中英语言对比

❖ camera + phone → camphone (能摄像的手机)
❖ psychological + war → psywar (心理战)
❖ telephone → phone
wk.baidu.com
❖ 人：老人，好人，坏人，诗人 ❖ 经济适用房：经适房
❖ 可爱+娇媚→爱娇
❖ 佳士得 (CHRISTIE‘S ) 露华浓 (Revlon)
Shortening
❖ Acronym ❖ Blending ❖ Clipping
Acronym
❖ 金砖四国：Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC, sounds like Brick).
❖ 金猪四国：Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain (PIGS)
❖ And the creation of English primal words is arbitrary.
Primal words and secondary words
❖ teach → teacher
hand, bag → handbag
❖ North Atlantic Treaty Organization → NATO
❖ 语言，里外，挑剔，光荣 ❖ 粉红，飞快，古代，冰凉 ❖ 年轻，地震，国营，心虚 ❖ 垫肩，枕木，说话，安心 ❖ 说服、落实、打倒，纠正
Compound or parallel
Modifier + modified Subject + predicate Verb + object Verb + complement
❖ 者：读者，作者，笔者，学者，使者，目击者
❖ 夫：农夫，伙夫，马夫，挑夫，脚夫，贩夫
❖ 郎：货郎，伴郎，放牛郎，读书郎，女郎
❖ 士；民；族；霸；粉；童；将；客；司；陪；同
Examples
❖ 现在是新社会了，穷的，弱的都有活路！ ❖ 你看那一个个有钱的，还不都积极参与慈善事业那！ ❖ 没有药，受伤的就得等死。
❖ The Encyclopedia of English (1978): 108 prefixes, 181 suffixes
❖ 《英文部首字典》(1992)：156 prefixes, 198 suffixes
❖ 《英文词缀字典》(2009)：174 prefixes, 53 suffixes
❖ -er: reader, worker, cooker, liar, truther, birther
❖ the sick ❖ the poor ❖ the rich ❖ the wounded
Compounding
❖ speed-dial, greenwash, spellbinder, win-win, zerosum, twitterverse
❖ Electionspeak, bureauspeak, eurospeak, netspeak, educationspeak
Formation of secondary words
❖ Combining ❖ Shortening ❖ Conversion ❖ Borrowing ❖ Analogy
Combining
❖ Affixation ❖ Compounding
Combining: Affixation
❖ Affixation means putting a root and an affix, or two roots together to form a new word.
Chapter 3
Primal words and secondary words
girl
bigger
望
苗
mountain
water
風
一
incredible
teacher
鳥
馬
mumble
bitter
愛
魚
Among the words above, which are primal words, and which are secondary?
❖ There is generally no direct relation (other than onomatopoeias) between the primal words and the objects they signify.
Chinese primal words
❖ Pictographic characters, associative compounds, self-explanatory characters, and phonograms.
ppeoeopplelewwhhoohold that Obama
dowubatsthneotobffoicrniailn US and so
❖
-ist:
artist,
scientist,
economist
weaxsplnaontaatiolengoitfimate candidate the 9.11 infocridpernetsident
❖ 业主：物业的主人（property owner）=野猪
Blending
❖ motel: motor + hotel ❖ Brunch: breakfast + lunch ❖ medicare: medical + care ❖ cineplex: cinema + complex ❖ crunk: crazy + drunk ❖ orature: oral + culture ❖ smilence: smile + silence ❖ vegeteal: vegetable + steal
English Primal words
❖ Simple, derivative and compound words
girl, teacher, handbag
❖ In English, simple words are primal words. They are almost all of Germanic origin (except for mountain).
人，采，本，踢
❖ In Chinese, most primal words are pictographs developed from symbolic pictures, or with formal motivations.
Intermedius summary
❖ Chinese primal words are of formal (image) motivation.