中考英语阅读理解猜测词义题答题策略

中考英语阅读理解猜测词义题答题策略
中考英语阅读理解猜测词义题答题策略

中考英语阅读理解猜测词义题答题策略

所谓猜测词义是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的意义。它是一种非常有用的阅读技巧,通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点对词义作出正确判断,能提高阅读速度和阅读能力。

那么,怎样猜测何推断生词的意义?这种技巧答题可分两大类:一类是通过上下文推测词义;另一类是根据生词本身的特点推测词义。通过上下文就是根据词所处的具体的语言环境,运用有关线索,如同义词、反义词、举例、重述、或定义等推测词义,也可运用逻辑推理何其他的知识,如生活经验、普通常识等推测词义。

(1)以定义为线索猜测词义

根据上下文以生词为线索猜测词义是进行快速阅读时最常见、最直接的一种猜词方法。

a.以to be (是)mean (意指),refer to (指的是)为线索猜测词义。

Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It p lays a very important part in the field of engineering.

句中“ventilation"可能是个生词,但 is 后面是对该词的明确定义。什么系统或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢?所以不难看出" ventilation" 这个词是通风设备。

b, 以 "be defined as"(被定义为),“be known as" (被称为)等结构为线索猜测生词词义。

在这些结构中,“paragon"一词有句子的主语提供出来了,一个人或物是与无伦比的,优秀的典范,这不就是”模范、优秀的人或物”吗?很明显,“be known as" 前面的主语给出了后面 " paragon"的词义。

C, 以定语从句为线索猜测词义

在很多情况下,定语从句直接给出了某一生词的定义,所以,以定语从句为线索猜测词义也是一个行之有效的猜词方法。

He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits ou t of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.

此句中,who 引导的定语从句对生词" prestidigitator" 给出了非常清楚的定义或解释,根据这一定义,读者不难猜出 presitidigitator 的词义。能从帽子里拉出兔子、吞火何玩其他类似的把戏的人不就是变戏法的人吗?因此,“prestidigitator" 一词的词义就应是” 变戏法者”

D,以标点符号为线索猜测词义。

作者有时利用标点符号,如括号、冒号、破折号等为一些生词直接提供定义或解释,这些符号无疑为读者理解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索。

Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind normally occur on hot, humid ( a little wet )day, but not necessarily in the summer.

此句中,“tornado" 和 "humid" 两词的词义都在括号里被清楚地表述出来。 "torn ado" 即一种非常剧烈的、破坏性很大的旋转的风。很明显,这是“旋风,飓风”; " humi d" 即有点儿湿,其词义很清楚是“潮湿的意思。在这种情况下,利用括号作为猜词线索,一瞬间就能猜出起词义,阅读课继续进行,不会因生词而影响阅读速度。

(2)以同义词、近义词为线索猜测词义

有时作者为了使他的意思表达得更清楚明白,通常用一个同义词或近义词来解释另一个比较难的词或关键词,这些同义词或近义词为读者推断生词词义提供了线索。另外,有时作者在表达同一概念时喜欢用两个或更多的同义词或近义词,其中必定有读者所熟悉的词,根据已知的词语,就不难推断出生词的词义。

or 有时课作为识别同义词或近义词的信号词。

The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last ye ar.

此句中,作者考虑到“supersede"一词可能是生词,紧接着用 or 引出该词的同义词" replace". 读者课根据replace 一词的词义很容易推断出"supersede" 一词的大概意思来,即“取代,接替”。

b, like (像....一样),as....as(如同....一样),the same as (与...相同)等也可以作为识别生词的同义词或近义词的信号词,以这些词为线索,有时也可以推断出生词的词义。

Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principle of the school was an ol der woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.

此句中,作者把学校的校长何母亲相比,有相同之处和不同之处。校长比母亲年纪大,个子矮些,但有一点是相同的,用 "as...as" 结构表示出来。从这一对比中,可以看出 f at 和 plump 是近义词,即“肥胖的” 那么, plump 一词的意思就能猜出个大概了。

(3)以反义词和对比关系为线索猜测词义。

有时作者运用对比的手法来表现事物之间的差异。在进行对比的过程中,作者必然会用一些互为反义的词语使不同事物的特点更为突出。通过上下文的逻辑关系,从对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述中,读者可以根据其中一个熟悉的词推断出另一个生词的词义。

另外,在表示这种关系时,作者通常会用一些信号词来表明另一个词语与前面词语互为反义,这些信号词无疑为读者理解和猜测生词词义提供了非常好的线索。常用来表示对应关系和提供相反信息的信号词有,

but, yet, however, while, whereas, otherwise, in spite of , despite, even t hough, although, thought, unlike, unstead (of), rather than, nevertheless, on t he other hand, still, by contrast, on the contrary, in the end, compared to 等。

In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everth ing seems to be in a state of turmoil.

此句中,以信号词 however 为线索,可以看出作者把现在的事情与过去进行对比。过去是“in an orderly way" 而现在是”in a state of turmoil",过去是秩序井然,现在则是相反,那就是一片混乱。

(4),以列举的句子为线索猜测词义

为了阐明某一种重要观念或讲清某一抽象概念,作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明何解释,从而使读者理解得更具体。那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。表示列举关系的信号词有 like, for example, for instance, suc h as, especially, indluce, consist of, specially 等。

Defined most broadly, folklore includes all the customs, belief and traditi on that people have handed down from generation to generation.

此句中,includes 后面的例子基本上表示出了 "folklore"的内容范围,即人们一代传一代的那些风俗习惯、信仰何传统的东西。这些东西都属于通常所说的“名俗学,民俗传统的东西。这也就是"folklore"一词的基本含义。

(5)以重述为线索猜测词义

有时作者在阐述某个概念或某一事情时,为了把它讲述得更清楚,他可能采取另一种方式重述一下前面的内容。这种重述往往比前面表达更为简单易懂的词语。后面这种简单易懂的词语无疑为前面较难的词语提供了猜测的线索。因此,读者在阅读的过程中如遇到生词时,不要停下来,不妨看一下该生词后面是否有另一种阐述或解释。表达重述,作者也经常使用一些信号词,这些信号词有 in other words, that is to say, or that is, i.e. to be precise 等。 Before the main business of a conference begins the chairman usual ly makes a short preliminary (i.e introductory) speech, or make a few prelimina ry remarks. In orther words, he says a few things by way of introduction.

阅读此句时,如果对 preliminary speech 的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是“开场白”。

(6)以因果关系为线索猜测词义

因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的、能提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果:某一结果是由某种原因所引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中,必然会把词或句子置于一种因果关系的逻辑之中,这无疑为读者推断生词词义提供了很好的线索。作者通常会用一些信号词表示句子之间的因果关系,这些信号词有 since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so... that, such...that 等。

Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a repl ica. An inexperienced eye could tell the diffference.

从信号词since 以及相关信息,可以看出生词所处的上下文存在很明显的因果关系。

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