英国历史与文化_英文版PPT

Chapter 2 Roman Britain
Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD)
British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.
– first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar – complete control over the land in 43 A.D. – leaving in around 410 A.D.
leader
• played a critical role in the
transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
1. First landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar – Reasons
Roman Soldiers
Resistance to Roman Occupation • For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation.
– Roman troops often withdrew. – Resistance: the Picts – Two great walls to keep the Picts:
1.2 Early Settlers
• Hunters and gatherers
– Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,000—8000 BC – Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 8300—3500 BC – New Stone Age (Neolithic), 3500—2500 BC
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
2. Complete control over the land in 43 A.D.
– Leader
• headed by the Emperor Claudius
– Reasons
• came as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superior
– to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point
of world history
Gaius Julius Caesar
(July 13, 100 BC– March 15, 44 BC)
• a Roman military and political
Roman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)
3. Leaving in around 410 A.D.
– The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D.. – left behind a well established Celtic-Roman culture
Celtic gods and goddesses
• Roman Britain .
– Christian merchants and traders arrived in England in the 1st century A.D, but made little impact.
– In the 2nd century, Christianity slowly spread.
Roman amphitheatre
Roman aqueduct
Roman Road
The Impact of Christianity
• The Celt’s Religion
– Polytheism (多神论)
• Animals, rivers, and lakes were also treated as gods.
• baths, temples, amphitheatres 竞技场, Roman aqueducts 高架渠 of roads to connect large towns
Roman roads: more than 5000 roads, a network
Roman town: Bath
Bath Abbey
1.1 Geography: Some Terminology
Official title
– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – British Isles
• including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands
Roman Influence:
The Romanisation of Britannia
• Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled town linked by military roads.
Roman towns: London, York, Bath
Chapter 1 Early England
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Old Stone Age, 70,000—8000 BC Middle Stone Age , 8300—3500 BC New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC Bronze Age, 2500—700 BC (Iberians) Iron Age, 700—100 BC (Celts) The Dawning of English History 150 BC—50
Britannia
monotheism (一神论)
Anglo-Saxon period
In the middle of the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons
settled here. English people owe much of their tradition, language, physical heritage to them (tall, fairhaired). Viking invasion: by the 8th, the Danish began to invade England in a successful way until Alfred the Great defeated them. King Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 阿佛列大 帝) He is often regarded as the first king of a united England.
wk.baidu.com
1.2 Early Settlers
• New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC
– Stonehenge 史前巨石阵
• a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork
1.1 Geography: Geography and History
• isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea • once perceived as being on the edge of the world • The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions:
– The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940
1.1 Geography: Weather
• Generally mild and temperate weather
– allows farming to flourish across the country – North: less fertile land, wetter – South: fertile land, drier
Stonehenge
In Search of History 00:20 — 01:38
1.2 Early Settlers
• The Celts (Iron Age, 700—100 BC)
– from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh – Gaelic 盖尔语 : language of Celtic origin
• • the lure of treasures to punish the Celts because of the help they rendered their fellow tribesmen in Gaul
– Results
•
•
failed because of weather
withdraw with hostages and prisoners
An Introduction to British History and Culture
English History
• • • • • • • • • • • Prehistoric England Roman Britain (43-410) The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) Lancaster and York (1272-1485) The Tudors (1485-1603) The Stuarts (1603-1714) Order and Disorder (1714-1837) Victoria and Empire (1837-1910) Peace and War (1910-1945) Contemporary Britain (1945)
What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.?
• BC – stands for "before Christ" • AD – stands for the Latin phrase ―anno domini‖ – means "in the year of our Lord" • The purpose of the BC / AD dating system
– In the late 6th century, Christianity was introduced widely in England.
• Christianity: belief in one godhead, • The Celt’s Religion:belief in several gods • After Constantine’s conversion to Christianity, Polytheism (多神论)
• Hadrian’s Wall • Antonine Wall
Roman Influence:
The Romanisation of Britannia
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills Architecture Roman social system The Latin Language System of writing and numbering Introduced a system of organized government in towns 7. Brought the new religion Christianity to Britain