翻译一千字多少钱精诚翻译 学术成绩单范本
笔译价目表[1]
![笔译价目表[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/046919e29b89680203d825f0.png)
B.公证书、大学成绩单、录取通知书、推荐信、求职信、学习计划及意向书、户籍证明、户口本（四人以上）
C.企业简介、一般产品说明、信用证、授权书、病例、化验报告单、企业及地区概况、投资指南、招商项目
D.产品专业说明书（机械电子类、水产类、化工类等）；各类投标和招标书；行业标准；各类合同、章程及合作协议;房产评估报告等
400
45
西
70-100
80-150
200
220-320
320
400
20
荷
200-240
220-300
300
350-400
400
550
20
葡
200-240
220-300
300
350-400
400
550
20
说明：
1、译文类别：
A.大、中小学毕业证；各类证明、证书、中学成绩单、邀请函、驾证、身份证、护照、营业执照、户口本（三人以内）
笔译翻译收费价目明细表
计费单位：人民币元
笔译
小件
大件
输入印制
（张）
汉外互译(份)
汉外互译(千字)
语种
A类
B类
C类
D类
E类
F类
英
50-70
80-120
180
220-280
280
360
10
日
70-100
80-150
180
220-280
280
360
40
德
70-100
80-150
精诚英语翻译专业资料翻译案例
精诚翻译工作室翻译报价 50到70元千字（而传统翻译公司的报价是100元以上）可以百度精诚翻译找到我们精诚翻译保证全网最低，发现广告不一致可要求拒付！质量不满意，服务不满意均可免单！保证让您满意，精诚翻译有实力，就是任性！！任性的质量，任性的您值得拥有！可以百度搜索精诚翻译找到1.测量专业目标控制**E区块至**原油管道项目详细勘测阶段测量专业涉及线路控制、中线、固定桩测量、带状地形图、站场、阀室、定向钻穿越、勘探点等测量工作。
测量专业目标控制为：建立测量专业的进度、质量、造价体系，利用事前控制、事中控制、事后控制的监理程序和手段，有效实施测量专业的进度、质量、投资控制。
2. 实行全过程的质量控制2.1参与图纸汇审和设计交底，熟悉文件设计要求，参与控制点交桩、接桩。
2.2工程开工前，依据合同和相应的文件要求，审查承包商提交与测量工程技术和管理文件，确定文件的符合性、施测的可行性以及人员资质、设备、工序工期的合理性，提出审查意见。
2.3对控制测量、中线断面测量、线路测量、穿越测量、各单体地形测量的符合性进行跟踪、确认、检查。
2.4检查承包商测绘质量管理体系运行的有效性。
2.5监理巡视检查及时、到位、有效。
2.6加强关键部位、主要环节、重点工序质量检查，进行旁站监理。
2.7发现问题时，签发监理工程师通知单指令承包商采取纠正及整改措施，跟踪整改情况，保证测量各阶段成果质量。
2.8参与监理部或业主主持的有关工程技术的会议,参与解决工程建设中的重大工程技术难题，参与验证采用的新技术、新方法。
2.9对工程施工中遇到的重大技术问题和事宜提出建议或意见，答复承包商提出的技术建议和意见，向总监提供专题报告。
3.投资控制3.1经监理人员质量检验满足规定的技术要求后，对合同约定的项目进行核实，搞好计量工作。
3.2对承包商提出的工程变更和工程结算进行初审。
3.3 主动提出合理化的建议。
4．HSE 健康、安全、环境管理HSE方面按监理部的统一要求执行,确保人身、设备、饮食、住宿和车辆等安全：4.1督促承包商做好HSE制度的制定和落实；4.2督促承包商测量人员做好HSE措施的制定和落实；4.3督促承包商做好安全应急预案、紧急救援等方面的工作。
翻译千字多少元
翻译千字多少元篇一：翻译一千字多少钱精诚翻译学术成绩单范本学生成绩表样本精诚翻译公司五折优惠中找便宜翻译，那就百度搜索精诚翻译或者 50元翻译篇二：北京50元千字英语论文翻译多少钱精诚翻译拨--打【4000-—537-407】精诚翻译全网最低5元百字起（市场价格10元，比传统翻译机构低40%左右，互联网+时代，省去中间的环节，价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构，5年经验保证，首推先翻译后付费模式，无效免单，免费试译，免费修改，为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件。
五周年庆，五折优惠中联系我们请搜索精诚翻译Fit to serve貌而美则仕NAMED last week as his party’s candidate for the French presidential election,Nicolas Sarkozy faces an opponent, Ségolène Royal, who has the press drooling[1]. “Dazzling”and “radiant”, she has been likened to a work of art (“Mona Lisa”) and a mythological figure (a “siren”).Nicolas Sarkozy上周被其所在政党提名为法国总统候选人。
他的对手是Ségolène Royal，法国媒体对她“令人目眩神迷”和“亮丽逼人”的美貌不吝溢美之词，还把她比作是蒙娜?丽莎和希腊女神。
Perhaps Mr Sarkozy should pay a visit to Chattanooga, Tennessee. The city’s former mayor, Bob Corker, faced a similar problem in his Senate race last November. He prevailed against a congressman, Harold Ford junior, who was once counted among the 50 “most beautiful” people on Washington’s Ca pitol Hill. （1）In response, Mr Corker hurled one of the strangest insults in campaign history. Heaccused Mr Ford of being “an attractive young man”.也许Sarkozy应该去造访一下田纳西的扎塔努加市。
文章翻译中译英翻译报价
精诚翻译团队震撼全行业最低价-翻译报价50元千字起（市场价格100以上，至少比传统翻译公司价格低40%或更多，互联网+时代，去中介运作，我们已经为众多大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!联系我们可以百度搜索“精诚翻译”COOE和儒家面子文化如何中国消费者第2章：文献回顾这一现象定性研究是为了探讨COOE和儒家面子文化如何中国消费者对国际品牌，特别是国际时尚奢侈品的消费价值观。
企业不断寻求新的方式来获得竞争优势，提高他们的商业机会和业绩并获得较好的竞争地位。
COOE和儒家面子观念也许可以帮助企业在中国市场发现商业机会。
本文假定COOE和儒家面子观念对中国消费态度、观念、行为和消费都有重大的影响。
然而，现有的研究对于COOE 和儒家面子观念对中国消费者心态影响的分析很少。
本文中现象定性研究的目的是调查天津、北京和上海经常购买国际时尚奢侈品的不同消费人群的想法。
同时，这项研究也是为了探讨COOE和儒家面子观念对中国消费者关于国际奢侈品牌的消费观念、看法、观点、经历、行为和态度。
在领导、市场营销、国际商务、跨文化研究等许多领域，人们越来越想了解文化和跨文化差异对不同国家的人想法、行为和反应的影响。
一些研究和理论已经涉及到了这种跨文化分析，这些包括水平和垂直集体主义和个人主义（施威特等人，2006）、中国消费者对国外产品的评价（Zhang，1996）、儒家面子观念(Leung & Chan, 2003) 、中国现代消费行为与现代性（Xiao，2005）等等。
在这一章中，作者仔细讨论了上述所有方面和理论，以得出中国消费者消费观念和行为相对于西方人的文化差异。
例如，来源国效应、文化差异、儒家面子文化与西方的自我概念、马斯洛的需求层次理论、中国关系观念、霍夫斯泰德的文化框架（即，权力距离、集体主义与个人主义）、全球品牌，与之前关于COOE的研究。
来源国研究的历史观点和儒家面子文化张关于来源国的研究张（1996）的研究侧重于COOE如何影响消费者的评价、态度和对国外产品的选择。
专业英文翻译中文收费标准
精诚英语翻译报价50-80元千字（市场价格100左右精诚英语翻译工作室是由众多英语方面精英组成的翻译团队,一直致力于为广大中小企业和个人提供专业低价中英文翻译服务。
价格是我们永远的优势！！！！最低价格支付宝担保交易，让你省钱又放心接受试译！！自信源于专业可以百度搜索精诚英语翻译找到我们选择我们的理由：可以百度搜索精诚英语翻译找到我们1.保证价格最低，团队网络化运作，无需经营成本，可以通过低价让利于客户。
（有些客户看到这么低的价格还不敢相信，但是对于我们来说是完全可以接受的。
）2.保证准时、保密、准确3.接受淘宝交易，让您没有任何担忧。
4.长期翻译经验，保证质量让您满意。
龚如心遗产案虽然告一段落，「遗产」二字仍然成为近日香港的焦点。
新春期间，民政事务局局长曾德成表示，政府将展开全港非物质文化遗产首期普查，希望市民为遗产清单提出建议。
「遗产」是「资产」？近五、六年间，香港对保护本地小区和文化传统的意识高涨，现在政府带头要列一个「非物质文化遗产」清单，理应是很受欢迎之举。
不过普查尚未展开，就引来学者争议，其中单是「非物质文化遗产」这个译名，就引起不少误会。
「非物质文化遗产」的原文是intangible cultural heritage（英文）或patrimoine culturel immateriel （法文），是联合国在1997年以尊重多元文化为大原则而提出的概念，并由联合国教科文组织制定「保护非物质文化遗产公约」，2006年生效。
「非物质文化遗产」是中国大陆的翻译，香港有学者不约而同就「非物质」和「遗产」二字提出质疑。
香港城市大学中国文化中心主任郑培凯早在2005年就大声疾呼译名不妥。
他认为原文heritage/patrimoine的意义是「传承」而非资产，不容易引发出财产的概念。
而现在约定俗成译作「遗产」，容易令人觉得祖宗留下的东西，是可以变卖和投资的生财工具，与联合国提出的文化传承精神背道而驰。
北京成绩单翻译公司翻译机构
北京成绩单翻译公司北京翻译机构拨--打【4000-537-407】精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起（市场价格10元，比传统翻译机构低40%左右，互联网+时代，省去中间的环节，价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构，5年经验保证，首推先翻译后付费模式，无效免单，免费试译，免费修改，为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆，五折优惠中，可以通过以上方式咨询！Social practice is a good way to guideundergraduates out of the university to get in touchwith society and to understand nationalconditions.It can also combine theory andpractice,and connect intellectuals and society.It is animportant channel for college students to devote to the construction of the country,learn insociety and train themselves.It is also an effective approach to improve collegestudents'ideological consciousness,enhance their awareness of serving society and promotetheir healthy growth.Social practice can help college students renew ideas and establish correctview of the world,life and value.Meanwhile,undergraduate's participation in social practice hascertain positive effect on construction of the socialist material and spiritual civilization.参考翻译大学生社会实践活动是引导学生走出校门、接触社会、了解国情，使理论与实践相结合、知识分子与社会相结合的良好形式;是大学生投身祖国建设，向社会学习，培养锻炼才干的重要渠道;是提高思想觉悟、增强大学生服务社会的意识，促进大学生健康成长的有效途径。
北京翻译公司如何收费论文翻译
北京翻译公司如何收费论文翻译加-微-信：544609186精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起（市场价格10元，比传统翻译机构低40%左右，互联网+时代，省去中间的环节，价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构，5年经验保证，首推先翻译后付费模式，无效免单，免费试译，免费修改，为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆，五折优惠中，可以通过以上联系方式咨询！NAZIS came in all shapes and sizes. Some were grotesque[1], many mere criminals.A few were clever, most were unthinking. Leni Riefenstahl was in a class of her own. She was never a party member and did not, overtly, commit any crimes. Indeed, she claimed through an astonishingly long life—she died in 2003, aged 101—that she was first and foremost an artist, never a Nazi propagandist.纳粹党三教九流云集。
荒唐可笑者有之，十恶不赦者更甚；机灵的少，其余大多为莽撞之流。
雷妮•瑞芬斯塔尔（Leni Riefenstahl）则另当别论。
她无党无派，也未（公然）犯下任何罪行。
在异常漫长的一生（卒于2003年、终年101岁）当中，她始终坚称自己纯粹是一名艺术家，绝非纳粹的鼓吹者。
In the 1930s she made two famous films which, only after the destruction unleashed[2] by her compatriots in the second world war, became morally repugnant. （1）She stood by those two films, “Triumph of the Will”and “Olympia”, long after the events they celebrated—the 1934 Nuremberg Nazi rally and the 1936 Berlin Olympics—had come to be seen as representative of the spectacle of evil, if not precisely of evil itself.20世纪30年代，她的同胞在二战中肆意妄为，所到之处尽遭灭顶之灾。
翻译价格1000字
翻译价格1000字篇一：广州言富翻译报价表广州言富翻译报价表：笔译翻译报价（单位：RMB元/1000字）笔译的报价主要取决于翻译语言、稿件专业程度、交稿时间、资源充分程度等因素。
口译翻译报价表交替传译报价：单位：元/人/天（人民币）备注：1、工作时间为8小时/天，半天（4小时）起算，按1天70%收费。
2、作时间为9:00～18:00；超过以上时间限制价格上浮10%-50%。
3、翻译人员的交通，食宿，安全等费用由客户负责；4、带有特殊专业或小语种的翻译价格面议；5、广州翻译网提供特约翻译员报价，客户可以自己选择，并最好提前一个星期预约。
6、为保证口译质量，请客户事先尽可能多地提供背景材料。
参考资料：言富翻译官网：篇二：遥远的亲人1000字中英文对照翻译遥远的亲人春节前，我从外地赶回高密东北乡与家人团聚。
进了家门，屁股尚未坐稳，父亲好像极平淡地说：“你八叔来信了。
”Before spring festival, I returned GaoMi-township from field for family reunions. Entering the house, I were not yet seated, my father seemed to have said something normal, here came your eighth uncle’s letter.我站起来。
Then I stood up.我们家是八十年前从县城迁到这穷地方来的。
据父亲说，我的曾祖父与人打官司输光了家产，不得不搬迁。
曾祖父生了三个儿子，我爷爷是老二，爷爷的哥哥——我的大爷爷——就是八叔的父亲。
父亲这一辈堂兄弟八个，八叔是大爷爷的独生儿子。
八叔十七岁时娶了媳妇，那是一九四六年。
第二年，为逃避“土地改革”，大爷爷一家跑到青岛避难，国民党军队撤退了，八叔失踪了。
从此就没了音讯四十多年。
“文化大革命”中，学校里曾逼着我们交待八叔的下落，我们如何能知道？后来学校里说八叔在台湾当国民党，要我们划清界限。
中英文学术成绩单模版
中英文学术成绩单模版学生信息
- 学生姓名：[学生姓名]
- 学号：[学号]
- 专业：[专业]
- 学制：[学制]
- 入学时间：[入学时间]
- 毕业时间：[毕业时间]
学术成绩
本科课程成绩
研究生课程成绩
平均成绩
- 本科平均成绩：[本科平均成绩]
- 研究生平均成绩：[研究生平均成绩] 学术荣誉
- 本科荣誉：[本科荣誉]
- 研究生荣誉：[研究生荣誉]
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以上为本人学术成绩单，如有疑问请及时与我联系。
谢谢！
请替换方括号内的内容为实际的学生信息和成绩，同时根据实际情况添加或删除课程和学术荣誉。
翻译服务收费标准
翻译服务收费标准第一篇：翻译服务收费标准翻译服务收费标准一、笔译人民币元/千字中文(加急加收30% —70%，专业加收50%)语种中译外外译中外译外英语 170 140 面议日语 170 140韩语190 160德语 220 180俄语 220 180法语 220 180意大利语 280 250西班牙语 280 250葡萄牙语290 260阿拉伯语 350 320越南语 430 400荷兰语 510 460波兰语 380-480 360-40塞尔维亚语 370-470 420-530泰国语 260-380 280-520老挝语 320-420 370-480印度语 320-420 370-480希腊语 370-470 420-530哈萨克语 280-380 300-410瑞典语 300-400 340-450丹麦语 320-420 370-470印度尼西亚语 330-450 350-460蒙古语300-400 350-4601、字数计算：以中文版稿件在Windows word文档显示的字符数（不计空格）为基准。
也即包含了标点符号，因其为理解语义的必需。
2、图表计算：图表按每个A4页面，按页酌情计收排版费用。
3、外文互译：按照中文换算，即每个拉丁单词乘以二等于相应的中文字数。
4、日翻译量：正常翻译量3000-5000字/日/人，超过正常翻译量按专业难易受20%加急费．5、付款方式：按预算总价的20%收取定金，按译后准确字数计总价并交稿付款。
6、注意事项：出差在原价格上增加20%，客户负责翻译的交通、食宿和安全费用。
二、口译价格：(1)交传报价（元/人/天，加小时按100-150元/小时加收费用）类型英语德、日、法、俄、韩小语种一般活动 700 800 1500商务活动 500-1200 500-1500 800-3000中小型会议 1200-3000 1500-3000 2500-3000大型会议 1200-4000 2500-6000 4000-9000(2)同传报价（元/人/天）类别中-英互译日、韩、德、俄、法、韩-中互译小语种-中互译商务会议 5000-8000 6000-10000 8000-10000中小型会议 5500-8000 7000-12000 8000-12000大型国际会议 6000-9000 8000-12000 12000-16000第二篇：联想服务收费标准LENOVO CHINA SERVICES现场交付中心Field Services Delivery文件编号FILE NO。
沈阳正规学术论文翻译英语翻译报价
沈阳正规学术论文翻译英语翻译报价加-微-信：544609186精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起（市场价格10元，比传统翻译机构低40%左右，互联网+时代，省去中间的环节，价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构，5年经验保证，首推先翻译后付费模式，无效免单，免费试译，免费修改，为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆，五折优惠中，可以通过以上方式咨询！选词用字要选好词用准字，首先要准确地确定原文词语所表达的意义，然后在译文中再选择恰当的词语。
例如在下面各句中，air分属不同的词类：（1）The rain had cleaned the air.雨后空气新鲜。
（名词）（2）Don't air your troubles too often.别老是诉苦。
（动词）要选好词用好字，还要注意英语词语所表达的意思是广义还是狭义、是抽象还是具体、是一般还是个别、是褒义还是贬义，翻译时采用适当的方法来处理。
如：（1）He preferred the products of old brand to the new flashy.他宁可要老牌产品，而不要质量差的新产品。
（抽象-具体）（2）There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.帝国主义者的性格有残暴的一面，也有狡猾的一面。
（具体-抽象）（3）She said,"He is a lightly discriminating man."她说，"他是个很爱挑剔的买主。
"（一般-个别）（4）I used to be a politician.But since I came back from Peking,I have been a statesman.我过去一直是吃政治饭的，但是，自从我从北京回来以后，我已成了一名政治家。
专业笔译千元千字
专业笔译千元千字篇一：笔译价格【笔译】单位：元/千字【口译】单位：元/天标准笔译报价(单位：人民币/元)英语译文字数外译中每千字（word字符数（不计空格））中译外外译中日、韩、法、德、俄中译外小语种其它外译中中译外外译外120-160 160-200 180-260 200-280 400-500 500-600 450-550交替传译报价(单位：人民币/元)类型一般商务展览、旅游陪同技术交流商务谈判大型国际会议备注：1、口语翻译工作时间为8小时/天/人（不包括同传）。
2、如果需要翻译加班，加班每超过1小时，按200-300小时/人加收费用。
3、外埠出差客户负责翻译人员的交通，食宿费用。
4、特殊专业及小语种价格面议。
英语日、韩、法、德小语种其它语种600-1200元/人/天 800-1500元/人/天 1000-1600元/人/天1000元/人/小时800-1600元/人/天 2500-4000元/人/天1000-2000元/人/天 3000-5000元/人/天1200-2200元/人/天 4000-6000元/人/天同声传译报价同声传译（每个语种、每场同传需要安排2-3名同传译员）同传语种计费方式同传价格备注：1、同传翻译工作时间为6小时/天/人。
2、同传、交传及大、中、小型会议半天，均按一天费用的 60%收取费用。
3、加班每超过1小时，按1000元--1600元/小时/人加收费用。
4、外埠出差在原价格上增加20％，客户负责翻译的交通、食宿和安全等费用。
5、提供最新款BOSCH同传设备租赁并负责技术支持。
（设备租赁价格请来电索取）中、英互译每小时/每人 1000-1200每天/每人 6000-8000中、俄法德意日互译每小时/每人 1200-1400 每天/每人 7000-9000中、其它小语种互译每小时/每人 1400-1600 每天/每人 8000-10000DVD/VCD视频和音频听力翻译报价中←→英中←→日法德俄中←→小语种外←→外录象带时长（分钟） 100以内 100-300 300以上中→英英→中中→外外→中中→外外→中外←→外180-240 160-230 140-220150-200 130-180 120-160240-300 220-290180-240 160-240300-400 290-440200-290 200-290320-580 300-540备注：本报价除了用时间分钟计费外，还可用字数计费，价格面议。
学术成绩证明(范本)
学术成绩证明(范本)
尊敬的收件人，
我写信是为了确认 {学生姓名} 在我们学校就读期间的学术表现。
经过仔细的评估和考察，我很高兴向您证明 {学生姓名} 在学术方面取得了卓越的成绩。
在 {学生姓名} 就读期间，他/她充分展示了他/她的才智、奉献精神和研究能力。
他/她在课堂上表现积极主动，对学术课程展现了浓厚的兴趣。
他/她勤奋研究，对待研究任务认真负责，并始终保持良好的专业态度。
我衷心相信，{学生姓名} 在未来的学术领域中将取得巨大的成就。
他/她的分数记录证明了他/她在学术方面的出色表现。
下面是他/她在各个学科的成绩汇总：
- 学科A: 成绩是 {成绩}
- 学科B: 成绩是 {成绩}
- 学科C: 成绩是 {成绩}
- ...
通过这些成绩，我们可以看到 {学生姓名} 在各个学科都取得了优异的成绩。
我强烈推荐 {学生姓名} 继续追求他/她的学术梦想，并认为他/她有能力在将来的学术生涯中取得更大的成就。
如果您需要进一步了解关于 {学生姓名} 的学术成绩的信息，请随时与我联系。
非常感谢您对 {学生姓名} 学术能力的关注。
祝好，
{您的姓名}
{职位}
{联系方式}。
精诚英语翻译是如何收费的
精诚英语翻译工作室，让翻译成为平民的服务！精诚英语翻译工作室-翻译报价50-80元千字（市场价格100-130，团队网络化运作，零成本，价格自然低）。
想了解行业最低的翻译报价，请百度搜索精诚英语翻译近期打折优惠中，惊喜不断，欢迎网上搜索精诚英语翻译工作室是由众多英语方面精英组成的翻译团队,一直致力于为广大中小企业和个人提供专业低价中英文翻译服务。
价格是我们永远的优势！！！！最低价格支付宝担保交易，让你省钱又放心接受试译！！自信源于专业专业翻译护照、签证、出国资料等各种文件。
专业翻译商业信件、公司简介、广告宣传、邀请函、商务报告、科普资料等非专业性文档。
专业翻译公司营业执照、税务登记证、组织机构代码证、资质证等各种证件。
为什么我们收费会比较低？翻译团队运作，低成本优势有些客户会担心，这么低的价格，质量是否有保证呢，我们可以负责任的说，价格低不是因为质量差，通过网络直接联系客户，通过让利吸引客户。
因为合理有竞争力的价格，我们已经积累了许多的客户，工作室已经取得了不错的发展。
我们会继续坚持低价保质的原则，以在市场上争取一席之地。
部分翻译案例青岛贝尔特公司网站5万字中文因为满意的价格和质量,合作过三次广州某公司网站翻译4万字中文整个网站翻译上海宜众菜谱设计因为满意的价格和质量,一直在合作广杰企业咨询管理3万中文中国工控网2万中文许多论文中英互译(每篇论文3千—2到3万字) 其他——证件（身份证、房产证）、企业介绍及宣传材料、个人材料（简历、签证材料、留学材料、推荐信）等翻译。
4月9日，《民族文学》少数民族文字版翻译工作交流会在京举行。
国家民委中国民族语文翻译局党委书记兰智奇、局长阿里木·沙比提，《民族文学》主编石一宁等出席会议。
自2009年以来，中国民族语文翻译局协助杂志社系统承担了《民族文学》少数民族文字版的翻译审读工作。
兰智奇表示，《民族文学》少数民族文字版的创办在国内外都有重要意义，是一个高瞻远瞩的创举。
毕业论文翻译案例 精诚翻译翻译报价
精诚翻译五折优惠中翻译报价50到70元千字（市场价100左右），全网最低，找最便宜，就百度搜索精诚翻译或者50元翻译免费试译，免费修改满意付款Ladies and gentlemean, I want to thank XXXXX for giving me such an opportunity to meet many veteran and new friends here. It is a great honor for me to analyze on current condition of China’ fuel oil market and predict its future.In 2011, the global economy slowed down and faced the danger of reaching bottom, developed economies’ debt crisis continu ed, the international oil price shocked a lot, China 's foreign trade environment worsened further, emerging economies were faced with "dilemma" situation which features both increasing inflationary pressure and economic decline, China realized "soft landing". China' fuel oil market pattern experienced a subtle change. Non-standard diesel fuel and light boat fuel market suddenly merged; Local refineries established comprehensive cooperation relationship with Sinopec and PetroChina to share their advantages;Bonded oil market became further open, ship supply market experienced a large year-on-year increase.Under the government's guidance, China's fuel oil market developed towards a more reasonable orientation.The introduction of tax rebate policy for fuel oils further encourage deep processing of fuel oil; And the reduction of fuel oil tariff brought about good environment for imports of fuel oil; Integration of fuel oil import quota provided private enterprises with more extensive market spaces.In recent years, Chinese economy has maintained stable and rapid growth,investments on construction of ports and related facilities also has also increased, coupled with frequent exchanges of vessels, ship oil market get great development space. The healthy competition in the market leads to its accelerated development. I want to introduce the market's main characteristics.China's ship fuel market mainly includes two parts, one is for domestic ships, the other is for bonded ships, now 90% of bonded ships rely on imports. The market mainly has following features. Firstly domestic ships' demand increases steadily, because there is relevant data from any authoritative organization, I just give estimated result. Secondly, the market of domestic boats is more intense, there are over 500 enterprises which are engaged in the field, due to relatively low threshold of market access,the number of market players is enormous. Thirdly, the price of fuel oil for domestic trade ships is mainly determined by the market, while the prices of diesel and petrol are controlled by the government, which is the most obvious characteristic. So there is fuel oil future in futures exchanges. Fourthly, bonded oil market developes quickly, but also become increasingly competitive. Recently the government introduced a new policy to encourage chain operation in the bonded fuel market, this is actually a kind of opening policy. Fifthly, the price of domesticbonded oils is obviously higher than the international price, although now most of bonded oils are imported, because of higher price, consumers have to pay higher price when they buy bonded oils in domestic ports, which hinders the development of marine bonded oil market. Sixthly, bonded oils' procurement channels become more and more diversified.The global market of ship fuel oils has an turnover of 200 to 250 million tons a year, ship oils' market price is closely related to international price. Generally, a car moves within a city, while a ship travels around the world, the ship owner usually choose a oil supplier which offer the lowest price, this is the biggest characteristic. The quick growth of world economy leads to increasing demand, so far, Chinese boat oil market has great potential which has not been fully developed.The situations of local refineriesAccording to the 2011 edition of "Industrial Structure Adjustment Directory", all small refineries whose processing capacities are below 2 million tons / year will be phased out by the end of 2013. Now, the policy has been implemented for nearly a year, those refineries are under enormous pressure, they have to consider transition or scale expansion. And 2012 is a key year for them.Three kinds of situations among local refineriesIn China's refining and petrochemical field, in addition to the large state-owned enterprise groups-Sinopec and China Petroleum, there are also a group local refineries. They are distributed in Shandong, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan and other oil producing regions surrounding or are close to major ports. Some of them are privately owned enterprises,some are state-owned enterprises, foreign enterprises and joint venture companies are also available in the market. They need to struggle to survive in the market, because they have little quota and few sales networks.With policy restriction in raw materials, any adjustment of policy can cause them in trouble. According to the 2011 edition of "Industry Structural Adjustment Directory", all small refineries whose processing capacities are below 2 million tons / year will be phased out by the end of 2013.With many policy restrictions and and enormous pressure, how are they operating? How do they respond to industry adjustment strategies?Situation 1: Struggling for survivalAs for local refineries with processing capacity of below 2 million tons / year, industrial structure adjustment policy means the choice of life and death, they have to struggle hard to meed the requirement, if they want to survive in the market.The relevant provisions concerning the phasing out in the 2011 edition of "Industrial Structure Adjustment Directory cause greatest threat on them, for example, waste rubber and plastic tufa refining process, tar intermittent asphalt production and other backward technologies and equipments have to be removed. Take a local refinery enterprise from Zibo, Shandong- Hongyuan Petrochemical as an example, on one hand, it get a heavy oil deep processing project with its strong resource operation ability, thus making good use of national policy; On the other hand, as a large taxpayer in the region,it obtains favor from political leaders in both county and city level and get great policy support.There are many enterprises like Hongyuan Petrochemical company, Shandong Huifeng Petrochemical Group is one of them.Situation 2 Facing difficulty in scale expansionAs for local oil refining enterprises whose processing capacity is between 2 million tons/year and 5 million tons/year, industrial structure adjustment means not only restriction on scale expansion but also more fierce competition.2011版《产业结构调整目录》中限制类内容石油石化部分明确指出：限制新建1000万吨/年以下常减压、150万吨/年以下催化裂化、100万吨/年以下连续重整（含芳烃抽提）、150万吨/年以下加氢裂化装置……The 2011 edition of" directory" industrial structural adjustment in the restricted content petroleum petrochemical part clearly pointed out: the new restrictions on10000000tons / year following decompression,1500000tons / year following the FCC,1000000tons / year following the CCR ( containing aromatic extraction ),1500000tons / year following the hydrocracking unit ... ...The State encourages petrochemical enterprises forward intensive is changed, dimensions is changed, standardization direction development, environmental and safety standards are also more mention is higher, the industry development is a goodthing, but according to these enterprises at present the financial strength, only to gradually expand the scale of development, step by step, but according to the latest catalog request, future to examine and approve to moderate or even smaller refinery project would be more difficult.当前国家鼓励石化企业朝着集约化、规模化、规范化方向发展，环保和安全方面的标准也越提越高，对行业发展而言是好事儿，但按照这些企业目前的资金实力，要发展只能逐步扩大规模，循序渐进，但根据新版目录的要求，今后要审批到中等甚至较小规模的炼化项目会越来越难。
上海翻译论文翻译报价收费
上海翻译论文翻译报价收费加-微-信：544609186精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起（市场价格10元，比传统翻译机构低40%左右，互联网+时代，省去中间的环节，价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构，5年经验保证，首推先翻译后付费模式，无效免单，免费试译，免费修改，为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆，五折优惠中，可以通过以上方式咨询！UNLIKE many recent political documentaries, “An Inconvenient Truth”does not aim its fiercest fire at George Bush. （1）Surprising this, especially as the film stars Al Gore, the man whom President Bush ★narrowly [1] beat to the White House in 2000. Instead, Davis Guggenheim, the film's director, tries to rise above American politics, addressing his film, which is to be shown at the Cannes film festival 2 later this month, to the whole of the human race.《难以忽视的真相》并不像许多政治题材的纪录片那样，将最猛烈的炮火对准乔治•布什。
尤为令人感到意外的是，这部电影的领衔主演竟然是曾在2000年惜败于布什总统的阿尔•戈尔。
导演戴维斯•古根汉姆力图超越美国政治，将这部即将于本月下旬在戛纳电影节上映的影片视角定位到整个人类。
（2）Mr Guggenheim's film is a fascinating and alarming ★polemic[2] that does, indeed, set out to speak to everyone. It was inspired by the lectures and slide-show on global warming that Mr Gore has delivered more than 1,000 times since he failed to become president. The former vice-president is shown talking about what he calls “our planetary emergency”to groups of concerned Americans, displaying the relaxed charm and sense of humour that he notably lacked as a political campaigner.古根汉姆的影片就像一场精彩、惊人的辩论，而且其开场白的确也是说给每个人听的。
专业英文文献翻译公司精诚翻译报价
精诚翻译全网最低报价50元-70元千字（市场价为100元）先翻译后付费不仅仅是便宜的收费，保证让您满意，不满意免单咨询翻译事宜可以百度搜索精诚翻译找到我们1<A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty>Drawing on brand relationship theory and attitude theory, this study investigates the relationships among destination image, destination personality, tourist-destination relationship and tourist behavior. Using a sample of 428 foreign tourists visiting the Angkor temple area of Cambodia and the structural equation modeling technique, the results reveal that destination image and destination personality have positive effects on the tourist-destination relationship, which in turn affect tourist behavior. The study lends support to brand relationship theory, indicating that tourists form em otional relationships with destinations, and further supports Bagozzi‟s (1992) reformulation of attitude theory with regard to the cognitive, affective and behavior sequence.Destination imageDestination image is defined as the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a tourist holds about a destination (Crompton, 1979), and it is viewed as a multidimensional construct composed of three primary dimensions, i.e. cognitive, affective, and conative (Beerli & Martin, 2004; Prayag, 2007). The cognitive component involves beliefs and knowledge about the physical attributes of a destination, while the affective one refers to the appraisal of the affective quality of feelings towardthe attributesandthe surrounding environment (Baloglu & McCleary,1999). The conative component is considered analogous to behavior, and evolves from cognitive and affective images (Beerli & Martin, 2004; Prayag, 2007).Brand personalityBrand personality is defined as the set of human characteristics associated with a brand. Aaker (1997) conceptualizes it using the five trait dimensions of sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness. These dimensions have been applied to various settings across different cultures to gauge consumers‟ symbolic consumption and thei r effects on behavior (Ekinci & Hosany, 2006). By adopting Aaker‟s (1997) terminology of brand personality, Ekinci and Hosany (2006) define destination personality as the set of human characteristics associated with a destination, and find that tourists ascribe personality characteristics to destinations based on three salient dimensions: sincerity, excitement and conviviality. The concept of destination personality has been applied to characterize tourism destinations (Hosany et al., 2006; Murphy, Benchendorff, & Moscardo, 2007; Park & Jung, 2010; Prayag, 2007), and its effects on differentiating among them (Murphy, Moscardo, & Benckendorff, 2007).2<A model of destination branding: Integrating the concepts of the branding and destination image>Despite the significance of destination branding in both academia and industry, literature on itsconceptual development is limited. The current study aims to develop and test a theoretical model of destination branding, which integrates the concepts of the branding and destination image. The study suggests unique image as a new component of destination brand associations. It is proposed that the overall image of the destination (i.e., brand image) is a mediator between its brand associations (i.e., cognitive, affec tive, and unique image components) and tourists‟ future behaviors (i.e., intentions to revisit and recommend). The results confirmed that overall image is influenced by three types of brand associations and is a critical mediator between brand associations and tourists‟ future behaviors. In addition, unique image had the second largest impact on the overall image formation, following the cognitive evaluations.Destination BrandingDestination branding can be defined as a way to communicate a destination‟s unique identity by differentiating a destination from its competitors (Morrison & Anderson, 2002). Similar to the general knowledge on brands, destination brands exert two important functions: identification and differentiation. In the branding literature, the meaning of “identification” involves the explication of the source of the product to consumers. While a product in general terms represents a physical offering, which can be easily modified, a place as a product is a large entity which contains various material and non-material elements to represent it (Florek, 2005). For example, a place includes tangible attributes such as historical sites or beaches as well as intangible characteristics such as culture, customs, and history. Because of the complex nature of a destination to be a brand, generalization of the identity is inevitable.Brand identity and imageBrand identity reflects the contribution of all brand elements to awareness and image (Keller, 1998, p. 166). It provides a direction, purpose, and meaning for the brand and is central to a brand‟s strategic vision and the driver of brand associations (Aaker, 1996). On the other hand, brand image can be defined as consumer perceptions of a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consu mer‟s memory (Keller, 2008). To brand a destination, the sender (i.e., destination marketers) projects a destination brand identity through all the features and activities that differentiate the destination from other competing destinations. All the while, the receiver (i.e., a consumer) perceives the image of the place, which is formed and stored in their minds (Florek et al., 2006).Brand associationsbrand associations are classified into three major categories: attributes, benefits, and attitudes (Keller, 1993, 1998). According to Keller (1993, 1998), attributes are those descriptive features that characterize a brand. In other words, an attribute is what a consumer thinks the brand is or has to offer and what is involved with its purchase or consumption. The benefits that may occur are the personal value consumers associate with the brand attributes in the form of functional, symbolic, experiential attachments. That is, what consumers think the brand can do for them. Brand attitudes are consumers‟ overall evaluations of the brand and are the basis for consumerbehavior (e.g., brand choice).3<A multidimensional analysis of the information sources construct and its relevance for destination image formation>The images of a tourist destination often depend on information and contents generated by travelers, suppliers, and residents. This article analyzes the weight that different information sources exert in defining the overall information source construct. The authors adopt a multidimensional methodology; unlike prior research, this study considers the combined weight of various web platforms for determining the images of tourist destinations. Thus, in addition to integrating various explanatory models to detail how the images of a tourist destination form, this study adds web platform factors and thereby moves beyond the influences of traditional, offline sources of information. The results of a survey of 541 tourists and residents of Mallorca, according to different descriptive statistics and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, indicate that different websites, reflecting both supplier- and user generated content, exert important influences and combine to form an information source construct. Furthermore, users who publish tourist information online value web platforms that offer user-generated content when they seek information about a tourist destination for themselves. These findings in turn offer several managerial recommendations.4<China‟s Chairman Mao: A visual analysis of Hunan Pro vince online destination image>Chairman Mao Zedong, founder of the People‟s Republic of China, is the main attraction in Shaoshan Village, Hunan. The Great Helmsman was born here and his likeness lives on after him in the form of statues, portraits, and souvenirs. His legacy is commemorated at his childhood home and family shrine filled with markers, displays and artifacts. This paper describes how these representations of Mao work as a key element of the Hunan (湖南) Province online tourism destination image. The study was based on a compound content analysis-semiotic analysis method and a purposive sample of 995 photographs gathered from 257 websites. It was found that Mao-related photographic representations found online make up an interconnected and internally self-referential destination image of Hunan. The image combines intrinsic cultural value with commercial use value in ways that complement China‟s Green and Red Tourism policy. The control of this complex image is not, however, entirely in the hands of tourism marketers.Tourism Destination ImageDestination image theory in tourism research was originally used to describe an induced-organic image dualism (Gunn, 1972) that contrasted destination marketing against the experiences and perceptions of visitors. Recognizing that induced and organic image perspectives might be mutually independent, the theory was refined into a set of three constructs, including: 1) destination imagery as the topography of the touristic landscape and its material objects and experiences (Wolcott, 1995); 2) perceived destination image as the effect of individual or collective audiences‟ exposure to destination imagery; and 3) projected destination image as the purposive generation and packaging of imagery in print and electronic forms for marketing orcommentary (Gartner, 1994; Pritchard & Morgan, 2001).5<Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis>Extant literature is inconclusive on the linkage between destination image and tourist loyalty, due to the multi-dimensional nature of the two concepts. The present study attempts to draw some informative conclusions about the relationship through a meta-analysis. A research framework was proposed in which 14 hypotheses were developed. A total of 66 independent studies were synthesized and analyzed. The findings reveal that the impact of destination image on tourist loyalty is significant, with varying degrees. Specifically, overall image has the greatest impact on tourist loyalty, followed by affective image and cognitive image. Cognitive affective joint image fails to demonstrate a stable impact on tourist loyalty. Of the three levels of tourist loyalty, destination image has the greatest impact on composite loyalty, and then on attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty, successively. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications for destination marketing and management.Destination ImageCustomer LoyaltyCustomer loyalty has been defined in several ways (Jacoby & Kyner, 1973). The first definition of loyalty is attitudinal. Customers‟ beliefs about the value received lead to their overall attitude toward a product or service, such as the intention to repurchase (Fournier, 1994; Hawkins, Best, &Coney, 1989). The second defines loyalty as behaviors, including continued patronage and act of recommendation (Hughes,1991; Sönmez & Graefe,1998). An alternative conceptualization is the integration of the two views, which defines customer loyalty as the relationship between relative attitude and repeat patronage (Dick & Basu, 1994; Oliver, 1999).Tourist loyaltyTourist loyalty has been treated as an extension of customer loyalty in tourism setting (Backman & Crompton,1991; Baloglu, 2001); that is, if destination experience is considered as a product, tourists may choose to revisit or recommend it to friends and relatives (Yoon & Uysal, 2005). Specifically, tourist loyalty has been conceptualized in one of the following approaches: behavioral loyalty, attitudinal loyalty, and composite loyalty (Jacoby & Chestnut,1978). Behavioral loyalty focuses on the behavioral outcome such as repeat visits. This approach usually fails to disclose the anteceding factors that affect customer loyalty (Yoon & Uysal, 2005). Attitudinal loyalty refers to tourists‟ psychological expression such as intention to revisit a destination or recommend to other potential tourists. The composite or combined approach of loyalty suggests the integration of both attitude and behavior (Backman & Crompton, 1991; Iwaskaki & Havitz, 1998); that is, tourists who demonstrate behavioral loyalty toward particular destinations tend to have a positive attitude toward those destinations.At operational level, revisit intention and recommendations to others are the most commonly used measured for tourist loyalty (Alcañiz et al., 2009; Horng et al., 2012; Hung & Petrick, 2012; Oppermann, 2000). Repeat visitors represent a much desired market segment for many tourism products and destinations (Lau & McKercher, 2004). They tend to stay longer at a destination (Oppermann, 1998), spread positive word of mouth (Oppermann, 2000; Shoemaker & Lewis, 1999), and participate in consumptive activities more intensively (L ehto, O‟Leary, & Morrison, 2004). Repeat visitors are also cost-effective as they incur a much lower marketing costs than first-time visitors (Shoemaker & Lewis, 1999).6<Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan>Despite the significance of perceived travel risk and destination image, relatively few studies address the effect of perceived travel risks on the formation of destination image, and the mediating role of destination image. This study draws new insights by examining (1) the effects of perceived risks on destination image, and (2) the mediating role of destination image between perceived risks and revisit intention of repeat tourists to a risky destination. With perceived risk and destination image being empirically distinctive constructs, findings revealed that perceived socio-psychological and financial risks influenced both cognitive and affective destination images. Perceived physical risk did not have a significant influence on destination image, although it directly affected revisit intention. Additionally, destination image significantly mediated the relationships between two risks, namely, perceived sociopsychological and financial risks, and revisit intention. Several managerial implications concerning the management of risk perceptions and the promotion of risky destinations are discussed in this study.Perception of RiskPerception of risk is of paramount importance in tourists‟ decision-making process as it can alter rational decision-making pertaining to destination choice (Sönmez & Graefe, 1998a). Perceived risk is defined as consumer perception of the probability that an action may expose them to danger that can influence travel decisions if the perceived danger is deemed to be beyond anacceptable level (Mansfeld, 2006; Reichel et al., 2007). A certain level of probability can be attached to risk to determine probable loss (Stone & Grønhaug,1993). The perception of travel risks such as physical risk, psychological risk, financial risk, and health risk may arise from perceived potential loss as a result of natural disaster (Mansfeld, 2006), epidemics (Rittichainuwat & Chakraborty, 2009), terrorism (Sönmez & Graefe, 1998b), and political instability (Carter, 1998). Such perceptions may differ from reality (Roehl & Fesenmaier, 1992) as media plays a key role in forming consumers‟ risk perceptions through information dissemination of affected destinations.7<The contribution of website design to the generation of tourist destination image: The moderating effect of involvement>The question of how tourist destination image is generated is an issue of significant interest in the tourism management field. The present work analyzes the effect of the design of a tourist destination website, and the effect of the tourist's processing of information, on the destination image that the tourist creates. In order to achieve this objective, an experimental design was carried out, in which a destination website was specially created in order to manipulate message type and information overload. The results demonstrate that destination image is more positive when emotional messages are employed on the website and when the individual does not experience overload. The work also demonstrates the moderating role of involvement, in the effect of the factors manipulated in the study (message type and information-overload) on tourist destination image. The conclusions reached in this study hold some interesting implications for practitioners working in tourist destination management.Destination image8<The relationship between travel constraints and destination image: A case study of Brunei>This study evaluated the relationship between travel constraints and destination image of young travelers to Brunei. This study found a significant relationship between destination image and travel constraints during the early decision-making process. This study concluded travel constraints impact on the formation of destination image during the early decision-making process. Study results contribute to the body of knowledge in two areas. First, four dimensions of travel constraints and three dimensions of perceived destination image were identified. In addition to the 3-dimension hierarchal constraints (structural, intrapersonal, and interpersonal), a new constraint dimension (unfamiliar cultural constraints) was revealed. Second, this study confirmed the relationship between travel constraints and destination image. Relatively few studies address the role of travel constraints to the formation of destination image. This is the first study providingempirical evidence demonstrating Brunei‟s destination image and travel constraints impact young travelers during the early decision-making process.Travel ConstraintsPast research has shown participation in leisure activity, including travel, might be inhibited by constraints (Jackson, 1988, 1991). Leisure constraints and the benefits of leisure are the two basic factors that influence the travel decision-making process. The major constraints affecting travel are social, political, physical, financial, time, health, family stage, lack of interest, fear and safety, lack of transportation, companionship, overcrowding, distance, and limited information about potential destinations (Carneiro & Crompton, 2010; Jackson, 1988). As such, leisure constraints have been shown to prohibit participation in tourism activities (Um & Crompton, 1999).9<Tourists' opinions and their selection of tourism destination images: An affective and motivational evaluation>Image is an important component of tourism destination marketing because it influences tourists' behavior by stimulating multiple creative activities and experiences. Previous studies have shown that destination image formation affects travelers' thinking and feeling. Therefore, exploring the role of destination images is vital for the promotion of tourist destinations as holiday resources. We were interested in exploring the tourist's opinion in selecting touristic images used for promotional aims. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the affective and motivational factors with regard to a case-tourist destination, comparing two sets of images. The results showed that tourists considered the images in the first set to be stereotypical, while those in the second set evoked more affective and motivational attributes, increasing their desire to visit the represented places. The results of logistic regression analyses underlined that tourists are more influenced by the images in the second set. Finally, marketing implications are discussed.10<Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography>With the arrival of new media and communication technologies in recent years, user-generated content (UGC) on the internet has increasingly been considered a credible form of word-of-mouth. Social media websites, such as Facebook, Flickr, and Panoramio, allow tourists to share their travel experiences with others by uploading travel photos online, an activity that has gained popularity among internet users. Unlike images created and projected by destination marketing organizations (DMOs), pictorial UGC reflects users‟ perceptions of a destination. This study compared images of Peru collected from a DMO‟s site and from Flickr, a photo-sharing website and identified statistical differences in several dimensions of these images. The study visualized these differences by constructing maps representing “aggregated” projected and perceived images of Peru, as well as maps of geographical distribution of the images.11<Destination images of non-visitors>This article provides much needed understanding of destination images held by non-visitors. Recognizing the characteristics of non-visitor images and their formation is important in order to understand images more widely. This qualitative study assesses images of London. The views of three hundred people in the Czech Republic who have never visited London were obtained via an innovative open-ended research instrument. The study showed that non-visitors imagine destinations through comparisons with their own experiences of places. Findings indicate that images can be very persistent and that the first images formed of a destination endure over time. Although the research is based on people with no direct experience of London, the research highlights that arrange of secondary …experiences‟ influence image formation.City ImageFor many urban researchers the city is best understood as an …imagined environment‟ even for those who experience that environment on a daily basis (e.g. Donald, 1999; Raban, 1974). As Pike(1996, p. 246) states, the city is itself ……by any definition, a social image‟‟. The very idea of …the city‟ has been created through practices, representations and the meanings that are generated by human cultures. According to Donald (1999, p. 8) ……the city is an abstraction which claims to identity what, if anything, is common to all cities‟‟. Therefore, it is impossible to e xamine city images without recognizing the importance of urban representations, particularly iconographic representations distributed via film, television and painting. Distinct from perspectives relating to the cognitive personal and psychological perception of the urban landscape, cultural analyses of place image emphasize the importance of mythic places, imaginary places, and places constructed through the production of discourse.12<Examining the structural relationships of electronic word of mouth, destination image, tourist attitude toward destination and travel intention: An integrated approach>The purpose of this paper is to study the interrelationships among electronic word of mouth (eWOM), destination image, tourist attitude, and travel intention in the tourism industry. In addition, the paper examines the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on the research variables. A 10 min pen and paper questionnaire was distributed to international tourists in Isfahan through a nonprobability, convenience-sampling approach. Reliability and validity of the measurement scale were established through average variance extracted (A VE), Cronbach‟s alpha analyses, and intercorrelation analyses. A structural equation model (SEM) test with maximum likelihood estimation was performed to test the relationship among the research variables using 264 participants. In addition, the possible influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the research variables was analyzed using an ANOV A. The empirical results from the structural model suggest that: (1) eWOM positively influences the destination image, tourist attitude and travel intention; (2) destination image and tourist attitude have a significant relationship with intention to travel; (3) destination image positively affects tourist attitude, and (4) the socio-demographic characteristics influence using eWOM, destination image, tourist attitude, and travel intention. Implications and future research issues were discussed.Electronic word of mouthElectronic WOM (eWOM) communication refers to any positive or negative statement made by potential, actual, or former custo- mers about a product or company, which is made available to a multitude of people and institutions via the Internet (Litvin et al., 2008). eWOM is considered as an important information source influencing tourists‟ travel intention and choice of destination (Grewal, Cline & Davies, 2003; Soderlund & Rosengren, 2007; Ying & Chung, 2007; Yun & Good, 2007; Jalilvand & Samiei, 2012b, 2012c). Findings of recent studies show different effects of online reviews on the product/service sales. For instance, Chevalier and Mayzlin (2006) and Ye, Law, Gu, and Chen (2011) also indicated that online reviews have a significant impact on online sales. Since online traveler reviews are an important source of information to both travelers and tourism firms, researchers have attempted to analyze and understand online traveler reviews by sophisticated technolo- gies (Govers & Go, 2005; Ye, Law & Gu, 2009, Ye, Zhang & Law, 2009). Previous studies have shown that online travel reviews may influence the decisions of travelers (Vermeulen & Seegers, 2009).////Tourism has become increasingly dependent on image (Tasci & Gartner, 2007). Holidays are intangible products, which are concurrently produced and consumed and therefore cannot be evaluated beforehand (Lewis & Chambers, 2000; Mundt, 2000).Thus, image plays a major role in travel decisions and choice of destinations (Chen & Tsai, 2007; Nadeau, Heslop, O'Reilly, & Luk, 2008; Tasci & Gartner, 2007). Accordingly, the study of destination image has been a focus of tourism research for nearly four decades. While there is a relative abundance of research analyzing the image induced by the tourism industry's promotional materials (e.g., Gartner, 1989; S€onmez & Sirakaya, 2002) only a few of these studies have focused on the Internet (Lepp, Gibson, & Lane, 2011).。
留学文书翻译留学材料翻译
精诚翻译工作室翻译报价 50到70元千字（而传统翻译公司的报价是100元以上）可以百度精诚翻译找到我们精诚翻译保证全网最低重大事件中的警察-媒体关系：来自俄克拉荷马城的访谈Tory J. Caeti, John Liederbach和Steven S.摘要危机事件，包括自然灾害、有害物质泄漏、劫持人质以及恐怖分子袭击时期的警务工作成为911之后特别重要的话题。
鉴于这些事件特别引人注目，警方人员往往需要在这些事件时跟媒体建立并保持联系，特别是记者和他们的工作人员，而这些人的目标跟执法人员相冲突。
本文使用俄克拉荷马城爆炸案以及提摩太和泰瑞·尼克尔斯相关试验的访谈数据，研究了跟危机事件期间警察-媒体关系有关的问题。
这些访谈提出了警察工作的重要原则，在危机事件时，他们必须跟媒体建立成功的关系。
介绍警方和媒体在重大事件中的冲突已经变得非常普遍-执法人员处尽力保护证据，帮助受害者，跟证人谈话，而现场记者和摄像人员采访当地、州或联邦官员。
这些事件越血腥或让人激动，媒体就越有兴趣。
纽约市的911袭击跟华盛顿狙击手枪击事件等最近许多的危机事件表明，这些冲突非常的麻烦。
危急事件可能包括自然灾害、人质事件、自杀、凶杀案、有害物质泄漏和恐怖袭击。
对于执法人员和行政人员，控制这些危机事件变得更加重要。
由于这些引人注目紧急事件独特的性质，危机事件为研究警察-媒体关系的影响提高了很好的条件。
本文使用一个特别可怕的危机事件-1995年俄克拉荷马城摩拉联邦大厦爆炸的访谈记录，进行危机事件时期警察-媒体关系的案例研究。
我们提供了当地警方和联邦特工（这些人在爆炸之后马上到了现场)以及提摩太和泰瑞·尼克尔斯的的访谈记录。
此外，其中一个作者都在这两个事件的现场，且负责安全工作。
这些访谈使我们能够研究俄克拉荷马城媒体和警务人员之间的沟通过程，并了解媒体压力如何影响警察的决策。
最后，访谈给希望改善警察-媒体关系的执法人员提供了有用的信息。
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