北京大学1986年研究生入学考试试题
北京大学经济学原理历年考研真题及答案共5套!
北京大学1998年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：经济学原理 考试时间：1998年1月17日下午 招生专业：经济学院各专业及人口所部分专业 研究方向：政治经济学1．马克思是如何从“20匹麻布=1件上衣”来分析相对价值形式的量的规定性的？（10分） 2．在马克思的理论中，是如何分析“G —W ”的？ （8分）3．马克思在《资本论》中将农业中级差地租的总和称之为“虚假的社会价值”，为什么？（5分）4．什么是金融资本？（2分）5．如何理解中共十五大关于公有制实现形式多样化的论调？（10分）6．现代企业制度的基本内容是什么？谈谈你对中国国有企业改革的基本想法。
（15分）宏观经济学一、新古典宏观经济学和凯恩斯主义在理论基本假设上的主要区别是什么？（4）二、在经济复苏时期，凯恩斯主义者在财政政策和货币政策的使用上是否有所侧重？为什么？（5分）三、货币创造乘数的大小受到哪些因素的影响？（6分）四、请说明公债在宏观经济政策中的地位和作用。
（10分）微观经济学一、论述题1．利用图说明“吉芬之谜”的答案。
（8分）2．说明寡头市场弯折的需求曲线模型。
（9分）二、计算题（8分）已知某完全竞争厂商的短期生产函数为Q=L 0.5K 0.5，生产要素资本的价格P K =8，厂商在边际替代率MRTS LK =0.25时实现最大利润。
求：（1）该厂商所面临的生产要素劳动的价格P L ；（2）当成本C=3200时，该厂商实现最大产量的均衡L 、K 和Q 值。
答案部分北京大学1998年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：经济学原理 考试时间：1998年1月17日下午 招生专业：经济学院各专业及人口所部分专业 研究方向：政治经济学1．马克思是如何从“20匹麻布=1件上衣”来分析相对价值形式的量的规定性的？（10分）答：“20匹麻布=1件上衣”是简单价值形式的表达。
在这种价值形式中，等式两端的商品所处的地位和作用是不同的。
其中左边的商品处于主动地位，要求把自己的价值相对的表现在另一种商品上为相对价值形式；而右边的商品则处于被动地位，是等价物，起着表现左边商品的价值的作用，因此叫等价形式。
全国名校历年研究生入学考试试题真题_2014年北京大学各专业考研试题集合
2014年北京大学347心理学专业综合考研试题心理学专业综合考研试题（（回忆版回忆版））一简述一简述：：1.心理测验信效度关系2.从众及发生机理3.社会认知失调理论(举例说明)4.管理学中的人性假设5.霍桑效应及心理学家如何解释的二、论述论述1.自我效能感如何发生的？以及在自我职业生涯中起的作用？2.能力高的员工绩效高，可也离职率高，利用管理心理学理论解释处理此难题？3.精神分析学派的代表人物观点，至少五位三、实验题实验题：：1.量性研究和质性研究地震灾民心理健康影响因素，设计实验证明。
2.不同的压力是取决于人的认知评价。
设计实验证明。
（实验题意思如此）2015年北京大学行政管理考研真题最新回忆版专业一：行政学原理一、辨析题（40分）1、行政伦理：有人说公务员的行政伦理是在执行公务过程中的道德。
2、职位分类：职位分类是任务分类和工作评价的基础。
所有在工作过程中，做好职位分类能为工作分类和任务分类提供较好的效率和效果。
3、不完全授权，是有限使用权力。
跟特定授权有根本的区别。
4、合同管理：合同管理是指用人方跟当事人约定的权力义务关系，跟第三方没有物资利益关系。
二、简单分析题（35分）材料一：十八届三中全会以来，收入分配职能在政府职能中的地位越来越重要（略）请根据公共财政相关知识，简述下收入分配职能的措施，为什么？三、论述题（75分）北大行管资料请大家加我的扣扣：2零8六六六8364材料一：十八届四中全会通过《以宪法为核心的依法治国的若干决定》提出政府依法行政及依法执政能力的提升（略）分别从《公共行政学》第三版“行政领导”和《人力资源开发与管理》绩效考评与管理的角度谈谈以下问题。
1、行政干部管理，如何依法行政和依法执政能力的提高，为什么？（35分）2、依法行政和依法执政能力的提高，考核的指标有哪些？如何设计？（40分）综合（二）试题一：发展管理（25分）第一试题：材料：现代政府的基本职能和经济职能间的关系问题。
北京大学研究生入学考试1996年试题
北京大学研究生入学考试1996年试题考试科目：综合考试招生专业：法学各专业考试时间：2月5日上午研究方向：法学各方向（答案请一律写在答题纸上）法理学（20分）一、简述法的规范作用。
（5分）二、谈谈第二次世界大战后资本主义法制的主要发展变化。
（5分）三、怎样理解我国法的渊源中法律和法规的区别。
（5分）四、简述法律关系客体的种类。
（5分）宪法学（20分）一、向全国人大有权提出议案的有哪些单位？（10分）二、民族自治地方的自治机关有哪些自治权？（10分）民法学（15分）根据我国《民法通则》、《继承法》、《著作权法》的有关规定，设想在下列民事主体之间可能因哪些法律事实，形成哪些常见的民事法律关系、继承法律关系、著作权法律关系？（不用作详细分析）1、具有完全民事行为能力的公民与一百货商店（法人）之间。
（5分）2、一公民死亡，在该死亡者的继承人之间以及继承人与其他公民、法人之间。
（5分）3、一画家与收藏、印制、出售绘画作品的画店之间。
（5分）刑法学（15分）一、名词解释：（每词2.5分，共5分）1、结合犯2、复杂客体二、简述题：（每题5分，共10分）1、简述犯罪过失的基本特征。
2、简述适用缓刑的条件。
民事诉讼法学（15分）一、我国民事诉讼中的协议管辖有何特点。
（5分）二、诉权与诉讼权利是何关系。
（5分）三、如何认识督促程序中的支付令。
（5分）刑事诉讼法学（15分）一、人民法院对提起公诉的案件进行审查后可作出哪几种决定？作出这些决定的条件分别是什么？（5分）二、已发生法律效力的判决和裁定主要有哪几种？（5分）三、某人民法院经过开庭审理，确认据以认定被告人有罪的证据已确实充分，但被告人始终没有作出有罪供述。
请问法院能否对该被告人判决有罪？为什么？（5分）北京大学研究生入学考试1997年试题考试科目：理论法学招生专业：法学各专业考试时间：1月25日下午研究方向：法学各专业（答案请一律写在答题纸上）法理学（40分）一、论社会主义法制建设与社会主义精神文明建设的关系。
北京大学研究生入学考试试题
2003年北京大学硕士研究生入学考试试题文章来源：跨考考研精品推荐：【考研择校择专业】考研院校、专业信息库【入门必看】各专业考研复习备考手册（全）2014年考研大纲深度解析专题（高教社大纲编写组权威解析）2014年各校最新考研招生简章大汇总（招生目录/参考书）2015年考研基础备考手册—考研“菜鸟”必知常识2013年34所自主划线院校各学科考研复试线排名汇总相关推荐：北京大学2014年硕士研究生招生简章(校本部)2013年北京大学硕士研究生招生专业目录北京大学硕士研究生入学考试试题大家做过吗，即将要考北大的同学一定要关注，北大硕士研究生入学考试试题。
考试科目：招生专业：基础心理学应用心理学一、判断题(每小题1.5分，共45分)在答题纸上写出答案1、和基础研究不同，应用科学并不关心如何描述和解释现象。
( )2、处于前范式阶段的科学是指虽然在研究的内容上达成一致，但在方法上并没有形成统一。
( )3、纵向追踪法的困难在于不能避免不同时代的环境对人的不同的影响。
( )4、物理刺激的强度低于绝对阈限时，就不可能引起个体有意识的感知。
( )5、颜色知觉拮抗说能解释负后效，但不能解释补色定律。
( )6、光能转换发生在神经节细胞。
( )7、前注意过程是前意识过程的基础。
( )8、Z理论认为员工预期自己的努力所达成的效绩能满足个人愿望时工作的动机最高。
( )9、动物也具有“学习学习”的能力。
( )10、动物的语言不具有意义性。
( )11、白日梦是意识的异常变体。
( )12、斯金纳反对使用“工具性”条件作用的概念。
( )13、正强化增加行为出现的概率，负强化减少行为出现的概率。
( )14、强化或惩罚是学习的必要条件之一。
( )15、弗里德曼(J.L.Freedman)从社会认知的思想出发，认为社会心理学是系统研究社会行为和社会信念的科学。
( )16、多拉德和米勒等人提出德挫折-侵犯理论认为，挫折和侵犯之间存在着必然德联系，有挫折就必然有侵犯。
北大中文系历年大综合考研试题
北大中文系1987年研究生入学考试试题一、填空（每空格1分，共60分）1、有的评论者认为，高行健的话剧《车站》在构思上受到《过客》和《等等戈多》的影响。
《过客》是鲁迅的作品，收入《? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?》中，荒诞派剧作《等待戈多》的作者是? ?? ?? ?? ?萨贝凯物。
2、1936年，我国报告文学创伤出现的两篇重要作品，一是夏衍的《? ?? ?? ?? ?》一是? ?? ?? ?? ?的《一九三六年春在太原》。
3、“不着一字，尽得风流”的诗歌境界是? ?? ?? ?? ?（人名）在《二十四诗品》中提出的。
项羽在《? ?? ?? ?? ?》中赞誉威唐诗歌“羚羊挂角，无迹可求”。
“知穴中之音，楦中之色，水中之月，镜子中之象，言有尽而意无穷”。
4、长篇小说《简?爱》的作者是? ?? ?? ?? ?，《呼啸山庄》的作者是? ?? ?? ?? ?。
5、《召树屯》和《阿诗玛》是我国少数民族着名民间叙事诗。
《召树屯》属? ?? ???族，《阿诗玛》属? ?? ?? ? 。
6、誉得第二届茅盾文学奖的三部长篇小说是，李准的《黄河东流去》、张洁的《? ?? ?? ?? ?》，胡▲▲的《? ?? ?? ?? ?》。
7、《录鬼簿》和《闲情偶记》是我国古代有关戏曲史料和国论的着作。
《承风簿》的作者是元代的? ?? ?? ?? ?；《闲情偶记》作者是清代的? ?? ?? ?? ?。
8、巴金近年完成的共五集的散文创作，总题为《? ?? ?? ?? ?》，刘心武的《5?19长镜头》、《公共汽车咏叹调》等作品的体裁? ?? ?? ?? ?。
9、艾略特写于1922年和长诗《? ?? ?? ?? ?》，被认为是二十世纪西方文学的划时代作品。
美国作家海明威认为，“全部美国文学起源于? ?? ?? ?? ?（作家名）的一本叫做《哈克贝里?费思历险记》的书”。
10、《华威先生》的作者是? ?? ?? ?? ?。
散文集《画梦录》的作者是? ?? ?? ?? ?。
北京大学1989年研究生入学考试试题
北京大学1989年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：综合考试考试时间：招生专业：中文系各专业研究方向：各研究方向一、填空（每格0.5分，共65分）1、汉代传习《诗经》的有、、、四家。
2、《楚辞》是西汉诗集，东汉章句。
3、1900年，敦煌莫高窟被打开，发现了大量珍贵文献和文物。
4、《古文辞类纂》是清人所编，选录到的古文辞赋，将文体分为类。
5、是我国古代第一部训诂书，也就是最早的一部词典。
6、和是宋人所修的两本研究中古音韵的要籍。
7、《文献通考》是代所撰。
8、《昭明文选》是梁编选，唐显庆年间有为作注。
9、古诗十九首大约产生于末年，其中有八首《玉台新咏》题为作，并不可信。
10、北朝乐府民歌在《乐府诗集》中主要收在里。
11、江淹的、是南朝抒情小赋中的名作。
12、诗歌声律的“八病”是提出的。
13、初唐声律的“八病”是提出的。
14、《秦中吟》共首，是唐代诗人所作。
15、“唐宋八大家”的名称来自的。
16．元好问《论诗绝句》说“曹刘坐啸虎生风，四海无人角两雄”。
“曹刘”指是、。
17、“南洪”“北孔”指清代剧作家、。
18、在清代“格调说”的代表人物是，“肌理说”的代表人物是。
19、《红楼梦》的版本，大体上可以分为和两个系统。
20、梁启超提倡的“诗界革命”、和运动，都是为了使文学成为变法维新，启迪民智的工具。
21、在十年代京派的大本营是（人名）主编的《大公报·文艺副刊》和（人名）主编的《文学杂志》。
22、巴金长篇小说《家》中的和老舍长篇小说《四世同堂》中的，都是封建家庭和旧礼教毒害下的悲剧典型。
23、郭沫若描写潜意识活动的小说有和。
24、“未名社四杰”指的韦素园、韦丛芜、和。
25、抗战时期国统区剧作家陈白尘和袁俊（张骏祥）分别写出了歌颂知识分子的正剧和。
26、郭沫若翻译的《少年维特之烦恼》出版后，一时间洋式的书信体，日记体等样式的作品大量涌现，其中有庐隐的、淦女士的。
27、小说《浮躁》的作者是；小说《大淖记事》的作者是。
北京大学研究生入学考试1996年试题
北京大学研究生入学考试1996年试题考试科目：综合考试招生专业：法学各专业法理学（20分）一、简述法的规范作用。
（5分）二、谈谈第二次世界大战后资本主义法制的主要发展变化。
（5分）三、怎样理解我国法的渊源中法律和法规的区别。
（5分）四、简述法律关系客体的种类。
（5分）宪法学（20分）一、向全国人大有权提出议案的有哪些单位？（10分）二、民族自治地方的自治机关有哪些自治权？（10分）民法学（15分）根据我国《民法通则》、《继承法》、《著作权法》的有关规定，设想在下列民事主体之间可能因哪些法律事实，形成哪些常见的民事法律关系、继承法律关系、著作权法律关系？（不用作详细分析）1、具有完全民事行为能力的公民与一百货商店（法人）之间。
（5分）2、一公民死亡，在该死亡者的继承人之间以及继承人与其他公民、法人之间。
（5分）3、一画家与收藏、印制、出售绘画作品的画店之间。
（5分）刑法学（15分）一、名词解释：（每词2.5分，共5分）1、结合犯2、复杂客体二、简述题：（每题5分，共10分）1、简述犯罪过失的基本特征。
2、简述适用缓刑的条件。
民事诉讼法学（15分）一、我国民事诉讼中的协议管辖有何特点。
（5分）二、诉权与诉讼权利是何关系。
（5分）三、如何认识督促程序中的支付令。
（5分）刑事诉讼法（15分）一、人民法院对提起公诉的案件进行审查后可作出哪几种决定？作出这些决定的条件分别是什么？（5分）二、已发生法律效力的判决和裁定主要有哪几种？（5分）三、某人民法院经过开庭审理，确认据以认定被告人有罪的证据已确实充分，但被告人始终没有作出有罪供述。
请问法院能否对该被告人判决有罪？为什么？（5分）北京大学研究生入学考试1997年试题考试科目：理论法学招生专业：法学各专业一、论社会主义法制建设与社会主义精神文明建设的关系。
（20分）二、阐明法律关系的概念和特征，并用法律事实的实例说明法律关系的发生、变更和消灭。
（20分）宪法学（30分）一、试比较美国和德国的违宪审查制度。
北京大学历年心理学硕士研究生入学考试真题
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1、人本主义者反对社会学习和心理分析的研究，认为他们：1）将人与动物相区分2）不把人看作为感受者与思想者3）太经验主义4）是过于宿命论的2、信号侦察论认为：1）对所有刺激只有一个绝对阈限2）不必关心观察者对刺激的噪音背景的反映3）人们对刺激有同样的敏感性4）对于一个刺激不存在唯一的绝对阈限3、根据视觉三原色理论，由红光兴奋的錐体细胞1）会被绿光抑制 2）也被绿光兴奋3）对红绿兰同样反应 4）对强阳光最敏感4、格式塔的组织原则可总结为1）连续性 2）组合性3）简明性 4）接近性5、工具行为1）没有一定的引发刺激2）至少由两种可辨认的引发刺激3）是不随意的简单行为模式4）被用于建立经典条件反射6、Harold Schlosberg 的情绪三维度是：1）愉快－不愉快，激活水平，享乐色调2）愉快－不愉快，注意－拒绝，享乐色调3）内脏反应，血管反映，生理唤醒4）享乐色调，关联性，语义差异7、根据Clark Hull的观点，所有行为的基本目的是1）成就 2）权力3）驱力减退4）个人成功8、记忆术之所以能起作用是因为它改善了长时记忆中信息的1）获得 2）存储 3）提取4）组织9，在使用人类语言中，猩猩表现出1）替换性2）表面思维 3）意义性 4）以上均对5）以上均不对9、下列那个术语与另三个术语关系最少?1）良心2）自我3）超我4）自我理想二、简答题（每体20分，共80分）1）简述Stevens的幂函数定律 2）简述颜色视觉的拮抗说3）述评模式识别的原型说4）述评Sternberg 短时记忆信息检索的试验研究1995北京大学一．选择题：（1.5X30=45）1.最近似结构主义心理学模型是（）模型。
a. 认知b. 人本主义c. 行为主义d. 心理动力学2．“我们的行为在于我们有思想”概括了人类行为的（）模型对人的认识a. 心理动力学b.人本主义c. 认知d. 行为主义3.弗洛伊德性心理发展理论中的肛门期固着人格，相当于埃里克森心理社会发展理论中所谓的没有建立正常的（）感a. 信任b. 自律c. 主创性d. 能力4．动物建立自己对特定种系的认同的机制是（）a. 社会化b. 依恋c. 同化d. 种系凝聚力5．再40－50岁之间，人们怀疑自己对过去的选择和今天的成就有理念，这反应了（）a. 对亲密感的需要 b. c. 才能需要 d.中年危机6．许多细胞功能上的相同增加了机体应付极端环境的灵活性，这叫作细胞的（）a. 协调性b. 多余度c. 细胞质功能d. 特化7．用量值估计方法测量感觉与物理量的关系，得到的是：（）a. 反应偏差b. 幂函数c. 曲线函数d. 逆函数8．感受器的分布使得对同一类刺激有不同的反应性，这是哪些感觉的普遍特征：（）a. 嗅觉与痛觉 b. 味觉与肤觉 c. 前庭觉与动觉 d.肌觉与听觉9．和机能主义相比，结构主义更关心意识经验的：（）a. 方式b. 原因c. 内容d. 具体场所10．1000至5000Hz的声波的听觉机制是由（）来说明的a. 地点说b. 频率说c. a和bd. 排射理论11．在两可图形间转换注视，反映了：（）a. 刺激转换b. 感觉转换c. 知觉的不稳定性d. 无意识推理12．两种现象表明运动知觉，它们是：（）a. Phi现象和不可能图形b.c. 似动现象和诱导运动d. 知觉推理和13．影响人的知觉认知的两种个人动机因素是（）a. 社会多数派压力和敏感化b. 场依存性和从众c. 少数派的支持和场依存性d. 知觉防御和感觉缺失14．无意识推理是通过（）的组织、解释过程影响知觉的。
北京大学1986年研究生入学考试试题
北京大学1986年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：有机化学试题：请注意：字迹不得潦草！答案一律写在答卷纸上。
（一）完成下列反应（30分，注意：只写一个最主要的产物，多写扣分）（1）HC C CH CH2+HCl?（2）MeCO3H??LiAlH4（3）Me+CH2CH C CH3O?Δ（4）HONMe2+N+N Cl-HOAc NaOAc?（5）CCH3N CH3PCl5?（6）CH COOO??Cu(OAc)2HOAc Δ.KOH Δ2.HCl（7）NH OHOAc???HNO3H2SO4PCl资料来自互联网仅供参考（8）HCH3HO CO2Me?Δ（9）C CH CO CH3CH3CH3Al(OCHMe2)3Me2CHOH?Δ+（10）CH2CH CH2N+Me3 Br-+Br2?（二）自指定原料合成指定的化合物：（30分，注意：用反应式表示，并注明反应条件）（1）自甲苯和必要的试剂合成4－硝基－2－甲基苯甲腈。
（2）自甲苯和合适的烃类化合物，以及必要的试剂合成1－（p－甲苯基）－2－丁醇。
（3）自乙酸和甲醇，以及必要的试剂合成乙酸三级丁脂。
（4）自含不超过五个碳原子的有机化合物和必要的试剂合成2－（3－乙基－2－戊烯－1－基）－环戊酮。
（5）自含不超过三个碳原子的有机化合物和必要的试剂合成2，3，6－三甲基环己－2－烯酮。
（三）简单扼要地列出要点解释：（20分，注意：不是写得越多越好）（1）2－氯丁烷与NaCN发生氰基代反应，在乙醇介质中加热回流24小时产率为23％，而在二甲亚砜介质中加热2小时产率可达64％。
为什么后一实验条件比较有利？（2）反－2－氯环己醇在碱的作用下，主要生成环氧环己烷；而顺－2－氯环己醇在碱的作用下，则主要生成环己酮。
其原因是什么？（3）苯基环氧乙烷与过量的甲醇反应，在催化剂甲醇钠的作用下主要生成3－甲氧基－2－苯乙醇；而在催化剂硫酸的作用下主要生成2－甲氧基－3－苯乙醇。
北京大学历年社会学研究生入学考试测试试题
北京大学历年社会学研究生入学考试试题————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：北京大学历年社会学研究生入学考试试题各位考生注意：所有试题写清题号，答在答题纸上启用前机密北京大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：社会学理论----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------一、名词解释（5×4 = 20）情境定义索引性社会行动显功能与潜功能二、论述题（20×4 =80）1、从阶级视角和社会分层视角分析中国当前的不平等状况，以凸显这两种视角各自的特点？2、霍曼斯交换理论的基本命题及其对实际的意义3、试述布迪厄的“社会资本”理论及其对社会学研究的意义4、试述“社区”的涵义，并谈谈“社区建设”对于社会的意义三、简答题（10×5 = 50）1、就你对家庭社会学感兴趣的一个问题并谈谈你的研究思路2、试评述社会心理与社会行为的文化特异性路径3、举例说明城市社会的群体消费不平等现象及其对城市社会发展的影响4、让我再想想想起来了试述人口老龄化对中国城乡社会的影响5、如果需要你对中国劳动与异化进行经验研究，你将如何考虑或设计欣程点评：今年的理论总得来说是让人出乎意料具体来说有三点：一、重实际论述题的第1、4题，简答题的第3题二、重能力简答题的第1、5题三、反常命题论述题的第2题，与往年能出现在北大社会学理论考卷上的理论大家相比，霍曼斯绝对是一无名小辈，可今年就是考了论述题的第3题，从往年看，00年04年05年06年均考过布迪厄但是也是考查的布迪厄的不同的理论可今年就考了00年考过的内容总之，08年分支的家庭社会学、劳动社会学已显露出重视实际与能力的迹象，但今年只能用overwhelming来形容北京大学1997年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：社会学方法考试时间：1997年1月25日上午一、名词解释（每题4分，共24分）深度访问间接观察法同期群研究深度效度层次谬误理想类型法二、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1．分导体抽样与整群抽样的分类原则有何不同，为什么？2．试说明研究课题具体化与操作化的主要内容。
北大经济学院历年真题
北京大学1998年研究生入学考试试题经济学原理政治经济学1．马克思是如何从"20码麻布=1件上衣"来分析相对价值形式的量的规定性的？（10分）2．在马克民的理论中，是如何分析“G—W ╱A ”的？（8分）╲Pm3．马克思在《资本论》中将农业中级差地租的总和称之为"虚假的社会价值"，为什么？（5分）4．什么是"金融资本"？（2分）5．如何理解中共十五大关于公有制实现形式多样化的论断？（10分）6．现代企业制度的基本内容是什么？谈谈你对中国国有企业改革的基本想法（15分）微观经济学一、论述题1．利用图说明"吉芬之谜"的答案。
（8分）2．说明寡头市场弯折的需求曲线模型。
（9分）二、计算题（8分）已知某完全竞争厂商的短期生产函数为Q=L0.5*K0.5，生产要素资本的价格P K=8，厂商在边际技术替代率MRTS LK =0.25时实现最大利润。
求：（1）该厂商所面临的生产要素劳动的价格P L；（2）当成本C=3200时，该厂商实现最大产量的均衡L、K和Q值。
宏观经济学一、新古典宏观经济学和新凯恩斯主义在理论基本假设上的主要区别是什么？（4分）二、在经济复苏时期，凯恩斯主义者在财政政策和货币政策的使用上是否有所侧重？为什么？（5分）三、货币创造乘数的大小会受到哪些因素的影响？（6分）四、请说明公债在宏观经济政策中的地位和作用？（10分）北京大学1999年研究生入学考试试题经济学原理政治经济学1．试述马克思劳动价值论的基本内容，并分析劳动价值论在马克思经济学说中的地位。
（25分）2．试述我国国有企业改革的进展状况，目前面临的主要矛盾以及进一步发展的趋势（25分）。
微观经济学1．（7分）某消费者消费X和Y两商品。
已知在该消费者收入和商品Y的价格不变的条件下，当商品X的价格上升时，该消费者对商品Y的消费数量保持不变。
试求：（1）请画出该消费者的价格一消费线（即P.C.C）：（2）请根据（1）判断商品X和商品Y分别属何种商品（正常品、劣等品或中性品）？（3）消费者对X商品的需求价格弹性为多少？请根据P.C.C线画出相应的X商品的需求曲线，并说明其形状特征。
北大历年硕士考试真题
标题: 北大心理系1998研究生入学考试实验心理学真题一、名词解释（35分）：内隐记忆、沃尔夫假说、（心理物理法）常误、交互作用、（记忆）主观组织、话在嘴边现象（tip-of-the-tongue）、stroop效应二、不同感官的敏感性能比较吗？如能，怎样比较？如不能，为什么？（10分）三、恒定刺激法中，允许被试作三类反应有什么缺点？（10分）四、信号检测论中评价法的击中率和虚假率为什么都是累积概率？（10分）五、A、B是两个自变量，各有两个水平，如A为组内设计，B为组间设计，试说明在一项混合设计中具体的实验过程（程序）是怎样的？（15分）六、两个平均数差异显著性的检验中，单侧检验与双侧检验各有什么意义？（10分）七、有人要了解手动作的稳定性是否受情绪的影响，他让青年组在兴奋状态测定，平均得10分，让老年组在安静中测定，平均得9分。
经过统计检验，两组手稳定性得分差异不显著，因此他下结论说：手动作稳定性不受情绪的影响。
你认为他的结论是否正确？为什么？北京大学2000年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：普通心理学考试时间：2000年1月23日上午招生专业：所有专业研究方向：所有方向指导教师：试题：一、选择题（每小题2分，共50分）：请每小题选择出一个你认为最适合的答案，并直接在答案编号上用“○”圈出你的选择．l、心理学研究：1）灵魂2）行为3）行为与意识4）躯体与神经2、心理学研究的数据是：l）刺激2）行为3）变量4）行为反应的描述3、心理学的研究假设是：1）关于概念的陈述2）关于规律或关系的可检验的陈述3）关于事物变化的陈述4）关于概率可能性的陈述4、Oedlpus complex是______提出来的。
1）荣格2）埃里克森3）弗罗伊德4）霍妮5．随机样本可用于防止：1）归因偏差2）实验者期望误差3）皮克马力翁效应4）自我证验预言6、操作定义的意义在于使研究：l）变量可测量2）标准化3）可重复4）以上都对7．跨文化比较属于：。
1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (15 points)EXAMPLE:I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. No doctors could cure the patient ________ his strange disease.[A] with[B] of[C] from[D] off2. He was his wits’ end ________ what to do.[A] in[B] on[C] at[D] of3. Prior ________ his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.[A] to[B] of[C] in[D] from4. The driving instructor told me to pull ________ at the post office.[A] up[B] back[C] round[D] along5. When there’s a doubt, the chairman’s decisi on is ________.[A] right[B] definite[C] fixed[D] final6. We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always ________.[A] unquestionable[B] sound[C] subtle[D] healthy7. The noise of the plane died ________ in the distance.[A] away[B] out[C] down[D] off8. Hospital doctors don’t go out very often as their work ________ all their time.[A] takes away[B] takes in[C] takes over[D] takes up9. Attendances at football matches have ________ since the coming of television.[A] dropped in[B] dropped down[C] dropped off[D] dropped out10. After the death of their parents, the sisters got well ________ and never quarreled.[A] away[B] in[C] along[D] out11. They always give the vacant seats to ________ comes first.[A] who[B] whom[C] whoever[D] whomever12. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ________ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.[A] in that[B] in which[C] in order that[D] in the way13. He is ________ of an actor.[A] anybody[B] anyone[C] somebody[D] something14. The captain apologized ________ to tell us more about the accident.[A] for to be unable[B] that he was unable[C] to be unable[D] for being unable15. ________ is no reason for discharging her.[A] Because she was a few minutes late[B] Owing to a few minutes being late[C] The fact that she was a few minutes late[D] Being a few minutes lateSection II: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the whole passage before making your choices. (10 points)On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or __16__ she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and __17__ a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. And then, with all the things she needed __18__ she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour __19__ she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows. One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look __20__ without feeling they had to buy something. Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped __21__ before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours __22__ less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” A pound a week... __23__, she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her __24__. “Can I help you, Madam?” She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her __25__.“Oh, well, no,” she said. “I was just looking.” “We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.”Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly.16. [A] so[B] more[C] else[D] another17. [A] taking[B] making[C] fixing[D] keeping18. [A] buy[B] bought[C] buying[D] to have bought19. [A] in a way[B] by the way[C] in the way[D] on the way20. [A] behind[B] round[C] back[D] on21. [A] doubted[B] wondered[C] puzzled[D] delighted22. [A] at[B] for[C] with[D] in23. [A] Why[B] When[C] How[D] What24. [A] jump[B] leap[C] laugh[D] wonder25. [A] place[B] back[C] side[D] frontSection III: Reading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)Text 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists.” And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.The sp ecialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained” man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist -- and especially the administrator -- deals with people; his concern is wi th leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. V ery rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you -- but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.26. There is an increasing demand for ________.[A] all round people in their own fields[B] people whose job is to organize other people’s work[C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional[D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27. The specialist is ________.[A] a man whose job is to train other people[B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields[C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees[D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters28. The administrator is ________.[A] a “trained” man wh o is more a specialist than a generalist[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest[C] a man who is very strong in the humanities[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist29. During your training period, it is important ________.[A] to try to be a generalist[B] to choose a profitable job[C] to find an organization which fits you[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30. A man’s first job ________.[A] is never the right job for him[B] should not be regarded as his final job[C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobTest 2At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area. Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world -- the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes thenearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited. Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia -- a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.31. The best title for this selection would be ________.[A] Iceland[B] Land of Opportunity[C] The Unknown Continent[D] Utopia at Last32. At the time this article was written, our knowledge of Antarctica was ________.[A] very limited[B] vast[C] fairly rich[D] nonexistent33. Antarctica is bordered by the ________.[A] Pacific Ocean[B] Indian Ocean[C] Atlantic Ocean[D] All three34. The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by ________.[A] cold air[B] calm seas[C] ice[D] lack of knowledge about the continent35. According to this article ________.[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of the South Pole[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius of the South Pole make settlements impractical[D] only a handful of natives inhabit AntarcticaSection IV: Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences. Put your choices in the brackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it ________ six houses.[A] ended[B] finished[C] was[D] lastedANSWER: [D]36. Music often ________ us of events in the past.[A] remembers[B] memorizes[C] reminds[D] reflects37. If I take this medicine twice a day it should ________ my cold.[A] heat[B] cure[C] treat[D] recover38. I could just see a car in the distance, but I couldn’t ________ what colour it was.[A] make out[B] look to[C] look out[D] take in39. I could tell he was surprised from the ________ on his face.[A] appearance[B] shock[C] look[D] sight40. The toy boat turned over and sank to the ________ of the pool.[A] base[B] depth[C] ground[D] bottom41. Mary never tells anyone what she does for a ________.[A] job[B] work[C] profession[D] living42. That boy is such a good violinist he will probably make quite a ________ for himself.[A] star[B] credit[C] name[D] character43. Old photographs give one a brief ________ of the past.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] sight[D] look44. The novelist is a highly ________ person.[A] imaginable[B] imaginative[C] imaginary[D] imagined45. Although the pay is not good, people usually find social work ________ in other ways.[A] payable[B] respectful[C] grateful[D] rewardingSection V: Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the brackets on the left. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down the correct word or phrase on the line following the brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left. [D] ANSWER: [C] anything46. The professor told the economics [A] student that he didn’t approve [B] in [C] his taking the advanced course before [D] he made a passing mark in Economics 1.47. Although a great number of houses in that area are still [A] in need of repair, [B] there have been [C] improvement in the facilities. [D]48. Mr. Gilmore is one of those men who appears [A] to be friendly [B] however, it is very hard to deal [C] with him. [D]49. To understand the situation completely [A] requires [B] more thought than has given [C] thus far. [D]50. [A] great many [A] educators firmly [B] believe that English is one of the poorest [C] taught subjects in high schools today. [D]51. Of all his outdoor [A] activities. Paul likes fishing best of all, [B] but he doesn’t enjoy cleaning [C] fishing rods afterwards. [D]52. I should [A] not have recognized the [B] man even [C] you had told [D] me his name.53. In an hour’s [A] time I had done th e work with [B] my satisfaction; I got my hat in [C] hall and slipped out unnoticed. [D]54. The new hotel has erected [A] a beautiful building with [B] recreation areas and conference facilities on the top floor in which [C] the finest view of the city can be obtained. [D]55. While in [A] Europe, the tourists enjoyed to [B] their heart’s [C] content the weather, the food and going to the theatre. [D]Section VI: Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed56. The enemy retreated to the woods after they (defeat).57. I (speak) to him for some time before I realized who he was.58. One should never lose one’s heart when (confront) with temporary difficulties.59. The house suddenly collapsed while it (pull) down.60. On (give) an assignment to make a business tour abroad, he gladly accepted it.61. (Get) everything ready, they got down to map out a plan for the construction of a new express way.62. After Peter grew a beard, even his close friends (not recognize) him at first sight.63. Darkness (set) in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.64. The students were to (assemble) at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m., but the lecture was canceled at the last minute.65. Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (take) into account before starting a new project.Section VII: Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)66. 去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。
北京大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案范文
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北京大学2000-2005年博士研究生入学考试试题
真题1-北京大学2000Part I Structure & Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will mostsuitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter ofyour choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(25%)1. Thomas Wolfe portrayed people so that you came to know their yearnings, their impulses, and their warts-this was effective .A. motivationB. point of viewC. characterizationD. background2. The appeal to the senses known as is especially common in poetry.A. imaginativeB. imaginableC. ingeniousD. imagery3.If you’ve got a complaint, the best thing is to see the person concerned andwith him.A. tell itB. have it outC. say itD. have it known4. There have been several attempts to introduce gayer colors and styles in men’s clothing, but none of them .A. has caught onB. has caught him outC. has caught upD. take roots5. The retired engineer plunked down $ 50,000 in cash for a mid-size Mercedesas a present for his wife a purchase with money made in the stock market theweek before.A. paid offB. paid throughC. paid outD. paid for6. He has courage all right, but in matters requiring judgment, he has oftenbeen found sadly .A. lack itB. absentC. in need of itD. wanting7. Danis Hayes raised the essential paradox and asked how people could havefought so hard against environmental degradation themselves now on theverge of losing the war.A. only foundB. finding onlyC. only to findD. have only found8. The once separate issue of environment and development are now linked.A. intangibleB. indispensableC. inextricablyD. incredibly9.The need to see that justice is done every decision made in the courts.A. implants intoB. imposes onC. impinges uponD. imprecates upon10.Two thirds of the U.S. basketball players are black, and the number wouldbe greater the continuing practice of picking white bench warmers for the sakeof balance.A. was it not because ofB. had it not been forC. were it not forD. would it not have been for11.No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything going on in the world.A. it isB. there isC. as isD. what is12.If there is the need to compete in a crowd, to battle the edge the surest strategy is to develop the unexpected.A. onB. forC. againstD. with13.Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees,occupations for which technical training is necessary.A. so too there areB. so also there areC. so there are tooD. so too are there14.It is a myth that the law permits the Food and Drug Administration to ignore requirements for drugs while brand-name drugs still must meet these rigid tests.A. specificB. genericC. intricateD. acrid15.The very biggest and most murderous wars during the industrial age were intra-industrial wars that Second Wave nations like Germany and Britain against one an other.A. pittedB. droveC. keptD. embarked16.The private life of having each individual make his or her own choice of beliefs and interest without the overarching public world of the state, which sustains a structure of law appropriate to a self-determining association.A. is not possibleB. would not be possibleC. will not be possibleD. cannot be possible17.From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of the west emerged the medieval version of politics in tum evolved the politics of our modern world.A. of whichB. from whichC. on whichD. by which18.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel that man Prince Henry, the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.A. wasB. was calledC. callingD. being19.Grant was one of a body of men who were self-reliant , who cared hardly anything for the past but had a sharp eye for the future.A. on themselvesB. on not making a faultC. to a faultD. to remain ahead20.Huntington and many of its competitors are working to make remedial instruction a commodity as and accessible as frozen yogurt.A. ubiquitousB. rationalC. necessaryD. credible21.The scheme for rebuilding the city center owing to the refusal of a Council to sanction the expenditure of the money it would have required.A. fell downB. fell offC. fell outD. fell flat22.If they think they are going to win over us by obstinately and refusing to make the slightest concession, they are mistaken.A. holding outB. holding toC. holding overD. holding up23.The possibility that the explosion was caused by sabotage cannot be.A. broken outB. cancelled outC. ruled outD. wiped out24.The ex-president had been in the country to refresh his mind before he passed away.A. given to walkingB. given a walkC. given for a walkD. giving a walk25.He did not relish appealing amongst his friends and of their criticism or censure.A. running shortB. running outC. running the gauntletD. running aheadPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionI. Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15%) Passage 1It was a normal day in the life of the American Red Cross in Greater New York. First, part of a building on West 140th Street, in Harlem, fell down. Beds tumbled through the air, people slid out of their apartments and onto the ground, three people died, and the Red Cross was there, helping shocked residents find temporary shelter, and food and clothing. Then it was back downtown for that evening’s big fund-raiser, the Eleventh Annual Red Cross Award Dinner Dance, at the Pierre. “That’s why I have bad hair tonight,” said Christopher Peake, a Red Cross spokesman who had spent much of the day at the Harlem scene, in the drizzling rain. He was now in a tuxedo, and actually his hair didn’t look so bad, framed by a centerpiece of tulips and jonquils, and perhaps improved by subdued lighting from eight crystal chandeliers.Definitely not having a bad-hair night was Elizabeth Dole, the wife of Senator Robert Dole and the president of the American Red Cross. President Dole has chestnut-colored Republican hair, which was softly coifed, and she was wearing a fitted burgundy velvet evening suit (“Someone made it for me! I love velvet.” she exclaimed, in her enthusiastic, Northern Carolina hostess voice) and sparkling drop earrings. Of course, she hadn’t been standing in the rain in Harlem; she had just flown up on the three-o’clock shuttle from Washington. Dole is extremely pretty, with round green eyes and a full mouth and a direct personality. She tilts her head attentively when she listens. She was the recipient of the evening’s award； previous award winners have included Alice Tully, Princess Yasmin Asa Khan,... and, most recently, Brooke Astor. Not exactly a sequence at the end of which you would expect to find Elizabeth Dole, but award givers are famous for having political instincts as well as philanthropic ones.Surrounded by the deep-blue swags and golden draperies of the ballroom were more than thirty-five dinner tables set with groupings of candles and floral centerpieces and Royal Doulton china. American Express was there. So were Bristol-Myers Squibb; Coopers & Lybrand; the New York Times Company; Union Bank of Switzerland; Chemical Bank; New York Life;... and Price Waterhouse. The actress Arlene Dahl, with her rather red hair and her bearded husband, presided over one table. Otherwise, it was a typical, faceless, captain-of-industry fund raiser (no models! no stars!), of which there seems to be at least one every night in New York City. It was not a society night, but still the evening raised four hundred and thirty thousand dollars.26.From what we read we can infer that “it was a normal day in the life of the American Red Cross in Greater New York” means its staff .A. deal with the fail of houses in the city every dayB. are busy helping people who suffer from disasters every dayC. work during the day and to have banquet in the evening every dayD. go to Harlem, the poorest district of New York, every day and help people there27.The fund-raiser mentioned in the passage refers to .A. Robert DoleB. Elizabeth DoleC. the Eleventh Annual Red Cross Award Dinner DanceD. all the business companies attending the Dinner Dance28.Christopher Peake’s hair didn’t look so bad because .A. he was wearing a handsome tuxedoB. he was wearing tulips on his suitC. he was seen among flowersD. he was sitting near flowers and in very soft light29.Elizabeth Dole was ,A. the president of the American Red Cross and acted at the Dinner as a North Carolina hostessB. a republican and wife of the president of the American Red CrossC. the president of the American Red Cross and its main representative at the Annual Dinner DanceD. born in North Carolina, became an air-hostess and later married Senator Robert Dole30.The presence of an actress at the Dinner made the fund raising .A. less impersonalB. a typical fund-raising eventC. less personalD. more business-likePassage 2For laymen ethnology is probably the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible dangers and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can’t be, or the homing of animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, are they then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals’ voices by electrical sound equipment is consideredessential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other’s observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or features which distinguish any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal’s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.31.In the first sentence, the word “laymen” means .A. people who stand asideB. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologistsD. people who love animals32.According to the passage, ethnology is .A. a new branch of biologyB. an old Greek scienceC. a pseudo-scienceD. a science for amateurs33.“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means .A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work34.According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hard-and-fast” means experiment procedures .A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientists to observe35.The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as .A. natural family relationshipsB. quickly occurring family relationshipsC. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage 3The single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of “NotreDame de Paris”. It was a cathedral. On all parts of the giant building, statuary and stone representations of every kind, combined with huge windows of stained glass, told the stories of the Bible and the saints, displayed theintricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power, and, in addition, by means of bells in bell towers, told time for the benefit of all of Paris and much of France. It was an awesome engine of communication.Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass communication was portable, could sit on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistakable.In the last ten or twenty years, we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shift—this time to a new life as a computer-using population. The gain in portability, capability, ease, orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling, typewriting, and cabinet filing is recognized by all. The progress for civilization is undeniable and, plainly, irreversible. Yet, just as the book’s triumph over the cathedral divided people into two groups, one of which prospered, while the other lapsed into gloom, the computer’s triumph has also divided the human race.You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, oh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game. But how difficult it is—how grim and frightful for the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers. The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated, as measured by book-reading, yet their instincts are all wrong, and no amount of manual-studying and mouse-clicking will make them right. Computers require a sharply different set of aptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done, and misery is guaranteed.Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes, the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of non-computer personalities. Apple’s Macintosh, with its zooming animations and pull-down menus and little pictures of file folders and watch faces and trash cans, pointed the way. Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse. This spring, the computer industry’s efforts are reaching a culmination of sons. Microsoft, Bill Gates’ giant corporation, is to bring out a program package called Microsoft Bob, designed by Mr. Gates’ wife, Melinda French, and intended to render computer technology available even to people who are openly terrified of computers. Bob’s principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer, rename them in a folksy style, and assign to them the images of an ideal room in an ideal home, with furniture and bookshelves, and with chummy cartoon helpers (“Friends of Bob”) to guide the computer user over the rough spots, and, in that way, simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers.36. According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. It is because the cathedral of Notre—Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication.B. From cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become more convenient, reliable and fast.C. Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old, it divided mankind into two groups.D. Computer industry has been trying bard to make people accept computers.37.The printed book is more progressive than the cathedral as a communication means, because .A. it could sit on your table and did no longer tell timeB. it was more reliable and did not tell the stories of saints and demonsC. it was small, yet contained more informationD. it did not flatter religious and political power38.The word “awesome” in the passage means .A. frighteningB. causing fear and respectC. amazingly newD. awful39.People who feel miserable with computers are those .A. who love reading hooks and writing with a pen or a typewriterB. who possess the wrong aptitudes of disliking and fearing new thingsC. who have not been trained to use computersD. who are born with a temperament that does not respond to computers40.Melinda French designed Microsoft Bob which was to ease the misery of computer users by .A. making users feel that they are not dealing with machinesB. making the program more convenient and cartoon-likeC. adding home pictures to the program designD. renaming the computer tasks in a folksy styleⅡ. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined parts. (“Paraphrase” means to explain the meaning in your own English.) (15%)Charm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you’ve got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41) It is a gift—only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.(42) You recognize charm by the feeling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it too? Probably, you can’t, because it’s a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it’s something thatgrows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes.(43) Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cover. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish.But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the ability to listen rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness apart from warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible?(44) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains, which doesn’t hold itself back till you’ve filled up a test-card making it dear that you’re worth the trouble. Charm can’t withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the last fat man in the comer. (45) It reveals itself also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenitv of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, he is also a social healer.Part Ⅲ Cloze TestDirections:Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%) One way of improving one’s writing is to get into the habit of keeping a record of your observations, of storing 46 in a notebook or journal. You should make note on your experiences and on your 47 of everyday life so that they are preserved. It is sad 48 to be able to retrieve a lost idea that seemed brilliant when it flashed across your 49 , or a forgotten fact that you need to make a point in an argument or to illustrate a conclusion.The journal habit has still 50 value. Just 51 you need to record observations—he material for writing, you need to practice putting thoughts on paper. Learning to write is more like learning to ski 52 it is like studying calculus or anthropology. Practice helps you discover ways to improve. Writing down ideas for your own use forces you to examine them. Putting thoughts on paper for someone else to read 53 you to evaluate not 54 the content what you say but also the expression 55 you say it. Many raters have benefited from this habit.Part Ⅳ ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 20 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in bracket) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.(20%)Examples:eg.1.(56) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:(56) begun→beganeg.2.(57) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:(57) (Scarcely) had (they)eg.3.(58) Never will I not do it againCorrection in the ANSWER SHEET:(58) not(56) “Humanism” has used to mean too many thing, to be a very satisfactory term. (57) Nevertheless, and in the lack of a better word, (58) I shall use it here to explain for the complex of attitudes which this discussion has undertaken to defend.(59) In this sense a humanist is anyone who reiects the attempt to describe or account of man wholly on the basis of physics, chemistry, and animal behavior. (60) He is anyone who believes that will, reason, and purpose are real and significant: that value and justice are aspects of a reality called good and evil and rests upon some foundation other than custom; (61) that consciousness is so far from a mere epiphenomenon that it is the most tremendous of actualities; (62) that the unmeasured, may be significant; or to sum it all up; (63) that those human realities which sometimes seem to exist only in human mind are the perceptions of the mind.(64) He is, in other words, anyone who says that there are more things in heaven and earth than those dreamed of in the positivist philosophy.(65) Originally, to be sure, the term humanist meant simply anyone who thought the study of ancient literature his chief concern. Obviously it means, as I use it, very much more. (66) But there remains nevertheless a certain connection between the aboriginal meaning and that I am attempting to give it, (67) because those whom I describe as humanists usually recognize that literature and the arts have been pretty consistently “on its side” and (68) because it is often literature that they turn to renew their faith in the whole class of truths which the modem world has so consistently tended, to dismiss as the mere figments of a wishful thinking imagination.(69) Insofar as this modern world gives less and less attention to its literary past, insofar as it dismisses that past as something outgrow and (70) to be discarded as much as the imperfect technology contemporary with it has been discarded, (71) just to that extent it facilitate the surrender of humanism to technology. (72) The literature is to be found, directly expressed or (73) more often indirectly implied, the most effective correction to the views now most prevalent among the thinking and unthinking.(74) The great imaginative writers present a picture of human nature and of human life which carries conviction and thus giving the lie to all attempts to reduce man to a mechanism. Novels and poems, and dramas are so persistently concerned with the values which relativism rejects that one might even define literature as the attempt to pass value judgments upon representations of human life. (75) More often than not those of its imaginative persons who fail to achieve power and wealth are more successful than those who do not—by standards which the imaginative writer persuades us to accept as valid.Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.(15%)Topic: What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century? State your reasons.真题11. C2. D3. B4. A5. D6. D7. C8. C9. C 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. C 30. A 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. A 46. them 47. observations48. not 49. mind50. another 51. as52. than 53. forces54. only 55. how56. (has) been (used)57. lack absence58. explain stand59. (account) of (account) for60. rests rest61. (from) being (a)62. unmeasure unmeasurable63. (in) the (human)64. those are65. thought made66. (that) which (I)67. its their68. wishful wishfully69. outgrow outgrown70. as much as much as71. (extent) does (it)72. The73. (unthinking) alike74. giving gives75. imaginative (persons) imagined (persons)真题2—北京大学2001Part Ⅰ Structure & Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place(s) marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(25%)1.The university board of trustees deemed it urgent that a new provost to replace Mr. Dannison who had been diagnosed with cancer.A. be selectedB. should be selectedC. must he selectedD. was selected2.With prices so much, it is impossible for the company manager to stick to the original budget.A. wavingB. swingingC. fluctuatingD. vibrating3.Edmund likes to drive at a speed the traffic limit. I wonder how he always manages to escape .A. having exceeded, to be finedB. exceeded, having been finedC. to exceed, to fineD. exceeding, being fined4.All the references she has obtained for her doctoral dissertation about twenty items.A. make up forB. add up toC. come up withD. put up with5.Professor Jeffrey’s lecture on the recycling of waste paper and other garbage will show can still be improved.A. that the municipal authorities have doneB. how those the municipal authorities have doneC. how what the municipal authorities have doneD. that how the municipal authorities have done6.Most insulation devices of this kind, manufactured for such purposes, are extremely expensive to install.A. that areB. which isC. those areD. as are7.The English vocabulary is known for a (an) of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversations.A. multitudeB. altitudeC. latitudeD. platitude8.John Locke, the well-known 18th-century English thinker, emphasized experience as the condition for expansion of human knowledge.A. incompatibleB. incredibleC. indefiniteD. indispensable9.The examination has been cancelled. You all that review, after all.A. didn’t need to doB. needn’t doC. needn’t have doneD. needn’t to do10.The friend was exposed in the end to be hidden rival who had been plotting against the company’s marketing in Hong Kong.A. professedB. announcedC. exclaimedD. declared11.The senator was made to digress time and again from the main point of his speech because of the red constantly by his opponents in the audience.A. tomatoes, thrown outB. herrings, brought upC. apples, put forwardD. mullets, laid down12.It is very plain that such a life as this is far more to health than that of the man who can afford little leisure for necessary rest in the course of the day.A. conductiveB. constructiveC. conciliateD. conducive。
北京大学研究生入学考试：企业管理试题（共五则范文）
北京大学研究生入学考试：企业管理试题（共五则范文）第一篇：北京大学研究生入学考试：企业管理试题北京大学北大企业管理96一，名词解释1分配性谈判综合性谈判（96）2股份有限公司（96）3等产量曲线（96）4，边际成本（96）5价值工程中的价值（96）6交易费用（96）7完全竞争的市场结构（96）二，简答题1价格弹性的决定性因素和对企业的实际意义（96，102企业产品质量波动的类型（96，103企业职前培训也在职培训的作用（96，104企业组织内部冲突产生的根源也冲突类型（96，12三计算题1某企业每月需要每公斤2元的某种材料8000公斤，每订购的费用为50元，保管费每月每公斤0.1元，不允许缺货，无提前期，问每次订货为多少，才能使每月费用最少，？两次订货的间隔多少天（每月30），每月的总支出最少？（10）四论述题你是否同意下面观点，说明你的理由1，企业规章制度的具体实施不制定难。
2，企业外部环境的变动程度不是企业制定企业规章制度的重要依据北京大学1998年研究生入学考试：企业管理试题一、解释下列划横线的概念(每题4分，共16分)1、生产要素的边际替代率2、“经济人”假定3、管理中的“权变”4、企业中的非正式组织二、简述题(每题6分，共24分)1、马斯洛的需求层次论2、产品的生命周期3、生产配置的产品原则和工艺原则4、完全垄断与寡头垄断的区别三、计算题(每题7分，共14分)1、某竞争行业所有厂商的规模都相等，都是在产量达到500单位时达到长期平均成本的最低点4元，当用最优的企业规模生产600单位产量时，每一个企业的短期平均成本为4.5元，市场需求函数为Q=70000-5000P，供给函数为Q=40000+2500P，求解下列问题：① 市场均衡价格是多少？该行业处于短期均衡还是长期均衡？② 当处于长期均衡时，该行业有多少厂商？③ 如果市场需求变为Q=100000-5000P，求行业与厂商新的短期均衡价格与产量，在新的均衡点，厂商盈利还是亏损？2、某企业生产某产品，1996年产品销售额为1000万元，总费用为900万元；1997年产品销售额为1200万元，总费用为1000万元。
北京大学研究生入学考试试题(民商法专业)
北京大学研究生入学考试试题（民商法专业）一．根据民法对民事权利的规定论民法的私法性质。
（25分）二．运用法人理论论公司法定代表人越权行为的法律后果。
（15分）三．论知识产权与所有权在法律性质，效力，保护方法上的异同及联系。
（15分）四．试述物权的优先效力。
（15分）五．论我国《担保法》中规定的保证期间的法律性质及其与诉讼时效的关系。
（10分）六．耕具我国《继承法》的规定，被继承热恩的债务应如何清偿？（10分）七．案例分析（15分）略。
北京大学2000年研究生入学试题（民商法专业）一．结合物权法的基本原理，论我国应建立怎样的土地权利联系？（25分）二．分析我国《合同法》规定的无处分权利人处分他人财产行为的物权效力和债权效力。
（15分）三．结合我国《民法通则》人格权规定的不足，试述应当如何完善侵害人格权的精神损害赔偿制度。
（15分）四．试述合伙人共同出资和合伙积累的财产关系。
（10分）五．根据我国《合同法》的有关规定，试述标的物所有权的转移与标的物毁损，灭失的风险负担的关系。
（10分）六．试述专利权人的主要财产权利。
（10分）七．案例分析。
（15分）略。
北京大学1995硕士入学经济法学试题招生专业：经济法学研究方向；经济法、金融法一、试述我国预算法中关于财政赤字问题的规定及其意义。
（18分）二、试述我国政策性银行和商业银行的区别。
（18分）三、简述商业秘密的概念和特征。
（12分）四、简述我国证券交易所的管理制度及其职能。
（12分）五、简述我国在个人所得税方面的新税制改革的内容。
（10分）六、简述债权人会议的组成和职权。
（10分）七、简述审计机关的设立和领导体制。
（10分）八、简述草原的所有权和使用权的法律规定。
（10分）北京大学1996硕士入学经济法学试题招生专业：经济法学研究方向：经济法、金融法一、试述外商在我国投资后避免双重征税的法律规定。
（18分）二、试述对外贸易中构成倾销的条件是什么？我国《对外贸易法》对反倾销规定的意义何在？（18分）三、简述我国法律、法规对外商开发经营成片土地的开发区域的行政管理用司法管辖的规定。
北京大学1986年研究生入学考试试题(一)
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出版物刊名： 文史知识
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主题词： 秦汉史;中国古代史研究;研究生入学考试;考试科目;招生专业;马王堆汉墓;政治问题
摘要：考试科目:秦汉史招生专业:中国古代史研究方向:秦汉史试题: 1、'贵粟政策'的主要内容是什么?你是怎样评价的?(25分) 2、'度田'事件说明了什么社会和政治问题?(20分) 3、马王堆汉墓是哪几个人的墓葬?这几个墓葬为秦汉史研究提供了什么主要资料?(25分) 4、试为研究秦汉史开列文献和文物考古资料各五种,写出各资料的作者并加以简要评介?(每种评介三、五十字即可)(30分)。
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北京大学1986年研究生入学考试试题
试题：请注意：字迹不得潦草！答案一律写在答卷纸上。
（一）完成下列反应（30分，注意：只写一个最主要的产物，多写扣分）（1）
HC C CH CH2+HCl?
（2）
MeCO3H
??
LiAlH4
（3）Me
+CH2CH C CH3
O
?
Δ
（4）HO
NMe2
+
N+N Cl-HOAc NaOAc
?
（5）C
CH3
N CH3PCl5
?
（6）
CH C
O
OH O
O
?
?
Cu(OAc)2
HOAc Δ
.KOH Δ
2
.HCl
（7）N
H O
HOAc
?
??
HNO3
H2SO4
PCl
（8）H
CH3
H
O CO2Me
?
Δ
（9）
C CH CO CH3
CH3
CH3
Al(OCHMe2)3
Me2CHOH?
Δ
+
CH2CH CH2N+Me3 Br-+Br2?
（10）
（二）自指定原料合成指定的化合物：（30分，注意：用反应式表示，并注明反应条件）
a)自甲苯和必要的试剂合成4－硝基－2－甲基苯甲腈。
b)自甲苯和合适的烃类化合物，以及必要的试剂合成1－（p－甲苯基）－2－丁
醇。
c)自乙酸和甲醇，以及必要的试剂合成乙酸三级丁脂。
d)自含不超过五个碳原子的有机化合物和必要的试剂合成2－（3－乙基－2－戊
烯－1－基）－环戊酮。
e)自含不超过三个碳原子的有机化合物和必要的试剂合成2，3，6－三甲基环己
－2－烯酮。
（三）简单扼要地列出要点解释：（20分，注意：不是写得越多越好）（1）2－氯丁烷与NaCN发生氰基代反应，在乙醇介质中加热回流24小时产率为23％，而在二甲亚砜介质中加热2小时产率可达64％。
为什么后一实验
条件比较有利？
（2）反－2－氯环己醇在碱的作用下，主要生成环氧环己烷；而顺－2－氯环己醇在碱的作用下，则主要生成环己酮。
其原因是什么？
（3）苯基环氧乙烷与过量的甲醇反应，在催化剂甲醇钠的作用下主要生成3－甲氧基－2－苯乙醇；而在催化剂硫酸的作用下主要生成2－甲氧基－3－
苯乙醇。
其原因是什么？
（4）亚硫酸氢钠（NaHSO3）对醛的加成物是α－羟基磺酸盐，而不是“含有醛型”的亚硫酸氢脂的盐，其原因是什么？
（四）实验和化合物的鉴定（20分，注意：要简明扼要）
（1）市售的乙酸乙脂（常含一些水和乙醇）和四氢呋喃（常含一些水和过氧化物），请你用合适的化学方法将这两个溶剂分别70ml提纯。
（2）现有六支试管，分别于其中盛丙酮、环己烯、2－溴丁烷、异丁醛、甲苯和苯酚水溶液，请使用化学方法加以鉴别，写出鉴别反应的反应式和其特征。
（3）某化合物的分子式为C3H7NO，其NMR谱：δ＝6.5ppm（溶剂单峰，2H），δ＝2.2ppm（四重峰，2H），δ＝1.2ppm（三重峰，3H）。
请推导其结构式，
并注明其NMR的吸收相应位置。
（4）一个化合物A，分子式为C3H6Br2，与NaOH反应得化合物B，B在酸性水溶液中加热回流反应得化合物C，C与乙酸酐一起加热得化合物D和乙
酸，D的红外光谱在1755cm-1和1820cm-1处有吸收峰，其NMR谱，δ＝
2.8ppm（三重峰，4H），δ＝2.0ppm（五重峰，2H）。
请推导A、B、C和
D的结构式，并注明化合物D的IR和NMR的吸收的相应位置。