材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译

Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科学基础名词与术语

第一章绪论

metal: 金属

ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料

Processing: 加工过程

Structure: 组织结构

Properties: 性质

Performance: 使用性能

Mechanical properties: 力学性能

Electrical properties: 电性能

Thermal behavior: 热性能

Magnetic properties: 磁性能

Optical properties: 光性能

Deteriorative characteristics: 老

化特性

第二章原子结构与原子键

Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位

Atomic number: 原子数

Atomic weight: 原子量

Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能

Coulombic force: 库仑力

Covalent bond: 共价键

Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位

Electronegative: 负电的

Electropositive: 正电的

Ground state: 基态

Hydrogen bond: 氢键

Ionic bond: 离子键

Isotope: 同位素

Metallic bond: 金属键

Mole: 摩尔

Molecule: 分子

Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相

容原理

Periodic table: 元素周期表

Polar molecule: 极性分子

Primary bonding: 强键

Quantum mechanics: 量子力学

Quantum number: 量子数

Secondary bonding: 弱键

valence electron: 价电子

van der waals bond: 范德华键

Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象

性模型

第三章金属与陶瓷的结构

Allotropy: 同素异形现象

Amorphous: 无定形

Anion: 阴离子

Anisotropy: 各向异性

atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构Bragg’s law: 布拉格定律

Cation: 阳离子

coordination number: 配位数

crystal structure: 晶体结构

crystal system: 晶系

crystalline: 晶体的

diffraction: 衍射

face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构第五章晶体缺陷

Alloy: 合金

A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.

由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。

Weight percent (wt%)：质量百分数

Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass). Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物

For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.

在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。

Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity.

对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。

Point defect: 点缺陷

A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites.

一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。

Vacancy: 空位

A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing.

一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。

Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散

The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.

一种扩散机制，此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相近的空位中。

Self-interstitial: 自间隙原子

A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site. 处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。

Schottky defect: 肖脱基缺陷

In an ionic solid, a defect consisting of a cation–vacancy and anion–vacancy pair.

在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，它是由一个阳离子空位和一个阴离子空位组成的空位对。

Atomic vibration:原子振动

The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance. 材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来，这种振动与温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大，因此也称为原子热振动。

Substitutional solid solution: 置换固溶体

A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms.

溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。

Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散

A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.

一种扩散机制，此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一个相近的间隙位置。

Interstitial solid solution: 间隙固溶体

A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.

相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置所形成的固溶体。

Solid solution: 固溶体

A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.

Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.

包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。

Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶体强化

Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in which a solid solution is formed.

The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility.

由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。

Solute: 溶质

One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.

It is dissolved in the solvent.

溶液（固溶体）中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂中。

Solution heat treatment: 固溶处理，均匀化退火

The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate particles.

Often, the solid solution is supersaturated and metastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature.

让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。通常情况下，从固溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。Solvent: 溶剂

The component of a solution present in the greatest amount.

It is the component that dissolves a solute.

溶液（固溶体）中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。Burgers vector (b

): 柏氏矢量

A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a dislocation.表示位错引起晶格畸变程度和方向的矢量。

Composition (C i): 成分，组成

The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent.

合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。

Defect structure: 缺陷结构，缺陷组态

Relating to the kinds and concentrations of vacancies and interstitials in a ceramic compound.

在陶瓷化合物中，与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关的缺陷组态。

Dislocation: 位错

A linear crystalline defect around which there is atomic misalignment.

晶体材料中的线状缺陷，在其附近，原子发生错排。

Plastic deformation corresponds to the motion of dislocations in response to an applied shear stress. Edge, screw, and mixed dislocations are possible.

在外加切应力作用下位错的运动可以导致晶体材料的塑性变形。可能存在的位错类型有刃型位错、螺型位错和混合型位错。Screw dislocation: 螺型位错

A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion created when normally parallel planes are joined together to form a helical ramp.

The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.

一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为当相互平行的相邻晶面之间依次错粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心线区域所形成的原子错排组态。

螺型位错的柏氏矢量平行与其位错线。

Mixed dislocation: 混合位错

A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.

同时含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位错。

Dislocation density: 位错密度

The total dislocation length per unit volume of material; alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.

在单位体积材料中包含位错的长度，或者说在材料内部任意单位截面上位错线的根数。

Dislocation line: 位错线

The line that extends along the end of the extra half-plane of atoms for an edge dislocation, and along the center of the spiral of a screw dislocation.

刃型位错中多余半原子面边缘的连线，或者螺型位错中错排螺旋的中心轴线。

Edge dislocation:刃型位错

A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half plane of atoms within a crystal.

The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.

一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为晶体中存在的多余半原子面的末端附近区域所形成的原子错排组态。

刃型位错的柏氏矢量垂直与其位错线。

Electroneutrality: 电中性

The state of having exactly the same numbers of positive and negative electrical charges (ionic and electronic), that is, of being electrically neutral.

材料中一种正负电荷（离子和电子）数目精确相等的状态。在此状态下，材料是不带电的。