煤矿专业常用英语词汇

煤矿专业词汇综合词汇
Coal Mine Resources Development and Utilization Plan煤炭资源开发利用方案Description说明书
Revised修改地
China Coal Handan Design Engineering Co., Ltd中煤邯郸设计工程有限责任公司addendum附加物，附录
Engineering No.工程编号
Construction Size建设规模
Inner Mongolia内蒙古
the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region内蒙古自治区
Location（矿井）位置
Subordinative Relationship of the Mine隶属关系
subordinative [səbɔ:dinətiv]adj.从属的,表示从属关系的drilling and blasting炮掘
mining method采煤方法
coal seam煤层
coal thickness（m）煤厚
strike length(m)走向长度
incline width(m)倾向宽度
mining height(m)开采高度（采高）
specific gravity(t/m3)容重
daily cycle日循环数
drivage per cycle(m)日循环进度（指掘进）output per cycle(t)循环产量
daily output(t)日产量
coal recovered(10 kt)煤炭回收量（万吨）remarks备注
drivage n.掘进
driving place,developing face掘进工作面
stoping n.(stope的ing形式)回采
development n.开拓
mining n.开采
total planned drivage（m）计划掘进总长度mining team No.1综采一队
developing team No.2掘进二队
Subtotal 小计
Total合计
Grandtotal总计
Working face ID工作面编号
detail list, breakdown明细表
Contents目录
Chapter章
section节
General situations概况
Overview概述
Traffic and location交通位置
Natural geography自然地理
Enterprise type企业性质
Preparation basis编制依据
Status quo and forecast of mineral demand矿产品的需求现状及预测Coal price analysis煤炭产品价格分析
General situations of mineral resources矿产资源概况
Minefield structure and geological feature井田构造及地质特征
Mining conditions and Hydrogeology conditions开采技术条件及水文地质条件Mineral resources reserves矿产资源储量
Comments on Geological survey Report对地质勘探报告的评述Construction Plan建设方案
Mining Plan开采方案
Water prevention and control program防治水方案
Prevention of the gas and coal dust explosion防治瓦斯、煤尘爆炸
Mine fire prevention矿井防灭火
Minefield development and mining井田开拓与开采
Mine characteristic and development principle矿井特点及开发原则Minefield development井田开拓
underground mining井下开采
Coal processing煤的加工，煤的洗选
Coal quality煤质
Environmental protection环境保护
Major sources of pollution and pollutants主要污染源和主要污染物
Ecological changes caused by mine development矿井开发引起的生态变化
Designed with environmental protection standards设计采用的环境保护标准
Preliminary plan of pollution control控制污染的初步方案
Development Plan Brief Conclusions开发方案简要结论
Available reserves of mine design, design duty and service life设计可采储量、设计生产能力、服务年限product scheme产品方案
Mine industrial field location and scheme of mining and development井口工业场地位置及开拓开采方案
Brief assessments for engineering project对工业项目的简要评述
Issues and suggestions存在的问题及建议
attached Document附件
entrustment letter委托书
Record-Keeping Certification备案证明
Review Opinions on Report for评审意见书
Attached drawings附图
attached file（邮件的）附件
Surface and underground map of井上下对照图
plane map平面图
section map剖面图
Mining area矿区范围
Geological and Topographic map地质地形图
General Layout Plan of总平面布置图
geographic coordinate地理坐标
Its traffic is comparatively convenient交通较为方便
Topography and landform地形和地貌
The mining area topographic dissection is intense矿区地形切割强烈
dry season干季，旱季
rainy season雨季
private enterprise民营企业，私营企业
minable coal seams可采煤层
one-third(1/3) coking coal1/3焦煤
the raw coal ash contents are between 15% and 25%原煤灰分为15%-25%
the total sulphur contents of raw coals are between 0.2% and 0.5%.全硫0.2%-0.5%
production生产，产量（指宏观的）
product产品（指微观的）
civilian use民用
Coal preparation plant（CPP）洗煤厂
Preface前言
be administered by the authorities of 行政区划隶属于（准格尔旗窑沟乡）管辖workload，workvolume工程量（工作量）
commissioning投产
shaft bottom井底车场working face工作面haulageway，haulage roadway运输巷main haulageway运输大巷main roadway大巷
track transport, track haulage轨道运输trackless transport无轨运输track roadway轨道巷
air-return roadway回风巷roadway巷道
shaft井筒incline, inclined shaft斜井shaft, vertical shaft竖井vertical shaft development竖井开拓mine construction矿井建设mine construction volume矿建工程量district采区
roof顶板
floor底板
false roof伪顶immediate roof直接顶
main roof老顶
roof stability顶板稳定性
working face回采工作面，采煤工作面coal mining method采煤方法
blast-winning technology爆破采煤工艺
mining level开采水平
longwall mining on the strike走向长壁采煤法advancing mining前进式开采
retreating mining后退式开采
upward mining上行式开采
downward mining下行式开采
belt transporter胶带输送机
extensible belt transporter可伸缩胶带输送机
belt胶带，皮带
belt roadway皮带巷
transfer转载，转运
transfer point转载点
transloader转载机
coal mining采煤
caving the roof放顶
inclined roadway斜巷
level working，horizontal working平巷
shaft sinking and drifting井巷工程
setup room切眼
adit平硐
tunnel隧道
shaft mouth井口
main shaft主井
air shaft,ventilating shaft风井
synchronize使同步
roadway support巷道支护
shield（support）采煤支架（掩护式支架）
chock-shield支撑掩护式支架
矿山机械
采煤机械
coal winning machinery采煤机械
coal cutter截煤机（用于煤层内掏槽的采煤机械）cutter-loader截装机（兼有掏槽和装煤功能的截煤机）coal winning machine采煤机
shearer,shearer-loader滚筒采煤机
trepanner钻削采煤机
continuous miner连续采煤机
conventionally-mechanized coal winning face unit普通机械化采煤机组（高档普采机组）即采煤机+单体液压支柱fully-mechanized coal winning face unit综合机械化采煤机组（综采机组）即采煤机+综合液压支架machine height机身高度：自采煤工作面底板至采煤机机身上表面的高度cutting height截割高度：简称截高，采高。

web,web depth截深：采煤机械工作机构每次切入煤体或岩体内的深度working mechanism工作机构
cutting drum截割滚筒
cutting unit截割部
haulage speed牵引速度
internal(external) spraying内（外）喷雾
safety winch安全绞车：又称防滑绞车，用于防止采煤机械下滑的专用绞车
掘进机械
road heading maichinery,driving machinery掘进机械
roadheader掘进机
shaft boring machine, shaft borer钻井机
raise boring machine反井钻机：又称天井钻机，先正向钻出导向孔，再反向（自下
而上）扩孔钻凿立井或斜井的钻机。

钻孔机械
drilling machine钻机
down-the-hole drill潜孔钻机
roofbolter锚杆钻机
air pick风镐
electric coal drill煤电钻
electric rock drill岩石电钻
hammer drill凿岩机
drill carriage凿岩台车
bit, bore bit钻头
drill rod钻杆
运输机械
loader装载机械
coal loader装煤机
conveying输送
track transport轨道运输
trackless transport无轨运输
mine car矿车
man car人车
belt conveyor带式输送机
extensible belt conveyor可伸缩带式输送机
drum滚筒
armored face conveyor (AFC)可弯曲刮板输送机（溜子）
drive unit驱动装置
drive head unit机头部
drive end unit机尾部
winch绞车
overhead monorail单轨吊车，单轨吊矿井提升
cage罐笼
skip箕斗
single or double skip单箕斗或双箕斗effective skip capacity箕斗有效提升能力mine winder, mine hoist矿井提升机winding drum卷筒
friction hoisting摩擦式提升
drum winding缠绕式提升
main rope主绳
tail rope尾绳
head sheave, sheave wheel天轮
headframe井架
hydraulic support, powered support液压支架
single hydraulic support单体液压支柱shield掩护式支架chock-shield支撑掩护式支架sublevel caving hydraulic support放顶煤支架
地面照片
head lamp, cap lamp矿灯operation instruction作业规程
Air-return shaft回风井
boilers锅炉
coal stock yard储煤场dormitory宿舍楼heaters加热器machine repair shop机修车间
main inclined shaft, main incline主斜井material warehouse材料库
service inclined shaft副斜井sewage treatment plant污水处理站power equipment供电设备
site discussions, discussions on site现场交流storage bunkers储煤仓
bunkerage储煤设施surface production system地面生产系统winch room绞车房
office building办公楼locker rooms and bathhouse更衣室和浴室conference room会议室
living quarters住处，生活区
煤炭加工及煤质
run-of-mine, ROM, r.o.m.coal毛煤：煤矿生产出来未经过任何加工处理的煤。

raw coal原煤：从毛煤中选出规定粒度的矸石以后的煤。

coal preparation plant (CPP)洗煤厂，选煤厂
gravity concentration重力选煤
jigging跳汰选煤
coal flotation浮选
clean coal精煤：又称洗精煤
middlings中煤：经过分选获得的灰分介于精煤与矸石之间的产品。

tailings尾煤
yield产率，回收率
recovery回收率
coal sample煤样
coal for coking炼焦用煤
coking coal炼焦煤
non-coking coal非炼焦煤
oxidized coal氧化煤
weathered coal风化煤
International Classification of Coal in Seam国际煤层煤分类
low rank coal低煤阶煤
medium rank coal中煤阶煤
high rank coal高煤阶煤
coal grade煤的品位：煤中含有杂质的程度。

high grade coal高品位煤：按国际煤层煤分类，干基灰分小于10%的煤。

medium grade coal中品位煤：干基灰分等于或大于10%，小于20%的煤。

low grade coal低品位煤：干基灰分等于或大于20%，小于30%
Chinese Coal Classification中国煤炭分类
meagre coal贫煤
meagre lean coal贫瘦煤
lean coal瘦煤：变质程度高的烟煤。

单独炼焦时，大部分能够结焦。

primary coking coal焦煤：变质程度较高的烟煤。

单独炼焦时，生成的胶质体热稳
定性好，所得交谈的块度大，裂纹少，强度高。

fat coal肥煤：变质程度中等的烟煤。

1/3 coking coal1/3焦煤：介于焦煤、肥煤和气煤之间的、含中等或较高的挥
发份的强粘结性煤。

单独炼焦时，能生成强度较高的焦炭。

gas-fat coal气肥煤
gas coal气煤
1/2 medium caking coal1/2中粘煤
long flame coal长焰煤
weakly caking coal弱粘煤
non-caking coal不粘煤
humic acid腐植酸
proximate analysis of coal煤的工业分析
total moisture全水分
ash灰分
volatile matter挥发分
fixed carbon固定碳
total sulfur全硫
apparent density视密度
tar yield焦油产率
char yield半焦产率
coal blending配煤
coal modification煤改质
煤矿开采
mining area capacity矿区规模
feasibility study for mining area exploitation矿区开发可行性研究general design of mining area矿区总体设计general surface layout of mining area矿区地面总体布置(underground)mine field boundary井田境界(underground)mine field size井田尺寸
production scale of mine矿井井型：按矿井设计年生产能力大小划分的类型，一般分
为大型、中型、小型矿井三种。

surface mine capacity露天矿规模
thin seam薄煤层
medium-thick seam中厚煤层
thick seam厚煤层
flat seam近水平煤层
gently inclined seam缓倾斜煤层
inclined seam倾斜煤层
steep seam急倾斜煤层
mine feasibility study矿井可行性研究
surface mine feasibility study露天矿可行性研究
mine design矿井设计
surface mine design露天矿设计
preliminary mine design矿井初步设计
preliminary sruface mine design露天矿初步设计
mine construction design矿井施工设计
surface mine construction design露天矿施工设计
designed mine reserves矿井设计储量
designed surface mine reserves露天矿设计储量
workable mine reserves矿井可采储量
workable surface mine reserves露天矿可采储量
reserve factor of mine reserves储量备用系数designed mine capacity矿井设计生产能力designed surface mine capacity露天矿设计生产能力coal-seam production capacity煤层产出能力
mine life, service life矿井服务年限surface mine life露天矿服务年限mine development design矿井开拓设计surface mine development design露天矿开拓设计mining-district design, panel design采区设计
矿井开拓
mine field development井田开拓
vertical shaft development立井开拓
inclined shaft development斜井开拓
drift development平硐开拓combined development综合开拓
areas development分区域开拓
horizon阶段
horizon interval阶段高度
inclined length of horizon阶段斜长
mining level开采水平subsidiary level辅助水平
lift, level interval开采水平垂高shaft deepening矿井延深preparation in district采区准备district, panel采区
sublevel分段
district sublevel区段
strip分带advancing mining前进式开采upward mining上行式开采downward mining下行式开采development roadway开拓巷道preparation roadway准备巷道gateway, gate回采巷道，顺槽blind shaft, staple shaft暗井
draw shaft溜井
chute溜眼
cross-cut石门
district cross-cut采区石门
main cross-cut主石门
main roaway大巷
main haulage roadway, main haulageway运输大巷
gathering main roadway集中大巷
main return airway总回风巷
rise, raise上山
dip下山
main rise主要上山
main dip主要下山
district rise采区上山
district dip采区下山
district station, district inset采区车场
crossheading联络巷：曾称为“横贯”，即联络两条巷道的短巷。

coal pillar煤柱
采煤方法
coal mining method采煤方法
working face采煤工作面
development face掘进工作面
gate development face顺槽掘进工作面
exhausting type ventilation system抽出式通风系统
diesel generator back-up system柴油发电机备用系统
exhaust fans风机，排风扇
service incline副斜井
main incline主斜井
service incline副斜井
waste rock废石，矸石
hoist vt.提升
Coalbed Methane煤层气，瓦斯
Qinglong transformer station at 110 kV青龙110kv变电站
facility设施
equipment设备
mine surface facilities矿井地面设施
coal mining technology采煤工艺，回采工艺
longwall face (LW face)长壁工作面：长度一般在50m以上的采煤工作面。

shortwall face短壁工作面：长度在50m以下
wall煤壁
mining height采高
open-off cut开切眼
face-end, face end工作面端头：长壁工作面两端与巷道衔接的地段。

mining starting line始采线
terminal line终采线
gob, goaf采空区
haulage gateway, headgate, belt gate工作面运输巷，运输顺槽，下顺槽
return airway, tailgate, air-return gate工作面回风巷，回风顺槽，上顺槽
coal cutting破煤
blast-winning technology爆破采煤工艺，炮采
conventionally-mechanized coal winning technology (Con-Mech)普通机械化采煤工艺，普采(高档普采)
fully-mechanized coal winning technology综合机械化采煤工艺，综采
fully-mechanized longwall face(FM LW face)综采长壁工作面
blasting loading爆破装煤
working cycle工作循环
advance of working cycle循环进度，循环进尺
fully-seam mining整层开采，即一次采全高
slicing分层开采
room, chamber煤房
room mining房式采煤法：每隔一定距离开采煤房，在煤房之间保留煤柱以
支撑顶板的采煤方法。

room and pillar mining房柱式采煤法：每隔一定距离设置一个煤房，之间有煤柱支撑
顶板，先采煤房直至边界，然后再后退采出煤房之间煤柱的采
煤方法。

shield mining掩护式支架采煤法
horizontal slicing水平分层采煤法
longwall mining with sublevel caving长壁放顶煤采煤法
drawing interval放煤步距：用放顶煤采煤法时，沿工作面推进方向前后两次
放煤的间距。

drawing sequence放煤顺序
virgin rock原岩
surrounding rock围岩
mining-induced stress采动应力
roof顶板
floor底板
false roof伪顶：位于煤层之上随采随落的极不稳定的岩层，一般厚度
在0.5m以下。

immediate roof直接顶
main roof老顶：位于直接顶或煤层之上，通常厚度及岩石强度较大、
难于垮落的岩层。

roof stability顶板稳定性
strong strata, hard strata坚硬岩层
weak strata, soft strata松软岩层
fractured roof破碎顶板
caving the roof放顶
initial caving初次放顶
forced caving强制放顶
face width控顶距：采煤工作面中煤壁至末排支柱的顶梁后端，或至放
顶柱之间的距离。

caving interval放顶步距：相邻两次放顶的间隔距离。

roof fall顶板冒落
partial roof fall局部顶板冒落
rib spalling片帮
roof caving顶板垮落
frictional prop摩擦支柱
hydraulic prop（单体）液压支柱
single hydraulic prop单体液压支柱
prop-setting angle迎山角：俗称“抢山”，即在有一定倾角的煤层中安设支柱
时，支柱与顶底板法线形成的3-5°的向上的偏角。

roof bolting with bar and wire mesh锚梁网支护
roof ripping挑顶
floor dinting卧底
supporting支护
shaft and drift supporting井巷支护
temporary supporting临时支护
permanent supporting永久支护
advance supporting超前支护
combined supporting联合支护
bolt, rockbolt锚杆
roof bolt顶锚杆
rib bolt帮锚杆
bolt supporting锚杆支护
guniting喷浆支护
bolting and shotcreting锚喷支护
bolting with wire mesh锚网支护
bolting and shotcreting with wire mesh锚喷网支护
矿井通风
Mine ventilation system矿井通风系统
air-intake进气量
air speed风速
瓦斯
coal bed methane (CBM)瓦斯，煤层气
mine methane gas矿井瓦斯
methane gas emission瓦斯涌出
relative gas emission rate相对瓦斯涌出量methane gas emissions on a relative basis
absolute gas emission rate绝对瓦斯涌出量methane gas emissions on a absolute basis
gas explosion瓦斯爆炸
gas content in coal seam煤层瓦斯含量
gassy mine高瓦斯矿井
low gaseous mine低瓦斯矿井
coal (rock) and gas outburst mine煤（岩）与瓦斯突出矿井
gas drainage瓦斯抽放
粉尘
dust粉尘
mine dust矿尘
coal dust煤尘
rock dust岩尘airborne dust浮尘
dust concentration粉尘浓度coal dust explosion煤尘爆炸dust suppression in mine煤矿防尘water curtain水幕
煤炭科技总论
coal science煤炭科学coal technology煤炭技术coalfield煤田mining area矿区
mine field矿田
mine矿山，矿井
coal mine煤矿
surface mine露天矿
surface coal mine露天煤矿
coal geology煤田地质学
coal exploration煤田地质勘探mine surveying矿山测量
mine construction矿山建设
coal mining采煤，采煤学underground mining地下开采
surface mining露天开采
mining system engineering采矿系统工程model of mineral deposits矿床模型
model of mining system optimization采矿系统优化模型coal mine machinery煤矿机械
mine mechanical engineering矿山机械工程mine transportation, mine haulage矿山运输
mine hoisting矿山提升
mine ventilation, underground ventilation矿井通风
mine safety煤矿安全
coal environmental protection煤炭环境保护caol processing煤炭加工
coal utilization, comprehensive utilization of coal煤的综合利用
coal preparation选煤
coal chemistry煤化学
coal conversion煤转化
clean coal technology洁净煤技术露天开采技术
surface coal mine露天煤矿open-pit露天采场overburden表土，剥离物mountain surface mine山坡露天矿pit mine凹陷露天矿pit limit露天开采境界pit slope露天采场边帮final pit slope最终边帮working slope工作帮working slope face工作帮坡面non-working slope face非工作帮坡面slope angle帮坡角
pit bottom露天采场坑底surface boundary line地表境界线floor boundary line底部境界线
foot slope底帮
top slope顶帮
end slope端帮stripping剥离
waste剥离物，废石stripping ratio剥采比overall stripping ratio平均剥采比pit-limit stripping ratio境界剥采比economic stripping ratio经济剥采比peak of stripping剥离高峰operational stripping ratio生产剥采比stripping balance剥采比均衡dump排土场external dump外部排土场inner dump内部排土场bench台阶
berm平盘
bench height台阶高度bench slope台阶坡面bench edge坡顶线bench toe坡底线bench angle台阶坡面角
working berm工作平盘haulage berm运输平盘safety berm安全平盘cleaning berm清扫平盘surface mine development露天矿开拓main access出入沟external access外部沟internal access内部沟duouble side ditch双侧沟hillside ditch单侧沟pioneer cut开段沟
ramp坑线permanent ramp固定坑线mining sequence开采顺序mining by areas分区开采mining by stages分期开采front工作线parallel advance平行推进
fan advance扇形推进
pit deepening采场延深discontinuous mining technology间断开采工艺continuous mining technology连续开采工艺
semi-continuous mining technology半连续开采工艺combined mining technology综合开采工艺loading采装
cut采掘带
block采掘区
cut width采宽
working face工作面
up digging上挖
down digging下挖
level loading平装
upper level loading上装
lower level loading下装
bench group组合台阶
limit grade限制坡度dumping排土
dumping plough排土犁capacity of surface mine露天矿生产能力slope slide滑坡
slope stability边坡稳定性slope reinforcement边帮加固
洗煤厂
compound coal dry-cleaning machine复合式干选机
motor-driven single-girder crane电动单梁起重机
dry separation, dry cleaning干选（洗煤厂）：干式洗煤air jig风力跳汰机
The flowchart of the FDC coking plant as follows福龙煤化焦化厂流程图如下The flowchart of the FDC CPP is shown below福龙煤化洗煤厂流程图如下coking coal焦煤
fat coal肥煤
clean coal精煤
power coal 末煤
lump coal 块煤
tramp iron removal除铁
refuse silo，waste rock bunker矸石仓
middlings silo，middlings bunker中煤仓
clean coal bunker精煤仓
a rated capacity of额定生产能力为……heavy media cyclones (HMC)重介质旋流器
froth flotation泡沫浮选工艺
100,000‑tonne capacity raw coal stockpile area10万吨容量的原煤储煤场feed to供应给
coal preparation煤炭洗选
along with和……一起
overflow溢流
underflow底流
moisture水分
filter press压滤机
dewatering脱水作用
covered室内的，隐蔽的
screen筛选
be sufficient to对……来说足够了horizontal centrifuge卧式离心机approximately大约，大概
install安装，安置
be shipped to运送到……
Liulin County Power Generation plant柳林县发电厂
be disposed of处理掉
discharge排放
landfill sites垃圾填埋场
expansions and restructurings改扩建
take over接收，接管
commence开始，着手
recommence重新开始
dewater脱水，排水
drain off water排水
pit bottom井底车场
其他
development crew掘进队
Gate development follows the mine floor horizon顺槽沿底板掘进。

Gates are 24 m apart, with crosscuts spaced every 100 m.顺槽间距24m，石门间距100m。

General gate dimensions are a width of 4.0 m and a height of 2.8 m.通常顺槽尺寸为宽4.0m，高2.8m。

roadheader掘进机
idle停产，闲置
temporary water sump临时水仓
resign from从……辞职，辞去职务
BOYD was informed that博德获悉……
bolt锚杆
mesh锚网
W-shaped steel belt W型钢带
cable锚索
the recently completed main line belt conveyor gate新近完成的主皮带顺槽half stone-lined and half shotcrete lined一半料石砌碹一半喷浆
A minimal amount of raw coal is小部分原煤……
raw coal stockpile原煤储煤场
refuse废物，矸石
front-end loader前装机：普通前端式装载机rail loading facilities at Qinglong Station.青龙站的铁路装载站
No. 307 National Highway307国道
welfare福利
production maintenance fee维简费
Safety Fund Fee安全基金
Sustainable Development Fund可持续发展基金Environment Recovery Guarantee Fund环境恢复治理保证金Subtotal - Mining Costs小计 - 开采成本Depreciation折旧
Operating Costs生产成本
Mine Cash Cost矿井现金成本
Material Usage cost材料消耗成本introduction of 引入，引进
Introduction of Foreign Investment 引进外资
sublevel caving分段崩落采矿法
FM LW face with sublevel caving综采放顶煤长壁工作面breakdown of raw coal production原煤产量明细
review审查，审批
mine plan engineering data矿山规划工程数据
provided by由……提供
submit to提交，呈送
local and provincial regulatory bodies当地及省主管部门memorandum(Memo)备忘录
The mining right area extends 2.7771 sq. km.矿区面积为2.7771km2。

Nahagou is adjacent to the Zhaiyadi Mine on its eastern flank. 哪哈沟矿与寨崖底矿的东侧相邻。

eastern flank东侧
be integrated into整合到……，被……整合
be adjacent to与……相邻
respectively各自地，分别地
be located, lie位于
drill and blast development face炮掘工作面
water inflow涌水量
production shifts生产班
maintenance shifts检修班
barrier pillar煤柱
projected output levels计划产量
lay out (v.)布置，设计
layout (n.)布局，设计，安排
central distance of walking supports行走支架的中心距
spacing n.间距
be divided into被分成……部分
be divided by被……分割，被……除以
Single direction cut is used for shearer.采煤机采用单向割煤方式。

from AFC面溜：指放顶煤支架前部靠近煤壁的溜子
rear AFC尾溜：指放顶煤支架后部用于运输放顶煤的溜子。

rectangular shape矩形，长方形
detecting scale顶板监测标尺。