英语国家社会和文化入门第九单元翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门(上)翻译
兰格苏部外有�此因。洲澳或大拿加�国美�国英的外以兰格苏在富财的们他求寻人兰格苏 多许�化变的业农原高的少减口人致导纪世 81�是的要重更�登洛卡的面下于对。式方游旅 史历族家”的们他“或品念纪”呢子格“的们他售出过通手分钱的们他为因是要主这�在存 天今�候时个这了毁摧地效有化文�团集族家�族部地高兰格苏。 �兰格苏部北在战一后最的 上土领国英� 役战登洛卡的毁摧被在军义起 。应反事军的队军国英的酷残了致导这年 5471 在 。进迈队军国英与将后然�持支的兰格苏在集聚�国英�权治统的他建重图试位王国英�会 议国英的黜废被年 8861 在�人承继赔索特亚图斯的中其�年 5471 和年 5171 在�后乱叛次两 有。盟联了入加兰格苏�议协的会议兰格苏和兰格英由年 7071 在�而然。份身治政的立独其 持保兰格苏年百一过再但。座宝个两结团�一第斯姆詹的兰格英为成也他此因�届六第斯姆 詹的兰格苏是的位王来未合符及以�女子无亡死位首国英�王女白莎丽伊�是但�年 3061 在 。立独全完年 003 致导�役战本克诺班在�国胜战是�导领的斯鲁布特伯罗在�人 兰格苏�后年几仅仅但。事故的息平国英由是�年 8921 在义起的士莱华廉威诉告�心的敢勇 �影电坞莱好近最 。庭家的间之室王至甚 �婚通族贵个两的泛广间之国两 �系联的切密有 �突 冲管尽。突冲兰格苏英是果结�次 31 手易说据是愧不�后境边兰格苏国英今现的近附镇小兰 格苏 ehT.doirep 克里贝个这的置设中”白克麦“剧戏的亚比士莎廉威。争战的繁频间之者两 �素因键关的间时于关 �的治政兰格苏在是在存的国王的大强口门方南 �大较个这 。异奇家国 兰格苏的立独个一的一统是也兰格英逊克撒鲁格盎�时同的约有仅成形�力压的一统以�王 国兰格苏致导这�胁威的部外自来是它�击袭纪世九第在盗海验体始开兰格苏�兰格英欢喜 。 ”语尔盖“为 称被�语特尔塞老说人�国英除�区地原高在有至甚。处之同不的己自为认部南和部北兰格 英为式方的样同�天今的沟鸿化文的裂分个一是然仍兰格苏地低和地高的间之。区原高开离 但�泛广性产生非与们他�人特克皮为称�人特尔凯兰格苏原。家国化代现的称名其兰格苏 了给们他是正但�人兰格苏为称被们它。区地南西侵入兰尔爱北从人的�纪世六元公约�期 时一同这在�哥斯拉格在现了近靠领占被部南侵入逊克撒由所失离流人特尔凯国英。字名曼 耳日的堡丁爱�此因�立成南东在是度角的国英然虽�人逊克撒鲁格盎服征最兰格苏是不也 。着沿并到看以可 然仍度长的它�了毁然虽�间时的设建其在帝皇马罗�后之”城长良德哈“为称被它。它卫 保助帮并�缘边部北的域的们他念纪以�墙堵一了立建�国中像们他�海到海从�线条这着 沿。界边代现的间之兰格苏和兰格英于当相致大线到退撤们他致导�难困有治统的们他持维 �而然 。缘边的区原高部北于至间时段一了领占并 �试尝经曾们他但 �服征人马罗是不兰格苏 。来以纪世 51 从学大名知上际 国和的老古有拥都市城个两这。石岩的高的心中市在�堡城大的位地导主占其�美有的名著 是这。哥斯拉格离距的里英 04 岸海东在�市堡丁爱府首兰格苏。面西域区个这在�哥斯拉格 市城大最。区地地高的家国个两这越跨�舍宿活生口人的区地地低在�三。 �地高南�部南和 �地高兰格苏�区泊湖的部北和区山的少稀烟人是 �分部一的固坚最国英是兰格苏 �上体身在 。了立独己自象想兰格苏跃飞的大个一是不它�此 因。立独国英的家国一统为作件组国英的史历段一长当相了花前先它了语英非有只为因�一 之份身的己自心信有最是也这。域区理地和口人在是论无�家国个四的大最个二说传是不�功成的瑟亚管不
英语国家社会与文化入门(第三版)下册名词解释
1、the first English permanent settlementwas organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English KJing. The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia .In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslavedblackservants.These two events greatly influenced the political and social debelopment of the Unite States later2、Puritanswere those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Chuurch of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell .No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his oork or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.3、George Washingtonwas one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Aemy in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the US4、Benjamin Franklin was one of thefounding fathers of the United States of America.He participated in writing the declaration of independence and making the US Constitution5、The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Tomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalineable rights such aslife,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the power of government came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the Amenrican Revolution mainly came from John Locke6．The Articles of Confederation :After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.7．Federal system :A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.8.the making of the U.S Constitution T he Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participated) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787 .9.The executive branch i s the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The president can appointfederal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has otherbroad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.10. The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.11. Eli Whitney i s an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also began manufacturing rifles with machinery, using interchangeable part. This contributed to the American systemof mass production.12. Samuel Slater In 1793, Samuel Slater built the first factory in the U.S --- a cotton cloth factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of his factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.13. Homeland security is short for the United States Department of HomelandSecurity(abbreviated as DHS). It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters. With more than 200, 000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and Human Services, and Energy.14. Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation may survive the death of its founder or founders. Because it could draw on a pool of investor, it is a much more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business. And it enjoys limited liability, so inventors only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.15. Service industries industries that sell a service rather than make a product，which now dominate the economy. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to he provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”16. Stock When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop-they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk.17. Agribusiness Because American agriculture is big business, people coined the term “agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy. The term covers the entire complex of farm-related business, from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals.It also includes farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment,food-processing industries, grocery chains and many other businesses.18. Migrant workers Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore-such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers.19. Religious liberty The Declaration of Independence guaranteed the basic right of religious freedom and this right was a political necessity. The First Amendment to the U.S Constitutionexplicitly forbade the federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice,or exercise, of religion. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them. But American institutions presuppose a Supreme being therefore Christianity is often in practice, more favored than other religions.20. The Baptists ar e the largest Protestant group in America. They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience. They are concentrated particularly in the Southern Bible Belt . White Baptists and black Baptists go separately to their own churches.The Methodists a re the second largest Protestant group in the U.S. The Methodist Church has a form of service based on that of the Church of England.21. The Catholic Church is the largest single religious group in the U.S. More than 25% of all Americans are now of the Roman Catholic faith. The majority of the Catholic are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. They have the main strength in the east coast. In American history,the Catholics were discriminated against. By 1960,J.F.Kennedy's presidential election victory put to rest the Catholic religion as an issue in national politics. Today, the Catholics are active in running their own institutions, and have risen to positions of leadership in business, politics and labor.22.the Jewish More l iberal Protestant and Jewish clergymen joined non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right for women.23. Religious diversity Frontier America has made the U.S. a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Many religious communities and secular utopias, experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. Many small,sects and cults appear in American society all the time. They have certain tendencies in common. They regard the larger society as hopelessly corrupt. Some of them never win a large following, but some others prosper and graduate into the rank of the respectable denominations. Some non-Western religious such as Buddhism, Hindus and Islam are also begging to grow.24. Transcendentalists I n his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion.. A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence. They are known as Transcendentalists.25. The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850. Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery. In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional repression.26. Herman Melville (赫尔曼?梅尔维尔1819-1891) published Moby Dick 白鲸. Moby Dick is the name of a big white whale. In this book, the author uses a story of a whaling voyage to explore profound themes such as fate, the nature of evil, and the individual’s struggle against the universe.27. Leaves of Gra ss 草叶集is a collection of poems composed by Walt Whitman. It is a ground-breaking book Whitman used free-flowing structures and long irregular lines in his poetry. He ventured beyond traditional forms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit. In one of the poems “Song of Myself” he dwelt on himself because he saw himself as a prototype of “The American”.28. Mark Twain(p en name of Samuel Clemens (1835-1910) one of the greatest American writersand the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast. His major work was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) which has been called the greatest novel in American literature.29. Naturalists(自然主义作家) were novelists who concentrated upon the grim aspects of reality and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were StephenCrane,Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London.30. T.S. Eliot(托?斯?艾略特1888－1965) published a long poem The Waste Land 荒原in 1922. Using fragmented, haunting images and a dense structure of symbols, it revealed a pessimistic vision of post-World War I society. With t he publication of “The Waste Land”, Eliot dominated the so-called “Modern” movement in poetry.31. the “Lost Generation” (迷惘的一代)In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. The two most representative writers of the “Lost Generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.32. Elementary School/Grammar school usually grades kindergarten through 8.But in some places,it incklude only K-6.Many Americans refers t o elementary grades as “grammer school”. They teach mathematics, language, arts, social studies and some other subjects33. Higher Education It refers to American education on the college level. It includes 4 categories of institutions. They are the uni versity, the four-year undergraduate institution (the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community college.Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.34. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act / GI Bill of Rights (军人重新安置法) was passed in 1944. It was soon popularly called the “GI Bill of Rights”. GI was a nickname for the American soldier. The nickname came from the abbreviation for “Government Issue”--- the uniforms and other article “issued” to a soldier. The Act promised financial aid for higher education to members of the armed forces.35. Affirmative action programs肯定行动计划were first advocated by some colleges in the 1960s. The purpose of the program was to equalize educational opportunities for all groups and to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.36. Greensboro Sit-in On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement, which spread from the sou th to the north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.37. The Civil Rights Movement One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality, and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half ofthe decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspireda generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in theU.S.38. Montgomery Bus Boycot t蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks,a NAACP （National Association for the Advancement of Colored People member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites. Mrs. Parks was arrested. Local black leaders decided to boycott the city’s bus system. Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses. In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work. Withthe bus com pany near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed. IN fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.39. Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister (浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech. As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination 0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.40.“counterculture” In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”. The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct differentways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society. The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.41’ the black “underclass”(“最低层”黑人)The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains of progress made recently. The urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people. Many of them are young and unskilled. They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teenage black workers runs as high as 50% or about 8 times the rate for the American work force as a whole. This “underclass” could continue to persist, even in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist—that is, for reasons of social-class inequality. Living in an environment of poverty, decay, crime, drug addiction, joblessness, and hopelessness, this ghetto underclass offers an explosive potential for the future.42. Poverty as a social problem The U.S is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the U.S becomes a social problem.43. Drug Abuse (滥用毒品) Drug abuse in the U.S. has come to be regarded as one of themost challenging social problems facing the nation. The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. For example, drug is closely related with crime, automobile accidents. It has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally, and the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great44. white-collar crimes (白领阶层的犯罪) White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes. In fact, white-collar crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.45. The abuse of power by government ：People believe that public organizations in the U.S. sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people. Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability. Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal. The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts. All these acts show the abuse of power by government.46. The abuse of power by corporations：The abuse of power by corporations is shown in the fact that these corporations are concerned with their own profits than with social responsibility, the quality or price of their products, or the truth of their advertising. They maintain professional lobbyists lobbyist in Washington to influence public officials behind the scenes. They argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials,block reforms they consider undesirable, and often seem to have more say in the councils of government than the ordinary voter. Many Americans believe that “big business” has taken the reins of government away from Congress and the Administration”, and that “government is run bya few big interest groups looking after themselves.”47. Social stratified American society ：American society is a stratified (有等级的) one, in which power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed among the population. It is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the reward t he society offers. For example, the richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.48. Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the election in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office,he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in1972.Shortly after he was re-elected,he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.49. The World Wide Web commonly known as the Web or the "Information Superhighway", is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.50. NRA : the National Rifle Association of America is an American non-profit lobbying group that advocates for the protection of the Second Amendment of the United States Bill of Rights, and the promotion of firearm ownership rights as well as marksmanship, firearm safety, and the protection of hunting and self-defense in the United States.51. The melting pot i s a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a common culture. It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States; themelting-together metaphor was in use by the 1780s.52.The USA a s a kaleidoscop e: this is a metaphor for nation self-definition.The metaphor emerged in the late 20th century .As a metaphor for a nation self-definition ,a kaleidoscope overcome the big problem with the never change mosaic image,which reflected the many different groups that have gone into making up the American population.53 shift marriage patterns in the USA:Before WWII,most families were patriarchal,thatis ,dominated by the senior male as husband and father. In the late 1970s and the introduction of "on fault"divorce laws that are now nearly universal in American states , the divorce rate has been about 50%.That is half of first marriages, half of second marriages,and so on,end in divorce.。
英语国家社会与文化（下）名词解释（中英）
英语国家社会与文化（下）名词解释（中英）The Resource Management Act 资源管理法案The Resource Management Act reflects New Zealander’s environmental awareness. Under the Act, laws governing land,air and water resources are combined together to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources. It focuses on the effects of human activities on the whole environment as well. The Act came into force in 1991. With it , New Zealand leads the world in environmental legislation.资源管理法案反映了新西兰人的环保意识。
根据该法案，法律将土地，空气和水资源结合在一起管理，以确保自然资源的可持续管理。
它侧重于人类活动对整个环境的影响。
该法案于1991生效。
有了它，新西兰在环境立法方面领先世界。
Maoritanga 毛利文化Maoritanga is the Maori word for “ Maori culture. It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their languages, customs and traditions.毛利文化是毛利语中的“毛利文化。
它是指在新西兰土著居民丰富的文化遗产中的所有元素，包括他们的语言，习俗和传统。
口译Unit 9 Enterprise Culture
文化含义词（Culturally Loaded Word/Phrases）
The word (phrase) whose referent is not a unique thing or conception in one culture, but does not overlap with that in another culture, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called culturally loaded word.
在这个问题上，我们已经统一了思想。
在这个问题上，我们已经统一了思想。 As for this issue, we have already reached consensus/achieve common understanding.
双方应保证两国公民在边境地区的传统经 济生活正常进行。
Translating Culturally Loaded Words
1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和归类不同） 1) borrowing（借用） eg. sake, cigar 2) substitution（替代） eg. „temple‟ for 寺，庙，庵，观 3) paraphrasing（释义） 亲家，妯娌，连襟
互相尊重国家主权，是开展国际合作的重 要前提。
英语国家文化与社会文化入门Chapter 9
Dualism in philosophy
Metaphysics 形而上学 Dualism 二元论 Things in themselves 物自体 Agnosticism 不可知论 idealism 唯心主义
Johann Gott源自ieb FichteGerman philosopher. He was one of the founding figures of the philosophical movement known as German idealism. Fichte is often perceived as a figure whose philosophy forms a bridge between the ideas of Kant and those of the German Idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Recently, philosophers and scholars have begun to appreciate Fichte as an important philosopher in his own right due to his original insights into the nature of selfconsciousness or self-awareness.
Theory of Utility
What is Utility The relationship between individual happiness and others’ happiness
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from Königsberg (today Kaliningrad of Russia), researching, lecturing and writing on philosophy and anthropology at the end of the 18th century Enlightenment
英语国家社会与文化入门下册课件BII U9
– The immediate reasons: Segregation laws in Southern states in the US prevented black and white people from being integrated;
– The Civil Rights Movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organized actions in protest of racial injustice.
The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s
II. The Reasons behind the U.S. Social Movements in Post-World WII
A. In the 1960s, three groups –Afro-Americans, young people and women --were dissatisfied with their lives.
Founders of the NAACP: Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Rosa Parks (1913-2005) and the Bus Boycott
The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a GM "oldlook" transit bus) is now a museum exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum.
英语国家社会与文化入门unit
单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的提炼，为了演示发布的良好效果，请言简意赅地阐述您的观点。您的内容已 经简明扼要，字字珠玑，但信息却千丝万缕、错综复杂，需要用更多的文字来表述；但请您尽可能提炼思想的精 髓，否则容易造成观者的阅读压力，适得其反。正如我们都希望改变世界，希望给别人带去光明，但更多时候我 们只需要播下一颗种子，自然有微风吹拂，雨露滋养。恰如其分地表达观点，往往事半功倍。当您的内容到达这 个限度时，或许已经不纯粹作用于演示，极大可能运用于阅读领域；无论是传播观点、知识分享还是汇报工作， 内容的详尽固然重要，但请一定注意信息框架的清晰，这样才能使内容层次分明，页面简洁易读。如果您的内容 确实非常重要又难以精简，也请使用分段处理，对内容进行简单的梳理和提炼，这样会使逻辑框架相对清晰。为 了能让您有更直观的字数感受，并进一步方便使用，我们设置了文本的最大限度，当您输入的文字到这里时，已 濒 临 页 面 容 纳 内 容 的 上 限 ， 若 还 有 更 多 内 容 ， 请 酌 情 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 小 字 号 ， 但 我 们 不 建 议 您 的 文 本 字 号 小 于1 4 磅 ， 请 您 务 必 注意。单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的提炼，为了演示发布的良好效果，请言简意赅地阐述您的观点。您的 内容已经简明扼要，字字珠玑，但信息却千丝万缕、错综复杂，需要用更多的文字来表述；但请您尽可能提炼思 想的精髓，否则容易造成观者的阅读压力，适得其反。正如我们都希望改变世界，希望给别人带去光明，但更多 时候我们只需要播下一颗种子，自然有微风吹拂，雨露滋养。恰如其分地表达观点，往往事半功倍。当您的内容 到达这个限度时，或许已经不纯粹作用于演示，极大可能运用于阅读领域；无论是传播观点、知识分享还是汇报 工作，内容的详尽固然重要，但请一定注意信息框架的清晰，这样才能使内容层次分明，页面简洁易读。如果您 的内容确实非常重要又难以精简，也请使用分段处理，对内容进行简单的梳理和提炼，这样会使逻辑框架相对清 晰。为了能让您有更直观的字数感受，并进一步方便使用，我们设置了文本的最大限度，当您输入的文字到这里 时 ， 已 濒 临 页 面 容 纳 内 容 的 上 限 ， 若 还 有 更 多 内 容 ， 请 酌 情 缩 小 字 号 ， 但 我 们 不 建 议 您 的 文 本 字 号 小 于1 4 磅 ， 请 您务必注意。单击此处添加正文，
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。
大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。
然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。
英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。
但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。
它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。
另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。
从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。
他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。
英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。
但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。
英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。
它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。
因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。
高中英语Module 9 Unit 1 Other Countries,other cultures
高中英语Module 9 Unit 1 Other Countries,other culturesProject牛津版选修九Project部分LL.1～13associate A with BA be associated withB 把A和B联系起来；把A和B联想起来e.g. People often associate a country with some famous aspects of its culture.人们常常会从一个国家联想到它有名的文化。
Red is usually associated with danger.红色常常使人联想到危险。
association n. 协会，工会；联合，交往2．reserve(1) vt. 保留；预约，预定（book）You had better reserve the money for future use .你最好保留那笔钱以备将来之需。
We must reserve a room at the hotel.我们必须预定一间旅社房间。
(2) n. 保护区: a nature reserve保守, 矜持: The British are famous for their reserve.储备, 储藏: large oil and gas reserves3. suppose(1)以为, 猜想What do you suppose he gave me then?你以为那时他给了我什么?(2)假定, 假设, 假想Suppose (that) flights are fully booked on that day, which other day could we go?假定那天的航班都订满了, 我们还可以在哪天走呢?Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do then?假设你错了, 那你会怎么办?(3) be supposed to do/be sth. 应该, 应当You were supposed to be here an hour ago.你本该在一小时以前就到这儿。
英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom
Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。
这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。
这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。
(完整word版)英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人
和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可
能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它
地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文
化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，
有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。
部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，
但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom
该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面
是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一
个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民
对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天
过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的
重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不
是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的
统一了英国人，他的神奇的剑，神剑，推动了撒克逊人回来。这是亚瑟王的故事，并已通过
英语国家社会与文化入门上册课件BI U9
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries
An Introduction (Book One)
The United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland
• British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. Britain has one of the highest levels of newspaper sales per head of population, and there are over 1400 different newspapers which cater for a wide range of political views, interests and levels of education.
II. British Newspapers
• The Guardian is a British national daily newspaper. Founded in 1821. It is the most left wing of the UK papers. In August 2013, The Guardian in paper form had an average daily circulation of 189,000 copies. The Guardian was named newspaper of the year at the 2014 British Press Awards, for its reporting on government surveillance. The newspaper’s online edition was the third most widely read in the world as of June 2012. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million readers.
英语国家社会与文化入门上册第三版
判定题第一单元一、Britain is no longer an imperial（帝国）country(T)二、The Commonwealth（英联邦）of Nations includes all European countries(F)3、1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity（种族）(F)4、The stereotype（刻板印象）of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people(T)五、When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes(T)六、The Scots and Welsh（苏格兰和威尔士）have a strong sense of being British(F)7、Scotland（苏格兰）was never conquered by the Romans（罗马人）(T)八、Most people in Scotland speak the Celtic（凯尔特）language, called “Gaelic”(F)九、Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means(T)10、Wales（威尔士）is rich in coal（煤炭）deposits（存款）(T)1一、Cardiff（卡迪夫）, the capital of Wales, is a large city(F)1二、The title of Prince（王子）of Wales is held by a held by a Welsh according to tradition(F)第二单元一、Ireland is part of Great Britain(F)二、“Ulster（阿尔斯特）”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom（王国）(T)3、The capital of Belfast（贝尔法斯特）is a large city with half a million people(F)4、Northern Ireland is significant（重要的）because of its manufacturing（制造业）industry(F)五、The majority of Irish people were descendants（后代）of the original Celtic（凯尔特）people who inhabited British Isles（群岛）before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago(T)六、Most British people are Protestants（新教徒）while most Irish people are Catholics（天主教徒）(T)7、The British government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland(T)八、Sinn Fein（新芬党）is a legal political party in Northern Ireland(T)九、The Anglo-Irish（岗格鲁-爱尔兰）Agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist（政府军）Protestant community（社区）their to decide their future in Northern Ireland(T)10、The Good Friday Agreement（协议）was approved on 10 April 1998(T)1一、Northern Ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions（司法管辖区）: thatf Republic（共和国）of Ireland that of Great Britain(F)第三单元一、It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy（民主）in the world(F)二、In Britain, the process of state-building（国家建设）has been one of evolution rather than revolution, contrast to France and the US（与法国和美国相较）(T)3、The oldest institution（机构）of government in Britain is the Monarchy（君主政体）(T)4、The divine（神圣的）right of the king means the sovereign（主权）derived（派生的）his authority （权威）from his subjects（主题）(F)五、As the king in theory had God on his side, it was thought that he should exercise absolute（绝对）power(F)六、The term “parliament（议会）”was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons（封建贵族）and representatives from counties and towns(F)7、Britain is both a parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）and a constitutional monarchy（君主立宪制）(T)八、Britain, like Israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have(F)九、Common laws are laws which have been established（成立）through common practice（实践）in the courts（法院）(T)第四单元一、In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptionalcircumstances（情形下）(T)二、Anyone who is eligible（符合条件的）to vote with 500 pounds as deposit（存款）can stand as an MP（国会议员）(F)3、Each main party is given some time on national TV to “sell”their policies. The time is not given free and has to be paid by the party(T)4、The amount spent in national campaign（运动）is not limited other than that on TV(F)五、Secrecy（保密）is not an important part of the voting process(T)六、There are two major national parties in the . according to the text(F)7、Liberal Democratic（自由民主）party is the newest of the major national parties(F)八、Children from the upper-middle-class（中上层阶级）usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class(T)九、The majority of middle-class people today have working class parents or grandparents(T)10、One of the distinctive features（独特的特点）about the British class-system is that it has also retained（保留）a hereditary aristocracy（世袭的贵族）(T)1一、The majority of Britain’s recent immigrants have mainly come from North Asia（北亚）and Caribbean（加勒比）countries(F)1二、Most immigrants earn a living by opening restaurants or becoming musicians(F)13、The majority have problems of unemployment published its Household Energy Management Strategy（家庭能源治理策略）(T)14、On March 2, 2010, the British government publish its Household Energy Management Strategy(T) 1五、On December 27, 2009 the TN Climate（气候）Change Conference was held in Copenhagen(T) 1六、According to the Kyoto Protocol（京都议定书）, the government has agreed that the UK will meet tough targets（艰巨的目标）to reduce carbon emissions incrementally（增量）between now and 2020(F)第五单元一、By the 1880’s the British economy was dominant（主导）in the world(T)二、Both the US and Canada overtook Britain in economy by 1900(F)3、By the end of World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt（债务）in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France(F)4、Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies（殖民地）, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947(T)五、In the 1970s, with the soaring（飙升的）price of oil and high rates of inflation（通货膨胀）, Britain went through a bad period. In 1979, the Labour party had to step down（下台）from the government (T)六、The leader of the Conservatives（保守派）, Margaret Thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔）started a series of reforms. An extensive（普遍的）programme of privatization（私有的）was carried out, and she was successful in an all-round（全面的）way (F)7、Tertiary（三级）industries include banking, insurance（保险）, tourism（旅行）, agriculture and the selling of goods (F)八、Britain has a large sector（部门）of agriculture producing % of its national wealth (F)九、According to the text, the tertiary（三级）industry produces approximately（大约）two-thirds of the national wealth (T)10、The service industry in the UK employs 70% of the total work force (T)1一、As a member of the World Trade Organization, the UK is playing a very important role in the world trade (T)1二、The UK is the third biggest international investor（投资者）in the world (F)第六单元一、Much early British literature was concerned with Christianity（基督教）, and Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）produced many versions（版本）of the Bible（圣经）(T)二、Beowulf（贝奥武夫）was a sea monster（海怪）killed by a Swedish warrior（瑞典战士）(F)3、“The Wife of Bath（浴的妻子）”is one of the tales（故事）contained in The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）(T)4、There was a general flowering of culture and intellectual（知识）life in Europe during the 17th and 18th century which is known as “The Renaissance（文艺振兴时期）”(F)五、William Shakespeare（威廉·莎士比亚）is a great poet and much is known of his life (F)六、Keats, Shelley and Byron（济慈、雪莱和拜伦）brought the Romantic Movement（浪漫主义运动）to its height (T)7、Robinson Crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）tells the story of a shipwreck and solitary survival（海难和孤独的生存）(T)八、Writers of romantic literature（浪漫主义文化）are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason (T)九、Don Juan（唐璜）is an epic poem（史诗）composed by John Milton（约翰·弥尔顿）(F)10、Thomas Hardy（托马斯·哈代）, the author of Tess of the D’Urbervilles（德伯家的苔丝）, was also a first-class（一流的）poet (T)第七单元一、The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy（读写能力）and the other basic skills but also to socialize（社交）children (T)二、The state seldom interferes（干扰）with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught (F)3、The enduring feature（持久特点）of British education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools (F)4、The 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary schools（中学）and universities “meritocratic （精英）”(T)五、Public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government (F)六、British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government (T)7、All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised（监督）by the government (T)八、In Oxford and Cambridge the BA converts to an MA several years later, upon payment of a fee (T)九、Independent schools get money mainly through the private sector（部门）and tuition（学费）rates, with some government support (T)10、Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education (F)第八单元一、When the Second World War ended, Britain no longer was the largest military（军事）power in Western Europe (F)二、The UK was awarded（授予）a seat on the UN（联合国）Security Council（安理会）in recognition （识别）of its contribution in setting up the United Nations (F)3、According to the text, the most important single factor which influences British policy-maker is its history (T)4、The Prime Minister and Cabinet（内阁）decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy (T)五、The main government department involved is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office（外交和联邦事务部）(FCO) (T)六、Britain is a parliamentary monarch（议会君主）(F)7、There are about 60 members of the Commonwealth（英联邦）(F)八、The British host a large American Military（军事）presence and there are 63 American military bases in the UK (T)九、Britain is not a member of the NATO（北约）due to its disagreement with some European countries on defence policy (F)第九单元一、On an average day, an overwhelming（压倒性的）majority of Britons over the age of 15 red a nation or local paper（报纸）(T)二、The British media play an important role in shaping（塑造）a national culture (T)3、In the late seventeenth and early 18th century, as the British economy began to industrialise, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and newspapers began to appear (F)4、Free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog（监管机构）of parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）(T)五、The Advertising Code（广告代码）ensures that advertisements are legal, decent（体面地）, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition（竞争）(T)六、It is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read (F)7、The Telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime（犯法）, be quite feminist（女权主义）and interested in green politics (F)八、The tabloids（小报）are smaller format（格式）newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines （吸引人的题目）. They are often called “the gutter press（黄色小报）”(T)九、The British Broadcasting Corporation is funded by licence（许可证）fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set (T)10、The BBC（英国广播公司）World Service, the international branch of the BBC, broadcasts in English and 42 other languages throughout the world (T)第十单元一、The tradition of having Sunday off derived from（来自）the Christian Church（基督教堂）(T)二、The origin of Bowling（打保龄球）lies in the victory celebration ceremony（仪式）by the ancient warriors (T)3、Tennis（网球）is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport (F)4、The game of golf was invented by the Scottish（苏格兰）(T)五、The animal-lovers’groups would like to have horse racing banned（禁止）(T)六、Easter（复活节）is the biggest and best loved British holiday (F)7、Christmas Pantomime（哑剧）is one of the three Christmas traditions that are particularly British (T)八、It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involves the sport of boxing (F)九、The biggest Bonfire Night（篝火之夜）celebration is held in London (F)10、In Ireland, New Year’Eve called Hogma除夕）(December 31st) is the major winter celebration (T)选择题第一单元一、which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London? (D/The sports centre)二、Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain? (B/Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales（威尔士）)3、Which of the following is NOT True about Britain? (D/It used to be one of the superpowers in the world)4、Three of the following are characteristics of London. Which of the four is the EXCEPTION? (C/London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world)五、The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by (D/William the Conqueror)六、Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England? (A/The Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)7、Which is the largest city in Scotland? (C/Glasgow（格拉斯哥）)八、Why did the Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish（奇异的苏格兰）state in the century? (A/They needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids（维京人攻击）)九、Where do the majority of people in Scotland live? (B/In the Lowlands（低地）)10、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (B/Wales was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)1一、Which of the following parties in Scotland still wants an independent Scotland? (C/The Scottish Nationalist（民族主义）Party)1二、When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments（议会）?(D/In 1701)13、Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is not a simple historical figure for the Welsh. He is almost considered the legendary（传奇）hero of Welsh nationalism because (D/he unified Wales as an independent nation)第二单元一、In the 17th century the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because (A/they wanted to increase its control over Ireland)二、In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland street. They came first (B/to protect Catholics（天主教徒）)3、Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for (D/its endless political problems)4、Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise（妥协）and organizeda partition of Ireland in 1921, because (B/the British government intended to satisfy both sides-Catholics（天主教）and Protestants（新教）)五、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (C/The Social Democratic（社会民主党）and Labour Party（劳动党）is a very important political party in Britain)六、In the early 1970s, the IRA（爱尔兰共和军）(D/carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security force as their main target)7、1972 was the worst year of the political troubles in Northern Ireland, because (B/468 people were killed in Northern Ireland)八、Why did the British government decide to replace the power-sharing policy with “direct-rule（直接统治）”from London? (D/All the above)九、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (C/Margaret Thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔）’s government gave in to their political demand)10、How many counties are there in Northern Ireland? (B/6)1一、Which of the following agreement is accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland? (C/The Good Friday Agreement)1二、According to the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland today should be governed by the following jurisdictions（司法管辖区）except (B/the jurisdiction of loyalist minist(部长))第三单元一、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government? (A/It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power)二、Which of the following kings was executed(执行）in the civil war? (C/Charles（查尔斯）1)3、What happened in 1215? (B/Forced by barons（贵族）, King John signed the Magna Carta（大宪章）)4、Which of the following is NOT true about the Great Council? (C/It later developed into what we now know as the Cabinet（内阁）)五、Under whose reign（统治）was the Bill of Rights passed? (B/William of Orange)六、Which of the following is NOT related to the Constitution? (A/It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government)7、Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (D/Parliament（议会）has no power to change theterms of the Constitution)八、Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role? (A/The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet（内阁）)九、Which of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords（上议院）? (C/The lords（领主）are expected to represent the interests of the public)10、Which of the following is NOT based on the fact? (A/Members of Parliament（议会）elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet)第四单元一、Which group of people cannot vote in the general election? (B/Lords（领主）in the House of Lords)二、By whom is a “vote of no confidence”decided? (A/The House of Commons)3、Which of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns（选举活动）? (A/Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television)4、How many seats in the House of Commons should a part hold at least in order to win the election? (B/326)五、Which of the following description about the Conservative（保守的）party is NOT true? (D/It is known as a party of high taxation（税收) levels)六、Which period of time in British history was described as “private affluence and public squalor(龌龊）”? (C/The 1980s)7、Who is the leader of the Labour party at present? (C/Gordon Brown)八、Which of the following is NOT true abort life peers（同行）? (B/They cannot sit in the House of Lords)九、Which of the following statements is NOT true about class system in the UK? (B/Class division is only decided by people’s income)10、Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the hereditary aristocracy（世袭贵族）in the UK? (C/They are the richest people in the UK)1一、Which of the following is NOT an effect of immigration on British society? (B/Class tension has increased)1二、Which of the following is Not a true description of the situation of ethnic minorities（少数民族）in the UK? (A/They are well represented in the British Parliament（议会）)13、Which of the following is NOT included in Household Energy Management Strategy（能量治理策略）? (C/Every household will have produced their electricity from renewable（可再生）energy resources)第五单元一、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? (C/There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards)二、Which of the following was NOT the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945? (C/Britain had carried out the nationalization of the businesses)3、Which of the following livestock（牲畜）has the biggest number in the UK? (D/Sheep)4、Where is the best agricultural land in Britain? (A/In the southeast of England)五、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector（部门）? (B/ICI)六、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? (C/Rover（探测器）)7、In the aerospace（航空航天）industry, which of the following, countries is ahead of Britain? (B/The .)八、Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War? (A/Imperial Airways（帝国航空公司）)九、What did Frank Whittle（弗兰克·惠特尔）do in 1937? (B/He developed the first jet（飞机）engine)10、Which company became an important aero-engine（航空发动机）manufacturer after WWI? (B/Rolls Royce（劳斯莱斯）)1一、Which of the following two companies merged into British Aerospace（航空航天）? (A/The British Aircraft Corporation and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation)1二、Which of the following countries is the last to come out of recession（大萧条）? (C/Britain)第六单元一、Which of the following books is written by Geoffrey Chaucer（杰弗里·乔叟）? (A/The Canterbury Tales （坎特伯雷故事集）)二、Which literary form flourished（蓬勃进展）in Elizabethan age（伊丽莎白时期）more than any other form of literature? (C/Drama)3、Among the following writers, who was NOT one of the great 三人组）（? (C/Thomas Malory)4、Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism（浪漫主义）? (D/Defoe（笛福）)五、Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare? (B/Macbeth（麦克白）)六、Which of the following writers was the most famous Scottish novelist? (D/Sir Walter Scott（沃尔特·斯科特爵士）)7、Several gifted women played a significant part in the 19th-century literature. Which of the following is an exception? (A/Virginia Woolf（弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫）)八、Which of the following writers was NOT associated with Modernism（现代主义）? (C/Charles Dickens （查尔斯·狄更斯）)九、Which of the following is generally considered to be the masterpiece（杰作）by Joseph Conrad （约瑟夫·康拉德）? (B/The Heart of Darkness（黑暗的心）)10、Which of the following writers wrote the book 1984 that began “Postmodernism（后现代主义）”in British literature? (A/George Orwell（乔治·奥威尔）)第七单元一、In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to (C/state schools)二、In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 (B/can legally receive completely free education)3、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called (B/General Certificate of Secondary Education)4、Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain? (D/The University of Buckingham)五、Which of the following is NOT true? (D/Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools)六、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University? (C/No university degree is awarded)7、In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to (A/grammar schools)八、Which of the following is NOT included in the National Curriculum（课程）? (B/Children must sit in A-level exams)九、Which of the following is NOT true about the British education system? (D/It’s dominated by the state)10、Which of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities? (A/comprehensive（全面的）schools)第八单元一、The author holds that Britain has a big influence on the postwar international order because (B/It had a strong military（军事）power and prestige（声望）)二、Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council? (C/China, Russia, France, Britain and the United States)3、How much of the globe did Britain rule in its imperial prime（帝国主义）? (C/A third of the globe)4、The present British foreign policy is mainly influenced by some of the following factors. Which one is an exception? (D/Its schizophrenic（精神割裂症）attitude to Europe)五、Which of the following is not involved in making the British foreign policy? (A/The Queen of Britain)六、Nowadays the British foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in (C/the United Nations, the EU, NATO（北约）, etc)7、Which of the following statements is not true? (B/63 American military（军事）bases are under the command of Britain)八、Which of the following countries does not have nuclear weapons capabilities? (C/Italy)九、Three of the following factors have contributed to Britain’s special relationship with the United States to a certain degree. Which is the exception? (B/They have common interests in every respect) 10、Why does Britain have its nuclear naval force? (B/Because it’s a traditional sea power)第九单元一、Which of the following is the world’s oldest national newspaper? (C/The Observer（观看者）)二、Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper? (D/The Times)3、Which of the following statements is not true about the British media? (B/They are mainly interested in making huge profits by publishing advertisements)4、A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary（议会）democracy （民主）because (A/ it plays a watchdog function（监督功能）, keeping an eye on the government )五、In Britain most advertising is carried (A/ in newspapers)6,、Which of the following about the BBC（英国广播公司）is NOT true? (C/The BBC has four channels)7、How many newspapers are there in Britain? (B/About 1400)八、Which of the following newspapers is printed internationally? (C/The Financial Times)九、Which of the following newspapers is a tabloid（小报）? (A/The News of the World)10、Which of the following about the tabloids is not true? (A/They are bormat（格式）newspapers)第十单元一、Which of the following was NOT an activity in Shakespeare’s time? (D/Attending the Grand National)二、Which of the following sports was NOT invented in Britain? (C/Basketball)3、Which of the following is NOT true about football in Britain? (C/It was invented by the Scottishpeople)4、Where are international tennis championships held? (B/Wimbledon（温布尔登网球公布赛）)五、Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family? (D/Horse racing)六、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? (C/eating chocolate eggs on Easter（复活节）Day)7、Easter commemorates（为了纪念）(D/ the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ（耶稣基督的受难和复活）)八、Which community observes the traditional Ramadan（斋月）? (D/Muslim（穆斯林）)九、Which celebration particularly happens on the Queen’s birthday? (C/Trooping（阅兵仪式）the Colour)10、Which of the following commemorates（为了纪念）the Battle of Boyne（博因河战役）? (D/The Orange March in Northern Ireland)1一、Of which people is Robert Burns（罗伯特·彭斯）a national poet? (C/The Scottish people)1二、On which day is Halloween（万圣节）celebrated? (A/October 31st)。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元第一篇：英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元Unit 31.The first english settlement: was founded in1607in virginia, and it was organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I.2.Puritanism: in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.3.The declaration of independence: written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies.4.George Washington: is the first president of the United states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, he managed his lands around Mount Vernon.5..Benjamin Franklin: was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.he is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character.Unit 4The Articles of Confederation: After the War was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the congress and with each other.The congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.A federal system: It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The making of the U.S Constitution:The Articles of Confederation failed.The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states(Rhode Island refused to participated)gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government.The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up.This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.The executive: The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four year term.A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951.The president can propose legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill passed by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.The bill of rights: It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.Homeland security is short for the United States Department of Homeland Security(abbreviated as DHS).It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.With more than 200,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and HumanServices, and Energy.Unit 51.Eli Whitney: made cotton production more efficient by inventing the cotton gin, which rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of cotton.2.Samuel Slater: built a cotton cloth factory, which started a process of chang that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center.3.Industrial revolution In England, especially machinery run by water power and later by steam power was used to manufacture cloth, this changed the ways that people worked.4.Corporation:In the early years of the United States , banks were one of the few businesses organized in the form of corporations, the creation survived the death of its founder of founders.5.Service industries: industries that sell a service rather than make a product , and now dominate the economy.6.Agribusiness: has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprise in the modern US economy.7.Stock:very early, people in the United States saw that they could make money by lending it tothose who wanted to start or to extend a business.That led to a creation of an important part of the current economic scene.8.Migrant workers: on large farms ,many of the workers are hired only for a specific chore, many of these seasonal workers travel form farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.Unit 61.Religious liberty in the US: the great awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines ofprotestant religious group.2.The baptists in the US: are the largest protestant group.They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience.3.Catholic in the US :the largest single religious group , about one-quarter of all Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of them are descendants of immigrants from Ireland.4.Three faiths: by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.5.Religious diversity:since the US has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements, many religious communities and secular utopias in new forms of social living were founded in 18th and 18th century American.unit 7Transcendentalists In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion..A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered aroun d Emerson.They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence.They are known as Transcendentalists.The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850.Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery.In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotionalrepression.3 Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.Throughthe poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy andcelebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of thecommonman.Unit 81.Elementary school: it usually means grades kindergarten(K)through 8, but in some places, the elementary school includes only grades K to 62.Higher education: the system of higher education in the US is complex, it comprises four categories of institutions:1 the university 2 the four-year undergraduate institution 3 the technical training institution 4 the two-year or community college.3.ACT: in 1944, congress passed the servicemen' s readjustment ACT, it promised financial aid, including aid for higher education , to member of the armed forces after the end of World War 2.4.affirmative action programs: by the end of 1960s, some colleges introduced special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities, some of these plans were called“..”.Their goal was to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.Unit 9The Greensboro sit-in was an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.It was a series of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.3.The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browderv.Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional..Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 –April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[2] King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]Counterculture: Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Unit 101.the black “underclass”:some blacks have been left behind, and urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.2.Poverty as a social problem: it means greater susceptibility to disease , to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders.Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair,and stunting of human potential.poverty raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.3.Socially stratified American society: it is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the rewards the society offers.4.Drug abuse as a social problem: it is in the US has come to be regarder as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.the “drug problem” is perceived by most Americans as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.5.White-collar crimes: theyare affected by police reporting practices and have to be viewed against the fact that many crimes are unreported.since higher-income classes are far more involved in white-collar crime, the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.6.The abuse of power by government: it has been apparent that the major organizations in American society sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.The lack of public answerability of these organizations has become a major social problem.,7.The power by corporations:they argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials, block reforms they consider undesirable.8.Richard Nixon: he was marked by a well-founded public belief that his administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people.He was pardoned by his successor and escaped accountability for his acts in office.第二篇：英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释1.American IndiansAmerican Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to theAmericas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting fortheir freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The documentdeclared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak nationalgovernment called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contributemoney to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli WhitneyEli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which maderemoving the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of massproduction.9.service industriesService industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stockWhen starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,JrMartin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter CultureIn the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared aphenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward socialmores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimesWhite-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as thecrimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion andso on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by governmentPeople believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the ernment in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard NixonRichard Buxib was the former P resident of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racialand religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeentCanada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976 The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, itmeaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarchingCanadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the FirstNation s”because they are the original inhabitants of thecountry, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process ofchange that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.第三篇：英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门节日蒙特利尔爵士音乐节世界上最有名的国际爵士音乐节之一。
大学生英语4课文翻译Unit9
大学生英语4课文翻译Unit9大学生英语4课文翻译Unit 9英语课本只有在充分理解它的意思的前提下才能更好的进行学习。
下面我们就挑选了大学英语第九单元的课本进行了翻译。
供大家参考。
新视野大学英语第四册Unit 9课文翻译米老鼠有胡须吗？没有。
这是不是说法国人要想在迪斯尼工作就必须剃掉胡子才行？这得看情况了。
一位劳工问题督察员本周将迪斯尼公司告上了法庭，他声称迪斯尼公司的着装规定──不准蓄胡须，不准体重超标，不准穿短裙和花哨的袜子──侵犯了个人自由，也违反了法国的劳工法。
迪斯尼公司正准备五个月后在巴黎以东20英里(32公里) 的地方修建一个主题公园，而这一案例正说明了该公司面临的一些文化方面的棘手问题。
迪斯尼管理层正在组织一支他们称为“演职人员”的12,000人的队伍来管理这一主题公园。
管理方说所有的雇员，从刷瓶工到总裁，都得和演员一样，服从关于仪表的规定。
公司发言人说，不管怎样，还没有人把胡子看得比工作还重要。
正如一个新来的“演职人员”所说：“你必须相信你这份工作的意义，不然的话日子不好过。
”然而人们怎样看待欧洲迪斯尼乐园呢？各处的人们都想知道欧洲人是否会欢迎这种美国式的消遣活动。
尽管对外国文化的入侵感到不安，尽管要保护法语不受英语词汇的污染，法国的社会党政府对将这么大一个美国文化的象征放在首都门口却并不担忧，而是更多地关心其经济效果。
为了将这一主题公园留在这里，而不是建在阳光灿烂的西班牙，法国政府做出了税收和财政方面的一系列重大让步。
主题公园本身只不过是这一巨大综合项目的一部分。
综合项目包括住房、办公楼，以及将一直延续到下一世纪、包括影视拍摄设施在内的度假胜地的开发。
作为与迪斯尼公司合作协议的一部分，政府正在铺设新的公路并支付建设款项，它是巴黎地区快速轨道交通的延伸，甚至可直接连接到通往英吉利海峡隧道的高速电气铁路(TGV)。
欧洲迪斯尼乐园的正门前正在建设高速电气铁路火车站，预定于1994年交付使用。
英语国家社会与文化入门下册第9单元翻译
第9单元英国的新闻媒介对于大多数英国人来说几乎每一天都是以看晨报开始的。
平均每天90%15岁以上的英国人要读一份国内或当地的报纸。
到了晚上，大部分英国人要安下心来看电视了。
全国有96%的人口一星期至少要看一次电视，这已成为英国最流行的休闲活动。
除了看电视、报纸以外，另一种非常受人欢迎的消遣就是听广播。
每周有73%的英国人要参与到这项娱乐活动中。
因此，新闻媒介已成为英国休闲文化的中心，这一点是显而易见的。
新闻媒介不仅能为英国人提供消遣娱乐，而且还有其它功能。
比如：报纸、收音机及电视节目能为人们提供政治、社会方面的信息，天气预报，广告信息及教育性节目。
此外，还能为人们进行交流提供一个平台，人们可通过写信或打电话的方式各抒己见或寻求帮助。
英国的新闻媒介对其政治制度是至关重要的，它的存在使人们了解到国家所面临的问题及政府如何解决这些问题。
新闻媒体在国家文化形成方面也起到了非常重要的作用。
无论是苏格兰海上石油工人还是贝尔法斯特的退休教授，无论是伦敦的秘书还是威尔士的牙医，只要打开收音机和电视机选择喜欢的节目，或拿起当天的报纸，他们所收看到的和听到的都是一样的。
即使他们的生活环境不同，如果他们有机会见面的话，他们就能谈论一些在电视、报纸上看到的一些消息。
同时，这也能提醒英国人只要他们生活在英国，他们就从属于一种特殊文化。
英国的报纸英国是世界上最早拥有报纸工业的国家之一。
早在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期，随着英国经济开始出现工业化，民主选举权已扩大到大部分人口，大众教育使得人们的文化水平有所提高，越来越多的报纸开始发行。
《观察家报》1791年首版发行，随后每个星期天发行一次，成为世界上最早的全国性报纸。
与此同时，《泰晤士报》1785年首版发行，成为英国最早的日报。
随着议会民主制的引入，候选者们必须向其选民提供个人信息。
一开始这项工作是由候选人做长时间演讲或是发放宣传册来完成，后来报纸承担了这一任务，使选民更加了解政治。
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第9单元英国的新闻媒介对于大多数英国人来说几乎每一天都是以看晨报开始的。
平均每天90%15岁以上的英国人要读一份国内或当地的报纸。
到了晚上，大部分英国人要安下心来看电视了。
全国有96%的人口一星期至少要看一次电视，这已成为英国最流行的休闲活动。
除了看电视、报纸以外，另一种非常受人欢迎的消遣就是听广播。
每周有73%的英国人要参与到这项娱乐活动中。
因此，新闻媒介已成为英国休闲文化的中心，这一点是显而易见的。
新闻媒介不仅能为英国人提供消遣娱乐，而且还有其它功能。
比如：报纸、收音机及电视节目能为人们提供政治、社会方面的信息，天气预报，广告信息及教育性节目。
此外，还能为人们进行交流提供一个平台，人们可通过写信或打电话的方式各抒己见或寻求帮助。
英国的新闻媒介对其政治制度是至关重要的，它的存在使人们了解到国家所面临的问题及政府如何解决这些问题。
新闻媒体在国家文化形成方面也起到了非常重要的作用。
无论是苏格兰海上石油工人还是贝尔法斯特的退休教授，无论是伦敦的秘书还是威尔士的牙医，只要打开收音机和电视机选择喜欢的节目，或拿起当天的报纸，他们所收看到的和听到的都是一样的。
即使他们的生活环境不同，如果他们有机会见面的话，他们就能谈论一些在电视、报纸上看到的一些消息。
同时，这也能提醒英国人只要他们生活在英国，他们就从属于一种特殊文化。
英国的报纸英国是世界上最早拥有报纸工业的国家之一。
早在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期，随着英国经济开始出现工业化，民主选举权已扩大到大部分人口，大众教育使得人们的文化水平有所提高，越来越多的报纸开始发行。
《观察家报》1791年首版发行，随后每个星期天发行一次，成为世界上最早的全国性报纸。
与此同时，《泰晤士报》1785年首版发行，成为英国最早的日报。
随着议会民主制的引入，候选者们必须向其选民提供个人信息。
一开始这项工作是由候选人做长时间演讲或是发放宣传册来完成，后来报纸承担了这一任务，使选民更加了解政治。
《泰晤士报》《观察家报》和《卫报》这些英国报纸名字的本身就意味着报纸的功能是为全体选民提供国内事件的客观报道。
人们认为新闻自由对议会民主极为重要，其原因就在于它对政府的监督作用。
然而，新闻的这种监督作用经常会遭到一些人的批评。
许多分析家认为新闻篡夺了议会的地位。
当时的政治家喜欢直接对准媒体说话，却不喜欢在议会发言。
当然，那些令人喜欢而友好的记者们会做些有利于这些政治家们的新闻报道。
当今的新闻报道不是客观地反映事实，而是提高编写故事来传递一种观点。
与政治家们相比，更多的商业人员很快认识到新闻媒介的力量，他们利用这一点向那些有消费潜力的客户宣传他们的产品和服务，于是广告业就应运而生了。
尽管人们对新闻自由和新闻对西方民主的重要性讲了很多，但是一定要牢记，报纸首先是一种商业，是为出版商赚钱而存在的，而不是为人们提供信息的公共事业。
在英国，大多数广告都是靠报纸来宣传。
1995年，英国在广告上共花费四亿六千五百万英镑。
新闻媒介应用的确很广泛，不仅公司们利用它来推销产品和服务，而且人们利用它找工作、买房子，甚至保姆都会求助于分类广告和免费报纸，这类报纸里几乎包括各式各样的广告。
英国的新闻媒体都必须遵守广告法规，它保证了广告的合法性、健康性、诚实和真实性；对社会和消费者有一种责任感；遵循公平竞争原则。
广告的意义是使产品引起公众的注意，有时广告商故意开展有争议的广告活动，从而引起人们的注意。
欧洲服装生产商Benetton利用令人作呕的图片如一个死于爱滋病的人和一名穿着血淋淋制服的士兵在卖服装，及在时尚市场被认为是很俗气的形象来引起更多的争议。
多数情况下，争议由女人而起，尤其是如果她们没有穿很多衣服，争议会更多。
如果有足够多的人向广告标准委员会投诉，那么该公司就要把该广告取消。
英国的报纸文化极不寻常，从选读的报纸种类中即可反映人们所处的不同阶层和文化层次。
在其它发达国家，如日本、美国，看报主要是中产阶级的习惯，而在英国，即使是较低阶层的人们也习惯看报。
在发达国家中，英国是人均报纸销量最多的国家之一，共有报纸1400多种，涉及政治观点、兴趣爱好、教育水平等各种各样的内容。
虽然大部分报纸在财政上是独立于政党而存在的，但他们经常表达一些独特的政治观点，而且大部分人是根据自己的喜好选择阅读的报纸。
因此，如果星期一的早晨你坐在伦敦市的地铁里，周围的人都在看报，你就可以根据他们所看的报纸来了解你周围的乘客。
在英国有10种不同的全国性发行的日报，这种报纸覆盖国内重要新闻事件。
其中大约有一半属于“重质量的报纸”或“大幅纸张的报纸”。
“重质量的报纸”刊登较为严肃并有深度的文章，这些文章反映了某种具有重大政治和社会意义的问题；同时也刊登一些评论文章和有关高雅文化的描写。
这种报纸的读者一般都是受到过良好教育的中产阶级。
在这些报纸中最左派是《卫报》，你会经常在电视或日常生活中听到人们提到“《卫报》读者”这是那些对社会问题感兴趣的左派和自由派的简称。
例如，《卫报》读者们坚持从轻处罚罪犯，他们是典型的女权主义者，对绿色（环保）政治感兴趣。
与之相反，《电讯报》的读者认为应从重处罚罪犯，他们对单身母亲没有同情心，对社会事务没什么进取心。
另一种全国性报纸是一些故事多、图片多的小报。
这种报纸虽然版式不大，但包括彩色照片和引人注目的标题，常被称为“迎合低级趣味的报纸”，因为它通常涉及一些名人的丑闻和谣言。
无论在政治、体育还是娱乐方面，它都刊登一些关于犯罪、体育和轰动一时的人们感兴趣的故事。
这些故事短小精悍，易于阅读，经常依赖于人们的主观看法，而不是客观事实。
已成为全国知名小报的特点之一就是有第三版女郎——每天在第三版刊登一副漂亮而着装性感的姑娘的照片。
在这类小报上首次刊登了近来发生的许多皇室丑闻。
一次，一家小报贿赂了戴安娜王妃健身房的一名工作人员，让他拍几张王妃锻炼时的照片。
照片展示了威尔士王妃举重和大汗淋漓的情景。
这些缺乏魅力的照片引起了轰动。
另外，还包括查尔斯王子没穿裤子的照片及安德鲁斯王子的夫人裸胸的故事。
这些以骇人听闻的故事闻名的小报和内容严肃的报纸一样销售不错。
1843年，《世界新闻》开始出版发行，其中刊登的主要是关于犯罪、体育和性方面的文章。
到20世纪30年代，它已成为英国最流行的星期日报，每星期销售340万份，目前已达到每周470万份，成为英国最畅销的报纸。
直到20世纪80年代，几乎所有的全国性报纸在伦敦的“Fleet Street”或其附近设立了总部。
有时，你会听见人们把报纸文化称为”Fleet Street”，甚至“羞耻街”，因为它是许多丑闻的发源地。
现在，这种报纸工业仍以伦敦为中心，但并不只集中在一条街上，有些报纸已经发往世界各地。
比如，《金融时报》已在法兰克福、法国、香港、新泽西州、洛杉矶、东京、马德里印刷出版。
虽然从官方上讲，英国报纸不受政府控制及新闻检查，它可以刊登自己喜欢的文章，但在日报中刊登的文章仍受限制。
1990年前KGB主席曾说：在英国报纸中你绝对找不到“谁碰了谁”美国的报纸信息量大，涉及范围广，我们总能从中找到许多信息。
而在英国报纸中找不到什么信息。
我一直教给我的人民“要像英国人一样行事”虽然并没有特殊的州级新闻检查，许多英国法律限制报纸出版的自由。
蔑视法庭法不允许报纸刊登任何与正在受审的人有关的各种犯罪情况，因为这样会影响司法部门做出正确判决。
其它诽谤法、毁谤法不允许报纸刊登非真实的故事。
新闻媒介同样也受官方秘密法令的影响。
这是一则合法法令，它规定所有有关政府的消息都应保密，除非政府允许发布。
有时，调查政府错误行为的记者们的稿件是禁止发表的。
否则他们就会被罚款甚至被送入监狱，因为他们揭示了政府不想让公众知道的消息。
例如，1984年一个名叫Sarah Tisdall的年轻外国办公室职员在工作中了解到政府在公众不知情的情况下，秘密制定了一个允许美国进行核导弹部署的计划，之所以不公开是因为政府怕公众反对。
这位职员感到政府在滥用职权，因此把这个信息透露给《卫报》，随后《卫报》刊登出了这件事，紧接着，Tisdall以泄露信息的罪名被判刑6个月。
广播媒体一位著名的评论家评论英国媒体时写到：在英国，即使你不想看电视，也逃避不掉。
广播媒体，即电视和收音机，在英国人的日常生活中是非常重要的。
国内97%的家庭都有一台电视机，实际上每个人都有一台收音机。
信息通过微波传到人们家里、车里和工作地点，即传到每个人身上。
英国人平均每天要用4个小时的时间看电视，在看报纸的过程中，最常看的一部分是电视节目目录。
报纸中还刊登一些对已播出的节目的回顾。
在工作中、家庭中或和朋友的谈话中经常是关于前天晚上电视节目的某些内容。
在英国不看电视实际上就是把自己与英国文化和社会隔绝开来。
英国人都看什么电视节目呢？新闻、娱乐和体育是他们的最爱，而喜剧、戏剧急各种比赛在人们的选择范围内大起大落。
英国有两部上演时间较长的肥皂剧，其中上演时间最早、最受欢迎的肥皂剧是“加冕街道（Coronation Street）”。
此剧于20世纪60年代在曼彻斯特北部城市公开上演。
最近，它的竞争对手是“东部边际（East Enders）”这是一个虚构的在伦敦东部工人阶级所在的居民区发生的故事。
这两部肥皂剧发生的地点是当地的一家酒馆，在那里剧中人聚在一起闲聊，为某件事进行庆祝或施以同情，坠入爱河又被爱情抛弃，经历了战斗及大哭大笑等一系列感情波折。
与美国的肥皂剧相反，英国的肥皂剧并不是由富有的、令人兴奋的名演员们来担任其中的角色，而且剧情是对英国人日常生活的大胆真实的再现。
剧中经常会涉及当时的一些社会问题，如：种族歧视、爱滋病(AIDS)、同性恋、离婚、吸毒、家庭暴力等等。
这些肥皂剧质量很高，在国外很受欢迎：无论在新西兰还是在加拿大，你都能看到你所喜爱的角色。
在曼彻斯特一个非常流行的旅游景点是“加冕街道”当时录制的布景，许多影迷纷纷在那个叫“The Rover‟s Return”酒馆门前摄影留念。
每日新闻和天气预报也是很受欢迎的栏目。
英国的新闻广播以它的质量著称。
最近最受欢迎的节目是每周一次购买国家彩票的现场直播。
在直播中，人们能看到每周大奖的幸运数字。
在北美有许多不同的频道供大家观看，从家庭购物频道到24小时新闻频道，还有一些专门播放古老喜剧的频道。
与之相对，英国的电视文化仍相当保守，它只有4个电视频道（第5个频道正在创建中），而且卫星电视还不如美国那样普及。
这就大大限制了频道数量，同时对这些频道所有权的控制有助于整个国家的统一。
广播法令的制定来保证广播媒体所有权的广泛传播，因此，广播权并不是集中在几个人手中，同时严令禁止外国人（即欧盟以外的人）享有此权。
这部法令也包含了维护电视节目的健康、品位、准确和客观的要求。
有限的电视频道不仅使每个英国人都看电视，而且看的内容都是一样的。