华南理工大学2018年《855环境科学与工程导论》考研专业课真题试卷
华南理工大学 2018年考研851化工原理真题答案
⇒ 1) q = I 时， q 线方程为 xq — XF = 0.440
颅
yq = (a-clu)xq+I = 0.663, 故
R ⇒ 1.32 = 环-y. = 0.957-0.663 =
K=0.023fx(气）08 (于）0.4
1)当Pi=2p, G=pu不变时，u不变，K不变，A也不变，因此姜－不变，故h不变；
⇒ 2)当亿=2G=2pu时，U2 =2u K2 =2°8 K, A不变，故h2 =1.74h, 传热系数增
加到原来的1.74倍；
3)当n3 =2n,
则有U3 =1/2u,
华南理工大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案
一． 选择题 1�6. ABABBC 7�13. ADDDBDA
3解析：对流干燥过程中，降速干燥阶段液体的蒸发速率与被干燥固体性质（如物料的湿含 量，物料的厚度或直径）有关 ；恒速干燥阶段液体的蒸发速率与干燥介质的性质（如空气流 速） 有关。 7解析：化工原理教材上册 P63 图 1-48。 8解析：C项传热热阻主要在空气侧，故需增大面积减少热阻， 而别的选项两侧的换热系数 数量级相当，而无需特别强化传热。翅片管加热器 一 般用于冷凝相变过程或者适用于两流体 对流传热系数差距大且系数较小的 一侧（化工原理教材上册 P196) 。 2007 年真题选填题第 15 题。
min
Yq -xq
0.663-0.440
R = 2.64
2)精溜段方程：
y n+I
=尘－
R+I
Xn
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2018年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题626_英语综合水平测试
626华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：外国语言文学performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them to choose the most attractive. In some trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not choose. Common sense dictates that all of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were blind to the mismatch, even offering “reasons” for their“choice”.We called this effect “choice blindness”, echoing change blindness,the phenomenon identified by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their environment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z - and. Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implications, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we know what is going on around us.When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about self-knowledge and intentionality. For all the intimate familiarity we feel we have with decision making, it is very difficult to know about it from the “inside”: one of the great barriers for scientific research is the nature of s ubjectivity.As anyone who has ever been in a verbal disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have every reason to believe are nothing more than rationalizations after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different matter: who are you to say what my reasons are?But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge between intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we can show them beyond doubt - and prove it - that what they say cannot be true. So our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation (the story-telling we do to justify things after the fact) that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering might develop into truesymptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices (whether they give short or long explanations, give numerical rating or labeling, and so on) we found this interaction could change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-feedback (“I chose this, I publicly said so, therefore I must like it”), which we suspect lies behind the formation of many everyday preferences.We also want to explore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of hand? Yet there is ample territory between the absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose between two paired varieties of jam and tea. In order to switch each participant’s choice without them noticing, we created two sets of “magical” jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choice again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were given the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such remarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all s witches.We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cell phones, and even apartments. Our latest tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, but which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision processes. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 and 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.Gervais, discovers a thing called “lying” and what it can get him. Within days, M ark is rich, famous, and courting the girl of his dreams. And because nobody knows what “lying” is? he goes on, happily living what has become a complete and utter farce.It’s meant to be funny, but it’s also a more serious commentary on us all. As Americans, we like to think we value the truth. Time and time again, public-opinion polls show that honesty is among the top five characteristics we want in a leader, friend, or lover; the world is full of sad stories about the tragic consequences of betrayal. At the same time, deception is all around us. We are lied to by government officials and public figures to a disturbing degree; many of our social relationships are based on little white lies we tell each other. We deceive our children, only to be deceived by them in return. And the average person, says psychologist Robert Feldman, the author of a new book on lying, tells at least three lies in the first 10 minutes of a conversation. “There’s always been a lot of lying,” says Feldman，whose new book, The Liar in Your Life, came out this month. “But I do think we’re seeing a kind of cultural shift where we’re lying more, it’s easier to lie, and in some ways it’s almost more acceptable.”As Paul Ekman, one of Feldman’s longtime lying colleagues and the inspiration behind the Fox IV series “Lie To Me” defines it，a liar is a person who “intends to mislead,”“deliberately,” without being asked to do so by the target of the lie. Which doesn’t mean that all lies are equally toxic: some are simply habitual –“My pleasure!”-- while others might be well-meaning white lies. But each, Feldman argues, is harmful, because of the standard it creates. And the more lies we tell, even if th ey’re little white lies, the more deceptive we and society become.We are a culture of liars, to put it bluntly, with deceit so deeply ingrained in our mind that we hardly even notice we’re engaging in it. Junk e-mail, deceptive advertising, the everyday p leasantries we don’t really mean –“It’s so great to meet you! I love that dress”– have, as Feldman puts it, become “a white noise we’ve learned to neglect.” And Feldman also argues that cheating is more common today than ever. The Josephson Institute, a nonprofit focused on youth ethics, concluded in a 2008 survey of nearly 30,000 high school students that “cheating in school continues to be rampant, and it’s getting worse.” In that survey, 64 percent of students said they’d cheated on a test during the past year, up from 60 percent in 2006. Another recent survey, by Junior Achievement, revealed that more than a third of teens believe lying, cheating, or plagiarizing can be necessary to succeed, while a brand-new study, commissioned by the publishers of Feldman’s book, shows that 18-to 34-year-olds--- those of us fully reared in this lying culture --- deceive more frequently than the general population.Teaching us to lie is not the purpose of Feldman’s book. His subtitle, in fact, is “the way to truthful relationships.” But if his book teaches us anything, it’s that we should sharpen our skills — and use them with abandon.Liars get what they want. They avoid punishment, and they win others’ affection. Liars make themselves sound smart and intelligent, they attain power over those of us who believe them, and they often use their lies to rise up in the professional world. Many liars have fun doing it. And many more take pride in getting away with it.As Feldman notes, there is an evolutionary basis for deception: in the wild, animals use deception to “play dead” when threatened. But in the modem world, the motives of our lying are more selfish. Research has linked socially successful people to those who are good liars. Students who succeed academically get picked for the best colleges, despite the fact that, as one recent Duke University study found, as many as 90 percent of high-schoolers admit to cheating. Even lying adolescents are more popular among their peers.And all it takes is a quick flip of the remote to see how our public figures fare when they get caught in a lie: Clinton keeps his wife and goes on to become a national hero. Fabricating author James Frey gets a million-dollar book deal. Eliot Spitzer’s wife stands by his side, while “Appalachian hiker” Mark Sanford still gets to keep his post. If everyone else is being rewarded for lying，don’t we need to lie, too, just to keep up?But what’s funny is that even as we admit to being liars, study after study shows that most of us believe we can tell when others are lying to us. And while lying may be easy, spotting a liar is far from it. A nervous sweat or shifty eyes can certainly mean a person’s uncomfortable, but it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re lying. Gaze aversion, meanwhile, has more to do with shyness than actual deception. Even polygraph machines are unreliable. And according to one study, by researcher Bella DePaulo, we’re only able to differentiate a lie from truth only 47 percent of the time, less than if we guessed randomly. “Basically everything we’ve heard about catching a liar is wrong,” says Feldman, who heads the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Ekman, meanwhile, has spent decades studying micro-facial expressions of liars: the split-second eyebrow arch that shows surprise when a spouse asks who was on the phone; the furrowed nose that gives away a hint of disgust when a person says “I love you.” He’s trained everyone from the Secret Service to the TSA, and believes that with close study, it’s possible to identify those tiny emotions. The hard part, of course, is proving them. “A lot of times, it’s easier to believe,” says Feldman. “It takes a lot ofThere were, however, different explanations of this unhappy fact. Sean Pidgeon put the blame on “humanities departments who are responsible for the leftist politics that still turn people off.” Kedar Kulkarni blamed “the absence of a culture that privileges Learning to improve oneself as a human being.” Bethany blamed universities, which because they are obsessed with “maintaining funding” default on th e obligation to produce “well rounded citizens.” Matthew blamed no one，because i n his view the report’s priorities are just what they should be: “When a poet creates a vaccine or a tangible good that can be produced by a Fortune 500 company, I’ll rescind my comment.”Although none of these commentators uses the word, the issue they implicitly raise is justification. How does one justify funding the arts and humanities? It is clear which justifications are not available. You cannot argue that the arts and humanities are able to support themselves through grants and private donations. You cannot argue that a state’s economy will benefit by a new reading of “Hamlet.” You can’t argue -- well you can, but it won’t fly -- that a graduate who is well-versed in the history of Byzantine art will be attractive to employers (unless the employer is a museum). You can talk as Bethany does about “well rounded citizens,” but that ideal belongs to an earlier period, when the ability to refer knowledgeably to Shakespeare or Gibbon or the Thirty Years War had some cash value (the sociologists call it cultural capital). Nowadays, larding your conversations with small bits of erudition is more likely to irritate than to win friends and influence people.At one time justification of the arts and humanities was unnecessary because, as Anthony Kronman puts it in a new book, “Education’s End: Why Our Colleges and Universities Have Given Up on the Meaning of Life，” it was assumed that “a college was above all a place for the training of character, for the nurturing of those intellectual and moral habits that together from the basis for living the best life one can.”It followed that the realization of this goal required an immersion in the great texts of literature, philosophy and history even to the extent of memorizing them, for “to acquire a text by memory is to fix in one’s mind the image and example of the author and his subject.”It is to a version of this old ideal that Kronman would have us return, not because of a professional investment in the humanities (he is a professor of law and a former dean of the Yale Law School), but because he believes that only the humanities can address “the crisis of spirit we now confront” and “restore the wonder which those who have glimpsed the human condition have always felt, and which our scientific civilization, with its gadgets and discoveries, obscures.”As this last quotation makes clear, Kronman is not so much mounting a defense ofthe humanities as he is mounting an attack on everything else. Other spokespersons for the humanities argue for their utility by connecting them (in largely unconvincing ways) to the goals of science, technology and the building of careers. Kronman, however, identifies science, technology and careerism as impediments to living a life with meaning. The real enemies, he declares，are “the careerism that distracts from life as a whole” and “the blind acceptance of science and technology that disguise and deny our human condition.” These false idols，he says，block the way to understanding. We must turn to the humanities if we are to “meet the need for meaning in an age of vast but pointless powers,”for only the humanities can help us recover the urgency of “the question of what living is for.”The humanities do this, Kronman explains, by exposing students to “a range of texts that express with matchless power a number of competing answers to this question.” In the course of this program —Kronman calls it “secular humanism”—students will be moved “to consider which alternatives lie closest to their own evolving sense of self?” As they survey “the different ways of living that have been held up by different authors,” they will be encouraged “to enter as deeply as they can into the experiences, ideas, and values that give each its permanent appeal.” And not only would such a “revitalized humanism” contribute to the growth of the self,it “would put the conventional pieties of our moral and political world in question” and “bring what is hidden into the open — the highest goal of the humanities and the first responsibility of every teache r.”Here then is a justification of the humanities that is neither strained (reading poetry contributes to the state’s bottom line) nor crassly careerist. It is a stirring vision that promises the highest reward to those who respond to it. Entering into a conversation with the great authors of the western tradition holds out the prospect of experiencing “a kind of immortality” and achieving “a position immune to the corrupting powers of time.”Sounds great, but I have my doubts. Does it really work that way? Do the humanities ennoble? And for that matter, is it the business of the humanities, or of any other area of academic study, to save us?The answer in both cases, I think, is no. The premise of secular humanism (or of just old-fashioned humanism) is that the examples of action and thought portrayed in the enduring works of literature, philosophy and history can create in readers the desire to emulate them. Philip Sydney put it as well as anyone ever has when he asks (in “The Defense of Poesy” 1595), “Who reads Aeneas carrying old Anchises on his back that wishes not it was his fortune to perform such an excellent act?” Thrill to this picture of42.What does Anthony Kronman oppose in the process to strive for meaningful life?A.Secular humanism.B. Careerism.C. Revitalized humanismD. Cultural capital.43.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this article?A.Sidney Carton killed himself.B.A new reading of Hamlet may not benefit economy.C.Faust was not willing to sell his soul.D.Philip Sydney wrote The Defense of Poesy.44.Which is NOT true about the author?A.At the time of writing, he has been in the field of the humanities for 45 years.B.He thinks the humanities are supposed to save at least those who study them.C.He thinks teachers and students of the humanities just learn how to analyze literary effects and to distinguish between different accounts of the foundations of knowledge.D.He thin ks Kronman’s remarks compromise the object its supposed praise.45.Which statement could best summarize this article?A.The arts and humanities fail to produce well-rounded citizens.B.The humanities won’t save us because humanities departments are too leftist.C.The humanities are expected to train character and nurture those intellectual andmoral habits for living a life with meaning.D.The humanities don’t bring about effects in the world but just give pleasure to those who enjoy them.Passage fourJust over a decade into the 21st century, women’s progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana—in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren’t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000 women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of women’s progress. Newsweek ranked 165countries, looking at five areas that affect women’s lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing datafrom the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined. But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation’s top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly.“Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,” says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply can’t be measured.And cross-cultural comparisons can t account for difference of opinion.Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,”she said. “There’s a simulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”46.What does the author think about women’s progress so far?A.It still leaves much to be desired.B.It is too remarkable to be measured.C.It has greatly changed women's fate.D.It is achieved through hard struggle.47.In what countries have women made the greatest progress?A.Where women hold key posts in government.B.Where women’s rights are protected by law.C.Where women’s participation in management is high.D.Where women enjoy better education and health care.48.What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?A.They care little about political participation.B.They are generally treated as equals by men.C.They have a surprisingly low social status.D.They are underrepresented in politics.49.What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation's top office?A.It does not necessarily raise women's political awareness.B.It does not guarantee a better life for the nation's women.C.It enhances women's status.D.It boosts women's confidence.50.What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?A.Give women more political power.B.Stimulate women's creativity.C.Allow women access to education.D.Tap women's economic potential.Passage fiveThe idea that government should regulate intellectual property through copyrights and patents is relatively recent in human history, and the precise details of what intellectual property is protected for how long vary across nations and occasionally change. There are two standard sociological justifications for patents or copyrights: They reward creators for their labor, and they encourage greater creativity. Both of these are empirical claims that can be tested scientifically and could be false in some realms.Consider music. Star performers existed before the 20th century, such as Franz Liszt and Niccolo Paganini, but mass media produced a celebrity system promoting a few stars whose music was not necessarily the best or most diverse. Copyright provides protection for distribution companies and for a few celebrities, thereby helping to support the industry as currently defined, but it may actually harm the majority of performers. This is comparable to Anatole France's famous irony, "The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges." In theory, copyright covers the creations of celebrities and obscurities equally, but only major distribution companies have the resources to defend their property rights in court. In a sense, this is quite fair, because nobody wants to steal unpopular music, but by supporting the property rights of celebrities, copyright strengthens them as a class in contrast to anonymous musicians.Internet music file sharing has become a significant factor in the social lives of children, who download bootleg music tracks for their own use and to give as gifts to friends. If we are to believe one recent poll done by a marketing firm rather than social。
华南理工大学_855环境科学与工程导论2004--2017年_考研真题
855华南理工大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学；环境工程；环境生态学；环境工程（专硕）491华南理工大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学环境工程共 4 页一、填空题（共50个空，每个空格１分）1、水污染的主要来源可分为______和面源污染两种形式。
2、我国地面水水质标准中，能作为饮用水水源的是______类以上的水体。
3、水圈包括一切淡水、______、______、地下水、冰、以及大气圈中的______和______。
4、经过稀释、加酸或者加碱后，__________________的溶液称为缓冲溶液。
______形成的缓冲体系，是水和废水处理系统中最重要的缓冲体系。
5、造成硬度的阳离子最主要的是______和______。
6、微生物生长的四个阶段是______、______、______和______。
7、150.0 mg/L质量浓度的硫酸的摩尔浓度为______。
8、快混池的搅拌器，当其转速降为原来的一半时，其所消耗功率降为原来的______。
9、在水处理过程中混合的程度由速度梯度来测量，速度梯度Ｇ与搅拌器输入功率Ｐ，混合池中水的体积Ｖ及粘度μ的关系式为______。
10、热污染会改变水生生物的群落，使原来的鱼类不适应高温而死亡。
它还能加速有机污染物的______，使水中溶解氧______。
11、可用铁盐或铝盐来沉淀脱除污水中的磷，在沉淀过程中，控制水的ｐＨ范围是______。
12、常用的可定量指出水体被微生物污染的检测方法是____________。
13、最常用的饮用水消毒杀菌剂是______。
14、根据理想沉淀池的推导，沉淀池的沉淀效率与沉淀池的深度______。
2013华南理工大学环境科学与工程导论855考研真题
855华南理工大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学，环境工程，环境工程(专硕)共3页一、不定项选择题（共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）1.采用重铬酸钾法测定污水中的化学需氧量（COD）时，污水中所含的下列哪些组分的存在可能对测定值有贡献。
（）A.含碳有机物B.NO3--NC.NH4+-ND.还原性无机物2.“螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后”所隐含的食物链中的消费者有（）A.螳螂B.蝉C.黄雀D.植物3.在生态系统的碳循环中，无机环境与生物群落相联系的相关生理作用有（）A.光合作用B.呼吸作用C.蒸腾作用D.化能合成作用4.信息传递是生态系统的重要功能，生态系统中的信息形式主要有（）A.物理信息B.化学信息C.行为信息D.营养信息5.在污水的活性污泥工艺中起主要作用的微生物是（）A.细菌B.真菌C.原生动物D.后生动物6.下列哪些水处理工艺过程对水中致病菌的去除有显著效果（）A.混凝B.沉淀C.过滤D.消毒7.城市固体废物常见的资源化途径包括（）A.循环再利用B.加工再利用C.转换再利用D.稳定再利用8.下列选项中对对流层的描述正确的是（）A.对流层存在各种天气现象，如雨、雾、云等；B.对流层温度一般随高度的上升而下降；C.对流层集中了大气层中90%的水汽；D.对流层的热量来源主要是直接吸收太阳辐射的热量。
9.假设某地区的三种空气污染物的API指数分别为：SO2为21，NO2为80，PM10为105，那么该地区的空气质量可以判断为（）A.优B.良C.轻度污染D.轻微污染10.关于影响城市热岛效应的因素，下列叙述错误的是（）A.城市建筑物和铺砌水泥地面的道路多半导热性好，受热传热快；B.人口高度密集，工业集中，固定热源及流动热源大量释放城市废热；C.高耸入云的建筑物造成近地表风速小且通风不良；D.人类活动释放的废气排入大气，改变了城市上空的大气组成，使其吸收太阳辐射的能力及对地面长波辐射的吸收能力减弱。
2018年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题827_材料科学基础
827华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：材料科学基础适用专业：材料科学与工程；材料工程(专硕)共8 页一、填空题：（每空0.5 分，共20 分）1、金属材料的（1 ）和（2 ）是决定材料性能的基本依据，金属材料的热处理是在明晰材料（3 ）的前提下来设计热处理工艺。
2、晶界本身的强度与温度有关。
一般情况下，若晶粒的熔点为T，则当温度低于T/2 时，晶界强度（4 ）晶内强度；当温度高于T/2 时，晶界强度（5 ）晶内强度，晶粒形成粘滞流动，使材料形成蠕变变形。
3、碳钢经奥氏体化后经过冷至C 曲线中珠光体和马氏体线之间的区域保温将形成贝氏体，保温温度接近珠氏体转变温度时，形成的组织是（6 ）；保温温度接近马氏体转变温度时，形成的组织是（7 ），等温淬火热处理希望获得的组织是（8 ）。
4、下图立方晶系中，ABC 面和ADEF 面的晶面指数分别为（9 ）和（10 ），这两个面所在晶带轴指数为（11 ）。
5、置换固溶体的溶解度与原子尺寸因素、（12 ）因素、原子价因素和晶体结构有关。
6、室温下Fe 的晶体结构类型为（13 ），它的晶格常数为0.2863nm，原子半径为（14 ）。
7、α-Fe 转变为γ-Fe 时，体积会（15 ），这是因为（16 ）；γ-Fe 的（17 ）间隙比（18 ）间隙大，奥氏体中碳原子位于（19 ）间隙中。
8、组元A、B 在液态和固态都无限互溶，它们形成的相图称为（20 ）相图。
如平衡分配系数K0<1，则可判断组元（21 ）的熔点较高。
9、刃型位错既可以作（22 ）运动，又可以作（23 ）运动；而螺型位错只能作（24 ）运动。
10、冷变形金属低温回复时，主要是（25 ）密度下降；高温回复时，主要发生（26 ）过程。
11、金属再结晶后的晶粒大小与（27 ）、原始晶粒大小、（28 ）和杂质等有关。
2018年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题501_建筑设计(做图)
.,,、501A华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷3.，／屋面可根据仰!mJ,J11S拆除旦旦改建，加建部分高度不应超过现有屋脊线。
4、加建结构必须与111轩结构分离，独立满足加边部分的承就要求。
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：建筑设计（做图）适用专业：建筑历史与理论：建筑设计及其理论：建筑学（专硕）共军页精品酒店设计一、用地概况广州｜某创意困计划将一处仓库改造为精品酒店，并对其周围环境进行改造。
用地范围约4000nl。
拟改造仓库为历史建筑，位于旧时码头区，单层，主体轴线宽24m,长39m ，室内地坪比室外高0.9m 。
北侧相邻仓库己改为美术馆，西侧码头现主要用于停靠游艇，东邻城市道路，场地东北角与东南角各有一个机动车出入口。
详见附图。
二、主要功能1、客房区：标准客房14间，不小于30m2／问（含卫生！可〉；卫生间要求布国洗手台、座便器、淋浴闷、浴缸囚件套。
2、大堂区：约I80m2。
包括前台接待区、大堂休息区、大堂卫生间、办公室2间。
3、西餐厅（含厨房〉：约180m2。
配设室外或半室外就餐区（不计入面积〉，考虑、直内外空间联系。
4、保安监控室l间，20m25、配电室1 间，20m26、辅助空间，如储藏、楼梯、通道等自定。
7、室外安排5 个小汽车位〈含1 个无障碍车位），10 台共享单车停放区。
三、改造要求1、保持主体结构（结构柱、屋架、墙体〉基本不变，在仓库内部进行改建。
2、除了必要出入口改造之外，外立面门窗洞口不可改动，但门窗扇可改动：建筑飘莲、平台可利用作为室外活动区，可加设护栏。
第i 页四、设计要求1、室外场地流线合理，良好解决交迫停车，井布置绿化环境。
2、场地内车行道路应连通园区的两个出入口，小汽车要求可直达大堂入口。
3、建筑内部布局合理，营造富有创意的优美的室内空间。
4 、符合消防、卫生要求及国家相关规范。
5、结构布置合理。
【华南理工大学2012年考研专业课真题】环境科学与工程导论2012
855华南理工大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学；环境工程；环境工程(专硕)本卷满分：150分共 3 页一、选择题 （共 16 小题，每小题 2分，共32分）1．生物脱氮体系中硝化细菌在生长代谢过程中多以以下哪些物质为碳源？。
A. 含碳有机物； B. 含碳有机物、二氧化碳；C. CO32-、HCO3-、CO2；D. 低分子含碳有机物、CO32-、HCO3-、CO2。
2. 延时曝气活性污泥法体系中微生物主要处于状态。
A. 延滞期；B. 对数生长期；C. 稳定期；D. 内源呼吸期。
3. 生态系统平衡的标志，以下说法不对的是。
A. 能量输入输出稳定；B. 适于人类居住；C. 结构稳定；D. 功能作用稳定。
4. 下列有关生态系统食物网特征描述不正确的是。
A. 食物链的环节数是无限的；B. 食物网上的生物之间不单单是捕食关系；C. 一种生物可能属于不同的营养级；D. 食物网越复杂生态系统越稳定。
5. 在生物群落中，判断一个物种是否为优势种的主要依据是。
A. 物种数量；B. 物种生物量；C. 物种的体积；D. 物种在群落中的作用。
6. 在选用静电除尘器来净化含尘废气时，首先必须考虑粉尘的。
A. 粒径；B. 密度；C. 粘附性；D. 荷电性。
7. 是衡量堆肥反应完成的信号，也是堆肥质量的指标。
A. 腐熟度；B. 温度；C. 有机物含量；D. 含水率。
8. 以下关于废水生物处理过程的表述不正确的是。
A．废水好氧生物处理以分子态O2作为有机物氧化的电子受体；B．废水生物处理中缺氧阶段的电子受体为NO3-、SO4-等含氧基团；C．废水厌氧生物处理在无游离O2的条件下以简单有机物或无机物作为电子受体；D．废水生物处理缺氧阶段主要以微含量的O2为电子受体。
9. 对于高温高湿污染气体不宜采用。
A. 湿式除尘器；B. 电除尘器；C. 机械式除尘器；D. 袋式除尘器。
华南理工大学_855环境科学与工程导论2010--2017年_考研真题
16. 对于文丘里洗涤器， （37） 是实现高效除尘的基本条件；其喉管截面积与
进口管截面积之比的典型值为 （38） 。
17. 气固催化反应过程的总反应速度受三个过程的影响，即：（39） 、（40） 和
（41） 。
第 1页
18. 富营养化污染主要指水流缓慢、更新期长的地表水体，接纳大量N、P、K等植物 营养素引起的 （42） 急剧增殖的水体污染。富营养化污染在淡水生态系统的 表现为 （43） ，海洋生态系统为 （44） 。
2. POPs是
（3）
的简称，其中文意思是：
（4）
。
3. 对于一般污水而言， CODCr、CODMn 和BOD5等三个值大小顺序为 （5） 。 4. 水质调节的基本方法有两种 （6） 和 （7） 。
5. 助凝剂本身可以起混凝作用，也可不起混凝作用。按功能助凝剂可分为 （8） 、
（9） 和 （10） 等三种基本类型。
1. 下列几组气体中，每一组分都属于温室气体的是
。
A. 氟氯碳、甲烷、氮气；
B. 二氧化碳、氟氯碳、甲烷；
C. 氧气、甲烷、二氧化硫；
D. 二氧化硫、一氧化碳、二氧化碳
2. 垃圾焚烧中所产生的 畸形等病状。 A. HCl； B. CO；
，即使是微量的情况下，长期摄取时，也会引起癌症、 C. VOCs； D. Dioxins
5. 吸附法处理气态污染物适用于什么样的场合？有哪些常用的吸附剂？
6. 试阐述生活垃圾卫生填埋场可能产生的环境二次污染问题及其控制措施。
7. 简述固体废物最终安全处置原则。
8. 表征城市固体废物化学性质的常见指标有哪些？分别简述这些指标的含义。
三、计算题：（共 2 题，每题 10 分）
华南理工大学环境科学与工程导论试题0407
455华南理工大学2007年攻读硕士学位硏究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交冋）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：坏境科学坏境工程共3页一、填空题（共50个空，每个空格1分）1.Dioxins的中文名称是________ -2.可持续发展的基本原则：________ , ______ , ________ o3.酸雨的化学特征雄：__________ 、__________ 84.土壞空气与近地面大气进行气体交换的生要方式是_______________________ -5•土壤胶体的重耍性质是，_________、___________ °6.城市区绫噪声标准（GB3096-93）中，____ 类杯准适用于匸业区。
7.土壤的活性酸度是指________________ ，潜在酸度是指__________________ -8.当前湖泊污染最立接屋常见的表现就是____________ 。
9.生态系统具有三大功能：____________ 、物质循环利_____________ 。
10.发生噪声污染必须有二个要索： _______ 、______ 、_______ sH.除去一利_____________ 的人气称为干洁空气。
12.除尘湍的分类是按照除尘器分离或浦集粉尘的机理，通常将除尘器分为________ 、________ 、 _________和_______ 四种类型.13.____________________________________________________________ 烟囱里推出的烟气常常会继续上升,因此，烟囱的有效高度等于烟肉的_____________ 与烟气的_______ Z和。
】4・气体吸收设备分为板式塔和______ 两大类。
15-在用多孔忤固体物质处理流体混合物时，流体中的某组分或某些组分可玻吸引到固体表面并浓集其上，此现象称为___________ 816•污染气体的吸附过程由三个步骤充成：(1)气膜扩散(外扩散〉： (2) 5 (3) o17.《中华人民共和囚固体废物泻染环境防治法》确立了固体废物污染防治的I.化” !原则，即固体废物污染防治的“__ 、_______ 、______ '源则。
华南理工大学855环境科学与工程导论2014年考研专业课真题试卷
华南理工大学2014年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）855华南理工大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学，环境工程，环境工程(专硕)共5页一、单项选择题（24题，每题1.5分，共36分）1．按照产生过程或来源，POPs可分为有意生产和无意产生这两类，下列属于无意产生的POPs的是（）。
A．DDT B．PCDDs C．重金属D．灭蚁灵2．下列国际环境公约或议定书中，与臭氧层保护有关的是（）A．蒙特利尔议定书B．巴塞尔公约C．斯德哥尔摩公约D．京都议定书3．下列生态系统中生物种类较少、群落结构单一，在人的作用消失后会很快消失的是（）。
A．草原生态系统B．森林生态系统C．河流生态系统D．农田生态系统4．要维持一个生态系统的动态平衡，生物群落中必须有的成分是（）。
A．生产者和消费者B．生产者和分解者C．消费者和分解者D．植物和动物5．诗句“种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀”中的草与豆苗的关系是（）。
A．竞争B．共生C．寄生D．捕食6．关于氧垂曲线，下列说法不正确的是（）。
A．曲线末端溶解氧恢复到初始状态B．曲线下降阶段好氧速率大于复氧速率C．曲线上升阶段好氧速率小于复氧速率D．受污点即为氧量最大点7．下列关于我国水资源的特点的说法不正确的是（）。
A．水资源总量不多，人均和亩均水量不多B．时间分布不平衡，年内和年际变化较大C．空间分布不均匀，水土资源组合不平衡D．水污染蔓延，大大减少了我国的水资源可用量第1页。
2008年华南理工大学855环境科学与工程导论考研真题-考研真题资料
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2018年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题880_分析化学
880华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：分析化学适用专业：分析化学共13 页一、单项选择题【1-20 题每题1 分，21-30 题每题2 分】1. 按照酸碱质子理论，Na2HPO4是（）A．中性物质B．酸性物质C．碱性物质D．两性物质2. 下列有关随机误差的论述中不正确的是（）A．随机误差是由一些不确定的偶然因素造成的B．随机误差出现正误差和负误差的机会均等C．随机误差在分析测定中是不可避免的D．随机误差具有单向性3. 用氧化锌标定EDTA 溶液时，下列操作会导致EDTA 浓度偏高的是（）A．氧化锌未进行干燥B．滴定管洗净后，未用EDTA 溶液润洗C．滴定完成后，最终读数时，发现滴定管挂水珠D．最终读数时，终点颜色偏深4. 间接碘量法测定可溶性铜盐时，若放置一段时间后出现“回蓝”现象，则可能是由于（）A．反应不完全B．空气中O2氧化I-C．氧化还原反应速度慢D．淀粉指示剂变质5. 摩尔法测定Cl-，控制溶液pH=4.0，其滴定终点将（）A．不受影响B．提前到达C．推迟到达D．刚好等于化学计量点6. 用高锰酸钾法测定铁，一般使用硫酸而不是盐酸调节酸度，其主要原因是（）A．盐酸有挥发性B．硫酸可以起催化作用C．盐酸强度不够D．Cl-可能与KMnO4 反应7. AgCl 在0.01mol/L HCl 中溶解度比在纯水中小，是（）的结果。
A．共同离子效应B．酸效应C．盐效应D．配位效应8. 氧化还原反应的条件平衡常数与下列哪个因素无关（）A．氧化剂与还原剂的初始浓度B．氧化剂与还原剂的副反应系数C．两个半反应电对的标准电位D．反应中两个电对的电子转移数9. pH 玻璃电极使用前必须在水中浸泡，其主要目的是（）A．清洗电极B．活化电极C．校正电极D．清除吸附杂质10. 用氟离子选择性电极测定水中（含有微量的Fe3+、Al3+、Ca2+、Cl-）的氟离子时，应选用的离子强度调节缓冲溶液为（）A．0.1 mol/L KNO3B．0.1 mol/L NaOHC．0.1 mol/L 柠檬酸钠（pH 调至5-6）D．0.1 mol/L NaAc（pH 调至5-6）11. 在正相色谱柱上分离含物质1,2,3 的混合物，其极性大小依次为：物质1>物质2>物质3，其保留时间t 的相对大小依次为（）A．t1>t2>t3B．t1<t2<t3C．t2>t1>t3D．t2<t1<t312. 常用于评价色谱分离条件选择是否适宜的参数是（）A．理论塔板数B．塔板高度C．分离度D．死时间13. 在符合朗伯-比尔定律的范围内，有色物质的浓度、最大吸收波长、吸光度三者的关系是（）A．增加、增加、增加B．减小、不变、减小C．减小、增加、增加D．增加、不变、减小14. 下列仪器分析方法中适宜采用内标法定量的是（）A. 紫外-可见分光光度法B. 原子吸收光谱法C. 色谱分析法D. 极谱分析法15. 用0.10 mol/L NaOH 滴定同浓度HAc（pKa=4.74）的pH 突跃范围为7.7~9.7。
华南理工855环境科学与工程导论笔记
华南理工855环境科学与工程导论笔记华南理工855环境科学与工程导论笔记第一章：环境科学与工程导论环境科学与工程导论课程是环境科学与工程专业的一门重要基础课程，主要介绍环境科学与工程的基本概念、基本理论和方法，为后续课程的学习打下基础。
1.1 环境问题及其意义1.1.1 环境问题的定义环境问题是指由人类活动引起的，对自然环境和人类生存条件造成潜在或实际威胁的一切现象、事物和因素。
1.1.2 环境问题的分类环境问题可以分为自然环境问题和人为环境问题两大类。
自然环境问题主要包括气候变化、土地荒漠化、水资源短缺等；而人为环境问题则包括污染物排放、土地开发和资源利用不当等。
1.1.3 环境问题的意义环境问题的存在严重威胁到人类的生存和发展。
解决环境问题不仅有助于维护生态平衡，保护人类健康，还能为经济发展提供支撑和保障。
1.2 环境科学与工程的概念1.2.1 环境科学的定义环境科学是研究环境问题的自然科学学科，旨在揭示环境问题的成因和演化规律，寻求控制和治理环境问题的方法和技术。
1.2.2 环境工程的定义环境工程是解决环境问题的工程学科，主要研究环境工程技术和管理方法，旨在减少和消除环境问题对人类和生态系统的影响。
1.3 环境科学与工程的关系环境科学与工程是密切相关的两个学科，环境科学为环境工程提供理论和方法支撑，而环境工程则是实现环境科学研究成果的具体技术手段。
1.4 环境科学与工程的发展历程环境科学与工程的发展过程可分为三个阶段：早期的环境治理阶段，环境管理阶段和可持续发展阶段。
在可持续发展阶段，环境科学与工程致力于寻求经济发展与环境保护的良性循环。
第二章：环境科学的基本概念2.1 环境环境是指人类生活、工作和发展的外部条件和内外因素，包括自然环境、社会环境和个人环境。
2.2 环境负荷环境负荷是指各种人为活动对环境造成的物理、化学和生物方面的压力或影响。
2.3 环境质量环境质量是指环境中各种物理、化学和生物因子的数量和质量，是评价环境优劣程度的一个重要指标。
2016年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题855_环境科学与工程导论
855华南理工大学2016 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学，环境工程，环境生态学，环境工程(专硕)共 4 页一．单项选择题（21 题，每题2 分，共42 分）1．以下物质不属于持久性有机污染物的是（）。
A．DDT B．PCDDs C．As D．PCBs2．辛弃疾的诗句“稻花香里说丰年，听取蛙声一片”中描述了一幅农田生态系统的景象，在这个生态系统中，青蛙属于（）。
A．生产者B．初级消费者C．次级消费者D．分解者3．第2 题中“蛙声一片”的青蛙鸣叫场景，其反映的生态学意义是（）。
A．物质生产B．物质循环C．能量流动D．信息传递4．生物群落是指在一定时间范围内居住在一定空间范围内的多种（）。
A．生物个体B．生物类型C．生物种群D．生态系统5．下列现象中反映了共生关系的是（）。
A．青蛙和蟾蜍在同一个池塘中生活B．水稻和稗草共同生长在一块土地上C．鹿和斑马生活在同一草原中D．豆科植物根部有固氮菌的生长6．下列食物链中属于寄生食物链的是（）。
A．青草→羊→虎B．绿藻→虾→小鱼C．鼠→跳蚤→细菌D．蛹→鸡→狼7．下列生物膜法工艺能处理的有机负荷最高的是（）。
A．塔式生物滤池B．生物接触氧化池C．普通高负荷生物滤池D．生物转盘8．污泥中的总固体分为稳定性固体和挥发性固体，挥发性固体是指在（）条件下能被氧化并以气体产物逸出的那部分固体。
A．600℃B．550℃C．500℃D．450℃9．如果污泥含水率从98%降低至92%，那么污泥的体积变为原来的（）。
A．20% B．25% C．30% D．40%10．以下哪点不是生物流化床的优点（）。
A．容积负荷高B．微生物活性高C．设备使用时间长D．传质效果好11．采用氯胺消毒时，氯胺消毒效果好的形态是（）。
A．NH2Cl B．NHCl2 C．NHCl3 D．NH4Cl12．在袋式除尘中，起主要过滤作用的是（）。
硕士研究生环境科学真题试卷
硕士研究生环境科学真题试卷一、选择题（每题 3 分，共 30 分）1、以下哪种气体不属于温室气体？（）A 二氧化碳B 甲烷C 氧气D 一氧化二氮2、可持续发展的概念最早是在（）年提出的。
A 1972B 1987C 1992D 20003、以下哪种生态系统的生物多样性最高？（）A 森林B 草原C 荒漠D 农田4、水污染中，以下哪种指标常用于衡量有机物的含量？（）A 溶解氧B 化学需氧量（COD）C 生化需氧量（BOD）D 以上都是5、土壤的基本组成包括（）。
A 矿物质、有机质、水分、空气B 矿物质、腐殖质、水分、空气C 矿物质、微生物、水分、空气D 矿物质、植物根系、水分、空气6、大气污染物中，属于一次污染物的是（）。
A 硫酸雾B 光化学烟雾C 二氧化硫D 硝酸7、以下哪种能源属于可再生能源？（）A 煤炭B 石油C 天然气D 太阳能8、环境影响评价的工作程序包括（）。
A 准备阶段、正式工作阶段、报告书编制阶段B 调查阶段、分析阶段、评价阶段C 项目建议书阶段、可行性研究阶段、设计阶段D 施工阶段、运营阶段、退役阶段9、以下哪种方法不属于固体废物的处理方法？（）A 焚烧B 填埋C 堆肥D 丢弃10、生态系统的稳定性包括（）。
A 抵抗力稳定性和恢复力稳定性B 结构稳定性和功能稳定性C 物种稳定性和群落稳定性D 以上都是二、填空题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、环境科学研究的对象是_____、＿____和_____之间的相互关系。
2、大气圈分为对流层、平流层、中间层、热层和_____。
3、水的硬度分为_____硬度和_____硬度。
4、生态系统的营养结构包括_____和_____。
5、土壤污染的特点有_____、＿____和_____。
6、噪声的来源主要有_____、＿____和_____。
7、环境质量评价的类型包括_____、＿____和_____。
8、可持续发展的三个基本原则是_____、＿____和_____。
2018年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题860_普通物理(含力、热、电、光学)
-m2 V 1 .线温等为CG线 虚 中图’hu la－'P Lw h －G R 俨l i l －－L rn Ef $4过Ch ！－OL W ’r E’1程 判是Md 川热吸 口玉 咄L 还’过 体－ 线热气 ，肉强 吸 阳山 l 姥 色 刷 拙J ：i线 柑川 机川川执…M热勾 虚 两 这 断 · 队 放 但 吸 F F 吸 程中 惆 热程 程 放 叩2阳－1 ．860华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（ 试卷上做答无效 ，请在答题纸上做答 ，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回〉 。
d科目名称 ：普通物理（含力 、热、电、光学） 适用专业 ：理论物理：凝聚态物理 ：声学：光学；材料科学与工程 ：物理电子学 ：共 f 页 。
;7' v材料工程（专硕）一、选择题 （共 48 分，每题 4 分〉l 、几个不同倾角的光滑斜面 ，有共同的底边 ，顶点也在同一坚直面上 ．若使一物倒（ 视为质点） 从斜面上端由静止滑到下端的时间最短 ，则斜面的倾角应选(A) 60。
. (B) 45° . (C) 30。
.(D) 15。
．［］2、某物体的运动规律为 d v / d t = -k v 勺 ，式中的 k 为大于零的常量 ．当t = O 时，初速为 Vo ，则速度 U 与时间 t 的函数关系是(D) abc 过程和 def 过程都放热． ［］6、一定量的理想气体经历 二cb 过程时吸热500 J. 则经历 cbda 过程时 ，吸热为(A ） 马200 J. (B ） 一700 J.p （×105 Pa)(A) v=kt 2 叫(C) -400 J .(D) 700 J.。
V （ 10-3 m3)1 kt2 1(C) 一＝－－：：－－ ＋一’ ， U 二L Vo3、一质量为 m 的质点，在半径为 R 的半球形容器中 ，由静止开始自边缘上的 A 点滑 下，到达最低点 B 时，它对容器的正压力为N. 则质点自 A℃!57［ ］47、一铜板厚度为 D= l .OO mm ，放罩在磁感强度为 B= 1.35 T 的匀强磁场中，磁场方｜向垂直于导体的侧表面 ，如图所示 ，现测得铜板上下两面电势差为 V=1.10×10 5 v ，己B 知铜板中自 由电子数密度 n =4.20 ×102s m 3, 滑到 B 的过程中，摩擦力对其作的功为A(A） 护（N 训 电子电荷 e=l.60 ×10-19 c，则此铜板中的电 歹争叶阳一mg ) .(D)i R( N 切）［］8、如图所示 ．一电荷为 q 的点电荷，以匀角速度ω作圆周 运动 ，圆周的半径为 R. 设 t = O 时 q 所在点的坐标为 xo = R , 4、如图，两木块质量为 m1 和 叫，由一轻弹簧连接，放在光滑水平桌面上 ，先使网木块靠近而将弹簧压紧 ，然后由静止释放 ．若在弹簧伸长到原长时，m1 的速率为 V1,则弹簧原来在压缩状态时所具有的势能是o = O ，以T , ］ 分别表示 x 轴和 y 轴上的单位矢景 ，则圆心处 点的位移电流密度为 ：1 m1 + m2 2总 二点点达-2.口._L 二sm w t Iqw『x(i )(A) 一m 1V12(B) (A)(B)一一一τcos mt J2 m1 4 π R 24πRqw -qw-1 m1 + m2 z(C)一一k(D)一 丁（sin wti - c os mtj) (C)三（m1 + m2 ) V 1 .(D ) -m1V 1 . 4πR 22 m24πR第页第 2 页\Y i u )－E Er 饨A ～「， D G的一市民川r E F图nu 品UF 历经。
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四、综合应用题（4 题，选做其中 3 题，全做只计前 3 题，每题 13 分，共 39 分）
37. 某一封闭性草场的面积为 73 公顷，每年同化的太阳能为 5×108 千卡/公顷。 已知：此草场营养级间的能量流动遵循林德曼定律， 一只羊每天消耗 1000 千卡能量，一只狼每天消耗 2000 千卡能量。请问此草场一年（按 365 天计） 最多能养多少只羊和多少只狼？ 38. 废水资源化和能源化处理被认为是未来水处理的主要方向，试述废水中有哪 些物质可以回收和转化？可以采用什么样的方式进行回收和转化？
855
华南理工大学 2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回） 科目名称：环境科学与工程导论 适用专业：环境科学与工程；环境工程(专硕) 共 4 页
一、单项选择题（21 题，每题 2 分，共 42 分）
1. 人类环境意识的启蒙著作《寂静的春天》中涉及的主要污染物是（ A. 杀虫剂 B. 多环芳烃 C. 抗生素 D. 重金属 ） 。
第
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39. 某电厂采用 NH3-SCR 工艺进行烟气脱硝， 主反应为(1)式所示。 已知该厂 NO 年排放量为 3000 吨，氨过剩系数为 1.2，试计算氨的年消耗量。 4NH3 + 4NO + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O (1) 40. 一个 50 万人口的城市，平均每人每天产生垃圾 2.0 千克，若用填埋法处置， 覆土与垃圾之比为 1˸4，填埋后废物压实密度为 600 千克/立方米，试求： （1）一年填埋废物多少立方米？若填埋高度为 15 米，占地面积为多少？ （2）如果运营 20 年，填埋面积是多少？填埋总体积是多少？
5. 上述第 3 题诗句中所描绘的生态系统里，牛和羊之间的关系属于（ A. 寄生关系 B. 共生关系 C. 捕食关系 D. 竞争关系 6. 生态安全被正式纳入国家安全体系的时间是（ A. 1991 B. 2000 C. 2014 ）年。 D. 2017
7. 废水的微生物处理需要碳营养外，还需要氮、磷营养，它们之间的比例一般为 BOD:N:P=（ ） 。 A. 200:5:1 B. 200:5:2 C. 100:5:1 D. 100:5:2 8. 下列物质均可用于高级氧化处理，其中氧化电位最低的是（ A. · OH B. O3 C. H2O2 D. Cl2 9. 离子交换树脂的交换选择性最小的是（ ） 。 + + + A. Li B. H C. Na D. Ag+ ） 。
14. 燃煤电厂超洁净排放工艺中，烟气进入电除尘器前先经过省煤器降温，从而 使飞灰（ ）升高，最终提高除尘效率。 A. 湿度 B. 温度 C. 比电阻 D. 粘度 15. 由于垂直方向风速分布不均匀及（ ）引起的是机械湍流 A. 垂直方向温度 B. 地面粗糙度 C. A 与 B 都正确 D. A 与 B 都不正确 16. 工厂点源排气筒高度不得低于它所从属建筑物高度的 2 倍，并且不得直接污 染邻近建筑物，目的是避免烟流受建筑物（ ）影响。 A. 背风面涡流区 B. 切向风 C. 逆温区 D. 热岛效应 17. 以下（ ）不是按照垃圾产生和收集来源分类。 A. 食品垃圾 B. 普通垃圾 C. 无机废物 18. 城市垃圾分选回收系统包括（ A. 运输 B. 破碎 ） 。 C. 筛选
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2. 下列因环境污染造成的公害事件中，与多氯联苯有关的是（ ） 。 A. 水俣病事件 B. 骨痛病事件 C. 米糠油事件 D. 伦敦烟雾事件 3. 诗句“天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低现牛羊”中描绘的是（ ）生态系统。 A. 森林 B. 农田 C. 草原 D. 沙漠 4. 上述第 3 题诗句中的牛，在生态系统的结构中属于（ A. 生产者 B. 初级消费者 C. 二级消费者 ） 。 D. 分解者 ） 。
D. 危险废物
D. 以上都是 ） 。
19. 某固体废物固化前是 2 立方米，固化后是 8 立方米，则增容比是（ A. 4 B. 0.25 C. 0.75 D. 4/3 20. 好氧堆肥温度最高可达（ A. 40~50℃ B. 60~70℃ ） 。 C. 80~90℃ D. 100~110℃
21. 自胶结固化法适用于处理下列哪类固体废？（ ） A. 放射性废物 B. 含重金属的污泥 C. 硫酸钙 D. 含汞废渣
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二、名词解释（7 题，每题 3 分，共 21 分）
22. 优先污染物 23. MBR 反应器 24. 污泥体积系数 25. 斯托克斯直径 ds 26. 净化装置漏风率 27. 城市固体废物 28. 电子废物
三、简答题（8 题，每题 6 分，共 48 分）
29. 简述生态系统中有毒物质循环的特点。 30. 简述生态平衡失调的标志。 31. 简述电解法在含铬废水处理中的应用。 32. 简述好氧生物处理和厌氧生物处理的不同点。 33. 试述湿式和干式电除尘器集尘极清灰方式的不同之处。 34. 试列举三种有机工业废气常用吸附剂。 35. 固体废物焚烧的基本控制因素有哪些？ 36. 堆肥腐熟度的化学参数判断指标有哪些？
10. 下列水处理工艺中不能有效去除二级处理厂出水中含有的少量溶解性有机物 的是（ ） 。 A. 活性炭吸附 B. 电解氧化 C. 生物陶粒滤池 D. 离子交换
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11. 某燃油平均分子量为 C8H8，其在理论空气量条件下燃烧时空燃比是（ ） 。 A. 14.68 B. 13.25 C. 15.47 D. 以上答案都不对 12. 光化学烟雾中的主要成分不含（ A. 醛类 C. 过氧乙酰硝酸酯 13. 常见煤气中毒的主要化合物是（ A. 碳氧血红蛋白 C. 二氧化碳 ） 。 B. 臭氧 D. 醚类 ） 。 B. 氧合血红蛋白 D. 一氧化碳