英语口语练习文章

大学英语四、六级考试口语考试大纲

一、评分标准

CET-SET 主考在评分时使用以下标准：

a. 准确性指考生的语音、语调以及所使用的语法和词汇的准确程度

b. 语言范围指考生使用的词汇和语法结构的复杂程度和范围

c. 话语的长短指考生对整个考试中的交际所作的贡献、讲话的多少

d. 连贯性指考生有能力进行较长时间的、语言连贯的发言

e. 灵活性指考生应付不同情景和话题的能力

f. 适切性指考生根据不同场合选用适当确切的语言的能力

二、语言功能

CET-SET 考试要求考生参与不同形式的口头交际，其语言能力将根据其在考试中的表现予以测量。考生需要掌握的语言功能和意念在《大学英语教学大纲》中已明确列出。以下仅列举其中部分的语言功能和意念。

友好往来

问候，介绍，告别和告辞，祝愿和祝贺，感谢和应答，道歉和应答，提议、邀请和应答。

相互交流

开始交谈，继续交谈，改变话题，停止交谈。

态度

愿意，希望，意向，决心，责任，能力，允许，禁止，同意和不同意，否定，喜欢和不喜欢，偏爱，责怪和抱怨，判断、决定和意见。

劝说

命令，劝告和建议，承诺，提醒。

感情

焦虑，惊奇，兴趣，加重感情色彩。

存在

存在和不存在，有和没有。

空间描述

位置，方向，运动，距离。

时间

时刻，时段，时间关系，频度，时序。

发表意见和看法

询问意见和看法，发表意见和看法，对意见和看法的反应，同意，不同意，要求澄清，澄清意见和看法。

争辩

讨论，讨论观点，反驳论点，提出进一步论证，劝说和对劝说的反应。

三、考试形式

CET-SET 考试分三部分：

第一部分是考生和CET 授权的主考进行交谈，采用问答的形式。时间约 5 分钟。

第二部分包括 1.5 分钟的考生个人发言和 4.5 分钟的小组讨论。时间共约10 分钟。

第三部分由主考再次提问以进一步确定考生的口头交际能力。时间约 5 分钟。

四、输入信息

CET-SET 考试运用以下两种形式的输入信息来产生信息差：

1 ）画面提示（如图片、图表、照片等）；

2 ）文字提示。

Part 1 (5 minutes)

46.Vision

Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal environment. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well that to develop an acute sense of smell. In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view. Of mammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. The red flag is black to the bull. Horses live in a monochrome world .light visible to human eyes however occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron. The world would look eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation. Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity. But human eyes excel in other ways. They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation. The color

sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.

47 Folk Cultures

A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The A mish’s central religious concept of Demut “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.

By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.

48 Bacteria

Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile(1.6 kilometer)