英语学术论文定稿格式

本科生毕业论文指导手册（英语语言文学专业）
河西学院英语系
2009年4月修订
论文体例目录举例
一、封面 (5)
二、目录 (7)
三、摘要（英文） (8)
四、摘要（中文） (9)
五、论文主体部分举例
引言 (10)
正文（仅以第二章为例） (11)
结语 (13)
六、参考资料 (14)
七．鸣谢........................................................................... .15 八、几点补充说明 (16)
一、封面
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese
Idioms Containing Numerals
Zhang Xiaoping
Under the Supervision of
Wang Ke
English Department
Hexi University
June 200X
二、目录
Contents
Abstract (English) (i)
Abstract (Chinese) (ii)
1. Introduction (1)
2. Definition of Language and Culture (3)
2.1 What are Language and Culture? (3)
2.2 Different Languages Reflect Different Cultures (18)
3. Characteristics and Functions of Idioms Containing
Numerals (26)
3.1 Special Usages of Numeral (27)
3.2 Characteristics and Functions of Idioms Containing Numerals (32)
4. Comparison of English and Chinese Culture
Through Numeral
Idioms (37)
4.1 Chinese N umber “九” vs. English Number
Seven (38)
4.2 Chinese Even Number vs. English Odd Number (44)
5.
Conclusion (50)
Notes (52)
References (53)
Appendix (56)
Acknowledgements (57)
（注：本目录标明的页码为一本完整论文的虚拟页码，仅供参考。

）
三、摘要（英文）
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative study of English and Chinese idioms containing numerals. The study of the characteristics and functions of idioms containing numerals aims at discovering the close relationship between language and culture.
The comparative study of culture has been a hot issue that is being discussed in recent years. There are many research perspectives to choose, such as languages, arts, religion, novels etc.. In the past research of culture and language, only a few researchers have studied numerals, a little branch of language and the things of numerals that could be compared are a bit limited. However, practice proves that numerals are also one of the most representative evidence.
The paper starts with a discussion of the relationship between language and culture, on the basis of some experts’theory and several vivid examples that demonstrate that language is a carrier of a nation’s habits, customs, religion, etc. Then, a study of the characteristics and functions of idioms containing numerals is given to show that all the features of numeral idioms have borne the weight of culture. It is further clarified the relationship of language and culture by comparing the idioms containing numerals of the two languages—English and Chinese.
In conclusion, after comparing idioms containing numerals, the paper presents one possible answer to the question—what is the relationship of language and culture. That is language is a carrier of culture and it is indispensable for both the functioning and perpetuation of the culture. They are interwoven and one pushes the development of the other. The study also suggests that the understanding of both language and culture is very helpful in bettering intercultural communications.
Key words: language; culture; numeral idioms; comparative study
四、摘要（中文）
摘要
本文以英汉数词习语的对比研究为题，学习探讨数词习语的特点及在行文中的功能等，旨在发现语言和文化之间的密切联系。

关于文化的对比研究一直是近些年讨论的热点话题，可以选择的方向也是多种多样的，例如语言，艺术，宗教信仰，小说戏剧等等。

在众多的语言和文化的对比研究中，数词却是一个众多研究者涉猎很少的方向。

究其原因，可能是数词是语言这个庞大系统中的一个小小的分支，而且相对于其它分支来说，变化较少，可供研究的内容有限等。

然而，本文通过实践证明数词也是一个极具代表性的研究方向。

本文从探讨语言和文化的关系入手，在一些专家的理论基础上和大量生动鲜活的实例证明了语言是一个民族的风俗习惯，宗教信仰等的载体，也即是文化的载体。

然后文章通过对数词习语的特点以及行文功能说明这些功能都是服务于该种语言的文化的。

对文化和语言的关系的进一步阐述是通过两种语言----英语和汉语的数词习语对比实现的，论证了不同的语言反映不同的文化背景。

在结论部分，对数次习语比较之后本文得出了“语言和文化的关系”这一问题的可能答案——语言是文化的载体，是文化得以传承和发展必不可少的条件。

文化和语言密切地交织在一起，它们互相推动着彼此的发展进步。

文章也提出了一个很可行的建议——建立在对语言和文化双方面深刻理解基础上的跨文化交际是更有效更成功的。

关键词：语言；文化；数词习语；比较研究
五、论文主体部分举例（仅以引言、第二章和结语为例）
1. Introduction
According to Darwin’s “Theory of Evolution”, it is language that distinguishes human beings from animals, and language is characterized by one of the arts of human being’s behavior. The prolific feature of language produces so many words and expressions, among which idioms take up a large proportion. Idioms play an essential part in the construction of a language.
Numerals are both simple and complex. They are said to be simple in that numerals are just a set of numbers that are used in every aspect of social life. At the same time, they are also said to be complex because numerals are bearing the weight of culture. When the numbers are put into syntax, they do not keep their original meanings as numerals but possess different interpretations.
Therefore, “idioms containing numerals” are the typical combination of numerals and idioms. They have many functions as part of a language, for example, extended meanings and transferred meanings, metaphor, euphemism and so on. It is numerals that carry the cultural backgrounds that endue the idioms containing numbers to function as a carrier of its culture. This is true of both English and Chinese. As English and Chinese belong to different language systems, the barrier between them in the semantic range is great. However, in many aspects, the two languages also have something in common. So the relationship between language and culture seems very important in the intercultural communication. Both cultures have their own ways and customs. Thus, the languages they employ in the process of thinking and expressing ideas are varied.
2. Characteristics and Functions of Idioms Containing Numerals
Eugene A. Nida once said, “A language can usually be acquired within a period of ten years, while it takes a lifetime to understand and become an integral part of a culture.”(Nida 125) Numerals seem easy to master. However, their implications and cultural connotations could be subtle and complex.
2.1 Special Usages of Numerals
In our daily life, numbers are the most frequently used. The moment you open your eyes in the morning, you immediately get a couple of numbers from the clock, which can
tell you the time. Then you have some other numbers bearing in your mind, so you know how many things you have to deal with for this day. When you go to a restaurant or a fast-food cook shop for breakfast, again, you need to cope with numbers—the price of milk, hamburg or soup. …
…
2.2 Characteristics and Functions of Numeral Idioms
Among the rich and colorful idioms, numeral idioms are embodied with the distinctive cultural characteristics of a nation and they are also provided the dynamic decorative functions as a part of language.
2.2.1 Extended Meanings and Transferred Meanings
Numeral idioms, for the most part, are formed in the particular social environment and given historical condition. …
Here are some examples of Chinese and English numeral idioms (Wang Li 120):
(1) They fell in love at first sight.
他们俩一见钟情。

(2) A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
一鸟在手胜过二鸟在林。

(3) A stick in time saves nine.
及时一针胜过事后九针。

(4) People came in by twos and threes.
人们三三两两地来了。

…
2.2.2 Metaphor
From another angle, let’s have a look at the numeral idioms’expression. They are mostly used as metaphors, in most situations; they loose their meanings of number and become a symbol related to a certain thing or a certain attribute of a thing (Williams, Bowers and Day 8).
(12) The million support their action.
广大人民支持他们的行动。

(13) A hundred to one it will be a failure.
这是极可能失败的。

(14) New York’s Four Hundred can generally be counted on for good copy.
纽约的上流社会人士通常被指望是好的新闻材料。

In example (12), the original meaning of “million” can give us a very big numeral idea of
1000000. In the sentence, “the million”is a metaphor of the masses, which is just appropriate, simple and clear. In example (13), “ a hundred to one”is an overwhelming proportion that means “very possible”or “quite certain about”. In example (14), the numeral idiom—“(the) Fourth Hundred” is originated from 1892. At that time, a celebrity, Mrs. William Astor, decided to cut the number of the guests who would take part in her private ball to 400. From then on, people use “(the) Fourth Hundred”as a metaphor of “celebrities”.
2.2.3 Euphemism
As to decorative function of numeral idioms, besides metaphor, Euphemism cannot be neglected. “Euphemism” stem from Greek “eu” and “pheme”, and means “to speak good fame”. So it can avoid or cover up something that may offend others or make them in the embarrassed situation. …
（注：文内注释为体例样本，仅供体例参考。

）
5. Conclusion
Language is a carrier of culture and it is indispensable for both the functioning and perpetuation of the culture. This thesis makes an analysis of English and Chinese idioms containing numerals by providing examples, showing their different characteristics and functions and their cultural meanings. Each culture has its unique customs and habits, therefore, the language that people use to express their thinking and opinions differs from other languages. For people from different cultures, it is easy to know a language but it is quite difficult for them to master the language.
Recognizing this point, we can reach a conclusion that in the process of intercultural communication, it is better to learn both the language and the culture well. A further knowledge of the culture is always helpful to master the language, and a better understanding of the language is usually useful to become a member of the culture.
六、参考文献
References
[1] Ambrose, Jamie. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier [M].New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985.
[2] Bloom, Harold, ed. Major Literary Characters: Antonia [M]. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991.
[3] Bourne, Randolph. “Review of My Antonia” [A]. In Critical Essays on Willa Cather, ed: John J. Murphy, 145-146. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1984.
[4] Bourne, Randolph. “Morals and Art from the West” [A]. In Major Literary Characters: Antonia, ed: Harold Bloom, 4-5. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991.
[5] Haymond, Jack. Participation of the American Indian in Higher Education from the Children of Infidels (1619) to the Tribally Controlled Community College Act (1969) [D]. Ph. D. Diss. Washington State U at Pullman, 1982.
[6] Tice-Deering, Beverly. English as a Second Language. 15 Sept. 1999
/~ticedeer/
[7] Yang Tianmin. A Comparative Study of the Six English Versions of the Analects of Confucius [D]. M. A. Thesis. Tianjin Normal University, 2002.
[8] Zolla, Elemire. The Writer and His Shaman [M]. Trans. R. Rosenthal. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969.
[9] 文涛．论有效的课堂小组合作学习[J]．教育理论与实践，2002(12)：53-56．
[10] 袁书华，张会清．合作学习中的优势分析[J]．山东教育科研，2002(3)：20-21．
[11] 周礼全．逻辑：正确思维和成功交际的理论[M]．北京：人民出版社，1996．
[12] 许渊冲．美化之艺术[A]．许钧．翻译思考录[C]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，
2000．
七、鸣谢
Acknowledgements
I would like to give my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me with the thesis, and I should express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. X XX, for his guidance, instruction, encouragement, patience, and support. I would like to view the writing of this thesis as an academic experience during which Prof. X, with his comprehensive knowledge and great patience in correcting my draft again and again, instructed me how to read and write, and more importantly how to think.
I am also indebted to all the teachers who have been instructing and encouraging me during my four year study.
My sincere thanks are also given to my classmates, who shared with me the insightful opinions on this issue. Finally, I’d like to express my love and gratitude to my family members. This work is dedicated to them.。