参考文献格式apa6

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apa文献参考格式

apa文献参考格式
APA格式是学术写作中常用的引用和参考文献格式之一，它由美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）制定并广泛应用于社会科学领域。

在撰写学术论文或研究报告时，按照APA 格式引用文献可以帮助读者追溯你所引用的资料来源，并且在学术界有一定的规范性和标准性。

在APA格式中，文献的引用分为两种方式，文中引用和参考文献列表。

文中引用是指在论文的正文中引用其他文献的部分内容，而参考文献列表则是在论文末尾列出所有被引用过的文献的详细信息。

对于文中引用，一般遵循以下格式，（作者姓氏，年份）。

如果是直接引用他人文字，则需要在引用部分加上具体页码。

例如，“引用内容”（作者姓氏，年份，页码）。

对于参考文献列表，书写格式一般为：
书籍，作者姓氏，名字的首字母. (出版年). 书名. 出版地: 出版社。

期刊文章，作者姓氏，名字的首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码范围。

网络资源，作者姓氏，名字的首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 网站名. 检索日期，来自URL。

需要注意的是，不同类型的文献引用格式略有不同，需要根据具体情况进行调整。

另外，还需要注意对于同一作者多篇文献的引用，要按照年份先后顺序进行排列。

总的来说，APA格式的文献引用要求清晰、规范，有助于读者对论文中引用的资料来源进行准确的追溯，提高学术研究的可信度和可读性。

第六版APA国际英语论文格式

Indirect quotation/paraphrasing – no quotation marks Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).
Check the Library Catalogue for call number and location(s). When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley.
(Bochner, 1996) or According to Bochner (1996) ...
6. Course handout/Lecture notes
Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.

apa 参考文献格式

APA（American Psychological Association）参考文献格式是一种广泛用于社会科学领域的引用和参考文献格式。

以下是一些基本的APA参考文献格式规则：书籍：作者姓氏，首字母. （出版年份）。

书名（所有单词首字母大写，除了介词、连词和冠词）。

出版地：出版社。

例如：Smith, J. (2020). The psychology of learning. New York, NY: Springer.期刊文章：作者姓氏，首字母. （出版年份）。

文章标题。

期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围。

例如：Jones, M. (2018). The effects of sleep on memory retention. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 30(2), 145-156.在线文章或网页：作者姓氏，首字母. （出版年份，月份日）。

文章标题。

《期刊名称》，卷号（期号）。

DOI或URL例如：Brown, K. (2021, May 15). Understanding the impact of social media on mental health. Journal of Digital Psychology, 45(3). https://xxx 如果DOI（数字对象唯一标识符）可用，应优先使用。

如果没有DOI，提供稳定的URL。

电子书：作者姓氏，首字母. （出版年份）。

书名（所有单词首字母大写，除了介词、连词和冠词）。

DOI或电子书的URL例如：Johnson, L. (2019). Digital communication strategies. https://xxx注意以下几点：所有参考文献列表应按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

所有行都应该左对齐，除了作者的姓氏，它应该缩进。

如果有多个作者，只列出前6位作者，然后用逗号、“et al.”表示其余作者。

APA6格式

Struggling with New Odds for APA ManuscriptsMarjorie M. V. HeinzerCase Western Reserve UniversityCourse NumberJanuary 24, 2010Author’s NoteA note on the research or the author’s message to the reader is placed on the title page in this format. In addition, the author’s affiliation at the time of the study is placed in a separate paragraph followed by a new paragraph with the author’s current affiliation.Corresponding author information is included now on the title page with full address and contact information. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Marjorie M. Heinzer, Associate Professor of Nursing, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4904. E-mail: marjorie.heinzer@AbstractThe abstract is a summary of the manuscript and includes the theme, pertinent findings, conclusions, and significance of the paper. As a brief overview, an abstract gives the reader the necessary information that conveys the importance of the manuscript, the purpose, and the content. The language needs to be clear, accurate, and concise. The abstract may have 150 to 250 words dependent upon the anticipated journal publication guidelines, is easily readable, and uses active voice. The word “abstract” is centered above the narrative and the entire text is double-spaced. The first sentence begins flush with the margin. Key words from the abstract are index words for library search programs. Many of the health professions utilize APA style for publication requirements. Keywords follow the abstract paragraph on a separate line. This manuscript is a sample paper that demonstrates and presents the newest guidelines of the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.Keywords: APA format, APA guidelines, APA styleStruggling with New Odds for APA ManuscriptsThe sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010) maintains some of the original fourth and fifth edition directives for preparation of a manuscript. The title page is similar although the title and author section is placed above the middle of the page. Institutional affiliations are placed under the author's name, yet credentials are not included. The student may be required to put the course number and the date submitted to the faculty member following the affiliation as is demonstrated in this manuscript, but that information is not addressed in the manual. Author’s notes with departmental affiliation data during the time of the study, then current departmental affiliation in a second paragraph if necessary, followed by acknowledgements are now included on the title page as is the contact information for the corresponding author. The specific guidelines for the title page are found on pages 24 through 25. Errors are found in the first printing of the sixth edition. Corrections are printed on the APA website along with corrected sample papers which are can be downloaded.Two of the initial visible changes in the text are the use of boldface type for the first four levels of headings and the removal of the double/double spacing after the centered word abstract on the second page. The abstract is now entirely double-spaced and set in the same typeface as the body of the manuscript. A 12 point typeface, such as Times New Roman, is recommended.The running head words remain as before, that is, “Running head” followed by a colon without the apostrophes. The words in the phrase for the running head are capitalized, the words “Running head” begin flush with the left margin, and that format isfound on every page of the manuscript. Page numbers are flush right margin at the top of the page and begin with the title page. Another specification is the minimum of one-inch margins on all sides of the paper while the right margins are not justified. Bolding words or phrases in the headings are now required for APA format with the exception of the title of the manuscript and fifth level headings. The word “introduction” is not used at the start of the manuscript; however, the first few paragraphs are presumed to be the introduction to the manuscript.General GuidelinesIf one pays close attention to the abstract one might notice that the first line is not indented. However, regular indentation is used once the narrative content begins on the first full page. The first line of every paragraph is indented. Each paragraph has a five to seven space indent (tab) that should measure about one half inch. Apparently the authors had a criterion that was not unanimous in consensus!The title of the manuscript belongs on the first page of text yet its absence is a common APA error. From this point until the end of the text, the content must be double spaced. It might be surprising to note that only a single space follows a period at the end of a sentence and in the reference list. This spacing is the same as in the fifth edition; however, it does cause a bit of difficulty in reading the sentences in a paragraph.Every paragraph begins with an indentation with the exception of the abstract. The new manual (APA, 2010) shows the discussion section without an indentation for the first paragraph and that is one of the errors. Guidelines for writing a discussion section are included in the manual in section 2.08. The discussion section ends with the author’s comments on the implications or importance of the findings from the study.The reference list is the same format as the fifth edition, with each reference entry placed in a “hanging indent.” The first line is flush with the left margin while each additional line has that five to seven space indent. The titles of books, full names of journals, and the volume number for the journals are italicized. References are double-spaced in APA format, yet may be single-spaced for a thesis or dissertation according to university guidelines.Capitalization of the words in the reference list always presents a challenge to students. All words in a book title or article title are not capitalized. The first word in a title, any proper names in the title, and the first word after a colon are capitalized and they are the only words capitalized. Errors in formatting references on the reference list rank in the top five errors seen in student papers. This author directs you to look at the reference list included in this sample paper for accurate examples of the usual types of references seen in undergraduate and graduate papers for nursing and psychology majors and in manuscripts commonly submitted for publication in nursing journals.A section on footnotes may now follow the reference list in a manuscript. A superscript number identifies the placement in the text and in the footnote list. Footnotes may be used with reports of statistical tests where explanation may be needed.Citations in the TextCitations are another major problem for the writer. Trial, error, and teacher corrections are the mechanisms for learning and perfecting the skill. One common error occurs in the multiple authored book or article phenomenon (Better & Best, 2009)1. Each time the reference to one or two authors is cited, the entire reference must be noted. The writer must include three, four, or five authors’ names in the citation for the first citedparaphrase or quotation (Thomas, Richard, & Harold, 2008), but every succeeding citation for that group becomes the first author followed by et al. (Thomas et al., 2008). Please do not ice that there is no period after ‘et’, but there is one after “al.” in the citation and no comma after the author’s name before “et”. The rule changes for six authors or more; in an effort to save trees, one must cite the first author’s surname, the term et al., and the year in the text (Apple et al., 2008) for the first and each subsequent citation.Primary citations (those referring to the author who actually wrote the content of the paper, completed the research study, or presented the great ideas that are of interest) are cited as noted and are found in section 6.11 (APA, 2010). Secondary citations are used in the rare instances that the original author’s work is out of print or cannot be documented from written materials. The writer needs to consider using this option very carefully and must check the specific directions in the manual (APA, p. 178).Citations in the Reference ListThe reference list presents another area of confusion in the typing of the edition number following a book name. The fifth edition of a book should be written as (5th ed.) without italicizing in the reference list. Astute faculty will check the actual citations in the text against the reference list. Students must remember that the reference list contains only those references that were cited in the manuscript and all of the references that were cited in the text. Publications with more than six authors have a specific rule. The entire reference up to six authors with surnames and initials must be written in the reference list; however, the term et al. is used after the sixth author followed by three ellipses (…) and the last author’s name (APA, 2010, p. 184).Electronic and web site references are a matter of concern for both authenticity and credibility. Since census statistics from the federal or state governments are updated frequently on government web sites, these sites may present the most recent and most accurate resources for these data. A sample of an electronic citation may be found in the reference list in this paper (The University of Wisconsin Madison, 2009). However, the use of the Internet references for research papers presents problems in areas other than the government web sites or university websites. The writer must use caution with any electronic reference that lack credentialed and/or identified authors. Faculty and editors are usually willing to provide guidance in this matter.Stylistic ConcernsAs you continue to prepare your manuscript, you will notice that the rules become foreign and are truly a new language for the writer. A student needs to “practice with APA to produce a fine manuscript” (Haas & Edina, 2009, p. 19). Other recommendations are to write for content and flow first. One may easily edit the work after ideas are placed in order (Heinzer, 2008). The APA manual states that the past tense or the present perfect tense is required for a manuscript.Abbreviations in text. If one has a burning desire to use abbreviations, one must first write out the words and then place the abbreviation within parentheses immediately following those words. An example of this is demonstrated in the commonly used phrase, according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style of writing. In further text, the writer may then use the acronym APA to refer to that literary entity. This paragraph demonstrates the placement of a Level 3 heading and the paragraph that it introduces. Other examples of headings are found on page 62 in the APA manual (2010).Numerical issues. Writing numbers in text may be confusing. A number beginning a sentence or a number under 10, for example, one, seven or nine, is spelled out as a word. A number of two digits or more is written as the numerical equivalent (23, 58, or 104) unless that number is the first word in a sentence. If numbers are used for group comparison values in the same paragraph and one of those numbers is 10 or over, then all numbers would be in numerical form. The APA (2010) manual details several combinations of number scenarios beginning in Section 4.31 and continuing for six pages. If one is mathematically inclined, one might just enjoy the challenging reading.Quotations. Faculty and editors generally recommend that writers paraphrase material in formal papers, rather than use a series of quotes. Quotations provide significant problems for some writers. Another person’s words, accurately reproduced, generally find a home between a set of quotation marks. “If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks” (APA, 2010, p. 170). Writers often forget to include the page number following the citation and the quote. A person has literally plagiarized content when reprinting another author’s words without identifying those words as a quote, referencing the cited source, and noting the page number. The writer may then be the recipient of a failing grade, university review for academic integrity violation, and even legal ramifications. Plagiarism is plagiarism and it is always wrong.When the narrative content in a quote is long, APA (2010) directs the writer to follow these guidelines:If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line andindent the block about a half inch from the left margin (in the same position as a new paragraph). (APA, 2010, p. 171)If the writer is not clear on how to handle a block quotation, the APA manual also gives examples in the sample papers. The reader must note that the page number is always included with a quotation and follows the block quote text after the final period.Headings and their levels. Student writers also indicate that headings and their respective levels and placements confuse and frustrate them in their preparation of a formal paper. Two levels of headings, Level 1 and Level 2, appear to be the most common need in research and opinion papers. The first level of heading is a centered one in boldface type with similar capitalization as used in a title. The second heading, Level 2, moves the topic to the left margin, uses uppercase and lowercase letters as in the title, and is also boldface type without a period at the end. The paragraph that follows is then indented on a new line. If three levels of headings are needed, the Level 3 heading is then used. Level 3 headings are indented from the left margin, bolded and in lower case after the capitalized first word, and are followed by a period. The term “level of heading” now indicates the order or sequence of the placement.Citations and their ordering in text. If one reads citations carefully, one may notice that the sequence of citations within the parentheses is not chronological, but is alphabetical by the first author’s surname. The fo llowing is an example of the format of a citation from two different sources, Apple et al. (2008) and Heinzer (1997). The A in Apple appears before the H in Heinzer in the English alphabet; hence, the Apple citation appears first (Apple et al., 2008; Heinzer, 1997). A semicolon follows the year for thepublication and separates the individual author citations. The same criterion follows for multiple citations in the text.SummaryThis work is a whimsical illustration of a paper in APA format to be used only for student information. The reference list contains several imaginary journals, articles, and authors. The APA (2010) reference is an accurate and legitimate reference. The publication by Heinzer (1997) is an earlier version of the APA guidelines that was published for student use. Condensed guidelines have also been published online by several universities and the APA. Two of the university electronic websites that provide this condensed information on the newest APA format for students’ use are the following: /owl/resource/560/01/ and/Handbook/DocAPA.html. Students are advised that the content guidelines may change as the use of resources from the electronic media and the Internet becomes more common. This sample paper is just the beginning, but some humor can alleviate the pain.American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Apple, M., Boxer, T., Conrad, W., Digger, M., Edwin, S. M., & Frog, J. S. (2008).Authors, authors, and more authors. Literary Guide for Scholars, 3(7), 1-9. * Better, I. M., & Best, U. R. (2009). The care and grooming of graduate nursing students.The Journal of Nursing Student Needs, 10 (2), 21-29. *Haas, M. B., & Edina, M. N. (Eds.). (2009). The art and science of manuscript preparation in graduate school: Models of success (4rd ed.). Glenside, PA: LoonPress. *Heinzer, M. M. (1997). APA style of writing: Struggling against the odds. Nursing Spectrum (Pennsylvania Edition),6(14), 8-9.Heinzer, M. M. (2008). Writing for fun, profit, and an excellent grade. Phenomena in Education, 30, 115-120. *Thomas, T. T., Richard, R. R., & Harold, H. H. (2008). Multiplicity in authorship: A stylistic dilemma. Writer’s Journal of America, 6, 398-411. *The University of Wisconsin Madison (2009). APA documentation. Retrieved January 24, 2010 from /Handbook/DocAPA.html.1Those references marked with an asterisk (*) in the reference list are fictional and cannot be used as legitimate references.。

apa报告文献格式

apa报告文献格式
APA（American Psychological Association）报告文献格式是一种常用于社会科学和心理学领域的引用格式。

以下是APA 报告文献格式的基本要求：
1. 引文：在文中引用他人的观点、研究或数据时，需要提供作者姓名和出版年份，格式为（作者，年份）。

2. 参考文献列表：在论文的末尾，需要列出所有引用过的文献，按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

每个文献的格式应包括作者、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名称、卷号、期号和页码等信息。

3. 书籍引用：对于书籍的引用，应包括作者、出版年份、书名、出版社。

4. 网页引用：对于网页的引用，应包括作者、出版年份、网页标题、网站名称和网址。

5. 引用多位作者：当引用多位作者的作品时，只需列出第一作者的姓名，后面加上“等”或“et al.”。

APA 格式可能会因不同的出版物和学科领域而有所差异，因此在使用APA 格式时，最好参考相关的APA 手册或指南，以确保引用格式的准确性。

APA参考文献格式-最新条例

APA参考文献格式-最新条例APA（美国心理学协会）参考文献格式是学术写作中常用的引用规范。

最新的条例对于准确引用必不可少。

本文将介绍最新的APA参考文献格式，以帮助您在学术写作中正确引用和格式化参考文献。

文献类型根据文献的类型，APA参考文献格式可以分为不同的类别。

以下是几种常见的文献类型及其引用格式：1. 书籍：姓名, 学历/头衔. (年份). 书名（第x版）. 出版地: 出版社.2. 期刊文章：姓名, 学历/头衔. (年份). 标题. 杂志名, 卷号(期号), 页码.3. 网络资源：作者/组织. (年份). 标题. 来源. 获取日期, 来源网址.引用规则在引用参考文献时，应遵循以下规则：1. 在段落的末尾直接引用：报纸名（年月日）：引用内容。

2. 引用大段文字时，将文字缩进并使用粗体：> 引用内容3. 多个作者时，应使用“和”连接最后两个作者的姓名：姓名1, 学历/头衔, 姓名2, 学历/头衔, ... & 最后一个姓名, 学历/头衔.4. 当来源于同一作者且同一年份的多篇文献时，应在年份后面加上小写字母以区分：姓名, 学历/头衔. (年份a). 标题. 出版地: 出版社.示例以下是几个示例，展示了不同类型参考文献的APA格式：- 书籍：刘慈欣. (2008). 三体. 北京: 重庆出版社.- 期刊文章：Smith, J. D., & Wang, L. (2019). The effects of exercise on mental health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(3), 352-366.- 网络资源：请注意，引用中的作者姓名、年份、标题等信息应根据实际情况进行替换。

总结本文介绍了最新的APA参考文献格式，包括文献类型和引用规则。

在学术写作中，正确使用APA参考文献格式非常重要，它不仅能够展示您对相关文献的引用准确性，也能提高您的学术文档的可信度。

APA参考文献格式-最新要求

APA参考文献格式-最新要求APA（美国心理学协会）是学术写作和论文引用中最常用的格式之一。

它规定了在学术论文中如何引用和引用参考文献。

以下是APA参考文献格式的最新要求。

1. 文献引用格式在文本中引用文献时，应使用以下格式（作者, 年份）：- 单一作者：(Smith, 2019)- 两个作者：(Smith & Johnson, 2019)- 三个或更多作者：(Smith et al., 2019)2. 参考文献列表格式在参考文献列表中，按提供的格式列出所有引用的文献。

2.1 书籍书籍的参考文献格式如下所示：- 单著：作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母. (年份). 书籍名称. 出版地点: 出版商.- 多著：作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母., & 作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母. (年份). 书籍名称. 出版地点: 出版商.示例：- Smith, J. H. (2019). Writing in APA Style. New York, NY: Publisher.2.2 学术期刊文章学术期刊文章的参考文献格式如下所示：- 单篇文章：作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号), 页面范围.- 多篇文章：作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母., & 作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号), 页面范围.示例：- Johnson, A. B. (2018). The Impact of Technology on Education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 15(3), 45-67.- Smith, J. H., & Johnson, A. B. (2018). The Role of Motivation in Learning. Journal of Educational Research, 20(1), 12-34.3. 网络资源参考文献列表中引用的网络资源的格式如下所示：- 作者姓氏, 作者名字首字母. (年份). 文章标题. 网站名称. 获取日期, 来自URL.示例：请注意，以上是APA参考文献格式的基本要求。

apa参考文献格式要求

apa参考文献格式要求一、概述APA（American Psychological Association）参考文献格式是一种广泛使用的格式，主要用于心理学领域。

它要求在学术研究论文中准确地列出所有引用的书籍、期刊文章、网站等资料的来源。

二、格式要求1. 书籍：在引用书籍时，需要列出书名、作者、出版日期、出版社和ISBN号等信息。

引用章节时，需要使用数字标明章节序号。

例如：“Smith, J. (2020). Psychology: A Comprehensive Introduction. 5th ed. Pearson: ISBN 1234567890”。

2. 期刊文章：在引用期刊文章时，需要列出文章名、作者、期刊名、出版日期等信息。

引用多篇文章时，需要用逗号分隔。

例如：“Jones, E., & Johnson, M. (2020). Experimental Research in Psychology. Psychological Review,127(4), 800-821.”3. 电子资源：在引用电子资源（如网站、报告等）时，需要列出资源名称、发布日期、来源等信息。

例如：“Harr is, S. (2020, July 15). Online Survey Results: How Americans View Mental Health. Center for Mental Health Policy.”4. 特殊引用：对于未出版的手稿、内部报告、演讲等非正式资料，需要使用“Unpublished work by author, name, date”的形式进行引用。

三、引用示例1. 直接引用：Smith指出，心理健康问题是一个日益严重的问题。

2. 间接引用：据一项研究显示，心理健康问题是一个日益严重的问题。

这一观点可以在Smith的研究中得到支持。

3. 混合引用：Smith指出，虽然心理健康问题是一个日益严重的问题，但研究方法的有效性和可靠性是至关重要的。

APA第六版电子文献DOI 格式

電子文獻DOI 格式和實用之主張（1）APA 引用電子文獻之改變APA 於第六版已經承認電子文獻，因為其出版及傳輸之效率和資料可呈現的出影音等多元模式，隨時變更的網路，文章的連結不一定可靠。

APA 引用電子文獻首先採行URL (Uniform Resource Loators)此為電子資料之網址，目前是DOI 碼(Digital Object Identifier)，APA 引用電子文獻使用的格式。

（1.1）APA 第五版第五版規定引用電子文獻的皆須說明，以方括弧如：[Electronic version]來標記所引用的資料類型，例（2001，頁271)：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.網際網路上的電子學術期刊，引用方式與紙本相同，須加上檢索的網址和檢索日期（APA，2001，頁272）如：Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html，例：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlAPA 引用資料庫電子文獻時，須列出資料庫名稱和檢索日期，如：Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.，不須提供資料庫網址（APA，2001，頁278-279），例：Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,E.D., &White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience insupervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.（1.2）2007年“APA Style Guide to Electronic References”2007年，美國心理學會為了因應近來網路科技的發展、新型態的參考資源紛紛出現，出版了APA Style Guide to Electronic References，基本上此篇是APA 寫作手冊第五版當中的4.16項的更新與改版，當中對於電子文獻的引用規範有更完善的說明，重要的改變式提出「數位物件辨識碼」DOI 碼（Digital Object Identifier），彌補了URL 可能因為時間或其他因素而消失的缺點。

apa参考文献格式

apa 参考文献格式APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。

下面是小编为大家整理的apa 参考文献格式，希望对大家有帮助。

APA参考文献的格式与其他写作格式比较,虽然比较单纯但也相当复杂，以下介绍文献的排列顺序。

一、依作者姓氏字母顺序排列，如以文章篇名或书名当作者，而该篇名或书名是以数字开头时，以国字之字母顺序比较，如21st century education 是以Twenty-first century education 作为比较的基准。

二、第一位作者姓名相同时，如为同一作者，依年代先后顺序排列: 例如:Hewlett, L. S. (1996) Hewlett, L. S. (1999)三、一位作者永远排在多位作者之前例如:Razik, T. A. (1991) Razik, T. A. , & Lin, T. -Y. (1995)四、当有多位作者必须比较时，依序由第二或第三第四…作者姓氏字母例如:Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000) Gosling, J. Y., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996)五、相同作者且相同年代，则依 (去除A, The等冠词之后) 篇名或书名字母例如:Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990a). Fundamental concepts… Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990b). Human relations…六、作者姓氏相同，名字不同时，依名字字母顺序排列例如:Liu,C. -R. (1993). Liu, M. -C. (1990).七、作者为机关团体时，以机关团体全名字母作为比较的基础，当作者为机关团体的附属团体时，全名要以「主团体先，附属团体后」来呈现例如:State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Educational Organization, Administration, and Policy. (1994).八、作者署名为Anonymous，以Anonymous来比较.九、没有作者时，把(去除冠词之后的) 篇名或书名视为作者来比较.十、引用后设分析(meta-analysis)之文献时,不必以附录一一列举,但融入於参考文献中并在文献前加注* 号,且在参考文献一开始时说明加注星号者为后设分析的相关文献。

论文中的APA引文格式

APA论文资料引用格式包括文献引用（reference citations）与参考文献（reference list）两部分。

1.文献引用1.1间接引用（citations）：间接引用需在论文主体部分引用作者姓名和文献出版年份。

读者可以在references list中看到所引用文献完整的信息。

A．如果引用文献只涉及一位作者的某本专著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和所引用文献出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。

例: I t has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976).B.如果引用文献涉及的一位作者的名字在行文中已出现，隶属句子的一部分，则只需在名字后加上括弧，将引用文献的出版日期放于此括号内。

例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.C．如果引用文献涉及到的作者和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需要单独的夹注了。

例：In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors.D．如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著，则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注出来，在夹注中用“&”，在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。

例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990). Bryman and Cramer also pointed out that…E．如涉及到的作者超过两人，少于六人，第一次加夹注时，写出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al”即可。

APA参考文献格式-最新指南

APA参考文献格式-最新指南
根据美国心理学协会（American Psychological Association，APA）的最新指南，以下是APA参考文献格式的要求：
一般规则
1. 所有的参考文献都应该以字母顺序排列，并按照作者的姓氏排列。

2. 如果同一作者有多篇文章，按照发表时间的先后顺序排列。

3. 所有的作者姓名需要用“姓, 名”的格式来书写，多个作者之间用逗号分隔。

4. 文献标题应该使用斜体。

5. 在标题前使用标点符号，并使用句点将整个参考文献结尾。

书籍
格式：作者姓氏, 作者名字. (年份). 书名. 出版地: 出版者.
Example:
学术期刊文章
格式：作者姓氏, 作者名字. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码.
Example:
Johnson, A. (2019). Article Title. Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 45-60.
网站文章
格式：作者姓氏, 作者名字. (年份). 文章标题. 网站名. 取自网址.
Example:
报纸文章
格式：作者姓名. (年份, 月份). 文章标题. 报纸名, 页码.
Example:
James, L. (2021, August). Newspaper Article Title. The Daily News, pp. A1-A2.
请注意，这只是APA参考文献格式的一些基本要求，根据实际情况可能会有一些变化。

建议您在撰写参考文献时仔细阅读最新的APA指南，以确保符合最新要求。

参考文献引用设置

参考文献引用设置在进行学术论文写作时，引用参考文献是非常重要的一部分。

以下是一些常见的参考文献引用格式和设置方法：1. APA 格式：适用于社会科学、心理学、教育学等领域。

一般格式为：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 文章标题. 杂志名, 卷号(期号), 页码.例如：Smith, J. D. (2010). Effects of Exercise on Mental Health. Journalof Psychology, 20(3), 45-60.2. MLA 格式：适用于人文学科，如文学、语言学等领域。

一般格式为：作者名, 作者姓. "文章标题." 杂志名, 卷号.出版年, 页码.例如：Johnson, Robert. "The Role of Nature in Romantic Poetry." Literary Studies, vol. 15, 2010, pp. 120-135.3. Chicago 格式：适用于历史学、艺术史等领域。

一般格式为：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 杂志名卷号, 期号 (出版年): 页码.例如：Smith, John. "The Evolution of Art in Europe." Art HistoryReview 24, no. 3 (2015): 45-60.另外，还要注意以下几点：- 引用文献时，需要标注作者的姓名、出版年份、文章标题、杂志名、卷号、期号和页码等信息，格式要清晰、统一。

- 在引用文献时，可以使用文中引用法（括号内给出作者姓名、出版年份和页面号码）或脚注法（在页面下方或文末列出完整的引用信息）。

- 如果引用的是网络资源，需要提供网页链接和访问日期。

- 在学术论文中，引用的文献应该合理多样，避免过度依赖某一文献。

以上是一些常见的参考文献引用设置方法，具体可根据所需的学术期刊或指导教师的要求进行导入和标注。

APA 6th Edition[1]标准中外论文参考文献格式权威介绍

Flush Left, Boldface, and Upper and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase heading ending with a period. Indented, bold face, italicized, lowercase heading ending with a period.
– Freud (1930/1961) wrote of two urges: an urge toward union with others and …
• DO NOT USE after an introduction that is not a complete sentence.
• Use between a complete introductory clause and a final phrase. (If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, it begins with a capital letter.)
General Instructions, cont.
• Title Page
– Title – Name – Institutional Affiliation
• Running Head
– (less than 50 characters, including spaces) – Fully justified as a header with page number
Research based, simplified numbers References
Block quote for more than four typed lines

APA参考文献格式-最新版

APA参考文献格式-最新版APA 参考文献格式最新版在学术研究和写作的领域中，正确引用参考文献是一项至关重要的任务。

APA 参考文献格式作为广泛应用的一种规范，为我们提供了清晰、一致的引用方法。

接下来，让我们深入了解一下 APA 参考文献格式的最新版要求。

首先，我们要明白 APA 参考文献格式的目的。

它不仅是为了给予原作者应有的学术尊重和认可，避免抄袭的嫌疑，还能够帮助读者更轻松地查找和获取我们所引用的资料，增强研究的可信度和可重复性。

在 APA 格式中，书籍的引用方式有其特定的规则。

对于一本有单个作者的书籍，我们需要按照以下格式书写：作者姓氏，名字的首字母（出版年份）书名出版地：出版社。

例如：Smith, J （2022) The Secret of Success New York: ABC Publishing如果是有多个作者的书籍，情况会稍有不同。

两个作者的书籍，应写成：作者 1 姓氏，名字首字母，＆作者 2 姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）书名出版地：出版社。

三个及以上作者的书籍，则在列出第一作者后，加上“et al”，比如：Brown, A， Green, B，＆ Smith, C et al （2021) Exploring the Unknown London: XYZ Press期刊文章的引用也是常见的情况。

对于期刊文章，格式为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）文章标题期刊名，卷号（期号），起止页码。

例如：Johnson, M （2023) The New Trend in Technology Science Journal, 50(2)， 34 45、如果引用的是网络资源，比如网页，我们需要提供尽可能多的信息，包括作者（如果有的话）、网页标题、网站名称、发布日期（如果能找到）、网页的 URL 以及访问日期。

比如：＿____, （发布年份，如果有）网页标题网站名称检索自 URL （访问日期）。

APA参考文献格式

《心理学报》参考文献着录格式（着者-出版年制）详细要求本刊参照文献要求基本参照了Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) 第6版的相关规定，中文文献有细节上的特殊要求。

总体要求1 正文中引用的文献与文后的文献列表要完全一致。

⏹文中引用的文献可以在正文后的文献列表中找到；文献列表的文献必须在正文中引用。

2 文献列表中的文献着录必须准确和完备。

3 文献列表的顺序⏹文献列表按着者姓氏字母（或汉语拼音）顺序排列；姓相同，按名的字母顺序排列；着者姓和名相同，按出版年排列。

⏹相同着者，相同出版年的不同文献，需在出版年后面加a、b、c、d……来区分，按文题的字母顺序排列。

如：Wang, M. Y. (2008a). Emotional……Wang, M. Y. (2008b). Monitor……Wang, M. Y. (2008c). Weakness……4 缩写chap. chapter 章ed. edition 版Rev. ed. revised edition 修订版2nd ed. second edition 第2版Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) 编Trans. Translator(s) 译n.d. No date 无日期p. (pp.) page (pages) 页Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4) 卷vols. volumes (as in 4 vols.) 卷No. Number 第Pt. Part 部分Tech. Rep. Technical Report 技术报告Suppl. Supplement 增刊5 元分析报告中的文献引用⏹元分析中用到的研究报告直接放在文献列表中，但要在文献前面加星号*。

并在文献列表的开头就注明*表示元分析用到的的文献。

6 中文文献应给出相应的英文。

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References/BibliographyAPABased on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 6th edition.The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 6th edition (2010). Note:Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.What is referencing?Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.Why reference?Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.Steps in referencing• Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from whichinformation is taken.• Note the DOI (digital object identifier), if present. When a DOI is used, do not provide theURL or date of retrieval.• Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.• Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.In-text citations• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and theyear of publication.• A page number is included if you have a direct quote. When you paraphrase a passage, orrefer to an idea contained in another work, providing a page number is not required, but is "encouraged", especially if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.How to create a reference list/bibliography• A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the textof the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading. •A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited bytitle, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, startingwith the earliest publication.• Each reference appears on a new line.• Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. • References should not be numbered.Referencing SoftwareThe University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks software, which assist in creating reference lists. An APA 6th style is provided in the Endnote X4 software.(22/11/2011)APA 6th EditionBookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeOne author Sophisticated searching techniques areimportant in finding information (Berkman,1994)ORBerkman (1994) claimed that … Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial.BookTwo authors It is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)ORMoir and Jessel (1991) found students…Always list the authors in the order in whichthey appear in the publication.Cite both authors for each use of reference. Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.BookThree to five authors (O’Keefe, Bell, & Wyne, 2009)(O’Keefe et al., 2009)O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K.L. (2009). Diabetesessentials. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Book2O’Keefe, Bell, and Wyne argue that (2009)Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subsequent uses, cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”Six or more authors Johnson et al. (2005) argue …ORIt was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)Cite just the last name of the first authorfollowed by “et al.” and year for the first andall other citationsJohnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G.,Morgan, B., . . . Smith, P. (2005). How far is far? London:McMillan.When a reference has up to seven authors, include allauthors’ names in the reference list. When a work haseight or more authors, cite the last names & initials ofthe first six authors then follow with a comma and threespaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name.BookNo author Management is defined as (CCH MacquarieDictionary, 1993)ORCCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…Cite in the text the first few words of the titleand the year. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.BookAuthor Identified As Anonymous (Anonymous, 1996)Use only if author is specifically named as“Anonymous”Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors : A novel of politics.New York, NY: Random House.BookAuthors With Same Last Name (J. P. Lewis, 2007)J. P. Lewis argues that (2007)(R. Lewis, 2007)R. Lewis stated that (2007)Include first author’s initials in all citations.Lewis, J.P. (2007). Fundamentals of project management.New York, NY: American Management Association.Lewis, R. (2007). Human genetics : concepts andapplications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.Book3Multiple works by the same author …geology of Queensland’s national parks(Willmott, 2004, 2006).Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of thenational parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane:Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the nationalparks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: GeologicalSociety of Australia, Queensland Division.Order chronologically from earliest in the reference listBookMultiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b) Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London:Viking.Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.BookBook by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002)Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for themanagement of type 1 diabetes in children andadolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author.BookDifferent Editions (DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper, 1995)DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper (1995) state the ideathat…DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Childdevelopment: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston,MA: McGraw-Hill.The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.This is not necessary for a first edition.BookEdited book (Friedman & Wachs, 1999)(Everson, 1991) Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuringenvironment across the life span: Emerging methodsand concepts. Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Edited book4Electronicversion of printbook(De Lara & Doyen, 2008)(Ardia, 2008) De Lara, M., & Doyen, L. (2008). Sustainable managementof natural resources: Mathematical models andmethods. [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from/openurl.asp?genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-79073-0Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesianestimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications[SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78657-3Add the name of the provider of the electronic version insquare brackets.Electronic bookEnter the DigitalObject Identifier of thebook in the DOI field.If the book has no DOI,use the URL field andenter the full URL ofthe e-book if it wasonly publishedelectronically. If thebook was originallypublished in print,enter the URL of thehomepage of thewebsite on which it isavailable.Electronic-only book (Stevens, n.d.) Stevens, K. (n.d.) The dreamer and the beast. Retrievedfrom/showitem.asp?itemID=332Electronic bookTranslation of a book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manualtherapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh,Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.BookEnter translator’sname in Translatorfield5Chapter in a bookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeChapter in an edited book (Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of thebookBaker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care ofethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity,and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Press.Book sectionChapter from an electronic book without DOI (Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21-49).Retrieved from/cgi-bin/bookhome/117909832Book sectionChapter from an electronic book with DOI (Iacono, 2008) Iacono, W. G. (2008). Polygraph testing. In E. Borgida & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Beyond common sense: Psychologicalscience in the courtroom (pp. 219-235). doi:10.1002/9780470696422Book sectionReview from the Mental Measurements Yearbook database (McInerney, 2004) McInerney, V. (2004). Review of the Neale Analysis ofReading Ability, 3rd Edition [AustralianStandardisation]. In The fifteenth mentalmeasurements yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOMental Measurements Yearbook database.Book sectionAdd “EBSCO MentalMeasurementsYearbook database” inthe URL field.6Dictionary or EncyclopaediaElements of the citationAuthor(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeDictionary or Encyclopedia – print version (Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B.B. (Ed.). (1989). Dictionary of behavioralscience (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. BookEntry from Electronic dictionary or encyclopedia (Community, 2009) Community. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), Adictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t88.e337Book section7Journal ArticleIf the journal article has a digital object identifier (DOI), include this in your reference.If there is no DOI and you have accessed the article electronically, include the URL of the journal’s homepage in your reference.Elements of the citationJournal article with DOI (print or electronic)Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxJournal article – DOI not available and journal retrieved onlineReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote ReferenceTypeJournal article from print journal, no DOI (Lowrie & Diezmann, 2009) Lowrie, T., & Diezmann, C. M. (2009). Nationalnumeracy tests: A graphic tells a thousand words.Australian Journal of Education, 53, 141-158.Journal articleJournal article (print or electronic) with DOI – one author – paginated by issue (Osman, 2010)OROsman (2010) thought that….Osman, M. (2010). Controlling uncertainty: A reviewof human behavior in complex dynamicenvironments. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 65-86. doi: 10.1037/a0017815Note: The volume number is in italicsJournal articleWhen citing an articlewhich you accessedelectronically, use the“Electronic article”reference type.8Journal article with DOI – two authors (Kerrigan & Kingdon, 2010) Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternalobesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study.Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005Journal articleJournal article with DOI–three to five authors (Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac,2008)For works with 3-5 authors, in the in-textcitation, cite all authors the first time thereference appears; for all subsequentuses, cite last name of first authorfollowed by “et al.”Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., &Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change andadolescents' intentions to use marijuana.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.doi:10.1037/a0013020Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven.Journal articleJournal articlewith DOI – sixauthors or more(Wolchik et al., 2008)Note: For the in-text citation, for workswith six or more authors, use only thefirst author’s last name followed by “etal.”, for every use of the citation. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., . . . Griffin, W. A.(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs forchildren of divorce. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 68,843-856.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.843Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven. For eight or more, include the first six, then anellipsis, followed by the last author's name.Journal articleJournal article with DOI - continuous pagination throughout volume (Wilens & Biederman, 2006) Wilens, T.E., & Biederman J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs,and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Amodel for the study of addictions in youth.Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588.doi:10.1177/0269881105058776Note: Issue number is not required.Journal articleJournal article with DOI –available in (Allan, 2010) Allan, H. (2010). The perils facing nurse education: Acall for leadership for learning. Nurse EducationToday, Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.002Electronic article9advance in an online publication (before it is assigned a volume, issue or page numbers)Cochrane Review with DOI (Shaw, O’Rourke, Del Mar, & Kenardy,2005)Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J.(2005). Psychological interventions for overweightor obesity. The Cochrane database of systematicreviews (2).doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2Journal articleJournal article accessed electronically, without DOI (Fallon & Engel, 2008) Fallon, A., & Engel, C. (2008). Hypertensive disordersof pregnancy. The Practising Midwife, 11(9), 1-27.Retrieved fromElectronic articleNote: In the URLfield, enter either theURL of the journal'swebsite (forsubscription-basedjournals), or the fullURL of the article (forarticles available freeon the web)Journal article – in press (Williams & Beattie, in press) Williams, S., & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem basedlearning in the clinical setting – a systematicreview. Nurse Education Today.Journal articlePut “in press” in yearfieldArticle from UQ eReserve (Shaw, 2003) Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. MedicalJournal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved fromUniversity of Queensland Library E-Reserve.Electronic articlePut “University ofQueensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field10Conference papers and proceedingsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypePublished conference paper (Scheinin, 2009) Scheinin, P. (2009). Using student assessment to improveteaching and educational policy. In M. O'Keefe, E.Webb, & K. Hoad (Eds.), Assessment and studentlearning: Collecting, interpreting and using data toinform teaching, 12-14. Melbourne, Australia:Australian Council for Educational Research.Book sectionUnpublished conference paper (Bowden & Fairley, 1996) Bowden, F.J., & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). EndemicSTDs in the Northern Territory: Estimations ofeffective rates of partner change. Paper presented atthe Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian Collegeof Physicians, Darwin.Conference paperAdd “June” in the DatefieldConference paper from proceedings published regularly online Note: include a DOI or URL as for an online journal article (Herculano-Houzel, Wong, Kaas, & Lent, 2008) Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H.& Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of thecerebral cortex. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593-12598.doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105Electronic article11Newspaper and magazine articlesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNotereference typeNewspaper article with author (Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p.8.Note: Precede page numbers with p. or pp.Newspaper articleNewspaper article, no author (Meeting the needs, 2001) Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). TheCourier Mail, p. 22. Newspaper articleMagazine article (Marano, 2008) Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of aperfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.Magazine articleElectronic newspaper or magazine article (Sandy, 2009)Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire abike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from.au/couriermail/Newspaper articleEnter the URL ofthe newspaper’shomepage in theURL field.Newspaper article from fulltext database (Lampathakis, 1997) Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen assuicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26.Retrieved from Factiva database.Newspaper articleEnter “August 11”in the Issue field.Enter “Factivadatabase” in theURL field.12Government PublicationsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeGovernment report (Queensland Health, 2005) Queensland Health. (2005). Health systems review.Final report. Brisbane, Australia: QueenslandGovernment.ReportOnline report (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare[AIHW], 2010) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010). Childprotection Australia 2008-09 (Report No.CWS 35).Retrieved from.au/publications/cws/35/10859.pdf ReportEnter “Report No. CWS 35” in the Report Number field.13ThesisElements of the citation for a thesisAuthor of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeThesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website (Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacificisland community conserved areas? (Doctoraldissertation, University of Queensland, 2007).Retrieved from.au/view/UQ:158747ThesisThesis – retrieved from database (Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination managementorganizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrievedfrom Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)Thesis14WebpagesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved from web address. Do not include retrieval date unless the material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeWeb page - with author (Atherton, 2005) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from/learning/ behaviour_mod.htmWeb PageWeb page - no author (Behaviourmodification, 2007)Use title instead ofauthor nameBehaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved from cational-/behaviour.htmlWeb PageWebpage – no date (Society of ClinicalPsychology, n.d.)Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.). About clinical psychology. Retrieved from/about/division/div12.aspxWeb PageWebpage – corporate author (Queensland Health,2009)As stated byQueensland Health(2009),Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp.Web PageImage on a webpage The image of the rash(Scarlet Fever RashPicture, n.d.)Scarlet fever rash picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.htmlAudiovisual materialAdd “Image” to Typefield15Other Internet Sources:Elements of the citationAuthor. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Retrieved from Web addressReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typePodcasts (Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006) Al Zaabi, M. (Producer), & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter).(2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from.au/hn/talks/Audiovisual materialAdd “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually Add “Audio podcast” to the Type field.Email or personal communication es (personalcommunication, August 6, 2008)Or(L.J. Henderson, personalcommunication, February 5,2007)Not included in reference list, only cited in text. Entered into text manuallyMessage posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group (Winther, 2009) Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The unconscious isspirit [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from/group/alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnkWeb PageAdd “January 14” to LastUpdate Date fieldAdd “Online forum comment”to Type of Medium field.16Blog Post (Reville, 2006) Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to findfundraising ideas [Web log message].Retrieved from /BlogEmail Discussion List – Web Archive (Vuinovich, 2001) Vuinovich, G. (2001, April 4). Report on malariaoutbreak [Electronic mailing list message].Retrieved from/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.htmlWeb PageAdd “April 4” to Last UpdateDate fieldAdd “Electronic mailing listmessage” to Type of Mediumfield.Eric document (limited circulation book or monograph, from electronic database) (Alberta Education, 2009) Alberta Education, Learning and Teaching ResourcesBranch. (2009). Cree language and culture: 9-year program guide to implementation, grades4-5-6 [Monograph]. Retrieved from/Web PageAdd “Monograph” to Type ofMedium field.Eric document (informally published or self-archived) (Montgomery, 2009) Montgomery, J.R. (2009). Using audio books toimprove reading and academic performance.Retrieved from ERIC database (ED505947).Web Page17BrochuresElements of the citationAuthor. (Year). Title of brochure.[Brochure]. Place: Use author aspublisher.Reference typeIn-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeBrochure (University of Queensland, StudentServices, 2000) University of Queensland, StudentServices, Personal CounsellingProgram. (2000). Eatingdisorders [Brochure]. Brisbane,Australia: Author.PamphletLecture NotesElements of the citationName of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Name of institution, Location of institution.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNoteLecture notes - print (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Unpublished manuscript,BESC1001, University ofQueensland, St Lucia, Australia.List name of city, state and country.Do not include state if listed inuniversity name. ManuscriptAdd [Powerpoint slides] manually Add “manuscript” to Type of Work fieldAdd “BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia” to the Institution field18Lecture notes - online (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Retrieved from BESC1001,University of QueenslandBlackboard Online:.au/ Web PageAdd “Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides] to the Title field Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: .au/” to URL fieldVideo or DVDElements of the citationProducer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, B.B. (Director). (Year). Title of video or DVD – italicised [Motion picture, DVD, etc] . Place of origin: Studio. Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeVideo or DVD (Smith, 2009) Smith, S. (Producer). (2009).Excellence in teaching : Lessonplanning [DVD]. Plainview, NY :Sunburst Media. Audiovisual mediaAdd “DVD” to the Type field.19Television programsElements of the citationWriter name(s) (Writer). (Year, month day). [ Type of medium]. Place of broadcast: Name of broadcasterReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeTelevision or radio program (Bryant, 2001) Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001,September 12). The Bryantmedical hour [Televisionbroadcast]. Sydney, Australia:Public Broadcasting Service. Audiovisual materialIn Date field, add “September 12”. Add “Television broadcast” to the Type field.Indirect citationAn indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeIndirect citation or secondary source Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …… it was found (Miller, cited in Agrios2005). Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology(5th ed.) Burlington, MA.:Elsevier Academic Press.Cite the source where you foundthe citationBookUse the relevant reference type forthe item you are citing. Add “citedin” manually using “Edit Citation”option.Report From a Private OrganizationAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.20。