热带水果介绍(英文资料)

• Bananas, citrus crops, pineapples, mangoes, and avocados are major exceptions. • See the table of tropical fruits and nuts on pg. 76. • Tables of production, p. 77.
• Citrus aurantium or bitter orange used for marmalade and liquors. • Citrus aurantifolia, the lime, from East Indies. The Arabs used them by 1000 A.D. They were introduced into Europe by 12th or 13th century. Used to treat scurvy by the British. • Citrus reticulata, the tangerine was brought to the U.S. and to Europe about 1800. From S.E. Asia.
TROPICAL FRUITS AND NUTS
David S. Seigler Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
seigler@life.illinois.edu http://www.life.illinois.edu/seigler
Banana plantations in Jamaica
Musa sapientum, bananas, Musaceae
Carolina Biological Supply Co.
Banana leaves and plantains
• Most banana species have seeds. • Common cultivars are sterile triploids. • Most bananas in the tropics cooked, but many also are eaten fresh. • Most of bananas in the U.S. are the latter type.
Bananas
• Bananas (Musa sp., Musaceae) are from southeast Asia. The taxonomy is complex. They were early taken to Madagascar and Africa by the Indonesians. In 600 B.C. they were in India. Alexander the Great saw them there. In 1522 in West Africa. To the Americas by 1516. • Other evidence indicates that bananas were also domesticated in east Africa at an early date.
Citrus fruits
The Complete Book of Fruits & Vegetables, F. Bianchini, F. Corbetta, M. Pistola, Crown Publishers, New York, 1973
• Citrus fruit keeps relatively well. None of this group is native to the low, wet tropical regions of the world. • They seem to prefer dry climates with lots of sunshine. • They cannot tolerate severe frosts well. • The citron (Citrus medica) was the first introduced into Europe.
Pomello, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae
• Citrus paradisi, the grapefruit, arose spontaneously in the West Indies. Considered to be a hybrid between the pummelo (C. maxima) and the sweet orange (C. sinensis) by some. • Pink grapefruit (e.g., Ruby Red) are "sports" or somatic mutations. • Ruby Red arose in McAllen, Texas, in 1929 and is propagated vegetatively.
Pineapple, Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae • Widely distributed in the New World when Columbus came. • Pineapples domesticated by the Guaraní Indians of Paraguay. • Pineapples are multiple fruits. • Most modern cultivars parthenocarpic. They set seed without fertilization. • Normally, pineapples are reproduced vegetatively.
Primitive, probably diploid, banana
Balick and Cox, Plants, People, and Culture
The rise of bananas as a cultivated crop is linked to the history of the United Fruit Company. In 1900, the company developed a good transport system to ship bananas to market. They perfected the conditions to ship the fruits without spoilage and to ripen them at exactly the proper time for market. They also dominated the politics of many Central American countries.
Citrus crops
• Domesticated members of this genus are difficult taxonomically because of selection of mutants and hybridization in agricultural practice. • All have a hesperidium for a fruit. This is basically a berry with a leathery skin (exocarp and mesocarp together) and oil glands. • The endocarp has modified fleshy hairs or juice sacs that are the part we eat.
Tropical Fruits and Nuts: Outline Importance • Local • World-wide • Botanical • Domestication • Changes -some ancient Cultivation - propagation - rarely monoculture why not?
Courtesy Dr. Carol Augspurger
Tropical fruits in a Queensland marketFra Baidu bibliotek
Introduction
• Many types of tropical fruits. Some exotic and not found commonly in temperate regions of the world. • Others are well-known cultivars such as tomatoes, squash, green peppers and cucumbers. • Most of the other types of tropical crops are perennials that cannot be cultivated in temperate zones of the world.
• Bananas reproduced vegetatively. This leads to many fungal disease problems. • See figures pg. 94. • Musa textilis (abaca) is used as a fiber crop.
• Most Important • Bananas • Citrus • Pineapple • Avocado • Mango • Tropical nuts- importance • Coconut • Cashew
READING
CHAPTER 4 IN TEXT.
Fruits from market in Panama
Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, Rutaceae
Citrus limon often associated with Italian descent peoples. Lemons often used for flavoring foods.
Lemon, Citrus limon, Rutaceae
• Almost all are propagated vegetatively. The orange (Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae) is the most widely cultivated of all of the Citrus crops. • The wild ancestors are not known. • Oranges transferred to the Persian empire. The Moors brought them to Spain. The Spanish and Portuguese introduced them into the New World. • Most U.S. oranges from Florida, Texas and California. • Diagram of orange flowers etc. p. 79.
• More types of fruits in the tropics than in temperate portions of the world • Few previously known here. The situation has changed in recent years. Many exotic tropical fruits are "in". • In the tropics, most gathered wild or cultivated on a local scale and consumed locally.