Architecture 古希腊古罗马建筑英文版

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希腊罗马建筑艺术英语作文

Growing up, I always had a fascination with the grandeur and mystery of ancient civilizations, and the architectural marvels they left behind were no exception. Among these, the architectural styles of ancient Greece and Rome have always captivated my imagination. The elegance of Greek columns and the might of Roman arches are not just remnants of a bygone era they are living testaments to the ingenuity and aesthetic sensibilities of these ancient cultures.My journey into the world of Greek and Roman architecture began with a school trip to the local museum, where a special exhibition on classical art was being held. As I walked through the halls, the intricate sculptures and detailed friezes drew me in, but it was the architectural models and drawings that truly sparked my interest. The clean lines and harmonious proportions of Greek temples, with their fluted columns and triangular pediments, were a stark contrast to the robust, functional designs of Roman buildings, yet both were undeniably beautiful in their own right.One of the most striking aspects of Greek architecture is its emphasis on symmetry and balance. The Parthenon, for instance, is a perfect example of this. Perched atop the Acropolis in Athens, its a sight to behold, with its eight massive columns on each side and seventeen at each end, all supporting the weight of the massive stone structure. The attention to detail is astounding, from the slight curvature of the base to the optical refinements that make the building appear perfectly straight, even though its not.Roman architecture, on the other hand, was more about utility andgrandeur. The Romans were masters of engineering and their buildings reflected this. The Colosseum in Rome is a prime example. This massive amphitheater could hold up to 50,000 spectators and was designed to host gladiator battles and other public spectacles. The use of arches and vaults allowed for the construction of large, open spaces, a feat that was not possible with the Greek postandlintel system.But it wasnt just the grandeur of these structures that intrigued me it was also the stories they told. The temples of Greece were not just places of worship but also served as cultural centers where philosophers like Socrates and Plato would engage in dialogue. Similarly, Roman buildings like the Forum were the heart of civic life, where politics, commerce, and social gatherings took place.As I delved deeper into the subject, I began to appreciate the influence of Greek and Roman architecture on the world around us. The principles of classical architecture have been adopted and adapted in various forms across different cultures and time periods. From the neoclassical buildings of Washington D.C. to the modernist structures that incorporate classical elements, the legacy of these ancient styles is still very much alive.Moreover, the study of these architectural styles has taught me about the importance of context and adaptation. The Greeks and Romans didnt just build for the sake of building they built to meet the needs of their societies. Whether it was the need for a place of worship, a space for public gatherings, or a structure to showcase their power and wealth, their buildings were designed with a purpose.In conclusion, the architectural art of ancient Greece and Rome is more than just a study of old buildings its a window into the past that allows us to understand the values, beliefs, and aspirations of these ancient societies. Its a testament to the enduring power of art and design to shape our world and influence our lives. As I continue to explore this fascinating subject, I am constantly reminded of the interconnectedness of history, culture, and the human spirit.。

ArchitectureEnglish-3 建筑英语第三单元

prominence ：n. 显著，杰出
the Château de Versailles
课文翻译 Paragraph6
When Louis ⅪⅤ died in 1715, changes in the artistic climate led to the exuberant Rococo style , which came to full flower in Bavaria and Austria through such buildings as the Austrian Benedictine Abbey at Ottobeuren . Neoclassicism gripped England, resulting in Georgian style; the North American version became known as the Federal style.
• Baroque & Rococo
• Neoclassicism • Art Nouveau
巴洛克和洛可可
新古典主义新艺术运动
• Beaux Arts
• Art Deco • Modernist Styles
美术学院派风格
装饰艺术风格现代主义
• Postmodernism
后现代主义
World Map
Austrian Benedictine Abbey ROCOCO STYLE
课文翻译 Paragraph7-1
The Industrial Age
The Industrial Revolution, which began in England about 1760, brought a flood of new building materials—for example, cast iron, steel, and glass . Later 18th century, designers and patrons turned toward the original Greek and Roman prototypes, and selective borrowing from another time and place became fashionable .

希腊罗马建筑原型英语作文

希腊罗马建筑原型英语作文Title: The Timeless Legacy of Greco-Roman Architecture。

Greco-Roman architecture stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of ancient civilizations. Rooted in therich cultural and artistic traditions of Greece and Rome, this architectural style has captivated the world for centuries, influencing countless structures and designs across continents. From majestic temples to grand amphitheaters, the Greco-Roman architectural prototype has left an indelible mark on human history.One of the most iconic features of Greco-Roman architecture is its emphasis on symmetry and proportion. Inspired by the ideals of balance and harmony, architectsof this era sought to create buildings that were not only structurally sound but also visually pleasing. This can be seen in the design of classical temples, with theirperfectly proportioned columns and pediments, creating a sense of order and beauty that continues to inspire awe tothis day.The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, each with its own distinctive features, became the cornerstone of Greco-Roman architecture. The Doric order, characterized by its simple, sturdy columns topped with plain capitals, was favored for its strength and solidity. The Ionic order, with its more slender columns adorned with scroll-like capitals, exuded a sense of elegance and refinement. Meanwhile, the Corinthian order, known for its intricately decorated capitals adorned with acanthus leaves, symbolized opulence and grandeur.The legacy of Greco-Roman architecture extends far beyond the temples and civic buildings of antiquity. Its influence can be seen in some of the most iconic structures in the world, from the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. to the British Museum in London. Even modern skyscrapers often incorporate elements of classical architecture, paying homage to the timeless beauty and sophistication of the ancient world.Moreover, Greco-Roman architecture played a significant role in shaping the cultural and intellectual landscape of Western civilization. The design of ancient theaters and amphitheaters, such as the Theater of Epidaurus and the Colosseum, not only provided venues for entertainment but also facilitated communal gatherings and civic engagement. These spaces served as the backdrop for the performance of plays, the staging of gladiatorial contests, and the deliberation of political matters, reflecting the valuesand aspirations of the societies that built them.In addition to its aesthetic and cultural significance, Greco-Roman architecture also had practical implicationsfor urban planning and engineering. The development of advanced construction techniques, such as the use of arches, vaults, and domes, allowed for the construction of larger and more complex buildings. This innovation paved the wayfor the creation of vast aqueducts, bridges, and infrastructure projects that facilitated trade, communication, and the movement of people throughout the ancient world.Despite the passage of millennia, the legacy of Greco-Roman architecture continues to inspire architects, artists, and scholars around the globe. Its timeless beauty and enduring influence serve as a reminder of the achievementsof ancient civilizations and the power of human creativityto transcend the bounds of time and space. As we marvel at the majestic temples of Athens, the grandeur of the Roman Forum, and the elegance of the Pantheon, we are reminded of the remarkable ingenuity and artistic vision of those who came before us.In conclusion, Greco-Roman architecture remains ashining example of the artistic and cultural achievementsof ancient civilizations. Its influence can be seen in the architecture of the past, the present, and undoubtedly, the future. As we continue to study, preserve, and celebratethe architectural wonders of antiquity, we pay tribute tothe enduring legacy of Greco-Roman civilization and its timeless contributions to the world.。

西方文明之建筑(全英文介绍)

Ancient Rome
pilaster
Arch and Dome
• The early Roman buildings were often Greek, in both their design and workmanship. This architectural style, although soon permanently affected in its development by Roman civilization, yet at first showed but slightly the influence of the arts of other foreign nations or races. The one notable exception
Order
• • • • • Doric Order Ionic Order Corinthian Order Tuscan Order Compound Order Greek Roman
• The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates near the Acropolis of Athens was erected by the choregos Lysicrates, a wealthy patron or khoregos of musical performances in the Theater of Dionysus, to commemorate the award of first prize in 335/334 BCE, to one of the performances he had sponsored. The choregos was the sponsor who paid for and supervised the training of the dramatic dance-chorus.

建筑学词汇中英文对照作业

建筑学英语词汇星火燎原2班architecture巴洛克建筑Baroque architecture 建筑学architecture 洛可可建筑Rococo architecture建筑史architectural history 伊斯兰建筑Islamic architecture古典建筑classical architecture 新艺术运动Art-nouveau Movement 古典柱式classical order 现代主义modernism古埃及建筑Egyptian arhcitecture 美索不达米亚建筑Mesopotamian architecture古希腊建筑Greek architecture 古罗马建筑Roman architecture拜占庭建筑Byzantine architecture罗曼式建筑Romanesque architecture哥特式建筑Gothic architecture国际风格In ternati on al Style后现代主义post-modernism 功能主义functionalism 构成主义constructivism 表现主义expressionism 手法主义mannerism 折中主义eclecticism 结构主义structuralism新古典主义neoclassicism文艺复兴建筑Renaissanee复古主义revivalism民族风格 nationalstyle新理性主义neorationalism批判地方主义 critical regionalism解构主义 dec on struct ion反构成主义 dec on structivismimpleme ntati on城市规划管理city planningman ageme nt, city pla nning admi nistrati on城市评价urba n evaluati on技术经济论证tech no-ec ono micappraisal粗野主义brutalism城市发展战略strategy for urban文脉主义 contextualism growth, urban developme nt strategy新陈代谢主义metabolism城市职能city fun ction高技术建筑 hightech architecture 城市性质desig nated fun ctio nof乡土建筑 vernaculararchitecture城市规模city size有机建筑 organic architecture控制性详细规划control detailed城市人口 urba n populati on非农业人口non-farmi ng修建设计con structi on desig ncitypla nningpopulati on人口结构population structure 又称“人群众参与public participati on口构成”城市规划实施city pla nning就业人口employed population就业率employment rate 基本人口basic population 服务人口service population 被抚养人口depe ndent populati on 年龄结构age structure 性别结构sex structure 职业结构occupation structure 常住人口permanent population 暂住人口temporary population 流动人口floating population, fluid populati on 人口增长population growth 人口增长率population growth rate 人口自然增长率natural growth rate 出生率birth rate 死亡率death rate人口迁移增长population growth from migrati on人口百岁图age pyramid 城市人口分布population distribution 城市人口流动migration and immigratio n of urba n populatio n 日间人口day-time population夜间人口night population城市人口预测population projection, populati on estimat ing城市人口规模size of urban populati on劳动平衡labour force balanee城市用地urban land城市规划区city planning area居住用地reside ntial la nd公共设施用地land for public facilities生育率fertility rate 工业用地in dustrial la nd仓储用地land for warehouses对外交通用地land for externaltran sport道路用地land for roads广场用地land for squares市政公用设施用地land for utilities特殊用地land for special use保留地reservation area 又称“预留地”水域water area林地wood land闲置地vaca nt la nd又称“空地”城市用地选择selection of urban land 土地利用规划land use planning土地利用模型land use model用地平衡land use balanee城市气候urban climate 污染系数pollution coefficient风向频率wi nd directi on freque ncy 风玫瑰图wi nd directi on diagram, rose diagram of wi nd directi on热岛效应heat island effect微气候microclimate城市功能分区functional zoning for urba n land use工业区in dustrial area居住区residential area商业区commercial area文教区cultural and educational area 商务办公区bus in ess area仓库区warehouse area综合区mixed use area,comprehe nsive area中心商务区cen tral bus in ess district, CBD市中心商业区downtown公共汽车bus无轨电车trolleybus有轨电车tram, trolley出租汽车taxi城市道路系统urban road system 道路网road network主干路arterial road城市设计urban design, civic design 城市形式urban form城市结构urban structure城市肌理urban tissue城市布局urban layout城市空间urban space旷地open space又称“开放空间”连续空间continuous space活动空间activity space城市形象city image城市艺术civic art简支板suspended slab 嵌固板fixed-edge slab 单向板one-way slab 双向板two-way slab 肋形板ribbed slab井字形梁板groined slab 承重墙load bearing wall 桁架truss框架framework排架bent frame刚架（刚构）rigid frame 桩pile板桩sheet pile结构structure城市景观cityscape, urban Iandscape 基础foundation地基foundation soil 独、立基础s in gle foot ing木结构timber structure 联合基础comb ined foot ing 拱结构arch structure 条形基础strip foun dati on 钢结构steel structure 壳体基础shell foun dati on 砌体结构masonry structure 箱形基础box foun dati on 混凝土（砼）结构con crete structure 筏形基础raft foun dati on 混合结构mixed structure 桩基础pile foundation板柱结构slab-column system 沉箱基础caiss on foun dati on框架结构frame structure 初步设计prelim inary desig n 折板结构folded-plate structure 施工设计final desig n壳体结构shell structure 详图设计detail desig n充气结构pneumatic structure 图纸drawing拉膜结构tensile structure 平面图plan筒体结构tube structure 立面图elevation悬挂结构suspended structure 东立面图east elevati on扩展（扩大）基础spread foun dati on 南立面图south elevati on刚性基础rigid foundation 西立面图west elevati on北立面图north elevation 横咅面cross section 纵剖面longitudinal section 轴测图isometric view 施工图working drawing 总体规划图master pla n。

建筑环境专业英语

Acropolis 雅典卫城
3. Greek architecture and Greek sculpture is tightly bound together. （希腊的建筑与希腊雕刻是紧紧结合在一起的。）
Roman architecture
Ancient Roman architecture bearing the ancient Greek civilization‘s architectural style, is also a development of ancient Greek architecture. Roman architecture and sculpture very different to the symmetrical construction, the grand and the civilized world.
Ancient Greece architecture
1. Central is a living room, hall, surrounded by columns, can be collectively referred to as Central pillar construction. （中央是厅堂，大殿，周围是柱子，可统称为环柱式建筑） 2. Column of the style. There are four style: 1. Doric column, 2. Ionic column, 3. Corinthian column, 4. girl statue column. (柱式的式样。共有四种柱式：1. 陶立克柱式，2. 爱奥尼克柱式， 3. 科林斯式柱式，4. 女郎雕像柱式)
(后现代建筑是指现代以后的各流派的建筑总称，美国建筑师斯特恩提出：后现代主义建筑有三个特征：采用装饰；具有象征性或隐喻性；与现有环境融合。)

Architecture

Renaissance late
圆厅别墅

the emphasis on physical beauty, reflected the humanism thought. using mathematics and geometry relations such as gold division, square, etc to determine the proportion of beauty.
Pantheon（万圣庙）

All the temple is the first Roman architecture that pays attention to interior decoration rather than external modelling
Middle age architecture

The basic principle of building should be "must be particular about regulations, configuration, symmetry, balance, appropriate and economic"
The Colosseum in Rome

Gothic architecture
（哥特式建筑）

Byzantine architecture（拜占庭
建筑）

Roman architecture
（罗马式建筑）
巴塞罗那大教堂
圣马可大教堂
Byzantine architecture

Byzantine church appearance of bonhomie, internal are very costly（拜

ppt_European Architectural Styles

洛可可风格主要表现在室内装饰上。18世纪20年代产生于法国，是在巴洛克建筑的基础上发展起来的。
洛可可风格的特点是：室内应用明快的色彩和纤巧的装饰，家具也非常精致而偏于繁琐，不像巴洛克风格那样色彩强烈，装饰浓艳。德国南部和奥地利洛可可建筑的内部空间非常复杂。洛可可装饰的特点是：细腻柔媚，常常采用不对称手法，喜欢用弧线和 S形线，尤其爱用贝壳、旋涡、山石作为装饰题材，卷草舒花，缠绵盘曲，连成一体。天花和墙面有时以弧面相连，转角处布置壁画。为了模仿自然形态，室内建筑部件也往往做成不对称形状，变化万千，但有时流于矫揉造作。室内墙面粉刷，爱用嫩绿、粉红、玫瑰红等鲜艳的浅色调，线脚大多用金色。室内护壁板有时用木板，有时作成精致的框格，框内四周有一圈花边，中间常衬以浅色东方织锦。洛可可风格反映了法国路易十五时代宫廷贵族的生活趣味，曾风靡欧洲。这种风格的代表作是巴黎苏俾士府邸公主沙龙和凡尔赛宫的王后居室。
“哥特式建筑” 的由来
• 哥特式建筑筒状拱顶结构使得教堂显得凝重而单调，欧洲建筑师为了创造更宽阔、更高、更明亮的内部空间，在结构上进行了革新，教堂在高度、内部空间和采光方面有了新的突破。
哥特式建筑是11世纪下半叶起源于法国，13～15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。主要见于天主教堂，也影响到世俗建筑。哥特式建筑以其高超的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要地位。
巴洛克建筑是17～18世纪在意大利文艺复兴建筑基础上发展起来的一种建筑和装饰风格。其特点是外形自由，追求动态，喜好富丽的装饰和雕刻、强烈的色彩，常用穿插的曲面和椭圆形空间。
巴洛克一词的原意是奇异古怪，古典主义者用它来称呼这种被认为是离经叛道的建筑风格。这种风格在反对僵化的古典形式，追求自由奔放的格调和表达世俗情趣等方面起了重要作用，对城市广场、园林艺术以至文学艺术部门都发生影响，一度在欧洲广泛流行。

英文建筑流派

UN building
Bauhaus building 包豪斯校舍(格罗皮乌斯)
Post-modern style
Portland City Hall 波特兰市政厅
Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院
The post-modern architecture is the building after the general term for all schools. U.S. architecter Stern's theory: postmodern architecture has three characteristics: use of decoration; a symbolic or metaphorical; integration with the existing environment. (后现代建筑是指现代以后的各流派的建筑总称，美国建筑师斯特恩提出：后现代主义建筑有三个特征：采用装饰；具有象征性或隐喻性；与现有环境融合。)
宗教的意义)
Pisa Cathedral 比萨大教堂
Cologne Cathedral
科隆主教堂
The characteristics of gothic architecture is a towering spire acuminate arch, large Windows and draw the flower of the bible story window pane. In the design of rib vaults, and pointed up the wall, slender fly of column, build a lightsome slender flying feeling. (哥特式建筑的特点是尖塔高耸、尖形拱门、大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃。在设计中利用尖肋拱顶、飞扶壁，修长的束柱，营造出轻盈修长的飞天感。 )

AncientGreekAchitecture古希腊建筑雕塑英文版PPT课件

effect to the building making it
appear lighter than its material
would suggest.
Also, the stylobate (柱基)or floor
of the temple is not exactly flat
but rises slightly in the centre.
The columns also have entasis,
that is, a slight fattening in their
middle, and the four corner
columns are imperceptibly fatter
than the other columns.
2.Three Kinds of Orders
1.Specific dimensional composition
Plans of Ancient Greek Temples
1.Specific
dimensional composition
The temple was constructed using a 4:9
ratio in several aspects.
1.Specific dimensional composition
The Temple of Hera I (“Basilica”), Paestum, c.550B.C.
Central is a living room, hall, surrounded by columns, can be collectively referred to as Central pillar construction. （中央是厅堂，大殿，周围是柱子，可统称为环柱式建筑。）

古希腊罗马

希腊艺术家正是在这种环境下创造出古代世界最杰出的艺术，给人类文化宝库留下了最珍贵的遗产。
04
建筑类型特点
现存的建筑物遗址主要是神殿、剧场、竞技场等公共建筑，其中神殿是一个城邦的重要活动中心，它也最能代表那一时期建筑的风貌。古希腊人认为，神也是人，只是神比普通人更加完美，他们认为供给神居住的地方也不过是比普通人更加高级的住宅。所以，希腊最早的神殿建筑只是贵族居住的长方形有门廊的建筑。后来加入柱式，由早期的“端柱门廊式”逐步发展到“前廊式”，即神殿前面门廊是由四根圆柱组成，以后又发展到“前后廊式”，到公元前6C前后廊式又演变为希腊神殿建筑的标准形式——“围柱式”，即长方形神殿四周均用柱廊环绕起来。
07
建筑类型特点
4.由平民进步的艺术趣味而产生的崇尚人体美与数的和谐，无论是雕刻作品还是建筑，他们都认为人体的比例是最完美的； 5.建筑与装饰均雕刻化，希腊的建筑与雕刻是紧紧结合在一起的，可以说，希腊建筑就是用石材雕刻出来的艺术品。
08
成就总结
古希腊建筑不仅为西方建筑奠定了基础，形成了秩序，而且创造出了多种建筑类型——神庙、露天剧场、竞技场、广场和敞廊等。其中以神庙为最重要的类型，也是古希腊留给后世的重要文化遗产。希腊建筑是理性主义与现实主义结合的完美体现，如留给后世最具体而又直接的古典柱式，它们以人体为模板，并将其赋予新的生命，柱子是除中世纪之外欧洲主流建筑艺术造型的基本元素，它控制着大小建筑的形式和风格。
05
建筑类型特点
希腊神殿建筑总的风格是庄重典雅，具有和谐、壮丽、崇高的美，可以归纳出以下几大特点： 1.平面构成为1:1.618或1:2的矩形，中央是厅堂、大殿，周围是柱子，可统称为环柱式建筑；

Greek Architecture古希腊建筑

• Above the column is the entablature柱顶. If the column is the leg, think of this as the tabletop.
– It has 3 parts: the architrave梁, a kind of base. – The frieze楣, a decorated part – The cornice檐口 the top.
Designs of Greek Temples
• Grander temples, like the Parthenon, had both a front and back porch门廊, as well as a colonnade柱廊surrounding the entire structure. • This is called a peripteral temple.
Plans of Greek Temples
• The grandeur富丽堂皇的 and evident expense of a temple can be seen in the number of columns employed. • Simple tempes have blank walls around a naos, or chapel. With an open area or porch门廊 in front, called a pronaos, with two or four supporting columns.
The Corinthian Order
• This is also a tall, elegant form. • The capital has distinctive acanthus 阿坎瑟斯leaf decoration. • A base is also employed.

希腊罗马建筑英语作文

希腊罗马建筑英语作文Ancient Greece and Rome were the cradles of Western civilization, and their architectural marvels stand as testaments to their ingenuity and creativity. The grandeur of these structures is not just in their size, but in the harmony and proportion that define their design.Greek architecture is characterized by its use of columns, which come in three distinct orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Parthenon, for instance, is a prime exampleof Doric architecture, with its sturdy columns supporting a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena.Roman architecture took Greek designs a step further, incorporating arches, domes, and vaults into their structures. The Colosseum in Rome is a monumental achievement, showcasing the Romans' mastery of these new techniques, which allowedfor the construction of vast, open spaces.The Pantheon, another Roman architectural gem, is renowned for its massive dome, which was the largest of its kind for over a thousand years. Its oculus, or central opening, allows natural light to flood the interior, creating a divine atmosphere.Both Greek and Roman architecture emphasize theimportance of public spaces. The agora in Greece and theforum in Rome were central to civic life, serving asmarketplaces, meeting places, and venues for political discourse.The legacy of Greek and Roman architecture is not only seen in the ruins that still stand today but also in the influence they have had on subsequent architectural styles. From Renaissance to Neoclassical, their principles of symmetry, balance, and proportion continue to inspire architects around the world.In conclusion, the architectural achievements of ancient Greece and Rome are a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and the desire to create spaces that are both functional and awe-inspiring. Their structures continue to captivate us, inviting us to explore the depths of our shared cultural heritage.。

古罗马建筑英语

加尔桥(Aqueducts引水渠)
君士坦丁凯旋门(Arco Di Costantino
意大利语)
万神庙（Pantheon） The dome(穹顶) structure provided us with larger space . the romans have many their architectures on the dome, such as pantheon ,which is the highest representative of rome architectural technique. 穹顶结构为我们提供了更大的空间。罗马人有很多穹顶建筑风格，如万神庙，这是罗马建筑技术的最高代表。
罗马斗兽场（Colosseum）
It were used for gladiatorial（角斗） contests, public displays, public meetings and bullfights（斗牛）. They are among the most impressive remains of the roman empire, and many of
• 罗马人建造水渠带来源源不断的水从遥远的来源为城镇提供公共浴室、厕所、喷泉和私人家庭。
君士坦丁凯旋门（Arco Di Costantino意大利语）
The upper part of triumphal arch（凯旋门） records the main contents of the life history of the emperor. Lower part records the battle scene of Constantin。
Columns Romans dings are mentioned ？

古典建筑

The temple at Veii Typical Etruscan temple
c. 6th century BC, Reconstruction model as described by Vitruvius
Temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus, Rome Plan Etruscan Style
etc.
一些关键词
Roman Architecture古罗马建筑
Roman Orders
Tuscan Doric Ionic Corinthian Composite
Arch拱券 Vault拱顶 Dome穹隆 Aqueduct输水桥
Maison Carree
Colosseum
Domus住宅
etc.
Pantheon万神庙
□复习思考题
•名词解释：
天然混凝土，明厅（Atrium），巴西里卡（Basilica），筒形拱，交叉拱
•古罗马地理、历史范围 •地位、成就与局限性 •广场布局形式的演变
（形制演变反映皇权力量的加强）
•大角斗场的建筑结构设计及艺术处理
（立面设计）
•万神庙建筑特点，画平、立、剖简图 •简述古罗马的建筑技术成就 •柱式的发展与定型 •维特鲁威《建筑十书》的成就与缺点
• 创造了丰富的建筑类型：军事建筑、纪念性建筑、公共建筑、神庙等；
• 创造了丰富的建筑空间：主次轴线、空间序列等； • 将古希腊柱式发展成为五种，增加了塔司干柱式
（Tuscan）和组合柱式（Composite），使之成为古罗马五柱式，还创造了券柱式； • 建筑理论：维特鲁威（Vitruii）的《建筑十书》。
罗马：以战争、奢靡和谋杀为主旋律