Copyright ? 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PMID: 25150451 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


2. Dev Comp Immunol. 2011 Dec;35(12):1346-65. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.009. Epub
2011 Nov 26.

Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish.

Salinas I(1), Zhang YA, Sunyer JO.

Author information:
(1)Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

As physical barriers that separate teleost fish from the external environment,
mucosae are also active immunological sites that protect them against exposure to
microbes and stressors. In mammals, the sites where antigens are sampled from
mucosal surfaces and where stimulation of na?ve T and B lymphocytes occurs are
known as inductive sites and are constituted by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT). According to anatomical location, the MALT in teleost fish is subdivided
into gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue
(SALT), and gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). All MALT contain a variety
of leukocytes, including, but not limited to, T cells, B cells, plasma cells,
macrophages and granulocytes. Secretory immunoglobulins are produced mainly by
plasmablasts and plasma cells, and play key roles in the maintenance of

mucosal
homeostasis. Until recently, teleost fish B cells were thought to express only
two classes of immunoglobulins, IgM and IgD, in which IgM was thought to be the
only one responding to pathogens both in systemic and mucosal compartments.
However, a third teleost immunoglobulin class, IgT/IgZ, was discovered in 2005,
and it has recently been shown to behave as the prevalent immunoglobulin in gut
mucosal immune responses. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current
knowledge of mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of fish MALT. Moreover, we
attempt to integrate the existing knowledge on both basic and applied research
findings on fish mucosal immune responses, with the goal to provide new
directions that may facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies
that stimulate not only systemic, but also mucosal immunity.

Copyright ? 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

PMCID: PMC3428141
PMID: 22133710 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


3. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2011 Nov;31(5):616-26. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.09.001.
Epub 2010 Sep 9.

Teleost intestinal immunology.

Rombout JH(1), Abelli L, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G, Kiron V.

Author information:
(1)Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. jan.rombout@wur.nl

Teleosts clearly have a more diffuse gut associated lymphoid system, which is
morphological and functional clearly different from the mammalian GALT. All
immune cells necessary for a local immune response are abundantly present in the
gut mucosa of the species studied and local immune responses can be monitored
after intestinal immunization. Fish do not produce IgA, but a special mucosal IgM
isotype seems to be secreted and may (partly) be the recently described IgZ/IgT.
Fish produce a pIgR in their mucosal tissues but it is smaller (2 ILD) than the
4-5 ILD pIgR of higher vertebrates. Whether teleost pIgR is transcytosed and
cleaved off in the same way needs further investigation, especially because a
secretory component (SC) is only reported in one species. Teleosts also have high
numbers of IEL, most of them are CD3-?+/CD8-α+ and have cytotoxic and/or
regulatory function. Possibly many of these cells are TCRγδ cells and they may be
involved in the oral tolerance induction observed in fish. Innate immune cells
can be observed in the teleost gut from first feeding onwards, but B cells appear
much later in mucosal compartments compared to systemic sites. Conspicuous is the
very early presence of putative T cells or their precursors in the fish gut,
which together with the rag-1 expression of intestinal lymphoid cells may be an
indication for an extra-thymic development of certain T cells. Teleosts can
develop enteritis in their antigen transporting second gut segment and epithelial
cells, IEL and eosinophils/basophils seem to play a crucial role in this
intestinal inflammation model

. Teleost intestine can be exploited for oral
vaccination strategies and probiotic immune stimulation. A variety of
encapsulation methods, to protect vaccines against degradation in the foregut,
are reported with promising results but in most cases they appear not to be cost
effective yet. Microbiota in fish are clearly different from terrestrial animals.
In the past decade a fast increasing number of papers is dedicated to the oral
administration of a variety of probiotics that can have a strong health
beneficial effect, but much more attention has to be paid to the immune
mechanisms behind these effects. The recent development of gnotobiotic fish
models may be very helpful to study the immune effects of microbiota and
probiotics in teleosts.

Copyright ? 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PMID: 20832474 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]